The-high-precision-positioning-algorithm-of-circular-landmark-center-in-visual-measurement
Porter__What is Strategy__20030919__Excellent
Faulty Definitions of Strategy
• Strategy as aspiration
– “Our strategy is to be #1 or #2…”
• Strategy as action
– “Our strategy is to merge…”
• Strategy as vision • Strategy as experiments
This presentation draws on ideas from Professor Porter’s books and articles, in particular, Competitive Strategy (The Free Press, 1980); Competitive Advantage (The Free Press, 1985); ―What is Strategy?‖ (Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec 1996); ―Strategy and the Internet‖ (Harvard Business Review, March 2001); The Competitive Advantage of Nations (The Free Press, 1990); ―The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development,‖ in The Global Competitiveness Report 2001 (World Economic Forum, 2001); ―Clusters and the New Competitive Agenda for Companies and Governments,‖ in On Competition (Harvard Business School Press, 1998); Clusters of Innovation Initiative (), a joint effort of the Council on Competitiveness, Monitor Group, and Professor Porter; ―The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy‖, Harvard Business Review, forthcoming, with Mark Kramer; and a forthcoming book. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise— without the permission of Michael E. Porter. Additional information may be found at the website of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, .
海重点中学之一牛津高一下学期期末试卷
七宝中学 2012 学年第二学期高一英语期末考试卷出卷： 施国华 审卷：尹知跃第I卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A 1.20 分(每题 1 分 共 10 分)A. At a bakery. B. At a hotel. C. At a post office. D. At a birthday party. 2. A. Librarian and student. B. Operator and caller. C. Boss and secretary. D. Customer and repairman. 3. A. 30 minutes. B. 60 minutes. C. 90 minutes. D. 120 minutes. 4. A. A best salesman. B. A latest book. C. A good business. D. An exciting story. 5. A. By going on a diet. B. By eating fruit and vegetables. C. By having fewer meals. D. By doing physical exercise. 6. A. It was interesting and easy to follow. B. It was far beyond his understanding. C. It was as difficult as he had expected. D. It was long but easy to understand. 7. A. The traffic is always very heavy. B. The man needn’t go to the airport. C. The subway is crowded at rush hours. D. The man had better take the subway. 8. A. The woman prefers going out. B. The woman will make the decision. C. The man agrees with the woman. D. The man would rather stay inside. 9. A. The man can tell Kelly the news the next day. B. The man shouldn’t tell Kelly the news at school. C. The man should tell Kelly’s brother the news. D. The man had better tell Kelly the news by himself. 10. A. The match will be put off due to the rain. B. The rain isn’t likely to influence the man’s team. C. The result of the match is sure to be affected. D. The rain will help the man’s team win the match. Section B (每题 1 分共 6 分) Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. To get better jobs. B. To save more money. C. To move into a larger apartment. D. To receive further education. 12. A. It had family-friendly politics. B. It owned a child-care center on site. C. It offered its staff excellent benefits. D. It rewarded employees with apartments. 13. A. Satisfied. B. Surprised. C. Confused. D. Interested. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. In 1185. B. In 1209. C. In 1386. 15. A. Because many early learning centers were set up. B. Because Oxford and Cambridge were established. C. Because the largest expansion of universities occurred. D. Because independent universities came into existence.1D. In 1836.16. A. Definition of universities. B. Development of universities. C. Finance for universities. D. Donations for universities. Section C （每题 1 分共 4 分） Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each blank.Summer JobsWorking at KFC: Cutting grass: Working for a sports camp: Serving at a hotel: It’s __17__. One can earn $ __18__ each time. It’s a(n) __19__ job. One may get lots of __20__.Section A： （每题 1 分共 16 分）本题答案一律写到答题纸上！！ ！ II. Fill in the blanks with proper verb form or a suitable word:Social InsectsSome insects, such as ants, bees, and termites, live in organized communities and ____25____(consider)social insects. Ants are one of the ____26____ highly developed of the social insects. They live in colonies（集群）where their members are divided into a clearly defined fixed social system, which includes queens, workers and males. _____27_____ ant has its own purpose and duties within the colony. There are over 10,000 kinds of ants, with unique characteristics, such as the slave makers _____28_____ attack the nests of other ants for their young, or dairying ants which capture certain insects and keep them to be milked of liquids. Ants ___29___(go) to war and attack other ant colonies, even within their own type. ____30____(be) a social insect, they must communicate ____31____ others within their colony ____32____(send) warnings of danger or signal the location of a food supply. Sound Ants that make their nests in leaves or plants will tap the tail part of their bodies against the outside wall of the nest to signal for danger or let their colony mates know___33___ they've discovered a food supply. This tapping will send vibrations through the nest. Some ants will make a squeaking or buzzing sound by ____34____(rub )segments of their bodies together. This sends signals to warn of danger or requests assistance in transporting food. Scent Ants also communicate by scent. They have glands(腺) located on the different segments of their body. From those glands they can release a chemical ____35_____(call) a pheromone. The type of message they wish to convey – danger versus food--will determine which gland they will use to release the pheromone. They can also use pheromones to leave a trail, which will lead others in the colony to a newly ____36____ (discover) food supply. Greeting An ant colony may have just a few dozen members, or it can number in the millions. Since ants will attack even their own kind, it is important_____37______ members of a nest can identify others2in their immediate community. ____38____ two ants come face to face, odor（气味）____39____be a factor in communicating their identity. ____40____(use) their antennae, （触角） ants will smell each the other. After it is determined they are nest mates, they sometimes engage in a strange greeting ritual which involves the ants standing mouth to mouth. One ant then regurgitates（回吐） a drop of liquid into the other ant's mouth. Section B （每题 1 分共 9 分） A. screen F. previous B. similar G. fact C. fewer D. differently H. idea I. prevent E. strangely J. hang注意！ 从本题开始填涂答题卡一定要从 41 题起始按顺序涂黑答题卡！