英语BG122-08-郭庆世 范文：辽宁科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)题目审批表
辽宁科技大学本科毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定
辽宁科技大学本科毕业设计(论文)工作管理规定毕业设计(论文)是实现培养目标不可缺少的综合性实践教学环节，在教学过程中具有重要的地位和作用。
为了贯彻因材施教原则，切实做好毕业设计(论文)的选题、计划、组织、指导和考核工作，不断提高毕业设计(论文)教学质量，特制定本规定。
第一章总则第一条毕业设计(论文)是高等学校本科教学计划的重要组成部分，是实现本科培养目标要求的重要阶段，是深化与升华基础理论学习的重要环节，是全面检验学生综合素质与实践能力培养效果的主要手段，是学生毕业和学士学位资格认证的重要依据，是衡量高等学校教育质量的重要评价内容。
做好毕业设计(论文)工作，对提高本科毕业生综合素质具有重要意义。
第二条毕业设计(论文)环节的重要特征是它的实践性和综合性。
毕业设计(论文)教学环节的基本要求是培养学生综合运用所学基本理论、基本知识、基本技能分析和解决实际问题的能力，培养学生具有从事科学研究工作和综合实验技能或专门技术工作的初步能力，初步掌握科学研究的基本方法，特别是在实践中培养学生勇于探索的创新精神，严肃认真的科学态度和严谨求实的工作作风。
第三条根据培养目标和基本规格的要求，制订各专业“毕业设计(论文)大纲”，作为毕业设计环节组织教学、检查质量的基本依据。
“毕业设计(论文)大纲”的内容一般应包括：毕业设计(论文)目的、任务和作用；毕业设计选题原则、课题类型、研究方向；对毕业设计(论文)质量和进度的基本要求；技术资料和参考文献。
各院(系)根据实际需要可以调整“毕业设计(论文)大纲”内容和格式。
第二章选题第四条选题的基本原则1、选题必须符合本专业的培养目标及教学基本要求，体现本专业基本训练内容，使学生受到比较全面的锻炼。
2、选题应贯彻因材施教原则。
既要注重对学生基本能力的训练，又要注重创新能力、综合素质的培养和个性发展。
选题应尽可能结合生产、科研、管理、教学和实验室建设的实际任务，促进教学、科研与生产实践的有机结合。
附表04 辽宁科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告(学生用)
辽宁科技学院
本科毕业论文开题报告
题目：30CrMo气瓶钢有害元素P含量的控制研究专题：
系别：冶金工程学院
专业：冶金工程
班级：冶金BG102班
学生姓名：李大瑞
学号：651311210
指导教师：宋满堂孙丽娜
2014年3 月24 日
开题报告撰写要求
1．开题是本科毕业论文最重要环节之一，学生要高度重视开题报告的撰写工作。
2．开题报告一式一份，由学生妥善保管，最后连同毕业论文任务书、毕业论文等相关资料一起装入学生本科毕业论文资料袋中存档。
3．开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生独立完成。
4．开题工作应在教学进程表中，本科毕业设计（论文）第二周周末前完成。
5．学生查阅的参考文献（含指导教师推荐的参考文献），设计类题目一般不少于10篇，论文类一般不少于12篇。
英文翻译论文(模板)
本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原文：Magnesium alloy electric wheel hubmicro-arc oxidation production research译文：镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究指导教师：张清郁职称：讲师学生姓名：陈孟丽学号：1002130301专业：机械设计制造及其自动化院（系）：机电工程学院2015年4月10日Magnesium alloy electric wheel hub micro-arc oxidation production researchMost electric vehicles at home and abr o ad is configured t o aluminum alloy wheel hub,its quality,energy saving,shock absorption,noise reduction and vehicle dynamics characteristics index is much lower than magnesium alloys.Magnesium alloy is30% lighter than aluminum alloy,th e damping effect is30times that of aluminum alloy. Replace the aluminum alloy with magnesium alloy wheel hub,driving the development of magnesium alloy material development and deep processing technology,t o reduce electric vehicle weight and power consumption,energy conservation and environmental protection; T o reduce vibration and noise;Improve ride comfort and electric vehicle dynamic characteristics such as objective(transportation quality each reduce10%,energy consumption will be r educed8%~10%).But its corrosion resistance is poor,seriously limits the monly used chemical oxidation and anode oxidation formation of oxide film on magnesium alloy has certain protective effect,but its corrosion resistance, environmental friendliness,appearance is not satisfactory,be badly in need of the development of new surface treatment.In recent years,people trying to develop a variety of new technologies,such as micro arc oxidation technology,the betterOne Micro-arc oxidation mechanismMicro-arc oxidation technology is a new surface tr eatment technology of gr een environmental protection,can grow in light metal surface in situ ceramic layer directly.Its technological characteristics,surface treatment,as well as the performance of the since the technology was invented by the favour of people,its mechanism is t o light metals such as aluminum,magnesium,titanium and its alloy pu t in electrolyte a q ueous solution as anode, using the method of electrochemical spark discharge spots on the surface of the material, the thermal chemistry,plasma chemistry and electrochemistry,under the joint action of metal oxide ceramic layers of a surface modification technologyTwo research methods and technologyThis topic in the research on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub,higher requirements on the t oughness of the alloy,so choose AM60B,melt and initial temperatur e of468℃,the melting end temperatur e is596℃,the liquidus temperatur e range of 165℃.The chemical composition as shown in table1.T able1AM60B alloy chemical composition(WB/%)Al Zn Mn Si Cu Ni Fe杂质余量5.6～6.4≤0.200.26～0.5≤0.05≤0.008≤0.001≤0.0040.02Mg Because of the magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface area is larger,generalabove0.4m2,require micro-arc oxidation power supply is bigger,this subject a do pts the lanzhou university of technology institute of materials and development of MAO-300 type nc micro-arc oxidation production device(figure1)micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting processing,its similar to ordinary anodic oxidation equipment,including special high-voltage power supply,micro-arc oxidation alkaline solution of electrolytic tank,mixing system,cooling system,workpiece with stainless steel plate for peer electrode.With micro-arc oxidation method in sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide electrolyte fluid system in the preparation of magnesium alloy wheel casting oxide ceramic membrane, the concrete technological process first set oxidation process parameters and the alkaline tank sodium silicate solution,the cleaning after micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel casting into cell15~20min,clean with clear water tank2~4min,add ho t water in ho t water(80℃,10~15min),closed,then cool in the cold water tank2min,hoisted ou t drainage,drying,examine the hub.After micro-arc oxidation tr eatment must be closed by ho t water,formed by micro-arc oxidation discharge holes so the distribution of the channel and the surrounding a large number of micro cracks will be closed,prevent oxygen t o cause oxidation.After completion of micro-arc oxidation,from after micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy wheel casting intercept film sample were analyzed,and to facilitate test analysis,r equest samples made of circular plate,so the sample interception location choice among wheels,mo s t is shown in ing scanning electron microscope analysis of oxide filmFigure1MAO-300type nc micro-arc oxidation power supplyFigure2after micro-arc oxidation magnesium alloy wheel hub casting andinterception of membrane layer analysis sampleThree micro-arc oxidation process parameters on the quality of the film Based on the research of the sample and analysis of micro-arc oxidation technology is, in fact,the substrate magnesium magnesium oxide.Figure3for the dimension of samples before and after oxidation appearance schematic simulation,which is suitable for ceramic oxide film a outward growth,namely the increase of size part,b is the depth of the internal oxidation t o the matrix,a and b interface for initial sample surface position,h for the total thickness of oxide film.Figure3samples dimension changes before and after micro-arc oxidation diagram Larger influence on test has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Due to the electric casting of magnesium alloy surface area is larger,micro-arc oxidation micro-arc discharge must be formed in the surface can occur after a certain thickness of oxide film,so the formation of the oxide film is needed for the voltage doesn't need much,the current is larger,the oxide film formation and the process of thickening,o ften accompanied by current and voltage mutation.When the oxide film thickness reaches a certain degree,the need t o increase the voltage on both ends of the workpiece,usually at ar ound150V in the micro arc discharge betw een the workpiece and the electrolyte.Increased with the increase of voltage,current,micro-arc density is mo r e and mo r e close,mo r e and mor e bright,and micro-arc constantly beating, basically,the current and voltage,linear increase abo u t180V voltage,the density of micro-arc basically meet the technological requirements,the current growth slowly.When the thickness of oxide film reaches a certain electricityFrom electric casting magnesium alloys is n o t hard t o find in the micro-arc oxidation test result analysis,micro-arc oxidation in the process can be divided into two steps, namely the oxide film formation stage and the stage of micro-arc oxidation film discharge, the formation of oxide film phase as the initial stage,the stage of the supply voltage is small,and after the film to pr oduce micro-arc discharge requires high voltage,for magnesium alloy electric casting the large workpiece with micro-arc oxidation processing surface area is larger,the film for a long time,t o a large extent affected the production efficiency.Experimental results also found that the dc power of oxide film faster than pulse power,in the absence of micro arc discharge,oxide film layer is not dense,it can be seenfrom appearance,need again with pulse power supply for micro-arc oxidation discharge, the oxide film become mo r e dense.In order to improve the production efficiency,to meet the n eed s of industrial production,suggest early low voltage adjustable dc constant voltage power supply are available t o set up the initial oxidation film,forming a complete insulation film in place to ensure that the first phase,and the oxide film in the late discharge can use digital pulse type adjustable power supply,it can shorten the artifacts of micro-arc oxidation time.The size of the current density in a certain extent reflects the intensity of micro-arc oxidation,strongly affect the resulting performance of the micro arc oxidation ceramic layer.The duration of oxidation also seriously affects the coating corrosion resistance: oxidation time is too short,although generat ed mainly the dense layer,bu t the film is too thin,don't have good corrosion resistance;After oxidation time is too long,at some time, with the increase of time,although the overall film thickness increases,bu t the increase is a loose layer,layer density and thinning trend,d o e s n ot favor the coating corrosion resistance,also no t economic.The density of micro arc also related with the pulse frequency,when the pulse frequency increases,the density of micro arc also gradually increased.Will have the electric field set up suddenly,can pr oduce micro arc.In the basic process parameters such as electrolyte concentration,duty ratio and pulse n umbe r of uncertain,the arc voltage is constant commonly,so when the frequency increases,the sustain micro-arc voltage frequency increases,the micro-arc density will increaseFour micro-arc oxide film layer structure characteristicsAfter micro-arc oxidation of magnesium alloy wheel hub interception by Mef3large metallurgical microscope observation of the sample,the micro-arc oxide film surface morphology as shown in figure4.Can be seen from the figure in the wheel hub surface layer is made up of many tiny"small volcanic cone"(figure pr otuberant part ar ound the holes)in dendritic combination,constitute the mesh structure."Small volcanic cone"center has a small hole,this is the electrolyte reaction with matrix micro-arc discharge channel, namely when the micro-arc spew ed molten oxide channel.In addition,because the current micro area local plasma channel is different that differ by the size of the hole,big hole are also distributed ar ound a large n u mbe r of micro cracks,the generation of micro cracks o ften related to the stress that exist in the film.With SSM Analysis Analysis software[6]toanalyze the surface density,including25m film for sample,the hole surface area ratio of 18%,that of micro-arc oxidation film density is better.Figure4magnesium alloy wheel hub micro-arc oxide film layer surface morphologyFigure5AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film section morphology by SEM Figure5is thr ough JMS-6700-f field emission scanning electron microscopy(sem) observed the micro-arc oxide film layer section morphology photos.Figure5shows the average film thickness of a bo u t22(including m,the oxide film and substrate with good, decomposition of a distinct,density on the interface is good,no big holes.By figure5can also see,micro-arc oxide film by the outermost layer of loose layer,the inside of the transition layer and layer in betw een density of three parts,the transitional layer is the interface film layer and substrate,holes and other defects existing in the loose layer,d ens e layer is the key t o improve its corrosion resistance.Figure6is obtained by Phlip X'pert X-ray diffractometer AM60B magnesium alloy wheel hub of micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum,according t o the intensity of diffraction peak accumulation analysis shows that the matrix of Mg peak relatively obvious, the main phase of micro-arc oxidation coating is cubic structure of MgO style,surface with Mg2Si2O4and MgAl2O4spinel phase,according t o the test conditions that may also contain SiO2,MgF2and small a mounts of Mg(OH)2,and the oxide of Al,K and Na. Studies have shown that MgAl2O4and Mg2Si2O4can improve the wear resistance of ceramic layer and MgO style the corrosion resistance of ceramic layer play a very important role.This is the micro-arc oxide film performance is higher than the r oot cause of the anode oxidation membrane performance.In addition,micro-arc oxidation ceramic layers of low porosity,and to improve the corrosion resistance of the coatings;Ceramic layer from the substrate on the growth,combined with matrix closely,therefore,is no t easy t o fall off.In addition,the technology can generat e uniform film both inside and outside the material surface layer,expand the scope of application of micro-arc oxidation.Figure6AM60B magnesium alloy micro-arc oxidation film XRD spectrum Five T o detect the corrosion resistance of the micro-arc oxide film layer In order t o meet the requirements of the use of electric cars,micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub on the corrosion resistance test,salt spray testing machine mainly USES the WJ-90after micro-arc oxidation tr eatment of the surface of the wheel hub for salt spray test.After testing found that did not use h ot water seal processing of the surface of the wheel hub48h corrosion rate was0.108%,while only0.073%,afterho t water hole sealing hubs such as chromium than other chemical surface tr eatment processing of low corrosion rate(0.6%).[9],that magnesium alloy after micro-arc oxidation electric wheel hub surface corrosion resistance is superior.T o evaluate a r ough check the appearance of the film,feel is very good,membrane layer uniform light show that membrane surface appearance level is higher.Practice shows that without the micro-arc oxidation of the surface of the magnesium alloy wheel casting coating,its poor corrosion resistance,abrasion resistance,in a very short period of time,began to appear on the surface of parts oxidation falls off ph eno menon,it is difficult t o sell in the market; After micro-arc oxidation treatment,its corrosion resistance,wear-resisting performance is significantSix The conclusion(1)quality of micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy electric wheel hub surface influence factor has a positive voltage,frequency,duty cycle,current density and oxidation time on the process parameters.Optimum process parameters for150~180V voltage, current density of1.1A/dm2,oxidation time t o20min,400Hz frequency,duty cycle of 20%.(2)the oxide film is divided into two layers of loose layer and den se layer structure, the dense layer is the main body,the film formed by cubic structure of MgO style,the surface is MgO style and MgA12O4,spinel phase mixture,and combined with matrix and closely for hard ceramic layer and played a key role of the magnesium alloy surface anticorrosion(3)the micro-arc oxidation technology for new surface tr eatment technology of environmental protection,bu t its large area needed for the magnesium alloy casting film for a long time,the production efficiency is low,the mass production t o meet the large area of magnesium alloy castings,micro-arc oxidation power supply can be established by using dc power first initial oxidation film layer,then use pulse power arc discharge strengthening oxide film layer,the ways which are already so den se and har d ceramic oxide film layer can be obtained,also can greatly improve production efficiency.镁合金电动车轮毂微弧氧化生产研究国内外大多数电动车车辆配置为铝合金轮毂，其在质量、节能、减震、降噪和车辆动力学特性等指标大大低于镁合金。
(电信上报)10级毕业设计题目汇总表
张立松 讲师 √
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81 自动化10.7 朱逸涛 基于FPGA数据采集及控制系统的研究 张立松 讲师 √
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82 自动化10.2 李玮
基于模糊PID控制的煤矿风量调节系统
设计
张志华
讲师
√
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83 自动化10.2 杨彬
基于模糊PID控制的锅炉汽包水位控制
系统的设计
张志华
讲师
√
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84 自动化10.2 赵洋
基于模糊控制的汽车智能雨刮系统的 设计
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65 自动化10.1 钱凯发 基于PLC的电梯控制系统设计
李琦 讲师 √
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66 自动化10.6 杨大鹏 基于PLC的恒压供水系统设计
李琦 讲师 √
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67 自动化10.1 于志强 基于PLC的提升机设计
李琦 讲师 √
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68 自动化10.6 王赛 基于PLC的温度控制
李琦 讲师 √
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69 自动化10.7 王晓琳 基于单片机的遥控小车系统设计
杨迪 韩巧玲 火统芳 郑旭 丁小川 宋家鹏 佟曦 侯秋实 韩啸 李升阳 李洪川
热连轧板形板厚智能解耦控制研究 李伯群 教授 √
热连轧AGC控制系统正反馈现象的分析 研究
李伯群
教授
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史密斯预估控制策略在厚规格轧制中 的应用
李伯群
教授
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线材加热炉控制系统的优化与应用 李伯群 教授 √
线材加热炉控制系统的优化与应用 单神经元PID多变量解耦控制研究
张志华
讲师
√
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85 自动化10.2
张大鹏
基于变频调速的高楼供水控制系统的 设计
张志华
讲师
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高等教育自学考试英语专业本科毕业论文撰写说明
高等教育自学考试英语专业本科毕业论文撰写说明一、论文撰写的步骤与方法本科论文的写作一般由选题、文献检索与资料整理、撰写提纲、起草论文、教师批改、修改定稿等步骤组成。
具体做法是：a)选题撰写论文的第一步就是确定一个恰当的题目，然后围绕选题进行其他各项工作。
选题共分五个方向，即：英美文学、英语语言学、英汉翻译、英美文化和英语教学。
附录1提供了五个方向的部分参考选题，考生可从中选择，也可根据自己的实际情况另选题目。
选题应本照下列原则：1．具有研究价值；2．具有现实意义或理论意义；3．自己在该领域有较扎实的基本功和理论基础；4．自己感兴趣并具有一定的相关资料或初步研究成果。
题目大小要适当，太大太广论文难免失之于肤浅；太小太窄问题不易展开，完不成规定的字数。
b)文献检索与资料整理文献检索与资料整理是论文写作过程中非常重要而又经常被人们忽视的环节。
只有掌握了有关题目的相关资料，了解其研究现状和最新成果，才有可能找到合理恰当的切人点。
因此，在论文写作初期要着力搜集与选题相关的资料，边搜集、边阅读、边整理。
搜集整理资料的过程就是研究的过程，也是形成自己观点的过程。
只有吃透了别人的观点，才能发现自己观点与别人的异同，才能提出自己独特的建树。
c)拟订提纲在对资料进行整理分析的基础上，逐步形成自己的观点，然后根据逻辑关系对这些论点、论据，素材进行整理，构思论文的框架，明确论文的层次，拟就论文提纲。
提纲要提交指导教师审阅，由指导教师提出修改意见，经指导教师认可后，考生即可动笔写作。
论文提纲格式参见附录2：论文提纲格式样本。
d)起草论文论文的起草必须由考生独立完成，不准找人代笔，不准抄袭他人作品或照搬他人观点。
论文应层次分明、论点突出，论述充分。
考生应在规定的最后期限前将初稿交与指导教师批阅。
e)教师批改指导教师对学生的论文初稿要进行认真细致的审阅，要检查论文格式是否符合要求、观点是否正确、论述是否清楚、语言是否通顺。
指导教师要从以上几个方面对论文初稿提出具体修改意见并返还给学生。
毕业设计选题及成绩管理开题报告和英文翻译
毕业设计（论文）开题报告计算机科学与信息工程系（院） 2008届题目（中文）毕业设计选题及成绩管理（英文）Graduating the design chooses and result management 课题类型技术开发课题来源教师指定学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称填写日期：年月日说明：1、该表每生一份，系（院）妥善存档；2、课题来源填：“自选”或“教师指定”或“其它”，课题类型填：“理论研究”或“应用研究”或“技术开发”或“实验设计”或“其它”。