Most of us act ___41___ when we think we’re being watched. If we know someone has their eye on us, we act more properly and speak more carefully. But can this___42___ be used to ___43___crime ? Security staff at Newcastle University in England are testing that question, and so far they’ve had success, reports MSN News. Their___44___ was simple: ___45___ a picture of a pair of eyes above each bicycle rack (搁架) on campus to stop people from stealing bicycles. Since the university adopted this idea, the racks with the eyes above them have ―experienced 62 percent ___46___ thefts compared with the ___47___ year‖, say Newcastle officials. British Transport Police are trying a___48___ solution to stop crime on a train route between London and Essex. Just make sure your parents don’t hear about this story. If they do, they might hang giant eyes above the television ___49___ when you have exams coming up. III. Reading Comprehension Section A: （每题 1 分共 10 分） It happens every spring. Flowers ___50___ burst out everywhere on the same day, as if they were in tune with one another. ____51____how do plants ―know‖ when to flower? It is a question that has ___52___biologists for years. But a US research group may have finally answered it – the ___53___ lies in a protein called FKF1. This allows plants to ___54___ the differences in day lengths so that they can tell the seasons are changing. The study was published in the May 25 issue of the journal Science. Researchers spotted the FKF1 protein when they were studying a plant called Arabidopsis. They found that the FKF1 protein was a photoreceptor (感光器). This means it is___55___ to and can be activated (激活) by sunlight. Plants produce this protein every day in the late afternoon throughout the year. If there is no light at this time, ___56___ in winter when the sun goes down early, the protein won’t be activated. But when spring comes and the days get longer, the FKF1 protein can be activated by ___57___ and the plants ―know‖ it is time to flower. “The presence of light in the late afternoon is the___58___ for plants that the days are getting longer and that it is the optimal (最佳的) time for flowering,” explained Takato Imaizumi, assistant professor at the University of Washington and leader of the study. This daylight-sensing system also keeps plants from flowering when conditions are poor for growing, such as during autumn or winter when the weather is cold and days are short. ___59___ researchers have only studied how the FKF1 protein works in the Arabidopsis, they believe that the process is similar in many other more complex plants, including crops such as rice and wheat. This could be useful to the agricultural industry.350. A. automatically 51. A. But 52. A. exited 53. A. case 54. A. sense 55. A. important 56. A. for example 57. A. fertilizer 58. A. habit 59. A. MeanwhileB. suddenly B. So B. attracted B. fact B. measure B. sensitive B. by contrast B. protein B. style B. MoreoverC. slowly C. While C. fascinated C. secret C. evaluate C. likely C. in addition C. air C. signal C. BesidesD. angrily D. Or D. puzzled D. problem D. see D. necessary D. in short D. daylight D. order D. AlthoughSection B: （60—63 每题 1 分共 4 分 64—70 每题 2 分共 14 总分 18 分） Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. A Have you ever listened to young children talking in the playground? They are always boasting．They say things like, ―My Dad’s car is bigger than your Dad’s,‖ and ―My Mom is smarter than yours．‖ They particularly like to boast about their families． There were three little boys, Harry, Ted and Gavin, who were always boasting． Gavin was the worst．Everything about his family was always the best or the biggest or the most expensive． Whatever the others said, he could always go on better．One day when they were walking to school, Harry said, ―My father had a bath twice a week,‖ Ted spoke next．―That’s nothing,‖ he said．―Having a bath twice a week is dirty．My father has a bath every day, sometimes twice a day． Ted looked at Gavin． ‖ Now it was his turn． what could he say? ―This time,‖ Ted thought, But ―I’m going to win．‖ Gavin didn’t know what to say．He couldn’t say that his father had a bath three times a day． That was silly． walked on in silence． smiled at Harry, and Harry smiled He Ted back．They were sure that for once they had beaten Gavin．They reached the school gates．Still Gavin said nothing．―We’ve won,‖ Ted said to Harry, but he spoke too soon．On the way home, Gavin said, ―My Dad is so clean that he doesn’t have to bathe at all．‖ 60. According to the passage, the meaning of the word “boast” is __________． A. to sing highly of B. to talk big C. to go on better D. to compete 61. What did Harry boast about? A. The number of times his father had a bath every week． B. The size of the bathroom in his home． C. His father’s fancy car． D. His mother’s big family． 62. Who boasted the most? A. Ted. B. Harry and Ted. C. Harry and Gavin. D. Gavin. 63. What does “he spoke too soon” in the last paragraph mean? A. He spoke quickly． B. He should have spoken earlier． C. He was wrong． D. He couldn’t be understood．4B Here are four festivals in the UK. The Parklife weekender Date: 11—12 June 2011 Location: Platt Fields Park, Fallowfield, Manchester Cost: Weekend ticket￡58. 50. Day ticket ￡35.00 The Parklife Weekender Festival returns as a two—day event. Each Day will feature six areas in tents and a huge open—air main stage featuring the finest selection of local, national and international artists from across the globe．Inside you will find a large number of bars selling a wide range of alcoholic and non—alcoholic drinks. There will also be over 20 food traders offering food including organic and vegetarian dishes. Redfest Date : 22—23 July 2011 Location: Redhill, Surrey Cost: Adult: ￡49. 50. Under 14 ￡16. 50 Redfest in 2011 is a two—day music festival held every year featuring live performances on ―The Main Stage‖ and ―The Introducing Stage‖ and top DJ’S playing till 2 am in the ―Fresh Era Dance Tent‖．Now into its fifth year, Redfest has been known for supporting new band, solo artists and DJ’s. The Big Festival Date: 1—3 July 2011 Location: Clapham Common, London． Cost: Earlybird￡35, Adult￡50, ￡65 with 3 dishes, ￡75 with 5 dishes, Family ￡175, Kids free. The Big Festival 2011—The idea behind it is to take a village fete（户外游乐会） make it much bigger, stick it in the centre of London and have all income go towards charity. It will combine food, the family friendly entertainment and some top—quality live music including Soul H Soul, The Charlatans, Guillemots, The Mystery Jets and many more． Ben and Jerry’s Sundae in the Park Festival Date: 23—24 July 2011 Location: Heaton Park, Manchester Cost: to be confirmed Ben and Jerry’ s festival has now a second site in Manchester’s Heaton Park to spread the Peace, Love&Ice Cream up North. There will be fun—filled activities for everyone. including fairground attractions and social activities! Not to mention a traditional petting farm and a less traditional bare toe wrestling championship. There will be unlimited FREE Ben&Jerry’ s Ice Cream !64. If John and his girlfriend are going to enjoy arts at home and abroad on Friday, they should5pay_______ for the tickets. A. ￡70 B. ￡93．5 C. ￡100 D. ￡117 65. When was the first Redfest festival held? A. 2006. B. 2007. C. 2010. D. 2011. 66. The purpose of the passage is to___________. A. introduce four festivals in the UK B. tell us the history of festivals in the UK C. explain how festivals are celebrated in the UK D. show how important these festivals are for people in the UK C Why birds fly in the sky? Birds can fly – this is something that we take for granted. But have you ever thought about how they developed this enviable ability? It may be impossible for us to go back in time in person to witness how it happened, but scientists from Yale University, US, studied the fossils (化石) of ancient birds. These fossils are like recorded tapes of ancient times that took the scientists back 150 million years. Back then, there lived a kind of animal known as the Archaeopteryx. It is considered to be the earliest bird because it had feathers and wings — the key factors for a bird to fly. Meanwhile, it also had features of a reptile (爬行动物), such as teeth in its mouth, claws (爪子) on its wings, and a long, bony (有骨的) tail, which means the ancestors of birds were probably reptiles. In order to escape from dangerous animals, reptiles leaped from tree to tree. They gradually grew feathers on their arms so they could leap a little farther, then a little farther still. However, they were far from becoming true fliers because their wings and feathers were quite different from those of birds today. Looking closely at the fossils, scientists found that ancient feathers contained many layers of long feathers, like a penguin’s. This made the wings rather heavy and difficult for birds to move up and down. ―We don’t think these things could take off from the ground,‖ said Nicholas Longrich, of Yale University, lead author of the study. ―They can’t fly like a modern bird.‖ This is why scientists concluded that early feathers were only used by birds to glide (滑翔) from high trees, or keep warm, or maybe as camouflage (伪装), but not flying, according to National Geographic. Over the next millions of years, the evolution of feathers never stopped. Birds developed wings that included a layer of long feathers covered with short feathers on top. This structure allowed birds to separate their feathers more easily to create a wider span (翼展) and to change directions in midair. They have also grown special wrist bones (腕骨) so that they can spread their wings when flying and fold them into their sides when walking. “This new research is shedding light not just on how birds came to fly, but more specifically on how feathers came to be the way they are today – one of the most amazing and highly specialized structures in nature,‖ said Jakob Vinther, from the University of Bristol, UK. 67. According to the article, scientists conclude that early birds _____. A. could already fly high B. could only leap and glide C. only used feathers to keep warm D. could easily open their wings wide 68. What is vital in finding out how feathers came to be the way they are? A. Fossils of ancient birds.6B. Tapes of old times. C. Comparing features of reptiles and birds. D. Studying bones and structures of modern birds. 69. The word ―shedding light‖ in the last paragraph probably means________. A. falling off as part of a natural process in the light B. someone or something is seen or shown in a particular light C. providing new information that making sth easier to understand D. killing or injuring people, especially during a war or a fight 70. What is the main point of the article? A. To explore how birds looked 150 millions years ago. B. To look at the evolution of feathers that enabled birds to fly. C. To list all the fossils of ancient birds recently discovered. D. To explore how modern birds developed from ancient reptiles. Section C （本题每题 1 分共 4 分） Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-E for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.注意！本题填涂答题卡一律从 76 题起始号按顺序涂黑答题卡！！ ！A. B. C. D. E. Make a list of things to do Take care of yourself Try physical activity Make time for yourself Think positivelyWhile it is impossible to live completely free of stress, it is possible to prevent stress as well as reduce its effect when it can’t be avoided. The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress. 76._________________ When you are nervous, angry or upset, try releasing the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis, and working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. 77. _________________ You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest. If you easily get angry and can’t sleep well enough, or if you’re not eating properly, it will be more likely that you will fall into stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should consult a doctor. 78. __________________ Schedule time for both work and entertainment. Don’t forget, play can be just as important to your overall well-being as work. You need a break from your dally routine to just relax and have fun. Go window-shopping or work on a hobby. Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy. 79. __________________ Stress can result from disorganization and a feeling that ―there’s so much to do, and not enough time‖. Trying to take care of everything at once can be too much for you and as a result, you may not achieve anything. Instead, make a list of everything you have to do ,then do one thing7at a time, checking off each task as it is completed. Set out to do the most important task first. Section D 本题每题 2 分共 8 分 Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements within10 words. Researchers have announced the result of two studies on the health effects of the drug aspirin. One study shows aspirin can sharply reduce the chance that a healthy, old man will suffer from a heart attack. The study offered two new results from earlier findings. It said taking one aspirin pill every other day helped only healthy men over the age of fifty. It also said aspirin gave the greatest protection against heart attacks to men with low blood cholesterol（胆固醇）levels. Earlier in the United States began a major aspirin study in the early 1980s. It included 22,000 healthy men doctors. All were between the ages of forty and eighty-four. More than 11,000 of the doctors took a harmless pill that contained no drug. The men did not know which kind of pill they were taking. The doctors who took aspirin suffered 44% fewer heart attacks than those taking the harmless pill. 139 men who took aspirin suffered from heart attacks． of them died. 239 men who did not Ten take aspirin suffered from heart attacks．Twenty-six of them died. The researchers said the doctors' study provides clear proof that taking aspirin can prevent a first heart attack in healthy, older men. They said, however, the result does not mean every man over the age of fifty should take aspirin. They said aspirin couldn't help men who do not eat healthy foods, who smoke cigarettes and who are fat. The researchers said men who think they would be helped by taking aspirin should talk with their doctors first. 80. We may learn that the new use of aspirin is to__________. 81. According to the researchers, aspirin can help those who __________. 82. What is the death percentage of people who suffered from heart attacks without taking aspirin according to the experiment data ? 83. What do the researchers advise us in the last paragraph? 第 II 卷 I. Translation （每题 3 分.共 15 分） Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 这两个游戏在许多方面有明显的共同之处。
高品质高价格英语作文
高品质高价格英语作文High Quality and High Price。