附件：毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系（院） 2008届题目（英文）（一）An Active Server Page (ASP)（二）SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE(三) SOFTWARE TESTIN（中文）（一）asp（二）软件质量保证（三）软件测试学生姓名专业班指导老师职称完成日期：年月日原文：（一）An Active Server Page (ASP)1. This paper firstly introduces multi-tier B/S Architecture and Web-related technology .Based on them , this paper presents system objection, system demand, main feather and system design solution ,particularly describes system design and implement in detail. In system design and implement，and key points in other sub-system are also analyzed further .This paper also introduces mostly technology of system . Lastly, this paper makes a summery and figures out some problem which need to be improved.2. computing has brought about a whole new standard of corporate computing productivity, but at the same time it has introduced many new problems for corporate IT organizations.The advent of low-cost desktop computers makes B/S possible. No longer is it necessary for users to wait even seconds to interact with their corporate data. With their own computer on their desktop they do not need to wait for the mainframe to respond. All of this cheap computer power has also made it possible to support computation- intensive graphical interfaces, which are much easier for users to understand.In order for B/S to work, the application program which used to reside entirely on the mainframe has been split into two pieces, the client piece and the server piece. The portion of the application that resides in the Client personal computer includes logic for the presentation of information to the user and mechanisms for accepting user input. It also includes logic for data interaction at the Client, such as changing the appearance of the graphical interface as the user make various choices.The Client software often includes corporate business rules that allow data to be validated before it is sent to the server.The portion of the application that remains on the Server is usually just the portion that stores data at a central location, accessible to other users. The once mighty mainframes have been reduced to database servers, while the rest of the application has migrated out to the clients.This migration has caused many problems. The Client machines have become "fat". As the complexity of applications has risen it has become necessary to supply users with more and more powerful computers with faster processors, more disk storage, and more RAM. It is true that personal computer manufacturers have been able to deliver better and better computers for the same amount of money, but the constant upgrades required are costly for corporations. It takes more people and time to upgrade hundreds or thousands of personal computers than it used to take to just upgrade the mainframes. Setting aside the cost of Client equipment, the proliferation of corporate applications, including business logic, to hundreds or thousands of machines has become a major cost factor for corporations. Where IT staffs used to be able to maintain all the corporate software assets in one central location, they now need to maintain corporate software spread all across the corporation, often housed in computers that are out of IT control.There are many estimates available that the cost of Client/Server computing is eight or more times the cost of the equipment alone. Several companies offer large,expensive systems that have the sole purpose of maintaining corporate software spread out all over the corporation.The issue here is not personal-productivity software such as word processors and spreadsheets. Personal software products have enabled knowledge workers to attain new heights of productivity. The issue is the maintenance of corporate software, such as order-entry and accounting. Imagine the difficulty of making a schema change in a corporate database, and synchronizing that change with the updating of thousands of copies of the corresponding Client software.It is true that the use of department-level LANs can bring down the number of copies that need to be updated to hundreds, instead of thousands. The size of the LANs must be limited, because the large size of the fat client software requires a responsive LAN or else the users will just copy the enterprise software to their own machines, bringing us back to thousands of copies to be maintained.The task of making simultaneous changes to even hundreds of copies of client software is still a daunting one.3. which in turn serves it back to the client in your personal computer, which displays the information for you.The client/server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Most business applications being written today use the client/server model. So does the Internet's main program, TCP/IP. In marketing, the term has been used to distinguish distributed computing by smaller dispersed computers from the "monolithic" centralized computing of mainframe computers. But this distinction has largely disappeared as mainframes and their applications have also turned to the client/server model and become part of network computing.In the usual client/server model, one server, sometimes called a daemon, is activated and awaits client requests. Typically, multiple client programs share the services of a common server program. Both client programs and server programs are often part of a larger program or application. Relative to the Internet, your Web browser is a client program that requests services (the sending of Web pages or files) from a Web server (which technically is called a Hypertext Transport Protocol or HTTP server) in another computer somewhere on the Internet. Similarly, your computer with TCP/IP installed allows you to make client requests for files from File Transfer Protocol (FTP) servers in other computers on the Internet.Other program relationship models included master/slave, with one program being in charge of all other programs, and peer-to-peer, with either of two programs able to initiate a transaction.ASP is also an abbreviation for application service provider.An Active Server Page (ASP) is an HTML page that includes one or more scripts (small embedded programs) that are processed on a Microsoft Web server before the page is sent to the user. An ASP is somewhat similar to a server-side include or a common gateway interface (CGI) application in that all involve programs that run on the server, usually tailoring a page for the user. Typically, the script in the Web page at the server uses input received as the result of the user's request for the page to access data from a database and then builds or customizes the page on the fly before sending it to the requestor.ASP is a feature of the Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), but, since theserver-side script is just building a regular HTML page, it can be delivered to almost any browser. You can create an ASP file by including a script written in VBScript or JavaScript in an HTML file or by using ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) program statements in the HTML file. You name the HTML file with the ".asp" file suffix. Microsoft recommends the use of the server-side ASP rather than a client-side script, where there is actually a choice, because the server-side script will result in an easily displayable HTML page. Client-side scripts (for example, with JavaScript) may not work as intended on older browsers.For Web service applications, Microsoft provides a new version of ASP support called .4. Browser/Server is a trademark for the new paradigm of corporate computing that is now possible using technology developed for the World Wide Web.At the present time the Web is used by the many corporations to distribute marketing materials. The corporate Web Server is usually just a Brochure Server for the Marketing department.The potential exists for using Web Browsers and Severs for much more, especially behind the corporate firewall. Browser/Server technology can be used to enhance most corporate computing systems, not just the system used for marketing.To understand the important new role that Browser/Server technology can play within a company it is useful to examine the previous paradigms that have paved the way for Browser/Server computing.Computers were first used in Batch mode. End users had little interaction with the corporate computing systems. Inputs would be gathered in a "batch" and keyed into punch cards, which were fed by operators into the mainframe computer when the computer was done running previous batch jobs. When the mainframe processed the job it usually produced printed output which eventually made its way to the end user.The batch process included no user interaction, and the only recourse a user had after discovering errors in the batch run was to go through the cycle, which often took hours or even days, again and again.The addition of dumb terminals to the mainframe gave the users direct, hands-on, connections to the corporate computer. Users no longer had to wait for a computer operator to run their jobs, they could enter the data and initiate processing themselves.There were still delays involved. Dumb terminals were useful for inputting and displaying information, but because they had no processing ability it was necessary for the user to interact with the mainframe in order to interact with their data. Batch jobs previously could be run one-by-one if necessary, but mainframes had to deal with all attached terminals seemingly at once. This lead to delays as users waited for the mainframe to "turn around" their terminal messages while they interacted with their data.Still, the delays were now down to seconds or minutes, instead of hours or days. Client/Server computing has brought about a whole new standard of corporate computing productivity, but at the same time it has introduced many new problems for corporate IT organizations.The advent of low-cost desktop computers makes Client/Server possible. No longer is it necessary for users to wait even seconds to interact with their corporate data.With their own computer on their desktop they do not need to wait for the mainframe to respond.All of this cheap computer power has also made it possible to support computation- intensive graphical interfaces, which are much easier for users to understand.In order for Client/Server to work, the application program which used to reside entirely on the mainframe has been split into two pieces, the client piece and the server piece.The portion of the application that resides in the Client personal computer includes logic for the presentation of information to the user and mechanisms for accepting user input. It also includes logic for data interaction at the Client, such as changing the appearance of the graphical interface as the user make various choices.The Client software often includes corporate business rules that allow data to be validated before it is sent to the server.The portion of the application that remains on the Server is usually just the portion that stores data at a central location, accessible to other users. The once mighty mainframes have been reduced to database servers, while the rest of the application has migrated out to the clients.This migration has caused many problems. The Client machines have become "fat". As the complexity of applications has risen it has become necessary to supply users with more and more powerful computers with faster processors, more disk storage, and more RAM. It is true that personal computer manufacturers have been able to deliver better and better computers for the same amount of money, but the constant upgrades required are costly for corporations. It takes more people and time to upgrade hundreds or thousands of personal computers than it used to take to just upgrade the mainframes. Setting aside the cost of Client equipment, the proliferation of corporate applications, including business logic, to hundreds or thousands of machines has become a major cost factor for corporations. Where IT staffs used to be able to maintain all the corporate software assets in one central location, they now need to maintain corporate software spread all across the corporation, often housed in computers that are out of IT control.There are many estimates available that the cost of Client/Server computing is eight or more times the cost of the equipment alone. Several companies offer large, expensive systems that have the sole purpose of maintaining corporate software spread out all over the corporation.The issue here is not personal-productivity software such as word processors and spreadsheets. Personal software products have enabled knowledge workers to attain new heights of productivity. The issue is the maintenance of corporate software, such as order-entry and accounting. Imagine the difficulty of making a schema change in a corporate database, and synchronizing that change with the updating of thousands of copies of the corresponding Client software.It is true that the use of department-level LANs can bring down the number of copies that need to be updated to hundreds, instead of thousands. The size of the LANs must be limited, because the large size of the fat client software requires a responsive LAN or else the users will just copy the enterprise software to their own machines, bringing us back to thousands of copies to be maintained.The task of making simultaneous changes to even hundreds of copies of client softwareis still a daunting one.The split-up of the corporate applications is different for Browser/Server . The user interface and the data interaction components are still run on the user machine, but the business logic usually remains on the Server, usually in a special Server called an Application Server.The user interface and data interaction components do run on the Client, but they are not ultimately stored there. They are most probably Java applets stored in a corporate Intranet Web Server, and they are automatically loaded into the Browser software on the user machine as they are needed. If a newer version becomes available, then that version is automatically loaded.We have achieved the same benefits as with Client/Server, but without the enormous distribution and maintenance problem. The only software that the user machine needs, besides an operating system and personal productivity software, is a Web Browser that runs Java applets.Since much of the "fat" of the application resides in the business logic Application Server, the need to constantly upgrade the user machines is greatly reduced. There is no need to spend precious time and hard disk space installing corporate software on thousands of user machines, or hundreds of departmental LANs. Corporate software assets now all reside in corporate servers, under IT control. Updates to systems are now easily coordinated.So exactly what is Browser/Server technology? Browser/Server is an important adaptation of modern network-centric computing that optimizes the performance of mission critical enterprise applications deployed via the corporate intranet and/or World Wide Web.Browser/Server accomplishes these performance gains with customized multi-tiered infrastructure and application designs that produce production solutions with reduced network requests and increased user interaction.（二）SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCEThe activity of software quality assurance is closely related to verification and validation activities carried out at each stage of the software life cycle[1]．Indeed，in many organizations there is no distinction made between these activities．However，quality assurance and other verification and validation activities are actually quite separate，with quality assurance being a management function and verification and validation being part of the process of software development[2]．An appropriate definition of software quality assurance is provided by Bersoff（1984）：Quality assurance consists of those procedures，techniques and tools applied by professionals to ensure that a product meets or exceeds prespecified standards during a products development cycle[3]；and without specific prescribed standards，quality assurance entails ensuring that a product meets or exceed a minimal industrial and / or commercially acceptable level of excellence．This definition is，of course[4]，a fairly general one and it suggests that，firstly，software standards can be established and，secondly，the level of excellenceof a software product can be estimated．The development of software engineering project standards is an extremely difficult process. A standard is some abstract representation of a product which defines the minimal level of performance，robustness，organization，etc.，which the developed product must attain[5]．At the time of writing，some software standards have been developed by the IEEE，ANSI and military organizations．These standards describe configuration management plans，documentation，specification practices，software comparisons，etc．Other standards which are currently under development include standards for reliability，measurement，the use of Ada as PDL[6]，software testing and others．Bransta d and Powell（1984）describe both existing and planned software standards as well as discussing standardization in more general terms．The problem with national software standards is that they tend to be very general in nature. This is inevitable as，unlike hardware，we are not yet capable of quantifying most software characteristics．Effective quality assurance within an organization thus requires the development of more specific organizational standards．Of course，the problem which arises in developing software standards for quality assurance and which makes the assessment of the level of excellence of a software product difficult to assess is the elusive nature of software quality．Boehm et al．（1978）suggest that quality criteria include but are not limited to：Economy Correctness ResilienceIntegrity Reliability UsabilityDocumentation Modifiability ClarityUnderstandability Validity MaintainabilityFlexibility Generality PortabilityInteroperability Testability EfficiencyModularity ReusabilityExactly how some of these criteria may be quantified is not clear．Furthermore，as Buckley and Poston（1984）point out，parts of this definition may have no value for a particular product．It may be possible to transfer a system from a microcomputer to a large mainframe but this is often a nonsensical thing to do．Assessment of software quality thus still relies on the judgement of skilled individuals although this does not mean that it is necessarily inferior to quantitative assessment．After all，we cannot assess a painting or a play quantitatively yet this does not preclude a judgement of its quality．Within an organization，quality assurance should be carried out by an independent software quality assurance team who reports directly to management above the project manager level．The quality assurance team should not be associated with any particular development group but should be responsible for quality assurance across all project groups in an organization．The activity of quality assurance involves sitting in on design reviews[7]，program walkthroughs，etc. ，and reporting on the overall quality of the product as it is developed．It also involves checking that the finished product and its associated documentation conform to those standards which exist．The quality assurance team mayalso assess if the different representations of a product（requirements，design，code）are consistent and complete．Notice that quality assurance is not the same as system testing．It is the development or testing team’s responsibility to validate the system，with the quality assurance team reporting on both the validation and the adequacy of the validation effort．This naturally involves quality assurance being closely associated with the final integration testing of the system．Software quality assurance is now an emerging subdiscipline of software engineering[8]．As Buckly and Poston point out，effective software quality assurance is likely to lead to an ultimate reduction in software costs．However，the major hurdle in the path of software management in this area is the lack of usable software standards．The development of accepted and generally applicable standards should be one of the principal goals of research in software engineering．（三）SOFTWARE TESTING1. Purpose of TestingNo matter how capably we write programs，it is clear front the variety of possible errors that we should check to insure that our modules are coded correctly．Many programmers view testing as a demonstration that their programs perform properly．However，the idea of demonstrating correctness is really the reverse of what testing is all about．We test a program in order to demonstrate he existence of an error．Because our goal is to discover errors，we can consider a test successful only when an error is discovered．Once an error is found，“debugging”or error correction is the process of determining what causes the error and of making changes to the system so that the error no longer exists．2．Stages of TestingIn the development of a large system，testing involves several stages．First，each program module is tested as a single program，usually isolated from the other programs in the system．Such testing，known as module testing or unit-testing，verifies that the module functions properly with the types of input expected from studying the module design．Unit testing is done in a controlled environment whenever possible so that the test team can feed a predetermined set of data to the module being tested and observe what output data are produced[1]．In addition，the test team checks the internal data structures，the logic，and the boundary conditions for the input and output data．When collections of modules have been unit-tested，the next step is to insure that the interfaces among the modules are defined and handled properly．Integration testing is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications．When collections of modules have been unit-tested，the next step is to insure that the interfaces among the modules are defined and handled properly．Integration testing is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications．Once we are sure that information is passed among modules according to the designprescriptions，we test the system to assure that it has the desired functionality．A function test evaluates the system to determine if the functions described by the requirements specification are actually performed by the integrated system [2]．The result，then，is a functioning system．Recall that the requirements were specified in two ways：first in the customer’s terminology and again as a set of software and hardware requirements．The function test compares the system being built with the functions described in the software and hardware requirements．Then，a performance test compares the system with the remainder of the software and hardware requirements．If the test is performed in the customer’s actual working environment，a successful test yields a validated system．However，if the test must be performed in a simulated environment，the resulting system is a verified system．When the performance test is complete，we as developers are certain that the system functions according to our understanding of the system description．The next step is to confer with the customer to make certain that the system works according to the customer’s expectations．We join with the customer to perform an acceptance test in which the system is checked against the customer’ s requirements description．When the acceptance test is complete，the accepted system is installed in the environment in which it will be used；a final I nstallation test is performed to make sure that the system still functions as it should．Fig. 8-2 illustrates the several stages of testing．Although systems may differ in size，the type of testing described in each stage is necessary for assuring the proper performance of any system being developed．译文：（一） asp技术1. 本文首先介绍了课题研究所用的技术:浏览器/服务器结构以及Web应用的相关数据库访问技术。
智能自动移动机器人系统研究中英文外文文献翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The investigation of an autonomous intelligent mobile robot systemfor indoor environment navigationS KarelinAbstractThe autonomous mobile robotics system designed and implemented for indoor environment navigation is a nonholonomic differential drive system with two driving wheels mounted on the same axis driven by two PID controlled motors and two caster wheels mounted in the front andback respectively. It is furnished with multiple kinds of sensors such as IR detectors ,ultrasonic sensors ,laser line generators and cameras,constituting a perceiving system for exploring its surroundings. Its computation source is a simultaneously running system composed of multiprocessor with multitask and multiprocessing programming. Hybrid control architecture is employed on the rmbile robot to perform complex tasks. The mobile robot system is implemented at the Center for Intelligent Design , Automation and Manufacturfing of City University of Hong Kong.Key words:mobile robot ; intelligent control ; sensors ; navigation IntroductionWith increasing interest in application of autonomous mobile robots in the factory and in service environments，many investigations have been done in areas such as design，sensing，control and navigation，etc. Autonomousreaction to the real wand，exploring the environment，follownng the planned path wnthout collisions and carrying out desired tasks are the main requirements of intelligent mobile robots. As humans，we can conduct these actions easily. For robots however，it is tremendously difficult. An autonomous mobile robot should make use of various sensors to sense the environment and interpret and organize the sensed information to plan a safe motion path using some appropriate algorithms while executing its tasks. Many different kinds of senors havebeen utilized on mobile robots，such as range sensors，light sensors，force sensors，sound sensors，shaft encoders，gyro scope s，for obstacle awidance，localizatio n，rmtion sensing，navigation and internal rmnitoring respectively. Many people use infrared and ultrasonic range sensors to detect obstacles in its reaching ser range finders are also employed in obstacle awidance behavior of mobile robots in cluttered space.Cameras are often introduced into the vision system for mobile robot navigation. Although many kinds of sensors are available，sensing doesn’t mean perceiving. The mechanical shape and driving type are commonly first taken into consideration while implementing a rmbile robot. A robot’s shape can have a strong impact on how robust it is，and DC serve rmtors or stepOper motors are often the two choices to employ as actuators. The shape of a robot may affect its configurations of components，ae sthetics，and even the movement behaviors of the robot. An improper shape can make robot run a greater risk of being trapped in a cluttered room or of failing to find its way through a narrow space. We choose an octahedral shape that has both advantages of rectangular and circular shapes，and overcomes their drawbacks. The framework of the octahedral shaped robot is easy to make，components inside are easily arrange and can pass through narrow places and rotate wrath corners and nearby objects，and is more aesthetic in appearance. The perception subsystem accomplishes the task of getting various data from thesurroundings，including distance of the robot from obstacles，landmarks，etc.Infrared and ultrasonic range sen}rs，laser rangefinders and cameras are utilized and mounted on the rmbile robot to achieve perception of the environment. These sensors are controlled independently by some synchronously running microprocessors that are arranged wrath distributive manner，and activated by the main processor on which a supervising program runs. At present，infrared and ultranic sensors，laser rangefinders are programmed to detect obstacles and measure distance of the robot from objects in the environment，and cameras are programmed for the purpose of localization and navigation.The decision-making subsystem is the most important part of an intelligent mobile robot that organizes and utilizes the information obtained from the perception subsystem. It obtains reasonable results by some intelligent control algorithm and guides the rmbile robot. On our mobile robotic system intelligence is realized based on behaviourism and classical planning principles. The decision-making system is composed of twa levels global task planning based on knowledge base and map of working enviro nment，reactive control to deal with the dynamic real world. Reaction tasks in the decision-making system are decomposed into classes of behaviors that the robot exhibits to accomplish the task. Fuzzy logic is used to implement some basic behaviors. A state machine mechanism is applied to coordinate different behaviors. Because manykinds of electronic components such as range sensors，cameras，frame grabbers，laser line generators，microprocessors，DC motors，encoders，are employed on the mobile robot，a power source must supply various voltage levels which should are stable and have sufficient power. As the most common solution to power source of mobile robots，two sealed lead acid batteries in series writh 24 V output are employed in our mobile robot for the rmtor drive components and electronic components which require 24 V，15V，士12V，+9V，士5V，variously. For the conversion and regulation of the voltage，swritching DC DC converters are used because of their high efficiency，low output ripple and noise，and wride input voltage range. Three main processors are Motorola MC68040 based single board computers on which some supervisory programs and decision-making programs run. These MC68040 boards run in parallel and share memory using a VMEbus. Three motorola MC68HC11 based controllers act as the lower level controllers of the infrared and ultranic range senors，which communicate with the main processors through serial ports. The multi-processor system is organized into a hierarchical and distributive structure to implement fast gathering of information and rapid reaction. Harmony，a multiprocessing and multitasking operating system for real-time control，runs on the main processors to implement multiprocessing and multitasking programming. Harmony is a runtime only environment and program executions are performed by downloadingcrosscompiled executable images into target processors. The hardware architecture of the mobile robot is shown in Fig. Robots control For robots，the three rmst comrmn drive systems are wheels，tracks and legs. Wheeled robots are mechanically simpler and easier to construct than legged and tracked systems that generally require more complex and heavier hardware，so our mobile robot is designed as a wheeled robot. For a wheeled robot，appropriate arrangements of driving and steering wheels should be chosen from differential，synchro，tricycle，and automotive type drive mechanisms. Differential drives use twa caster wheels and two driven wheels on a common axis driven independently，which enable the robot to move straight，in an arc and turn in place. All wheels are rotate simultaneously in the synchro drive;tricycle drive includes two driven wheels and one steering wheel;automobile type drive rotates the front twa wheels together like a car. It is obvious that differential drive is the simplest locomotion system for both programming and construction.However，a difficult problem for differentially driven robots is how to make the robot go straight，especially when the motors of the two wheels encounter different loads. To follow a desired path，the rmtor velocity must be controlled dynamically. In our mobile robot system a semv motor controller is used which implements PID control.Ibwer amplifiers that drive the motors amplify the signals from each channel of serwcontroller. Feedback is provided by shaft encoders on the wheels.The block diagram of the motor control electronic components are shown in Fig. 2，and the strategy of two wheel speed control based PID principle is illustrated in Fig.3. Top loop is for tracking the desired left motor velocity;bottom loop for tracking right motor velocity;Integral loop ensures the robot to go straight as desired and controls the steering of the robot. This is a simple PI control that can satisfy the general requirements.Sensing subsystemSensor based planning makes use of sensor information reflecting the current state of the environment，in contrast to classical planning，which assumes full knowledge of the environment prior to planning. The perceptive subsystem integrates the visual and proximity senors for the reaction of the robot. It plays an important role in the robot behavioral decision-making processes and motion control. Field of view of perceptive subsystem is the first consideration in the design of the sensing system. Fneld of view should be wide enough with sufficient depth of field to understand well the robot’s surroundings. Multiple sensors can provide information that is difficult to extract from single sensor systems. Multiple sensors are complementary to each other，providing a better understanding of the work environment. Omnidirectional sensory capability is endowed on our mobile robot. When attempting to utilize multiple senors，it must be decided how many different kinds of sensorsare to be used in order to achieve the desired motion task，both accurately and economically.Ultrasonic range sensing is an attractive sensing rmdalityfor mobile robots because it is relatively simple to implement and process，has low cost and energy consumption. In addition，high frequencies can be used to minimize interference from the surrounding environment. A special purpose built infrared ranging system operates similar to sonar，determining the obstacle’s presence or absence and also the distance to an object. For detecting smaller obstacles a laser rangefinder can be used. It can be titled down to the ground to detect the small objects near the robot. Identifying robot self position and orientation is a basic behavior that can be part of high level complex behaviors. For localizing a dead reckoning method is adopted using the output of shaft encoders. This method can have accumulated error on the position and orientation. Many external sensors can be used for identification of position and orientation. Cameras are the most popular sensor for this purpose，because of naturally occurring features of a mom as landmarks，such as air conditioning system，fluorescent lamps，and suspended ceiling frames.Any type of sensor has inherent disadvantages that need to be taken into consideration. For infrared range senors，if there is a sharply defined boundary on the target betweendifferent materials，colors，etc.，the sensor may not be able to calculate distance accurately. Some of these problemscan be avoided if due care is taken when installing and setting up the sensor. Crosstalk and specular reflection are the two main problems for ultrasonic sensors. The firing rates，blanking intervals，firing order，and timeouts of the ultrasonic sensor system can configured to improve performance. Laser ranging systems can fail to detect objects made of transparent materials or with poor light reflectivity. In this work，we have chosen range sensors and imaging sensors as the primary source of information. The range sensors employed include ultrasonic sensors and short and long range infrared sensors with features above mentioned. The imaging sensors comprise gray scale video cameras and laser rangefinders. Twenty-four ultrasonic sensors are arranged in a ring with a separation angle of 15 degrees on our mobile robot to detect the objects in a 3600 field of view. This will allow the robot to navigatearound an unstructured environment and to construct ac curate sonar maps by using environmental objects as naturally occurring beacons. With the sonar system we can detect objects from a minimum range of 15 cm to a maximum range of 10. 0 m. Infrared range sensors use triangulation，emitting an infrared spot from an emitter，and measuring the position of the imaged spot with a PSD (position sensitive detector).Since these devices use triangulation，object color，orientation，and ambient light have greater effect on sensitivity rather than accuracy. Since the transmission signal is light instead of sound，we may expect a dramatically shortercycle time for obtaining all infrared sensor measurements. A getup of 16 short and a group of 16 long infrared sensors are mounted in twa rings with equal angular Generally speaking，the robot motion closed control loops comprising sensing，planning，and acting should take very short cycle times，so a parallel computation mechanism is employed in our mobile robot based on multiprocessor. Usually we can make events run in parallel on single microprocessor or multiprocessor by twa methods，multitasking and multiprocessing. Well known multitasking OS is like Microsoft window' 95 and UNIX OS that can make multitask run in parallel on a sequential machine by giving a fraction of time to each behavior looply. In fact，multitask mechanism just simulates the effect of all events running simultaneously. Running all events on multiprocessor can realize true parallelism. In our mobile robot，using Harmony OS both multitasking and multiprocessing programming is implemented on multiprocessor (MC68040 processors) which share memories and communicate each other by VMEbus. Harmony allows creating many tasks as desired which can be map toseveral microprocesors and run in parallel .In addition，tasks written in C run on MC68040 can activate the assembly code in the MC68HC11 SBC which control infrared and ultrasonic sensors and get distances dates. These SBC run simultaneously with MC68040 processors. An instance of an implemented task structure is shown in Fng. 5.Some experiments，such as following lines，avoiding obstacles and area filling have been carried out on the rmbile system to demonstrates its real-time reactions to the working surroundings and robustness of the system. ConclusionWe have described the implementation of a intelligent mobile robot testbed for autonomous navigation in indoor environments and for investigation of relative theories and technologies of intelligent systems. The robot is furnished with range sensors，laser line generators and vision system to perceive its surroundings. Parallel computation based on multiprocessor is employed in the mobile robot to improve its power of reasoning and response. Low level processing and sensor control is carried out with low cost dedicated microcontrollers. A task based real-time operating system supports a variety of different control structures，allowing us to experiment with different approaches. The experiments indicate the effectiveness of the mobile robot system .The platform has been used for experimenu and research such as sensor data fusion，area filling，feedback control，as well as artificial intelligence.译文基于室内环境导航的智能自动移动机器人系统研究卡若琳摘要这种为室内境导航条件下设计生产的自主移动机器人系统是一个不完整的差速传动系统，它有两个安装在同一轴上通过两个PID控制的电机驱动的驱动轮和两个分别安装在前部和后部的脚轮。