In today's consumer-driven society, the pursuit of high quality often comes with a high price tag. Whether it's a luxury car, a designer handbag, or a gourmet meal, the best of the best often comes at a premium. This phenomenon isnot limited to material goods, but also extends to services, experiences, and even relationships. In this essay, we will explore the reasons behind the high price of high quality and its implications for individuals and society as a whole.First and foremost, the high price of high quality can be attributed to the superior craftsmanship, materials, and attention to detail that are required to produce a superior product or service. For example, a luxury car may be handcrafted with the finest leather, wood, and metal, and undergo rigorous quality control measures to ensure that every detail is perfect. Similarly, a five-star restaurant may use only the freshest, highest quality ingredients andemploy top chefs to create culinary masterpieces. These high standards of production and service naturally result in higher costs, which are then passed on to the consumer.Furthermore, the high price of high quality is also a reflection of the exclusivity and prestige that comes with owning or experiencing the best. Luxury brands often limit the production of their products to maintain their exclusivity, and lavish experiences such as private yacht cruises or exclusive resort stays are reserved for those who can afford to pay top dollar. This exclusivity creates a sense of prestige and status for those who can afford it, and contributes to the high price of high quality.In addition, the high price of high quality is also influenced by the market demand and consumer perception of value. Consumers are willing to pay a premium for high quality products and services because they believe that they are getting something that is superior, exclusive, and worth the extra cost. This perception of value is often reinforced by marketing and branding efforts, which create an aspirational image around high quality goods andexperiences. As a result, the demand for high quality products and services remains strong, allowing companies to justify their high prices.Despite the high cost, there are several benefits to choosing high quality products and services. For one, high quality goods and experiences often provide superior performance, durability, and satisfaction compared to their lower quality counterparts. A well-crafted piece of furniture, for example, may last for generations, while a cheap, mass-produced alternative may quickly fall apart. In the same vein, a gourmet meal at a top restaurant can provide a memorable and satisfying dining experience thatis worth the extra cost. Furthermore, high quality products and services often come with better customer service, warranties, and support, providing added value to the consumer.On a societal level, the pursuit of high quality and the willingness to pay a premium for it can also drive innovation, creativity, and excellence. Companies that produce high quality goods and services are often motivatedto push the boundaries of design, technology, and performance in order to differentiate themselves from their competitors. This pursuit of excellence can lead to advancements in various industries, benefiting consumers and society as a whole. Moreover, the high price of high quality can also create jobs and support local economies, as luxury brands, high-end restaurants, and premium service providers often require skilled labor and resources to maintain their standards.In conclusion, the high price of high quality is a reflection of superior craftsmanship, materials, exclusivity, and consumer perception of value. While it may come with a steep cost, choosing high quality products and services can provide superior performance, satisfaction, and value. Furthermore, the pursuit of high quality can also drive innovation, creativity, and excellence in various industries, benefiting consumers and society as a whole. Ultimately, the decision to invest in high quality goods and experiences is a personal one, but it is clear that the benefits can outweigh the costs.。
外企高绩效教练相关教材(英文版)
外企高绩效教练相关教材(英文版)Title: High-Performance Coaching in Multinational Corporations Introduction:In today's highly competitive global business environment, multinational corporations (MNCs) face numerous challenges in maintaining high levels of performance and productivity among their employees. One effective way to overcome these challenges is through the implementation of high-performance coaching programs. This guide aims to provide MNCs with comprehensive and practical strategies for successfully implementing a high-performance coaching program.Chapter 1: Understanding High-Performance Coaching1.1 What is high-performance coaching?1.2 Key objectives and benefits of high-performance coaching1.3 Role of high-performance coaches in MNCs1.4 Differentiating high-performance coaching from traditional coaching approachesChapter 2: Building a High-Performance Coaching Culture2.1 Developing a clear coaching vision and mission statement2.2 Creating a coaching culture that aligns with organizational values2.3 Strategies for promoting coaching engagement across all levels 2.4 Overcoming resistance to change and promoting acceptance of coachingChapter 3: Identifying High-Potential Employees for Coaching 3.1 Identifying high-potential employees through performanceevaluations3.2 Using competency frameworks to assess coaching potential 3.3 Considering feedback from supervisors and peers3.4 Ethical considerations in selecting employees for coaching programsChapter 4: Defining Coaching Objectives and Expectations4.1 Setting clear and measurable coaching objectives4.2 Aligning coaching objectives with business goals4.3 Defining coaching outcomes and expectations for participants 4.4 Creating an individual development plan for each participant Chapter 5: Implementing High-Performance Coaching Programs5.1 Designing a structured coaching program framework5.2 Identifying appropriate coaching techniques and tools5.3 Delivering effective one-on-one coaching sessions5.4 Monitoring and evaluating coaching progress and effectiveness Chapter 6: Developing Coaching Skills in Managers and Leaders6.1 Providing training and development for coaching skills6.2 Fostering a coaching mindset among managers and leaders 6.3 Coaching as a leadership competency in MNCs6.4 Overcoming challenges in developing coaching skills in leadersChapter 7: Coaching for Performance Improvement7.1 Diagnosing performance gaps and determining coaching needs 7.2 Providing constructive feedback for performance improvement 7.3 Developing action plans and strategies for performance enhancement7.4 Sustaining performance improvements through ongoing coachingChapter 8: Setting Up a Coaching Evaluation System8.1 Developing coaching evaluation criteria and metrics8.2 Collecting and analyzing coaching feedback and data8.3 Monitoring the impact of coaching on individual and team performance8.4 Making adjustments and improvements based on coaching evaluation resultsConclusion:This comprehensive guide provides multinational corporations with a roadmap for implementing high-performance coaching programs to enhance employee performance, productivity, and overall organizational success. By adopting a coaching culture and equipping leaders with coaching skills, MNCs can effectively drive performance improvement and achieve a competitive advantage in the global business arena.Chapter 1: Understanding High-Performance Coaching1.1 What is high-performance coaching?High-performance coaching is a strategic approach to develop and maximize the potential of employees in order to achieve high levels of performance and productivity. It focuses on identifying and addressing individual strengths and development areas to enhance performance, drive growth, and meet organizational goals. High-performance coaches provide guidance, support, and feedback to individuals and teams, helping them reach their full potential.1.2 Key objectives and benefits of high-performance coachingThe main objectives of high-performance coaching in multinational corporations include:- Maximizing individual and team performance: Coaching helps individuals and teams unlock their full potential and achieve peak performance.