1论文题目审核表
攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）题目审核表人文社科学院院（系）汉语言文学专业2008 年级指导教师周莹职称讲师填报时间2011-12-22 课题名称透过《小山词》看晏几道的歌妓情结课题性质理工类A工程设计□B理论研究□C实验研究□D计算机软件□E综合论文□F其它□文管类A专题□B论辩□C综述□D综合论文□√E其它□课题来源A科研题目□B生产现场□C教学□D其它□E自拟题目□√成果类别A论文型□√B设计型□完成课题所需时间4个月所需学生人数1人实习（考察）地点攀枝花市论文（设计）地点攀枝花学院学生应具备的条件1.系统了解中国古代文学史、语言学、文学概论等专业知识，了解作品的相关理论知识；2.理解和掌握有关学术论文的写作要求、规范；具备独立思考、独立完成写作任务的能力；3.掌握基本的电脑写作技能；了解各种专业网站（如“中国知网”、“维普期刊网”），能通过使用专业网站扩大阅读视野、掌握利用互联网搜集资料的能力。
立题依据（主要指研究设计该课题的背景介绍及目的、意义）攀枝花学院汉语言文学专业主要培养德智体全面发展的，能在新闻、文艺、出版部门、学校、科研机构、党政机关和企事业单位等单位从事相关实际工作的高级专门人才。
开设了《中国文学史》、《中国语言学史》、《古代汉语》、《语言学概论》、《比较文学》等专业课程，在实际的学习过程中引起了对晏几道歌妓情结这一课题的思索。
在阅读了晏几道的《小山词》后，对其作品中的歌妓情结进行了深入思考，并提出了此课题。
本课题要求学生通过对晏几道《小山词》的分析，结合当时的社会背景、社会现状以及文化制度，来揭示晏几道的歌妓情结的形成原因影响。
本课题的意义在于：通过写作这篇论文，可以促进学生对相关理论知识的进一步学习，并将课堂理论知识与时代和社会结合起来，提高学生对文学作品的鉴赏和分析能力。
本课题预期目标（含：本课题应完成的工作，课题预期目标和课题价值估计，工作量大小、难易程度）1．本课题应完成的工作包括：拟制大纲、搜集整理资料并形成学生个人观点、撰写初稿、二稿、三稿，和最终定稿。
何探毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(附外文原文)
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（附外文原文）学院：信息科学与工程学院课题名称：基于单片机的定时显示设计专业(方向)：通信工程班级：通信09-1学生：何探指导教师：牛秦洲日期： 2013.4.231.1 LED display background of the development and research statusMore and more places in shopping malls, railway stations, docks, subway stations and a variety of work window LED dot matrix display graphics and characters. LED industry has become a fast-growing emerging industry, a huge market space and broad prospects. With the rapid development of the information industry, LED display has been widely used as an important means of dissemination of information, content and services aim to promote the need for indoor and outdoor public places, such as indoor and outdoor advertising in public places, the airport station visitors guide bus stop vehicles, securities and banking information display, restaurants offer information beans shown, highway variable information boards, stadiums the games, building lighting, traffic lights, landscape lighting. Clearly, LED display has become an important symbol of the city lighting, modern information society.LED dot matrix design is mainly used in display, it is a light emitting diode dot matrix module or unit of pixels composed of a flat display screen. Because it has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, long life, and flexible configuration, rich colors, and the indoor and outdoor environmental adaptability.The 1970s, the first GaP, GaAsP homogeneous knot red, yellow, green and low luminous efficiency LED began to be used indicator, numbers, and text. From the LED starts to enter a variety of applications, including aerospace, aircraft, automotive, industrial applications, communications, consumer products, etc., throughout the various departments of the national economy, and thousands of families. 1996 LED sales have reached billions of dollars around the world. Over the years the LED has been subject to the limitations of color and luminous efficiency, but because of the GaP and GaAsP LED with long life, high reliability, operating current, and thus has many advantages with TTL, CMOS digital circuits compatible green by user Mi. In recent years, high brightness, full color LED material and device technology research topics at the forefront. The ultra-high brightness (UHB) is the luminous intensity at or above 100mcd LED, also known as the candela (cd) level LED. The development of high-brightness InGaN LED A1GaInP and progressed very rapidly and has now reached conventional materials GaA1As, GaAsP, GaP impossible to achieve the level of performance. In 1991, Toshiba Corporation of Japan and the United States HP company developed into InGaA1P 620nm orange ultra-high brightness LED 1992 InGaA1p590nm yellow high brightness LED practical. Thesame year, Toshiba developed InGaA1P 573nm yellow-green ultra-high brightness LED, normal light intensity 2CD. 1994 Nichia Corporation of Japan for the development of ultra-high brightness LED InGaN blue 450 nm (green) color. At this point, the color display the required three primary colors red, green, blue, and orange, and yellow colors of LED have reached cd luminous intensity level, to achieve a super high brightness, full color, so that the light emitting tube outdoor panchromatic become a reality. Was started in the 1970s, China's development of LED industry in the 1980s. About 100 enterprises, 95% of manufacturers are engaged in the back-end packaging production, the required die almost all imported from abroad. Through several "Five-Year Plan" technological innovation, technology research, the introduction of foreign advanced equipment and key technologies, LED production technology in China has step forward.1.2 LED display classification1 classification by colorSingle-color display: single color (red or green).Dual color display, you can display 65,536 colors: red and green dual-color, 256 levels of gray.Full-color display: red, green and blue color, 256 levels of gray, full-color screen can display more than sixteen million kinds of colors.By display CategoryLED digital display: display 7-segment digital tube, suitable for the production of the clock screen, such as interest rates screen, display digital electronic display.LED dot-matrix graphic display: display device is composed by many evenly light-emitting diode dot matrix display module, suitable for broadcast text, image information. LED video display: the display device is composed of a plurality of light-emitting diode, you can display video, animation and other video files.3 occasions by the use of classificationIndoor display: the luminous point is small, generally ⌀ 3mm - 8mm, shows the general area of a few dozen square meters.Outdoor display: the general area of tens of meters to several hundred square meters, high brightness, can work in the sun, wind, rain, water resistant.4 light spot diameterIndoor screen: Φ3mm,Φ3.75mm,Φ5mm.Room shielding: 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 19mm, Ø 20 mm, 21mm, Φ22mm,Φ26mm.1.3 LED display indicates that the program1 dot matrix module program: the first design, evolved by the indoor pseudo-color dot matrix screen.Advantages: raw material costs have an advantage, and the production process is simple, stable quality.Disadvantages: poor color consistency the mosaic phenomenon is more serious, look much worse.2 single lamp program: to solve lattice screen color problem, drawing on a program of outdoor display technology, outdoor pixel multiplexing (also known as pixel sharing technology, virtual pixel technology) transplanted to the indoor display.Advantages: good color consistency than dot matrix module way.Disadvantages: poor color mixing effect, the perspective is not about viewing color in the horizontal direction. The processing is more complex, requiring high antistatic. The actual pixel resolution is more difficult to do more than 10000.3 patch program: SMD LED display elements of the program.Advantages: color consistency, perspective and other important display indicators are the best kind of existing programs, especially the triple paste the mixing effect is very good. Disadvantages: processing trouble, the cost is too high.Stickers program: in fact, an improvement of the single lamp program, is still improving. Advantage: color consistency, perspective and other primary indicators and stickers program is not very different, but at a lower cost, good display, high resolution. Disadvantages: processing or more complex, high anti-static requirements.The 1.4 LED role and market prospects1.LED display(1) until the product publicity and attract the customer's role.(2) play a store decoration, enhance the role of enterprise grade.(3) play lighting, unconventional role.(4) play a role of universal knowledge (which can be used to play small enterprise product information, industry knowledge, and so on).(5) play the role of the bulletin board (promotion, recruitment information release).(6) play a role to heighten the atmosphere. The display screen can be played superiors andvarious guests come to visit, guidance words of welcome, a variety of major festivals celebrate words.Undeniable, businesses establish the ultimate purpose of the billboard is to advertise their products to attract target customers, to the maximum extent possible and maximizing profits. LED billboards precisely in order to achieve this goal to become the first choice of the corporate propaganda.The 2.LED the market prospectsLED display expensive, mainly used in the more upscale places, mainly in the city's bustling places, as part of a multimedia advertising. Single color LED display is mainly used in transport, highways, banks, securities trading and other financial establishments. With the advancement of technology and people's living standards improve, LED display will gradually used in various industries.1.1 LED显示屏的发展背景及国内外研究现状在大型商场、车站、码头、地铁站以及各类办事窗口等越来越多的场所需要用LED点阵显示图形和汉字。
中英文外文文献翻译维持离岸外包服务竞争优势的策略最新译文
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Benoy Joseph W, Granot E, et al. Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of services: the case of India [J]. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2016, 3(6): 475-486.Strategies for sustaining the edge in offshore outsourcing of services:the case of IndiaBenoy; Joseph; AndrewIntroductionOver the past three decades, the outsourcing of business operations has spread like a pandemic with corporations looking far beyond theirnational political borders to source manufactured goods and services that could give them a competitive advantage. Globalizing on this large scale began with the dismantling of US trade barriers with China in the 1970s and the shift of manufacturing operations from high‐cost locations in the US and Europe to emerging economies in China, Mexico, Southeast Asia, Brazil, and Central Europe (Javalgi and Martin, 2007). The 1990s marked the growth of services being outsourced to nations such as Ireland, Russia, Philippines, and India (Javalgi et al., 2009; Cavusgil et al., 2008). This type of global activity, known as offshore outsourcing, has become a vital and necessary component of a firm's business value chain. Outsourcing offers significant competitive advantages when goods and services are produced economically and with acceptable or superior quality by outside suppliers (see Kotabe et al., 2008; Bunyaratavej et al., 2011).A recent Duke University study on offshoring (Lewin et al., 2009) reports that, from 2001‐2009, US firms preferring captive offshore suppliers for high technology and telecom services dropped from 52 percent (2001‐2003) to 27 percent for 2007‐2009, whereas preference for offshore outsourcing to independent suppliers grew from 6 to 45 percent (p. 5). Offshore outsourcing offers competitive advantages when goods and services are produced economically and with acceptable or superior quality by suppliers located outside a firm's home country.Creating value through outsourcing has emerged as an important strategy for firms the services sector in the knowledge based global economy. In spite of the growing significance of outsourcing, we have limited knowledge of offshoring and outsourcing to emerging markets that are moving up from providing low‐end services to high‐end services (Javalgi et al., 2009).This article examines and identifies strategic drivers and options that a major outsourcing supplier nation, such as India, might consider in order to build a sustainable advantage in consolidating its position as an exporter of services and its relationships with global partners. More specifically, this article discusses the India's competitive edge as a leading supplier of knowledge‐based services and proposes a model for sustaining this edge. The model proposes key strategic steps to move from the current position (e.g. supplier of business process outsourcing services) to a role of knowledge leader by providing advanced value added services to global clients. This model suggests ways in which a supplier nation can gain leverage in the value chain. The remainder of the article is organized as follows. Section 1 provides a brief study background. Section 2 presents the discussion on the globalization and the rise of outsourcing to emerging markets. Section 3 focuses on India as offshore outsourcing destination and its competitive challenges. Section 4 discusses strategies for positioning India as a global knowledge leader inthe offshore outsourcing area, followed by conclusions.The study backgroundOff shoring business modelsOutsourcing, in its simplest sense, is an extension of the classic “make‐or‐buy”decision that manufacturers and other organizations face as they search for cost‐saving alternatives or outside technical expertise while focusing on their core competencies. With the emergence of today's global economy, high‐cost manufacturing and service firms have realized that survival in a competitive marketplace requires a careful decoupling of selected operations from a firm's captive divisions and high ‐cost domestic suppliers that can be outsourced to qualified suppliers in offshore locations. Offshore outsourcing is the business practice of hiring organizations or employees to perform company operations overseas. For example, a company may manufacture and sell computer parts in the US yet use offshore outsourcing to handle its customer service, basic technical support, etc. As firms are increasingly locating their core activities overseas, the choice of offshore sourcing strategies depends on the firm's value proposition, which depends on the type of business model chosen to accomplish desired goals.Globalization and the rise of outsourcing to emerging market The key driving factors impacting the knowledge‐driven economies ofnations in emerging markets such as Indonesia or India are the rising importance of the globalization of services, access to global talent, and the rise of offshore outsourcing of services and advancements in information and communication technologies. Emerging markets such as South Korea, Malaysia, India, China, Russia, and Brazil continue to lead in the outsourcing of knowledge‐based services (Radhakrishnan, 2007). The relocation of labor‐intensive services (e.g. payroll processing, telephone call centers) to lower‐wage emerging markets is consistent with the well‐known “comparative advantage.”axiom of international trade. According to this axiom, countries such as India, China, or Vietnam, with their relative abundance of unskilled labor, should specialize in producing goods and services that are labor‐intensive, giving these nations a natural comparative advantage over advanced economies which are handicapped by high labor costs, hence likely to outsource manufacturing and service operations to lower cost nations. But the decision to outsource offshore goes beyond just a drive to reduce costs; strategic outsourcing can shorten the supply chain, bring advanced technological skills to solve key problems, free the client firm to concentrate on its core competencies, and improve its long term viability in the harsh and unforgiving global marketplace. India as offshore outsourcing destination: competitive challenges India's competitive advantagesWith resource optimization, scalability and adoption of newer technologies as the defining factors, the western enterprises searching for newer ways of investing more on core business function thereby outsource the peripheral ones to outsourcing destinations like India and Indonesia, China, and Philippines. SourcingLine, a provider of business information and research services, compiles an online database of outsourcing country statistics where each country is scored across dozens of key factors within three broad areas: cost competitiveness, resources and skills, and business and economic environment. A list of the top 20 outsourcing countries (Table I) shows India leading the list with reportedly the best mix of advantages even if it does not lead across all dimensions (SourcingLine, 2012). India remains a highly cost‐competitive location with a substantial resource and skill base. Other leaders in the survey include numerous other countries from Asia, but also Latin America and Europe.Concerns that threaten India's competitive edge Since the turn of the century, India's economy has enjoyed an enviable rate of growth, ranging from 5 percent in 2001 to nearly 10 percent in 2010 and about 7 percent in 2011 (World Bank, 2012a, b). But competitive advantages in fast‐changing global environments can be ephemeral. Indeed, in the wake of the global economic crises of the past four years, the Reserve Bank of India revised India's GDP forecast to an annual growth of 5.5 percent in2012‐2013 as against 5.7 percent estimated earlier (Moneycontrol, 2013). ConclusionIndia is regarded to be a super power when it comes to providing offshore IT and IT enabled outsourcing services. Over 50 percent of the Fortune 500 companies have already outsourced their requirements to Indian software vendors. Some of these beneficiaries in the current trend of outsourcing to India are: Microsoft, Oracle, Citibank, General Electric, Reebok, General Motors, Morgan Stanley, Wal‐Mart, A T&T, Sony, Boeing, Coca‐cola, Pepsi, Swissair, United Airlines, Philips, IBM, among many more.To achieve knowledge leadership position in the outsourcing world, India needs to take additional steps in variety of areas. For instance, India has to ease up on bureaucratic rules, improve infrastructure, encourage even more entrepreneurial ventures, and expand its domestic market. Specifically, in rising even further on the value chain, research and development centers will have to be developed for high‐tech services that complement high‐tech manufacturing, e.g. R&D for advanced materials, better instrumentation, and high‐end consultative services that range from intelligence gathering to anti‐piracy enforcement. In addition to better intellectual property protection, Indian firms and government agencies are likely to be involved in all aspects of access, security, and privacy concerns in the field of telecommunication andelectronics interchange. One field that holds major promise here is that of “big data” with strong emphasis on high level analytics, pattern recognition, and data base management. India is an ideal offshore outsourcing destination due to a variety of advantages it possesses over other countries. It has the opportunity to establish itself as a knowledge leader in the services sector in the knowledge based global economy.离岸外包服务竞争策略分析：以印度为例埃拉德；安德鲁引言在过去的三十年中，公司经营业务外包就像一种瘟疫蔓延至世界各地，看起来远远超出了他们国家的政治边界，在世界范围内，跨越边境地制造商品和提供服务，给企业以很大的竞争优势。
本科毕业论文（Undergraduatethesis）
本科毕业论文（Undergraduate thesis）1. based on the LabVIEW virtual filter design and Realization of the2. double loop DC speed control system design of3. single-chip pulse measuring instrument4. MCU control automatic washing machine design5.fpga elevator control design and implementation of6. calorstat MCU control7. microcontroller based digital voltmeter8. stepper motor control design9. function signal generator the design of 10.110kv substation secondary system design 11. design alarm bell 12.51 single-chip traffic lights control 13. single-chip temperature control system in a 14.cdma communication system access channel simulation and analysis of 15. warehouse temperature and humidity monitoring system based on 16. single-chip electronic code lock 17. MCU control traffic lights system design based on DSP IIR digital 18. low pass filter design and Realization of the 19. intelligent Responder design based on lab 20. View PC and SCM serial communication 21.dsp design IIR digital high pass filter 22. single-chip digital clock design 23. automatic shut light curtain design graduate thesis 24. three tank level remote control system based on the MATLAB thesis 25. PWM waveform simulation and analysis of the 26. integrated power amplifier circuit design 27. waveform generator, frequency meter and digital voltage meter design 28. water level remote automatic control system of graduation thesis of 29. broadband video amplifier circuit design 30. simple digital storage oscilloscope design thesis 31. game time scoring device design of 32.iir digital filter design thesis 33. serial communication thesis 34. CPLD based low frequency signal generator design thesis 35.110kv electrical substation main wiring design 36.m sequence in spread spectrum communication using 37. sinusoidal signal No. 38. generatorinfrared alarm system design and implementation of 39. switching power supply design based on the 40. microcontroller MCS51 temperature control system design graduate thesis 41. stepper motor bamboo dance body-building entertainment equipment 42. stepper motor control design 43. SCM of automobile reverse distance measuring instrument based on 44. MCU bicycle speed system design 45. hydropower station electrical and a generator protection 46. microcontroller based digital temperature display system design graduate thesis 47. phonetic electronic lock design and implementation of 48. factory substation design thesis 49. single-chip wireless Responder design based on 50. single-chip control DC motor speed control system design graduate thesis 51. microcontroller serial communication transmitter design graduate thesis 52. based on the VHDL language of PLD to design taxi billing system design graduate thesis 53. ultrasonic range finder Graduation thesis of 54. single chip microcomputer controlled current source design graduate thesis 55. graduation thesis 56. voice alarm based on MCU PLL frequency synthesizer design graduate thesis 57. multism/protel based digital responder 58. MCU intelligent fire alarm design on 59. wireless remote control launch receiving system design thesis 60. MCU of the toy car intelligent control system the 61. digital frequency meter design based on 62. MCU motor design graduate thesis 63. graduation design of the building automation - 64. vehicle license plate image recognition algorithm implementation of graduation design 65. ultrasonic range finder and graduation design 66. factory substation a side of the electrical design of 67. electronic instrument - graduation design 68. electronic dot matrix display - graduation design of electronic circuit 69. The electronicsimulation experiment on the 70. based multi-channel temperature acquisition and control system of 51 single-chip 71. microcontroller based digital clock design 72. small power uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 76. power line modem design graduate thesis 77. library lighting control system design 78. AC3 virtual surround sound design 79. aural infrared transponder 80. multi sensor obstacle detection system software design of 81. MCU power controller design based on the 82. system of 75. automatic washing machine controller design principle and design of converter 73. automatic lockers 74. air conditioner MicrocomputerBased on single chip digital recording and playback system controlled by 83. neon light controller 84. resistance furnace temperature control system 85. intelligent temperature inspection instrument developed 86. safe lock design of 87.10kv substation electrical part and relay protection 88. annual output of 26000 tons of ethanol distillation device design 89. winch automatic control limit control system of 90. iron ore comprehensive automation scheduling system of 91. magnetic sensor water level control system of 92. relay control two transmission with electromechanical system 93. advertising lamp automatic control system based on CFA 94. two order filter design 95. Holzer sensor water level control system of 96. automatic car water machine 97. float level sensor water level control system of 98. dry reed relay control system of water level 99. electric contact pressure gauge water level control system of 100. low cost intelligent monitoring system design 101. Large power plant relay protection configuration 102. DC operating power supply monitoring system of 103. suspension motion control system of 104. gas leakage of the ultrasonictesting system design 105. voltage reactive compensation control device of 106.fc-tcr type reactive power compensation controller design 107.dsp motor speed 108.150mhz band narrow band FM radio receiver 109. electronic thermometer based on single bed 110. the call control system 111. infrared thermometer based on 112. single-chip microcomputer rangefinder the 113. intelligent digital frequency meter based on single chip microcomputer 114. indoor fire alarm 115. multi-channel signal generator based on 116. single-chip microcomputer voice broadcast schedule controller 117. traffic lights control circuit design based on 118. single-chip stepper motor control system design 119. multi channel data acquisition system The design of electronic calendar 120. 121. remote control power design of 122.110kv substation a substation 123.220kv system design a system design of 124. intelligent digital frequency meter 125. 126. signal generator based on virtual instrument is the main power grid electric parameter test design of 127. FPGA based grid basic power digital measurement system design of 128. wind power conversion device research and design of 129. current relay design 130.high-power electrical appliances intelligent identification and electrical safety controller design 131. AC motor type test and computer software of 132. single-chip traffic lights control system design 133. intelligent warehouse system design 134. intelligent fire alarm monitoring system based on 135. MCU multipoint temperature measurement system based on 136. single-chip timing the alarm clock design of 137. MCU detection circuit for humidity sensor 138. smart car automatic addressing design of car suspension motion control system 139. to explore the future development trend of 140. audio communication technology multiple call system reverberation design 141.single-chip design based on 142. FPGA and PLL 4046 waveform generator based on 143. FPGA digital communication system based on 144. MCU intelligent automation 145. infrared remote control car based on MCU AT89C51 the speech thermometer design 146. intelligent building design 147. mobile phone receiver circuit 148. singlechip music song device design 149. MCU bell system design 150. intelligent electronic lock design 151. eight way intelligent responder responder 152. configuration control system design 153. configuration control of belt conveyor system design based on 154.. Microcontroller based on 155. music doorbell SCM control text display 156. MCU digital music box the 157. single-chip microcomputer control system design based on 158. LMS adaptive filter matlab 159.d power amplifier thesis 160. radio frequency identification system transmitting and receiving circuit design 161. based on the design of environment monitoring system based on ADE7758 MCU PIC16F877 162. power monitoring system design 163. 164. digital intelligent telephone alarm the frequency of the 165. course design of multi-function digital clock circuit design based on 166. dynamic scanning displayVHDL based digital frequency meter design and simulation based on 167. single-chip microcomputer control electronic scale 168. microcontroller based intelligent electronic load system design 169. voltage comparator simulation of 170. pulse transformer design 171.matlab simulation technology and application based on 172. single-chip temperature control system based on 173. single-chip FPGA and multi function precision frequency meter 174. generator - transformer in the group of microcomputer protection system based on 175. MCU chicks of constant temperature incubator design 176. digitalthermometer design 177. production line output statistics system 178. level alarm display control system design of 179. infrared remote control electronic lock design based on 180. MCU temperature intelligent fan control system design of 181. digital capacitance measuring instrument design 182. microcontroller based remote control design of 183.200 telephone card Dialing device design 184. digital ECG signal generator hardware design and Realization of the 185. waveform output voltage stability design graduate thesis 186. design of shortwave communication system based on DSP (IIR) 187. carbon monoxide alarm 188. network video monitoring system design 189. HPH furnace temperature control system of the 190. universal serial bus data acquisition card design of 191. MCU control single loop DC motor speed control system of 192. single-chip temperature control system of electric heating furnace 193. single large building fire control system b interface device driver framework design 195. matlab based multi frequency FMICW signal separation and time delay information extraction 196. sinusoidal signal generator 197. UPS low power system design of 198. digital control of SPWM single-phase inverter 199. matrix Chinese characters electronic display design and manufacture of 200. Based on the AT89C51 street lamp control system design based on AT89C51 201. for high precision and wide range of motor speed measurement system with 202. switching power supply design based on PDIUSBD12 and K9F2808 203. simple USB flash design 204. microcomputer integrated monitoring system of 205. DC motor test automatic acquisition and control system design of 206. new automatic loading machine control system research and development of the 207. exchanges asynchronous motor test automatic acquisition and control system design of 208. speed closed-loop control of DC speedcontrol system design and simulation based on 209. single-chip digital DC speed control system design of 210. multi-function Cymometer design 211.18 information frequency shift signal spectrum analysis and identification of 212. distributed management system - 213. terminal design based on matlab digital filter design 214. at89c51snd1c based MP3 player 215. based on fiber can Study on the 216. bus car reversing radar based on the design and fabrication of 217. DSP motor control 218. infrared temperature controller 219. series design of power supply of 220. intelligent electric control lock with 221. encoding and circuit design of timer 222. microcontroller based digital voltmeter design 223. intelligent drinking machine control system 224. bicycle speed alarm system 225. greenhouse temperature warehouse humidity automatic control system of 226. floating-point FPGA to achieve 227. bicycle mileage, 229. human health monitoring system design 228. speed precision Cymometer design of 230. singlechip music fountain control system design of the 231. crude oil water content analyzer of the embedded system hardware and man-machine interface design 232. design under the environment of LabVIEW virtual amplitude modulation and demodulation instrument the 233. virtual oscilloscope based on infrared remote control 234. 235. system design research and design of virtual spectrum analyzer LabVIEW 236. low frequency power amplifier design 237. 238. bank system design of hypermedia technology and 239. digital electronic clock making and circuit design 240. temperature alarm design circuit 241. digital electronic clock 242. intelligent electronic device 243. sheds light on high precision ultrasonic sensor and signal conditioning circuit design circuit design 245. electronic locks elevator control system of 246.single-chip design based on 247. automatic alarmThe commonly used electrical repair methods 248. control type intelligent heat meter design 249. design of electronic compass 250. automobile anti-collision control system design of 251. MCU intelligent power management system of power electronic technology in the 252. green lighting circuit in the application of 253. electrical automatic fire protection circuit breaker design 254. microcontroller basedmulti-functional intelligent car design 255. the leakage protector safety performance analysis 256. analysis of civil building emergency lighting 257. electric drive control system design of the 258.110kv region step-down substation electrical system design for 259.atmeil AT89 series microcontroller programmer design based on 260. 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本科英语毕业论文(设计)开题报告范例
本科英语毕业论文(设计)开题报告范例Proposal for BA ThesisI.Title: A Study on the Differences of Topics and Subjects in English and ChineseII. IntroductionChinese grammar system, in one sense, is basically an imitation of western grammar systems. But when we put into pratice , many Chinese grammarians have found that the rules of the westernized languages do not hold water. Therefore, many disputes and controversies have arisen,especially the differences of Topics and Subjects in English and Chinese . It is necessary to combine the traditional research on Chinese grammar with the contemporary western theory of grammar, so that it can help our Chinese grammar research joint the mainstream of Linguistics worldwide and bring the two way together---try to find the universal grammar. We believe that, the process in conformity is not always Smooth and pleasant, but the results are supposed to benefit China and the world finally .III. Literature ReviewSubject and topic as two basic concepts in modern Linguistics , their relationship is considered as the crucial research project and heated topic in Linguistics.1, Subject is originated form the western grammar systems . In general linguistics , many scholars are trying to give a current concept to subject . According to the research on all kinds of languages around the world , Keenan(1976) summerized the grammatical,semantic and textual features that subject has . The following are conclusion Trask(1993:266) made from all kinds of documents including Keenan(1976) (参见石毓智，2019):Subject is the noun phrase that probably has the most prominent feature in syntactic relation in sentence. Subject has all kinds of features in grammar, syntatics and text , mainly consisting of:1 Subject represents independent substance;2 Subject restricts the co-reference in sentence, including pronoun, reflexive pronoun and null anaphor;3 Subject restricts the agreement in verbs;4 Subject is the topic with no mark;5 Subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun,and also can be focused.6 Subject is usually lack of morphological markers.7 Subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure.His conclusion may be more suitable to describe the characters of western languages . Concerning Chinese, part of the descrition fail to reflect the linguistic fact in Chinese. For example, Trask thought thatsubject is the topic with no mark . He neglected of pragmatic feature of topic . Because we can’t confirm whether the subject is equal to the topic in a single sentence. And he also thought that subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure, which is not accord to the fact in our Chinese .As in Chinese , not only actor, but also patient, instrument, timing and location can act as subject in sentence.2 , In 2019, Shi Yuzhi tried to conclude about the subject ’s characteristers in form in Chinese. His conclusion is as followed : The form of the subject can be placed both in subordinate clause and sentence.Subject can be focused.Subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun.And its semantic characters are :Subject is the actor of behavior act.Subject is the main body of nature and state.Shi thought that the main difference butween subject and topic is that subject is the ingredient of grammatical structure while topic belongs to the discourse concept. The former one can be put into sentence and subordinate clause; the latter only can stay in sentence aspect. But his method to distinguish subject to topic seems to be a bit vague.As in Chinese, there is a kind of sentence in unusual order, for example: “书小王看完了”. In Shi’s opinion, that is a topic structure for itcan not be placed in a clause. But in fact, it belongs to a classical subject-predicate sentence. “书” is either the subject, or the topic.3 , Since Zhao Yuanren introduced ‘topoc’into our grammar study in Chinese , the scholars in Chinese home and abroad keep going with research on topic . Li Na & Thompson are the representatives on this issue. They’ve done a systematic contract to subject and topic. They said that topic means what is about in the sentence while subject is what the verb predicates; topic can not be indefinite and generic but subject can ; topic have to appear at the front of a sentence while subject is allowed to appear in the sentence; there always be a pause between topic with other parts of a sentence.But in Chinese , it is not necessary that the topic appear at the front of a sentence. For example: “老师，这件事让我来处理吧。
辽宁科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范
辽宁科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范(试行)二〇〇九年本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范（试行）毕业设计(论文)是培养学生综合运用本学科的基本理论、专业知识和基本技能，提高分析和解决实际问题的能力，完成初步培养从事科学研究工作和专业工程技术工作基本训练的重要环节。
为了统一和规范我院本科毕业设计(论文)的写作，保证我院本科毕业设计(论文)的质量，根据《中华人民共和国国家标准科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》（国家标准GB7713-87）的规定，特制定《辽宁科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范》。
各系部可以根据专业特点和实际需要对毕业设计(论文)结构和书写规范做适当调整。
规范中对毕业设计和研究论文分别提出了相应要求，学生可参照规范中对应条目要求进行撰写。
1 内容要求1.1 论文题目论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。
读者通过题目，能大致了解论文内容、专业特点和学科范畴。
但字数要适当，一般不超过24字。
必要时可加副标题。
1.2 摘要与关键词1.2.1 论文摘要论文摘要应概括地反映出毕业设计(论文)的目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。
摘要中不宜使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号。
中文摘要一般为300～500字，并翻译成英文(1200～1500字符)。
1.2.2 关键词关键词是供检索使用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条(参照相应的技术术语标准)。
关键词一般为3～5个，按词条的外延层次排列(外延大的排在前面)。
1.3 目录目录按章、节、条三级标题编写，要求标题层次清晰。
目录中的标题要与正文中标题一致。
目录中应包括绪论、论文主体、结论、致谢、参考文献、附录等。
1.4 论文正文论文正文是毕业设计(论文)的主体和核心部分，一般应包括绪论、论文主体及结论等部分。
1.4.1 绪论绪论一般作为第一章，是毕业设计(论文)主体的开端。
绪论应包括：毕业设计(论文)的选题背景及目的；国内外研究状况和相关领域中已有的研究成果；课题的研究方法、研究内容等。
英文原文