- Developing leadership capabilities: Coaching builds leadership skills and competencies, enabling managers and leaders to effectively lead and motivate their teams.- Enhancing employee engagement and satisfaction: Coaching fosters a positive and supportive work environment, increasing employee engagement, satisfaction, and retention.- Promoting continuous learning and growth: Coaching facilitates ongoing learning and development, ensuring that employees are constantly improving and adapting to changing business needs.- Driving organizational success: By investing in coaching, MNCs can enhance overall organizational performance, drive innovation, and gain a competitive edge.1.3 Role of high-performance coaches in MNCsHigh-performance coaches play a crucial role in supporting the coaching process within multinational corporations. They are responsible for:- Building strong relationships: Coaches develop trust and rapport with employees, creating a safe space for open and honest communication.- Setting goals and expectations: Coaches help employees set clear and measurable goals, aligning them with organizational objectives. - Providing guidance and feedback: Coaches offer guidance,support, and constructive feedback to help individuals and teams overcome challenges and improve performance.- Facilitating skill development: Coaches identify skill gaps and provide customized development opportunities to enhance capabilities.- Monitoring progress and accountability: Coaches track progress, assess outcomes, and hold individuals accountable for their actions and commitments.1.4 Differentiating high-performance coaching from traditional coaching approachesHigh-performance coaching differs from traditional coaching approaches in several key ways:- Results-focused: High-performance coaching is outcome-oriented, with a strong emphasis on achieving specific performance goals. Traditional coaching may focus more on personal development or general well-being.- Proactive and strategic: High-performance coaching is proactive, anticipating future challenges and developing strategies to overcome them. Traditional coaching is more responsive, addressing current issues and concerns.- Tailored and individualized: High-performance coaching is highly personalized, addressing each individual's unique needs and goals. Traditional coaching may take a more general approach.- Integrated with business objectives: High-performance coaching is closely aligned with organizational goals, ensuring that coaching outcomes contribute to overall business success. Traditional coaching may have a broader focus on personal growth.Chapter 2: Building a High-Performance Coaching Culture2.1 Developing a clear coaching vision and mission statementTo build a high-performance coaching culture, multinational corporations need to establish a clear coaching vision and mission statement. This provides a guiding framework for the organization and creates a shared understanding of the purpose and goals of coaching. The coaching vision should reflect the organization's commitment to developing and supporting its employees to achieve high performance, while the mission statement outlines the specific actions and strategies to be employed in realizing this vision.2.2 Creating a coaching culture that aligns with organizational valuesA coaching culture is built on organizational values that uphold the importance of continuous growth, learning, and development. To create a coaching culture, MNCs need to align coaching practices with these values and integrate them into various aspects of the organization, such as performance reviews, talent management processes, and leadership development programs. This helps employees see coaching as an integral part of the organizational culture rather than a separate initiative.2.3 Strategies for promoting coaching engagement across all levels To promote coaching engagement across all levels of the organization, MNCs should:- Communicate the benefits of coaching: Clearly articulate the value and impact of coaching on individual and organizational performance.- Provide coaching opportunities for all employees: Offer coachingto employees at all levels, including entry-level, mid-level, and senior-level staff.- Offer regular training and development: Provide coaching skills training to managers and leaders to ensure they have the necessary competencies to effectively coach their teams.- Create a supportive environment: Foster an inclusive and supportive work environment where employees feel comfortable seeking and receiving coaching.2.4 Overcoming resistance to change and promoting acceptance of coachingResistance to change is a common challenge when implementing a high-performance coaching culture. To overcome resistance and promote acceptance, MNCs can:- Communicate the purpose and benefits of coaching: Clearly explain how coaching aligns with the organization's goals and how it can help individuals and teams improve performance.- Address concerns and misconceptions: Be proactive in addressing any concerns or misconceptions individuals may have about coaching, emphasizing its developmental nature.- Provide support and resources: Offer resources, such as coaching tools, training materials, and ongoing support, to help employees and leaders feel confident in their coaching abilities.- Lead by example: Demonstrate leadership commitment to coaching by advocating for its importance and actively participating in coaching programs.In the next section, we will explore how to identify high-potential employees for coaching and define coaching objectives and expectations.。
2025届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第四册Unit1ScienceFiction教师用书
UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义1．science fiction科幻小说2．annual bonus年终红利3．a ridiculous rumour 荒谬的谣言4．a man of integrity一个诚恳正直的人5．with grace and dignity文静而庄重6．an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法7．bus fares公交车车费8．excuse for inaction不实行措施的理由9．alien forces in the region 该地区的外国军队10．grip the rope 抓紧绳子11．be filled with hazy frost 充溢着朦胧的雾霭12．the maximum height 最高高度13．pay a huge salary付一大笔薪水14．fall backwards仰面摔倒15．fetch some books 拿来一些书二、表达词汇——在语境中活用(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思1．Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.(conj.然而)2．We go and do the weekly shopping every Thursday.(adj.每周的)3．The company wants to keep down labour costs.(n.劳动)4．Many people were not satisfied with the pace of change.(n.速度)(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式1．She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.(n.预约)拓展：appoint v．任命；委任；支配→appointed adj.指定的；约定的2．His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.(adj.内疚的)拓展：guilt n．内疚；懊悔；犯罪3．The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.(vi.激增) 拓展：explosion n．爆炸；爆发；激增4．I dismissed the problem from my mind.(vt.消退)拓展：dismissal n．解雇；撤职5．He declared he would not run for a second term as president.(vt.宣称) 拓展：declaration n．申报(单)；宣布；公告6．From this you can calculate the total mass in the Galaxy.(vt.计算)拓展：calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器7．We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.(adj.更好的)拓展：superiority n．优越感；优势；优越(性)8．I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six.(n.除法)拓展：divide v．(使)分开9．They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme.(vt.力劝) 拓展：urgency n．紧迫；急事→urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的→urgently adv.迫切地；紧急地10．The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across the Midwest.(adj.随机的)拓展：randomly adv.随机；随意；未加支配地三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思1．The new product had been tested out before it was put on the market.检验2．The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis as well as provides them with financial support.定期3．Although she is my teacher, Ms Wang and I are more like friends. 更像是4．Do you know what this product is? Or rather，what it does？更准确地说5．After his defeat, many of his supporters fell away.消逝6．Their opinion on the accident conflicted with ours.与……冲突或抵触7．This model of 5G mobile phone is far superior to any others.比……更好8．We have an urge to give advice immediately to make the person feel better and try to fix the problem.有剧烈的欲望9．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will take over the class.A A．接手B．汲取C．呈现D．占据10．You can't expect everything to turn out as you wish.DA．关掉B．熄灭 C．在场D．结果是四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法2.3.4.教材原句Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.(as if引导方式状语从句)夜幕驾临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转瞬间，白昼就来临了。
GPS HIGH PRECISION ORBIT DETERMIANTION SOFTWARE TOOLS (GHOST)
GPS HIGH PRECISION ORBIT DETERMIANTION SOFTWARE TOOLS (GHOST)M. Wermuth(1), O. Montenbruck(1), T. van Helleputte(2)(1) German Space Operations Center (DLR/GSOC), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Weßling, Germany, Email:martin.wermuth@dlr.de(2) TU Delft, Email: T.VanHelleputte@tudelft.nlABSTRACTThe GHOST “GPS High precision Orbit determination Software Tools” are specifically designed for GPS based orbit determination of LEO (low Earth orbit) satellites and can furthermore process satellite laser ranging measurements for orbit validation purposes. Orbit solutions are based on a dynamical force model comprising Earth gravity, solid-Earth, polar and ocean tides, luni-solar perturbations, atmospheric drag and solar radiation pressure as well as relativistic effects. Remaining imperfections of the force models are compensated by empirical accelerations, which are adjusted along with other parameters in the orbit determination. Both least-squares estimation and Kalman-filtering are supported by dedicated GHOST programs. In addition purely kinematic solutions can also be computed. The GHOST package comprises tools for the analysis of raw GPS observations as well. This allows a detailed performance analysis of spaceborne GPS receivers. The software tools are demonstrated using examples from the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X missions.1.INTRODUCTIONThe GPS High precision Orbit determination Software Tools (GHOST) were developed at the German Space Operations Center (DLR/GSOC) in cooperation with TU Delft. They are a set of tools, which share a common library written in C++. The library contains modules for input and output of all common data formats for GPS observations, auxiliary data and physical model parameters. It also provides modules for the mathematical models used in orbit determination and for modelling all physical forces on a satellite.The tools can be classified in analysis tools and tools for the actual precise orbit determination (POD). Additionally a user can implement new tools based on the library modules.The user interface of the GHOST tools consists of human readable and structured input files. These files contain all the parameters and data filenames which have to be set by the user.Although a software package for orbit determination and prediction existed at GSOC, it was decided with the availability of GPS tracking on missions like CHAMP and GRACE, to implement GHOST as a flexible and modular set of tools, which are dedicated to the processing GPS data for LEO orbit determination. GHOST has been used in the orbit determination of numerous missions like CHAMP, GRACE, TerraSAR-X, GIOVE and Proba-2. The newest tool for relative orbit determination between two spacecrafts (FRNS, see section 5.5) was designed using data from the GRACE mission and will be used in the operation of the TanDEM-X, PRISMA and DEOS missions.Due to its modular design the library offers users a convenient way to create their own tools. As all necessary data formats are supported, tools for handling and organizing data are easily implemented. For example many GPS receivers have their own proprietary data format. Hence for each new satellite mission a tool can be created, which converts the receiver data to the standard RINEX format in order to be compatible with the other tools. This is supported by the library modules.Figure 1: GHOST Software Architecture.2.THE TERRASAR-X AND TANDEM-XMISSIONSGHOST has been used and will be used in the preparation and the data processing of numerous satellite missions including the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X missions. The examples shown in this paper are taken from actual TerraSAR-X mission data or from simulations done in preparation of the TanDEM-X mission. Hence these two satellite missions are introduced here.TerraSAR-X is a German synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite which was launched in June 2007 from Baikonur on a Dnepr rocket and is operated by GSOC/DLR. Its task is to collect radar images of the Earth’s surface. To support the TerraSAR-X navigation needs, the satellite is equipped with two independent GPS receiver systems. While onboard needs as well as orbit determination accuracies for image processing (typically 1m) can be readily met by the MosaicGNSS single-frequency receiver, a decimeter or better positioning accuracy must be achieved for the analysis of repeat-pass interferometry. To support this goal, a high-end dual-frequency IGOR receiver has been contributed by the German GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam. Since the launch DLR/GSOC is routinely generating precise rapid and science orbit products using the observations of the IGOR receiver.In mid 2010 the TanDEM-X satellite is scheduled for launch. It is an almost identical twin of the TerraSAR-X satellite. Both satellites will fly in a close formation to acquire a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth’s surface by stereo radar data takes. Therefore the baseline vector between the two satellites has to be known with an