本科生毕业设计英文原文题目椭圆瓶盖注塑成型工艺及模具设计＿＿学生姓名＿＿刘相宇＿＿＿＿＿＿＿学号＿＿201115010214＿＿＿＿专业班级＿＿机自11102班＿＿＿＿指导老师＿＿蔡悦华＿＿＿＿＿＿＿2014年10月30日Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2004) 23: 79-86DOI 10.1007/s00170-003-1630-1ORIGINAL ARTICLEY.-S. Ma Æ T. TongAn object-oriented design tool for associative cooling channels in plastic-injection mouldsReceived: 17 December 2002/ Accepted: 17 December 2002/Published online: 17 October 2003? Springer-Verlag London Limited 2003Abstract Due to the demand for short product development cycles, plastic injection mould designers are required to compress their design time and to accommodate more late changes. This paper describes an associative design approach embedded in a cooling channel module of a mould design software package. It gives a set of comprehensive object definitions for cooling circuits, and addresses balanced or unbalanced designs. CAD algorithms that have been developed are briefly explained. With this new approach, mould designers can easily propagate changes between mould plates or inserts and the cooling system without the need for tedious rework. Hence, this approach can significantly reduce the total design time and the impact of late changes.Keywords Cooling circuit Æ Plastic mould design ÆCAD/CAM Æ Associative design Æ Design automation1 IntroductionCurrently, most CAD systems are unable to capture design intent completely and unambiguously. Rich design information cannot be fully represented in CAD models and late changes in the product development cycle cause a lot of rework. It has been acknowledged that CAD interoperability should cover integration with knowledge-based engineering (KBE) systems [1]. However, there is no mechanism to enable design intent information flow. Such an information gap is very obvious in plastic injection mould design as well. Mould designers are facing increasing pressure to reduce the design time, and yet are expected to assure mould quality.Various CAD tools for designing plastic injection moulds have emerged since the early 1970s [2], most of which focused on moulding flow analysis and optimisation algorithms [3, 4, 5]. Recently, the design of mould sub-systems, such as core/cavity inserts [6, 7], runners [8,9], gate locations [3, 4, 5] and cooling systems [10], have been the focus. For cooling system design, Wang et al.[11] suggested a strategy with three stages, initial design with one-dimensional approximation, two-dimensional design with optimisation, and three-dimensional design with cooling effect analysis. They have developed a program that uses 3D-boundary element methods to analyse 3D heat transfer. All the above-mentioned tools are only able to generate geometrical information. The representation and reuse of rich design information at different levels are notaddressed.Object-oriented (OO) software technology has been applied to meet the information representation gap in mould design [12]. Object definitions can provide a great deal of help in sorting out complicated entities, especially for part-independent parts and features. However, maintaining the relationships among geometrical entities and making them customisable is still not a trivial task. The CAD software development approach that can achieve persistent relationships among geometrical entities is referred to as the associative design approach. One way to build design intent and process knowledge into a CAD system is in the form of a process wizard, which is basically an application program coupled with a set of sequenced user interfaces (UIs) to guide users to complete certain interactions with the computer system. MouldWizard from EDS Inc. is one such process-based wizard [13]. This paper introduces the associative design approach applied in its cooling channel module. Market feedback shows that this concept can significantly reduce the gap between human knowledge and consistent computer representations.The cooling system in a mould affects not only the quality of resultant moulding parts but also efficiency in moulding production. In the current industry practice, it is common to use at least four major cooling circuits in a mould assembly. They are located on the cavity insert, the core insert, A-plate and B-plate [14]. Wang et al. [11]and Singh [15] recognised that the parameters indesigning cooling system are numerous; design variables, such as locations, types of cooling channels, and 3D layout of circuits, are usually modified frequently to address late part design changes as well as mould design optimisation. The modification process is laborious and error prone because designers have to edit and update CAD models repetitively. Mok et al. [16] developed a cooling system that can automatically retrieve certain circuit patterns, such as straight or U types, but the association among geometrical entities is not discussed. An expert system for designing cooling systems was introduced by Kwon et al. [10]. The system consists of four levels: layout design, analysis, evaluation and decision-making. A decision-making module evaluates the redesign of cooling channels based on the rules stored in a knowledge base. However, there is no integration with a parametric CAD system.In summary, an efficient and user-friendly cooling system design tool is highly sought; such a system can be expected to free mould designers from tedious geometrical updating and to keep design models consistent, so that the total mould design cycle time can be shortened. This paper presents a cooling channel design tool that provides substantial automation for cooling circuit generation with associative links among cooling holesand their drilling faces.1.1Generic issues associated with capturing design intentsIn the industry, cooling channels are usually designed in the form of cooling circuit, but represented as HOLE features using CAD tools. On the other hand, experienced mould designers found that solid cylinders are also commonly used instead to represent cooling chanels. In the latter approach, when the design is finalized , all channels are united to form a cooling circuit. With such united circuits defined with the help of CAE analsi tools, the cooling effect can be evaluated [11]. These circuits are not converted into holes until the design has been finalizedand is ready for CAM tool path generation. With this form of representation, a CAD system can display/draw cooling channels for visual inspection, without displaying detailed features of thecore/cavity inserts and mould plates. Repositioning and modifying cylinders also require fewer steps than using HOLE features. It enables automatic checking for collisions between cooling channels and other mould features, such as cavities and ejecting-pin holes.However, representing cooling channels in the form of solid cylinders has several problems. First, many steps are still required for a simple channel, such as creating a cylinder, chamfering the blind end in the case of a blind hole, and running through a series of dialogue boxes to position and orient it. Commonly, there are many channels in a cooling circuit, so creating them involves a lot of repetitive commands. When modifications are needed, cylinders have to be edited repetitively again. This situation is error-prone. Second, cooling channels are notself-identified. For automatic heat transfer analysis or collision checking, identifying cooling channels is particularly important. Third, they cannot provide orientation information for plugs, nozzles, or baffles to be inserted into cooling channels in a userfriendly drag-and-drop manner. Hence, mould designers have been frustrated with tedious steps.1.2 Semantic definitions of a cooling systemAn object-oriented software design approach can be applied to address the issues discussed in the above section. Defining a set of object types or classes that provides self-contained definitions of cooling systems and enables dynamic updating to validate the cooling system, is essential. In Fig. 1, the simplified semantic structure of a cooling system and its related component member types is shown. Each component type is defined as an object class.A cooling channel is defined as a continuous straight hole that contains cooling liquid (water in most cases). It can be contained in a single mould component (plates or inserts), or it cuts across seve ral. In this paper, ‘‘hole’’ is used to describe the geometrical shape of a cooling channel on a single mould component, however, its representation is not the same as traditional HOLE features (see the next section). An example of a cooling circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Holes 1–5 are cooling channels. A cooling circuit represents all the inter-connected cooling channels between an inlet and an outlet. Several cooling circuits form a cooling system. In Fig. 2, holes 1–5 jointly form a cooling circuit. A circuit can have several cooling channels with different orientations. These channels consist of cooling holes which are drilled from different faces of the mould plates or inserts. The face used to drill a cooling hole is called the penetrating face. Naturally, a cooling hole has one penetrating face and the hole-drilling vector always leaves from the penetrating face and points to the other end. Usually,Fig. 1 Semantic structure of a cooling systemFig. 2 An example of cooling circuitcooling holes are perpendicular to the penetrating face. However, in order to cater to some special cases, this constraint is not imposed for the purposes of this article.In practice, some cooling channels cut across multiple blocks; an example of this is shown in Fig. 3. It consists of several connected collinear cooling holes (hole 1, hole 2 and hole 3). Such channels are specially named collinear cooling channels.In many cases, multi-impression design is used for the mould layout. There are two approaches to creating cooling circuits then: balanced and unbalanced. A cooling system is referred to as balanced if the same cooling circuit pattern is applied to every impression. Otherwise, the cooling system is unbalanced. Usually, if the mould is designed with a balanced multi-impression pattern [14], and the designer wishes to have an identical cooling circuit for each impression section, then the balanced approach is used. In this case, because each circuit is designed mainly to cover one impression; the cooling effect can be better controlled to satisfy heattransfer requirements. This is especially recommended for complex moulding parts where the cooling effect canFig. 3 A typical collinear cooling channelbe optimised using simulation packages [11]. With this approach, a CAD function that is commonly required by mould designers is to reflect the changes in the cooling circuit pattern onthe individual impressions.On the other hand, the designer may want to treat the mould as a whole and design cooling circuits without considering the impression pattern; if this is the case he can apply the unbalanced approach.1.3 Detailed representationsA detailed component structure of a cooling system is given in Fig. 4. A hole is represented with a straight line and an optional cylindrical solid. This straight line is called the cooling guideline for the hole. More precisely, a cooling guideline is a straight-line segment starting from the cooling-hole penetrating centre point to the hole’s end centre point. In F ig. 2, AB is the cool guideline for hole 1, and CD is for hole 2. Guidelines contain hole-drilling vectors.At both the start and end points of each cooling hole, the following types of hole-ends can be selected, as shown in Fig. 5: (1) Drill-through, (2) Counter-bored, (3) Blind without extension and (4) Blind with extension. Such geometrical feature information is represented asFig. 4 Detailed component structures of a cooling systemFig. 5 Types of cooling cylinder endsattributes attached to guidelines. The cylindrical solids can be generated anytime if it is needed based on the information stored with each guideline.Traditionally, cooling lines are also used to represent a cooling circuit [11], but they are separate entities from the containing solids, such as mould plates or inserts. One of the design ideas in this paper is that every guideline has start and end point that are associated with the corresponding penetrating and exiting faces, except for the end points of blind holes. Therefore, if these faces change their positions, the associated points can be derived dynamically and updated accordingly. In other words, cooling guidelines are always associated with their penetrating and exiting faces.The cooling guidelines of all the holes within a cooling circuit are grouped as a guide path. In Fig. 2, five guidelines, AB, CD, EF, GH, and IJ, form a guide path. In this paper, as shown in Fig. 4, a guide path represents each cooling circuit completely while cooling guidelines can have certain attributes to describe the cooling-hole types, diameters, etc.In fact, cooling cylindrical solids are generated only when needed for viewing, checking physical collision among different features/components, or creating detailed features on plates or inserts. These cooling solids can be deleted to simplify the display; as long as the guide paths are available, these cooling solids can be regenerated. At later stages, after confirming the cooling system design, geometrical holes may be still needed for CAM application or component structure detailing. They can be achieved by subtracting cooling solids from their corresponding plate/insert bodies.A guide path is also used to maintain connectivity among its guidelines. To validate and verify this conditio n, a ‘‘validator’’ method is defined in the guide path class. The ‘‘collinear cooling channel’’ is the special object type that is created. From Fig. 4, it can be seen that a cooling circuit may contain such collinear cooling channels as well as simple channels. Each collinear channel can be represented by a group of guidelines called the collinear path. Obviously, its element guidelines must be connected from head to tail continuously along a straight line. In Fig. 3, AB, CD and EF form a collinear path and represent through hole 1 (with bothcounter-bored ends), through hole 2, and blind hole 3 respectively. It can be seen that within a cooling circuit, cooling elements are associated because they are validated instantly upon any change.As shown in Fig. 4, the contents and representation of a circuit object change according tothe context and user’s choices, for example, a circuit can be displayed graphically as a set of inter-connected guidelines, or as a set of cylindrical solids. A cooling circuit is self-contained with geometrical and non-geometrical information in the form of rich attributes.In summary, with this object structure design, cooling channels and their related mould plates or inserts can be automatically updated if some elements, such as penetrating faces or drilling-hole types are modified at later design stages. Since all the cooling channels are created in an associative approach, then the process knowledge, such as penetrating faces, drilling directions and continuity within a circuit can be embedded within the CAD model and stored persistently.2 Implementation aspects2.1 Embedded links and parametersIn a cooling design session with this module, guidelines are initially created through a graphical user interface. To associate the start and end points of every guideline with the penetrating and exiting faces, with the exception of the end points of blind holes, a ‘‘smart point’’ concept is used [13]. A ‘‘smart point’’ is ‘‘a point on the surface’’ associated with the face at the kernel database level. It keeps the persistent link with the corresponding face. Here, word ‘‘smart’’ represents the associative nature of an entity to another related entity. Since guidelines are created based on such smart end points, then the corresponding guidelines are also called smart lines. Each of them is connected to one (for blind holes) or two smart points (for through holes).A cooling solid cylinder can be generated automatically along its smart guideline by sweeping a circular section profile [13]. For a blind hole, a cone end is added. For a cooling circuit, its cylindrical solids are then united as the solid representation. These geometrical features are represented with attributes attached to guidelines. Such related attributes include type ofend(see Fig. 5), cooling hole diameter, and depth and diameter of the counter-bored portion, if applicable. They are used for cooling hole editing and cooling solid regeneration.2.2 Functions and algorithmThe main functions that have been developed in this module to meet the requirements for cooling system design are listed here:a. Addition of smart guidelines to form guide pathsb. Modification/repositioning of guidelinesc. Deleting of circuit guide pathsd. Creation of cooling solidse. Modification of the cooling solidsf. Deletion of the cooling solidsg. Creation of balanced or unbalanced cooling designs for a multi-impression mould.These functions are briefly described below.2.3 Creating and editing the smart guide path of a cooling circuitTo create the first guideline of a guide path, the user needs to select a face on an intended solid as the inlet penetrating (planar) face of the circuit (see Fig. 2). A plane equation can be extractedfrom the selected planar face. The initial start point A for the guide path on this face can be found based on the user’s indication point; a smart point is then created. The default direction to generate the first cooling guideline is set to the reverse direction of the face to normal, and it is displayed on the graphic window. The user can interactively modify the initial point position and guideline direction with different submenus activated from the UI shown in Fig. 6. Then, the user can dynamically drag a cooling line or input a value of the length for the guideline of a blind hole, or choose another face to indicate the ending face for a throughhole. In the latter case, another smart point will be created at the end point of the guideline. After creating the first guideline, a sequence number, ‘‘1’’, is displayed near it.To create the next guideline (see Fig. 2), a drilling vector is required. The user can indicate the bottom penetrating face at point P. Then, the next guideline direction is set to be in the reverse normal direction of the selected face. The vector’s start point C is determined with reference to the previous guideline AB and the nearest point to the user’s indicated point P. This is an embedded rule implemented in this work. To make the vector definition user-friendlier, many such context‘‘ru les’’ are applied to assist guideline creation. In this case, when defining the guideline CD, from the previous AB, it is extended automatically to find the drilling point C on the bottom face.A smart point is created at C on this face to associate the guideline. Again, sequence number ‘‘2’’ is displayed near the guideline. The user can also define the next guideline vector by selecting one working coordinate direction, +X, )X, +Y, )Y, +Z, or )Z, and then indicate a guideline start point. In the similar manner, a complete guide path can be defined. Upon confirming all the guidelinesof the intended guide path, the continuity within the path is checked with the validator method (see Fig. 4). This guide path is then treated as a single entity. As expected, guidelines can be created or added to a guide path by CAD functions. Existing guidelines can also be removed easily.During the interactions to define guidelines, the user’s input parameters and sequences are differentiated with the corresponding algorithm branches. For example, to create a simple blind hole, the user’s selection sequences can be any of these three options: (a) just the penetrating face, (b) the penetrating face and then an existing perpendicular reference cooling hole, and (c) simply an exis ting cooling hole collinear to the intended one. Under each option, the user’s selection sequences are distinguished; necessary adjustments to the intended cooling line are made to keep the guide path connected, and a friendly UI is designed. After a cooling guideline is selected, its properties, including its length, are displayed on the same UI as shown in Fig. 6. These can be changed and updated. In fact, when a guideline is selected, its guide path is also identified. This is because all the guidelines in a guide path are associated with continuity constraints. If the inlet point position of the guide path is moved, the whole path follows accordingly. A user can securely delete a guide path by selecting the relevant option from the editing UI.After defining a guide path, cooling solids can be generated based on the attributes of the individual guide-lines. Cooling solids are created only when the user needs them. As shown in Fig. 4, cooling channels can have different hole-types. These types can be represented as the start and the end features for the associated cooling solid. The UI for this purpose is shown in Fig. 7. Initially, the UI settings, such as start type, end type, hole diameter, and other parameters, are assigned with the default types and values preset in a UI configuration file. They are then updated based on the user’s input. The values in this configuration file are always over-written with the user’s preferred values when he ‘‘accepts’’ the UI dialog box so that the UI settings can beFig. 