accuracy of 1 mm. In preparation of the TanDEM-X mission, GHOST has been extended to support high precision baseline determination using single or dual-frequency GPS measurements.Figure 2: The TanDEM-X mission. (Image: EADSAstrium)3.THE GHOST LIBRARYThe GHOST library is written in C++ and fully object-oriented. All data objects are mapped into classes and each module contains one class. Classes are provided for data I/O, mathematical routines, physical force models, coordinate frames and transformations, time frames and plot functions.All data formats necessary for POD are supported by the library. Most important are the format for orbit trajectories SP3-c [1] and the ‘Receiver Independent Exchange Format’ RINEX [2] for GPS observations. The SP3 format is used for the input of GPS ephemerides (as those files are usually provided in SP3-c format) and for the output of the POD results. The raw GPS observations are provided in the RINEX format. At the moment the upgrade from RINEX version 2.20 to version 3.00 is ongoing to allow for the use of multi-constellation and multi-antenna files. Other data formats, which are supported, are the Antenna Exchange Format ANTEX [3] containing antenna phase center offsets and variations and the Consolidated Prediction Format CPF [4] used for the prediction of satellite trajectories to network stations. The Consolidated Laser Ranging Data Format CRD [5] which will replace the old Normal Point Data Format is currently being implemented.The library provides basic mathematical functions needed for orbit determination like a module for matrix and vector operations, statistical functions and quaternion algebra. As numerical integration plays a fundamental role in orbit determination, several numerical integration methods for ordinary differential equations are implemented, like the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method and the variable order variable stepsize multistep method of Shampine & Gordon [6].Forces acting on the satellite are computed by physical models including the Earth's harmonic gravity field, gravitational perturbations of the Sun and Moon, solid Earth and ocean tides, solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag and relativistic effects.In orbit determination several coordinate frames are used. Most important are the inertial frame, the Earth fixed frame, the orbital frame and the spacecraft frame. The transformation between inertial and Earth fixed frame is quite complex as numerous geophysical terms like the Earth orientation parameters are involved. The orbital frame is defined by the position and velocity vectors of a satellite. The axes are oriented radial, tangential (along-track) and normal to the other axes and often denoted as R-T-N. The spacecraft frame is fixed to the mechanical structure of a satellite and used to express instrument coordinates (e.g. the GPS antenna coordinates). It is connect to the other frames via attitude information. The GHOST library contains transformations between all involved frames.Similar to reference frames, also several time scales like UTC and GPS time are involved in orbit determination.A module provides conversions between different time scales.In order to visualize results of the analysis tools or POD results like orbit differences or residuals, the librarycontains a module dedicated to the generation of post script plots.4.ANALYSIS TOOLSThe GHOST package comprises tools for the analysis of raw GPS observations and POD results. This allows a detailed performance analysis of spaceborne GPS receivers in terms of signal strength, signal quality, statistical distribution of observed satellites and hardware dependent biases. The tools can be used either to characterize the flight hardware already prior to the mission or to analyze the performance of in flight data during the mission. An introduction to the most important tools is given here.4.1.EphCmpOne of the most basic but most versatile tools is the ephemeris comparison tool EphCmp. It simply compares an orbit trajectory with a reference orbit and displays the differences graphically (see Fig. 3). The coordinate frame in which the difference is expressed can be selected. In addition a statistic of the differencesis given. It can be used to visualize orbit differences in various scenarios like the comparison of different orbit solutions, the comparison of overlapping orbit arcs or the evaluation of predicted orbits or navigation solutions against precise orbits.Figure 3: Comparison of two overlapping orbit arcsfrom TerraSAR-X POD.4.2.SkyPlotSkyPlot is a tool to visualize the geometrical distribution of observed GPS satellites in the spacecraft frame. A histogram and a timeline of the number of simultaneously tracked satellites are given as well. Hence the tool can be used to detect outages in the tracking.Fig. 4 shows the output of SkyPlot for the MosaicGNSS single-frequency receiver on TerraSAR-X on 2010/04/05. The antenna of the MosaicGNSS receiver is mounted with a tilt of 33° from the zenith direction. This is very well reflected in the geometrical distribution (upper left) of the observed GPS satellites. It can be seen, that mainly satellites in the left hemisphere have been tracked. The histogram (upper right) shows, that – although the receiver has 8 channels – most of the time only 6 satellites (or less) were tracked. The lower plot in Fig 4. shows the number of observed satellites as timeline. It can be seen, that there was a short outage of GPS tracking around 11h. This is useful information for the evaluation of GPS data and the quality of POD results.Figure 4: Distribution of tracked satellites by the MosaicGNSS receiver on TerraSAR-X.4.3.EvalCN0The tool EvalCN0 is used to analyze the tracking sensitivity of GPS receivers. It plots the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) in dependence of elevation.The example shown in Fig. 5 is taken from a pre-flight test of the IGOR receiver on the TanDEM-X satellite. The test was carried out with a GPS signal simulator connected to the satellite in the assembly hall [7]. It can be seen, that under the given test-setup, the IGOR receiver achieves a peak carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) of about 54 dB-Hz in the direct tracking of the L1 C/A code. The C/N0 decreases gradually at lower elevations but is still above 35 dB-Hz near the cut-off elevation of 10°.For the semi-codeless tracking of the encrypted P-code, the C/N0 values S1 and S2 reported by the IGOR receiver on the L1 and L2 frequency show an even stronger decrease towards the lower elevations. The signal strength of the L2 frequency is about 3dB-Hzlower than that for the L1 frequency. To evaluate the semi-codeless tracking quality, the size of the S1-SA and S2-SA difference is shown in the right plot of Fig.5. Both frequencies show an expected almost linear variation compared to SA. The degradation of the signal due to semi-codeless squaring losses increases with lower elevation.Figure 5: Variation of C/N0 with the elevation of the tracked satellite (left) and semi-codeless tracking losses (right) forthe pre-flight test of the IGOR receiver on TanDEM-X.4.4.SLRRESSatellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is an important tool for the