6 UI for creating guiding lines2.4 Creating and editing cooling solidsupdated when the user repeats the operation. The entries to different fields of the dialog box are also verified against preset conditions; for example, the value of the counter-bore diameter must be larger than the hole diameter. These checking functions are defined in a method for cooling solids called ‘‘validator’’ (see Fig. 4),which is invoked when the user clicks the ‘‘OK’’ button. If the input is not acceptable by the validator, modification is prompted with some error messages. Once these attributes are confirmed, cooling solids can be generated automatically with CAD API functions by clicking the ‘‘show cooling channel relationship’’ button on the UI.Cooling solids can be deleted at any time, but the types and parameters still continue to be attached with the individual guidelines as attributes; hence cooling solids can be regenerated and edited anytime. However, if the user deletes the guide path together, then the cooling circuit is deleted completely. In more detail, solid generation algorithms are created for the following sixhole types: simple blind, simple through, counter-bored blind, counter-bored at one end and through, counter-bored at the both ends and through, and finally, collinear cooling channels across multiple solids. Other algorithms for editing and deleting cooling channels are straightforward.For the creation of a collinear cooling channel, association among collinear individual holes is achieved. Fig. 3 illustrates how they are associated. Assuming hole 1 (from left to right) is created via ‘‘Create a counter- bored through hole (both ends) by selecting two planar faces’’ start point A is then ‘‘tied’’ to face 1 and end point B is ‘‘tied’’ to face 2. No te face 1 and face 2 are part of solid 1. Any modification to these faces, such as offsetting them, will affect the depth of the hole.Creating the middle hole 2 has more flexibility. The user can create it with either of the following twoFig. 7 UI for cooling solid attributes input methods. In the first method, face 3 and face 4 (belonging to solid 2) can be selected as the references; hence, start point C and end point D are children of face 3 and face 4, respectively. Because this hole is supposed to be one part of the collinear channel, face 2, which is associated with the end point B of hole 1, is also associated with face 3. This is assured by the validator method of the collinear channel object. Hence, the first hole can slide along face 2 without upsetting the middle hole by creating two misaligned holes. In the second method, the first hole is used as the reference, then the parent of start point C is the end point of the first hole, point B. Due to the link, if the first hole is modified by sliding face 2, the middle hole will follow suit. Once point C is moved, face 3 will be updated as well. This smart association between the two holes creates embedded relations among multiple solids with a collinear channel. Similarly, the third blind hole from left to right in Fig. 3 can be created, and the collinear cooling channel consisting of three associated cooling holes is obtained.2.5 Dealing with balanced and unbalanced cooling circuitsIn this paper, mould components are organised with an assembly tree structure, which is automatically created when the user initialises a new mould design project. The original plastic part is assigned under the top assembly part and is referred to as the product part (prod-part) (see Fig. 8). Impressions are stored under the product part as instantiated components with a layout pattern (core/cavity Inserts). A part that is specially designated for cooling solids is automatically created under the top assembly as well. It is called the cooling line (CL) part.In order to address this balanced and unbalanced cooling circuit design issue, a waved entities concept [13] must first be introduced. This feature enables geometrical entities, such as solids, faces, lines, points, etc, to be referred associatively from different parts in an assembly tree. This is achieved by copying the entities from one part to another with persistent association. Those copied entities are referred to as waved entities. When a source entity is modified, its corresponding waved entities are automatically updated. The source entities are called prototype entities. Some possible waved faces in an assembly are shown in Fig. 9. Assume prototype face A is in component part 1, it can be waved to create an associative copy, face A 1 in its parent part (child to parent), or face A 2 in component part 2 (child to child). In an assembly-modelling environment, another concept that needs explanation is the work part [13], which is defined as the part where new entities are created. Hence, the user has to explicitly select a work part in order to create new entities in it.In this paper, when creating balanced cooling circuits, the work part is set to the product part in Fig. 8. When the user selects a face in core/cavity inserts to create aFig. 8 Cooling line part in the mould assembly treecooling guideline, a waved face (child to parent) is created in the product part. All the entities for cooling, including smart points, guide paths and cooling solids are created in this part as well. At the same time, the related waved guide paths and solids (child to child) are created in the cooling line part. Cooling entities are then copied according to the impression pattern. The resultant cooling system is automatically balanced for different impressions. In Fig. 10, afour-impression example with balanced cooling paths is illustrated.Fig. 10 An example of balanced cooling circuitsWhen creating unbalanced cooling channels, the work part is set to the cooling line part (see Fig. 8). When the user selects a face from insert parts, a waved copy is created in the cooling line part (child to child). Then all related prototype cooling entities, such as smart points, guide paths and cooling solids, are created in the cooling line part. Thus the cooling entities in the cooling line part can be updated automatically if their reference faces in different inserts are changed. It can be。
电气自动化专业毕业设计英文翻译
电气自动化专业毕业设计英文翻译1 Computer structure and functionThis section introduces the internal architecture of a computer and describes how instructions are stored and interpreted and explains how the instruction execution cycle is broken down into its various components.At the most basic level, a computer simply executes binary-coded results. For a general-purpose programmable computer, four necessary elements are the memory, central processing unit (CPU, or simply processor), an external processor bus, and an input/output system as indicated in Fig.3-1 A-1.Fig. 3-1A-1 Basic elements of a computerThe memory stores instructions and data.The CPU reads and interprets the instructions, reads the data required by each instruction, executes the action required by the instruction, and stores the results back in memory. One of the actions that is required of the CPU is to read data from or write data to an external device. This is carried out using the input/output system.The external processor bus is a set of electric conductors that carries data, address and control information between the other computer elements.1-1 The memoryThe memory of a computer consists of a set of sequentially numbered locations. Each location is a register in which binary information can be stored. The “number”of a location is called its address. The lowest address is 0. The manufacturer defines a word length for the processor that is an integral number of locations long. In each word the bits can represent either data or instructions. For the Intel 8086/87 and Motorola MC6800 microprocessors, a word is 16 bits long, but each memory location has only 8 bits and thus two 8-bit locations must be accessed to obtain each data word.In order to use the contents of memory, the processor must fetch the contents of the right location. To carry out a fetch, the processor places (enables) the binary-coded address of the desired location onto the address lines of the external processor bus. The memory then allows the contents of the addressed memory location to be read by the processor. The process of fetching the contents of a memory location does not alter the contents of that location.Instructions in memory Instructions stored in memory are fetched by the CPU and unless program branches occur, they are executed in the sequence they appear in memory. An instruction written as a binary pattern is called a machine-language instruction. One way to achieve meaningful patterns is to divide up the bits into fields as indicated in Fig. 3-1A-2, with each field containing a code for a different type of information.0001 0101 1000 XXXX 0100 0001 1000 XXXX 0011 XXXX XXXX 0100 Fields Opcode Immediate code Operand data Branch addressSet ‘5’ in location 8 Subtract ‘1’ f rom location 8 If zero, bran ch to location 416-bit instruction words... ... XXXX : not u sed (or “don ’t care”)Fig. 3-1A-2 Arrangement of program and data in memoryEach instruction in our simple computer can be divided up into four fields of 4 bits each. Each instruction can contain operation code (or opcode, each instruction has a unique opcode), operand address, immediate operands, branch address.In a real instruction set there are many more instructions. There is also a much large number of memory locations in which to store instructions and data. In order to increase the number of memory locations, the address fields and hence the instructions must be longer than 16 bits if we use the same approach. There are a number of ways to increase the addressing range of the microprocessor withoutincreasing the instruction length: variable instruction field, multiword instructions, multiple addressing modes, variable instruction length. We will not discuss them in detail.Data in memory data is information that is represented in memory as a code. For efficient use of the memory space and processing time, most computers provide the capability of manipulating data of different lengths and representations in memory. The various different representations recognized by the processor are called its data types. The data types normally used are: bit, binary-coded decimal digit (4-bit nibble, BCD), byte (8 bits), word (2 bytes), double word (4 bytes).Some processors provide instructions that manipulate other data types such as single-precision floating-point data types (32bits) and double-precision floating-point data types (64 bits). There is another type of data—character data. It is also usually represented in 8 bits. Each computer terminal key and key combination (such as shift and control functions) on a standard terminal keyboard has a 7-bits code defined by the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).Type of memory In the applications of digital control system, we also concerned with the characteristics of different memory techniques. For primary memory, we need it to be stored information temporarily and to be written and got information from successive or from widely different locations. This type memory is called random-access memory (RAM). In some case we do not want the information in memory to be lost. So we are willing to use special techniques to write into memory. If writing is accomplished only once by physically changing connections, the memory is called a read-only memory (ROM). If the interconnection pattern can be programmed to be set, the memory is called a programmable read-only memory (PROM). If rewriting can be accomplished when it is necessary, we have an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). An electronically erasable PROM is abbreviated EEPROM.1-2 The CPUThe CPU’s job is to fetch instructions from memory and execute these instructions. The structure of the CPU is shown in Fig. 3-1A-3. It has four maincomponents: an arithmetic and logical unit (ALU), a set of registers, an internal processor bus and controller.Fig.3-1A-3 Central processing unit (CPU)These and other components of the CPU and their participation in the instruction cycle are described in the following sections.Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) The ALU provides a wide arithmetic operations, including add, subtract, multiply, and divide. It can also perform Boolean logic operations such as AND, OR, and COMPLEMENT on binary data. Other operations, such as word compares, are also available. The majority of computer tasks involve the ALU, but a great amount of data movement is required in order to make use of the ALU instructions.Registers A set of registers inside the CPU in used to store information.Instruction register When an instruction is fetched, it is copied into the instruction register, where it is decoded. Decoding means that the operation code is examined and used to determine the steps of the execution sequence.Programmer’s model of the CPU The collection of registers that can be examined or modified by a programmer is called the programmer’s model of the CPU. The only registers that can be manipulated by the instruction set, or are visibly affected by hardware inputs or the results of operations upon data, are the registers represented in the model.Flag register The execution sequence is determined not only by the instruction but also by the results of the previous instructions. For example, if an addition is carried out in the ALU, data on the result of the addition (whether the result is positive, negative, or zero, for example) is stored in what is known as a flag register, status register, or condition register. If the next instruction is a conditional branch instruction, the flag word is tested in that instruction to determine if a branch if a branch is required.Program counter (instruction pointer)The address of the next instruction is located in a register called the program counter.Data registers When an instruction uses the registers to store data, the reference to the register in the instruction is called register addressing. The reasons of making use of the internal registers to store data are that they can make the instructions shorter and make execution faster.Address registers The internal registers can also be used for the storage of address of data in memory data. In such a case, the instruction word contains a register number (i.e. a register address). In the register is contained the address of memory data to be used in the instruction. This form of addressing is called register indirect addressing. The contents of the register are said to point to the data in memory.Internal Processor Bus The internal processor bus moves data between internal register. A bus is a set of closely grouped electric conductors that transfers data, address, and control information between functional blocks of the CPU. Data from a source register can be passed to a destination register when both are enabled onto (connected to) the bus.Controller The controller provides the proper sequence of control signals for each instruction in a program cycle to be fetched from memory. A total program cycle comprises many instruction cycle, each instruction cycle can be divided up into its component machine cycles and each machine cycle comprises a number of clock cycle.In order to fetch an instruction, for example illustrated in Fig.3-1A-4, the addressin the program counter is placed on the address lines of the external bus (AB) at the onset of clock cycle C1. Simultaneously, using a code on the control lines of the bus (CB), the CPU informs all devices attached to the bus that an “opcode” fetch machine cycle is being executed by the CPU. The memory allows the memory address to select the memory location containing the instruction. At C2 the controller places a “read”command onto the control bus which allows the memory data to be placed onto the data bus. The controller then gates the data into the instruction register and removes the read command from the control bus in C3. At C4, the controller removes the address from the address bus and begins to decode the operation-code portion of the instruction to see what steps are required for execution. The decoding operation may take several more clock cycle at the end of which the “opcode fetch” machine cycle.Fig. 3-1A-4 A timing diagram for "operation-code fetch "External attention requests It is often necessary to stop the normal instruction processing sequence. One type of external attention request is the reset request. In the case of an unrecoverable error, a computer system may be required to reset itself .This would have the effect of initializing all important registers in the system and starting instruction execution from a standard memory location-usually location 0.An input that is more commonly activated during the normal course of events is the interrupt request. An interrupt request signal from an external device can cause theCPU to immediately execute a service subroutine which carries out the necessary actions. After completing the service subroutine, the processor will continue the task from which it was originally interrupted.The third type of input is the bus request, or direct memory access(DMA) request. It is possible to have a terminal interface that stores up all the characters in a line of text until it receives a "carriage return." Then the interface requests the use of the system bus, at which time the complete line of data is transferred to memory as fast as possible. In this way the processor simply becomes inactive until the transfer is completed.1-3 BusesThe bus is the most important communication system in a computer system. Under control of the CPU, a data source device and a data destination device are "enabled" onto(equivalent to being connected to) the bus wires for a short transmission.External processor bus The internal processor bus described in Sec. is connected to the external processor bus by a set of bus buffers located on the microprocessor integrated circuit.System bus The microcomputer board can communicate with other boards by connecting its bus to an external system bus through a connector.1-4Computer Input and OutputA set of registers external to the CPU is associated with what is known as the input/output (I/O) system. The I/O system is connected to the external processor bus using control, address, and data buses through an I/O registers in an interface. There are basically two ways that are used to address I/O register.In the first method, called I/O-mapped input/output, the operation code itself has special I/O instructions that address a numbered register in the interface called an I/O port.The second method of addressing I/O registers gives the I/O ports addresses that lie within the memory address range of the CPU. This is called memory-mapped I/O. Of course there must not be any memory locations at the same address as I/Olocations.One of the benefits of the memory-mapped approach is that the full range of memory addressing modes is available to the addressing of I/O registers.2Fundamentals of Computer and Networks2-1 Organization of Computer SystemA computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output results under the direction of a stored program of instructions. This section explains why a computer is a system and how a computer system is organized. Key elements in a computer system include input, processing, and output devices. Let's examine each component of the system in more detail.Input Devices Computer system use many devices for input purpose. Some INPUT DEVICES allow direct human/machine communication, while some first require data to be recorded on an input medium such as a magnetizable material. Devices that read data magnetically recorded on specially coated plastic tapes or flexible or floppy plastic disks are popular. The keyboard of a workstation connected directly to (or ONLINE to) a computer is an example of a direct input device. Additional direct input devices include the mouse, input pen, touch screen, and microphone. Regardless of the type of device used, all are components for interpretation and communication between people and computer systems.Central Processing Unit The heart of any computer system is the central processing unit (CPU). There are three main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system: the primary storage section, the arithmetic-logic section, and the control section. But these three sections aren't unique to personal computers. They are found in CPUs of all sizes.Output Device Like input units, output device are instruments of interpretation and communication between humans and computer system of all size. These device take output results from the CPU in machine-coded form and convert them into a form that can be used (a) by people (e.g. a printed and /or displayed report) or (b) asmachine input in another processing cycle.In personal computer systems, display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices. Larger and faster printers, many on-line workstations, and magnetic tape drives commonly found in large systems.The input/output and secondary storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices (or just peripherals). This terminology refers to the fact that although these devices are not a part of the CPU, they are often located near it. Besides, a computer system also includes buses, ROM(read only memory), RAM(random access memory), parallel port and serial port, hard disk, floppies and CD(compact disk)drive, and so on.2-2 Operating SystemOperating systems have developed over the past thirty years for two main purposes. First, they provide a convenient environment for the development and execution of programs. Second, operating systems attempt to schedule computational activities to ensure good performance of the computing system.The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs form interfering with the proper operation of the system, the hardware was modified to create two modes: user mode and monitor mode. Various instructions (such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can only be executed in monitor mode. The memory in which the monitor resides must also be protected from modification by the user. A timer prevents infinite loops. Once these changes (dual mode, privileged instructions, memory protection, timer interrupt) have been made to the basic computer architecture, it is possible to write a correct operating system.As we have stated, operating systems are normally unique to their manufacturers and the hardware in which they are run. Generally, when a new computer system is installed, operational software suitable to that hardware is purchased. Users want reliable operational software that can effectively support their processing activities.Though operational software varies between manufacturers, it has similarcharacteristics. Modern hardware, because of its sophistication, requires that operating systems meet certain specific standards. For example, considering the present state of the field, an operating system must support some form of on-line processing. Functions normally associated with operational software are:1)Job management;2)Resource management;3)Control of I/O operations4)Error recovery;5)Memory management.2-3 NetworksCommunication between distributed communities of computers is required for many reasons. At a national level, for example, computers located in different parts of the country use public communication services to exchange electronic messages (mail) and to transfer files of information from one computer to another. Similarly, at a local level within, say, a single building, distributed communities of computer-based workstations use local communication networks to access expensive shared resources—for example, printers and disks tapes and copiers, etc.—that are also managed by computers. Clearly, as the range of computer-based products and associated public and local communication networks proliferate, computer-to-computer communication will expand rapidly and ultimately dominate the field of distributed systems.Although the physical separation of the communicating computers may vary considerably from one type of application to another, or, at the heart of any computer communication network is the data communication facility which, may be a PSDN, a private LAN or perhaps a number of such networks interconnected together. However, irrespective of the type of data communication facility, an amount of hardware and software is required within each attached computer to handle the appropriate network-dependent protocols. Typically, these are concerned with the establishment of a communication channel access the network and with the control of the flow of messages across this channel. The provision of such facilities is only part of thenetwork requirements, however, since in many applications the communicating computers may be of different forms of data representation interface between user (application) programs, normally referred to as application processes or APs, and the underlying communication services may be different. For example, one computer may be a small single-user computer, while another may be a large multi-user system.3 Stepper motorStepper motor is the electric pulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement of the open-loop stepper motor control element pieces. In the case of non-overloaded, the motor speed, stop position depends only on the pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of load changes, when the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to Set the direction of rotation of a fixed angle, called the "step angle", which the angle of rotation is fixed step by step operation. Number of pulses can be controlled by controlling the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time by controlling the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes.3-1 WorkInduction motor is a stepper motor, does it work is the use of electronic circuits, the DC power supply into a time-sharing, multi-phase timing control current, this current stepper motor power supply, the stepper motor to work properly , The drive is sharing power supply for the stepper motor, the polyphase timing controller.Although the stepper motor has been widely used, but the stepper motor does not like a normal DC motor, AC motor in the conventional use. It must be double-ring pulse signal; power driver circuit composed of the control system can be used. Therefore, it is not easy with a good stepping motor, which involves mechanical, electrical, electronics and computers, and much other specialized knowledge.As the stepper motor actuators, electromechanical integration, one of the key products, widely used in a variety of automatic control systems. With the developmentof microelectronics and computer technology, increasing demand for stepper motor has applications in all areas of the national economy.3-2 CategoriesNow more commonly used include the reaction of step motor stepper motor (VR), permanent magnet stepper motor (PM), hybrid stepper motors (HB) and single-phase stepper motor.3-3 Permanent magnet stepper motorPermanent magnet stepper motor is generally two-phase, torque, and smaller, usually 7.5 degree step angle or 15 degrees;Permanent magnet stepper motor output torque, dynamic performance, but a large step angle.3-4 Reaction Stepper MotorReaction is generally three-phase stepping motor can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. Reaction by the stepper motor rotor magnetic circuit made of soft magnetic materials, a number of the stator phase excitation winding, the use of permeability changes in torque.Step Motor simple structure, low production costs, step angle is small; but the dynamic performance is poor.3-5 Hybrid Stepping MotorHybrid Step Motor combines reactive, permanent magnet stepper motors of both, it's a small step angle, contribute a large, dynamic performance, is currently the highest performance stepper motor. It is also sometimes referred to as Permanent Magnet Induction Stepping Motor. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: the general two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees and the general five-phase step angle 0.72 degrees. The most widely used Stepper Motor. Stepper motor drive for energy saving 3-6 Three-phase stepper motor drive special features:◆180% low torque output, low frequency characteristics of a good run◆Maximum output frequency 600Hz, high-speed motor control◆full range of detection of protection (over voltage, under voltage, overload)instantaneous power failure restart◆acceleration, deceleration, such as dynamic change in the stall protection functionto prevent◆Electrical dynamic parameters of automatic recognition function to ensurestability and accuracy of the system◆quick response and high-speed shutdown◆abundant and flexible input and output interface and control, versatility◆use of SMT production and three full-mount anti-paint treatment process, productstability and high◆full range of Siemens IGBT power devices using the latest, to ensure the qualityof high-quality3-7 Basic principlesUsually for the permanent magnet rotor motor, when current flows through the stator windings, the stator windings produce a magnetic field vector. The magnetic field will lead to a rotor angle of the magnetic field makes the direction of a rotor and the stator's magnetic field direction. When the stator magnetic field vector rotating at an angle. As the rotor magnetic field is also transferred from another perspective. An electrical pulse for each input, the motor turning a point forward. It is the angular displacement of the output and input the number of pulses proportional to speed and pulse frequency is proportional to. Power to change the order of winding, the motor will reverse. Therefore, the number of available control pulse, frequency and power the motor windings of each phase in order to control the stepper motor rotation.3-8 Induction Stepping Motor3-8-1 features: Induction, compared with the traditional reactive, structural reinforced with a permanent magnet rotor, in order to provide the working point of soft magnetic materials, and the stator excitation magnetic field changes only need to provide to provide the operating point of the consumption of magnetic materials energy, so the motor efficiency, current, low heat. Due to the presence of permanent magnets, the motor has a strong EMF, the damping effect of its own good, it is relatively stable during operation, low noise, low frequency vibration. Induction canbe seen as somewhat low-speed synchronous motor. A four-phase motor can be used for four-phase operation, but also can be used for two-phase operation. (Must be bipolar voltage drive), while the motor is not so reactive. For example: four phase, eight-phase operation (A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A) can use two-phase eight-shot run. Not difficult to find the conditions for C =, D =. a two-phase motor's internal winding consistent with the four-phase motors, small power motors are generally directly connected to the second phase, the power of larger motor, in order to facilitate the use and flexible to change the dynamic characteristics of the motor, its external connections often lead to eight (four-phase), so that when used either as a four-phase motors used, can be used for two-phase motor winding in series or parallel.3-8-2 classification：Induction motors can be divided in phases: two-phase motor, three phase motor, four-phase motor, five-phase motor. The frame size (motor diameter) can be divided into: 42BYG (BYG the Induction Stepping motor code), 57BYG, 86BYG, 110BYG, (international standard), and like 70BYG, 90BYG, 130BYG and so are the national standards.3-8-3 the stepper motor phase number of static indicators of terms: very differently on the N, S the number of magnetic field excitation coil. Common m said. Beat number: complete the necessary cyclical changes in a magnetic field pulses or conducting state with n said, or that turned a pitch angle of the motor pulses needed to four-phase motor, for example, a four-phase four-shot operation mode that AB -BC-CD-DA-AB, shot eight four-phase operation mode that A-AB-B-BC-C-CD-D-DA-A. Step angle: corresponds to a pulse signal, the angular displacement of the rotor turned with θ said. θ = 360 degrees (the rotor teeth number of J * run shot), the conventional two, four-phase, the rotor teeth 50 tooth motor as an example. Four step run-time step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 4) = 1.8 degrees (commonly called the whole step), eight-shot running step angle θ = 360 ° / (50 * 8) = 0.9 degrees (commonly known as half step.) Location torque: the motor is not energized in the state, its locked rotor torque (as well as by the magnetic field profile of harmonics caused by mechanical error) static torque: the motor under the rated static electricity, the motor without rotation, the motor shaft locking torque. The motor torque is ameasure of volume (geometry) standards, and drive voltage and drive power, etc. has nothing to do. Although the static torque is proportional to the electromagnetic magnetizing ampere turns, and fixed air gap between the rotor teeth on, but over-use of reduced air gap, increase the excitation ampere-turns to increase the static torque is not desirable, this will cause the motor heating and mechanical noise.3-9 Characteristics of the stepper motor1. The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.2. Appearance of the stepper motor to allow the maximum temperature.Stepper motor causes the motor temperature is too high the first magnetic demagnetization, resulting in loss of torque down even further, so the motor surface temperature should be the maximum allowed depending on the motor demagnetization of magnetic material points; Generally speaking, the magnetic demagnetization points are above 130 degrees Celsius, and some even as high as 200 degrees Celsius, so the stepper motor surface temperature of 80-90 degrees Celsius is normal.3. Stepper motor torque will decrease with the increase of speed.When the stepper motor rotates, the motor winding inductance of each phase will form a reverse electromotive force; the higher the frequency the greater the back emf. In its role, the motor with frequency (or speed) increases with the phase current decreases, resulting in decreased torque.4. Low-speed stepper motor can operate normally, but if not higher than a certain speed to start, accompanied by howling.Stepper motor has technical parameters: no-load starting frequency, ie the stepper motor with no load to start the normal pulse frequency, pulse frequency is higher than the value if the motor does not start, you may lose steps or stall occurs. In the case of a load, start frequency should be lower. If you want the motor to achieve high-speed rotation, the pulse frequency should speed up the process, which started lower frequency, and then rise by a certain acceleration of the desired frequency (motor speed from low rise to high-speed).Stepper motor with its significant features, in the era of digital manufacturing play。
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教研室主任（签字）：年月日
系本科毕业设计（论文）工作领导小组意见
组长（签字）：年月日
注：1．题目来源是指：A、科研课源自；B、生产实践；C社会实际问题；D、其他。
2．题目类型分为：A、设计类；B、论文类。
3．本表一式两份（可复印），原件装入毕业设计（论文）资料袋中，复印件由教学系存档。
辽宁科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）题目审批表
系别
外语系
专业
英语专业
毕业年度
2015年
生源类别
□普通本科□高职本科□中职本科
题目名称
On Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter
浅谈《红字》的象征意义
题目来源
D、其他
题目类型
B、论文类
主要任务及基本要求
主要任务：
学生能够运用简单的文学批评理论解读英语文学作品《红字》，并能了解作家霍桑创作意图、剖析文本内涵，尤其是在《红字》中象征主义这一艺术特色在全书中的作用和蕴涵的深意。
基本要求：
学生理解新英格兰时期清教殖民统治的社会现状。；了解女权主义批评理论和方法的运用及所体现的女性意识；了解美国社会的道德沦丧和资产阶级的伪善；能够结合社会背景了解作者在小说《红字》中对象征主义手法的巧妙运用。
科学性与可行性论证
本课题符合培养目标要求，能够体现出对学生运用英语语言思维以及运用英语进行写作的综合训练，在英美文学课程学习的基础上，引导学生开展相关研究，学生经过努力是能够按要求完成论文写作的。