evaluation of the quality of GPS-based precise satellite orbits. It is often the only independent source of observations available, with an accuracy good enough to draw conclusions about the accuracy of the precise GPS orbits.SLRRES computes the residual of the observed distance between satellite and laser station versus the computed distance. The residuals are displayed in a plot (see Fig.6). As output daily statistic, station-wide statistics and an overall RMS residual are given.In order to compute the distance between satellite and laser station, the orbit position of the satellite has to be corrected for the offset of the satellites laser retro reflector (LRR) from the center of mass using attitude information. The coordinates of the laser station are taken from a catalogue and have to be transformed to the epoch of the laser observation. This is done by applying corrections for ocean loading, tides, and plate tectonics. Finally the path of the laser beam has to be modelled considering atmospheric refractions and relativistic effects.Figure 6: SLR Residuals of TerraSAR-X POD forMarch 2010.5.PRECISE ORBIT DETERMINATION TOOLSThe POD tools comprise two different fundamental methods of orbit determination. A reduced-dynamic orbit determination is computed by the RDOD tool, while KIPP produces a kinematic orbit solution. Both tools process the carrier phase GPS observations. They need a reference solution to start with. This is provided by the tools SPPLEO and PosFit.SPPLEO generates a coarse navigation solution by processing the pseudorange GPS observations. The satellite position and receiver clock offset are determined in a least squares adjustment. Next PosFit is run to determine a solution in case of data gaps and to smoothen the SPPLEO solution by taking the satellite dynamics into account.5.1.SPPLEOSPPLEO (Single Point Positioning for LEO satellites) is a kinematic least squares estimator for LEO satellites processing pseudorange GPS observations. The program produces a first navigation solution, with data gaps still present. For each epoch, the satellite position and receiver clock offset are determined in a least-squares adjustment.The tool is able to handle both single and dual-frequency observations. In case of single frequency observations, the C1 code is used without ionosphere correction. In case of dual-frequency observations, the ionosphere free linear combination of P1 and P2 code observations is applied. In case range-rate observations are available, it is also possible to estimate velocities. Before the adjustment, the data is screened and edited. Hence the user can choose hard editing limits for the signal to noise ratio of the observation, the elevation and the difference between code and carrier phase observation. In case of the violation of one limit, the observation is rejected. If the number of observations for one epoch is below the limit set by the user, the whole epoch is rejected. After the adjustment the PDOP is computed, and if it exceeds a limit, the epoch is rejected as well. If the a posteriori RMS of the residuals exceeds the threshold set by the user, the observation yielding the highest value is rejected. This is repeated until the RMS is below the threshold or the number of observations is below the limit.The resulting orbit usually contains data gaps and relatively large errors compared to dynamic orbit solutions. Hence the gaps have to be closed and the orbit has to be smoothed by the dynamic filter tool PosFit.5.2.PosFitPosFit is a dynamic ephemeris filter for processing navigation solutions as those produced by SPPLEO. This is done by an iterated weighted batch least squares estimator with a priori information. The batch filter estimates the initial state vector, drag and solar radiation coefficients. In addition to those model parameters, empirical accelerations are estimated. One empirical parameter is determined for each of the three orthogonal components of the orbital frame (radial, along-track and cross-track) for an interval set by the user. The parameters are assumed to be uncorrelated over those intervals.The positions of the input navigation solution are introduced as pseudo-observations. The filter is fitting an integrated orbit to the positions of the input orbit in an iterative process. In order to obtain initial values for the first iteration, Keplerian elements are computed from the first two positions of the input orbit. All forces that act on the satellite (like atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, tides, maneuvers…) are modelled and applied in the integration. Due to imperfections in the force models, the empirical accelerations are introduced, to give the integrated orbit more degrees of freedom, to fit to the observations. The empirical acceleration parameters are estimated in the least squares adjustment together with the initial state vector and model parameters. The partial derivatives of the observations w.r.t. the unknown parameters are obtained by integration of the variational equations along the orbit (for details see [8]). The result of PosFit is a continuous and smooth orbit without data gaps in SP3-c format. It can serve as reference orbit for RDOD and KIPP.Figure 7 displays the graphical output of PosFit. The three upper graphs show the residuals after the adjustment in the three components of the orbital frame. In this example, which is taken from a 30h POD arc of the TerraSAR-X mission, the RMS of the residuals lies between 0.5m and 1.5m. This mainly shows the dispersion of positions of the SPPLEO solution. The three lower graphs show the estimated empirical accelerations in the three components of the orbital frame.Figure 7: Graphical output of PosFit Tool forTerraSAR-X POD.5.3.RDODRDOD is a reduced dynamic orbit determination tool for LEO satellites processing carrier phase GPS observations. This is also done by an iterated weighted batch least squares estimator with a priori information. Similar to PosFit, RDOD estimates the initial state vector, drag and solar radiation coefficients and empirical accelerations. Contrary to PosFit, where the positions of a reference orbit are used as pseude-observations, RDOD directly uses the GPS pseudorange and carrier phase observations. Nevertheless a continuous reference orbit – normally computed by PosFit – is required by RDOD for data editing and for obtaining initial conditions for the first iteration.The tool is able to handle both single and dual-frequency data. In case of single frequency observations, the GRAPHIC (Group and Phase Ionospheric Correction) combination of C/A code and L1 carrier-phase is used as observation. In case of dual-frequency observations, the ionosphere free linear combination of L1 and L2 carrier phase observations is applied.The data editing is crucial to the quality of the results. Hence the data is also screened and edited by RDOD using limits specified by the user. If the signal-to-noise ratio of the observation exceeds the limit, or the elevation is below a cut-off elevation, the observation is rejected. This is done if no GPS ephemerides and clock information is available for that observation. Next outliers in the code and carrier-phase observations are detected. This is done comparing the observations to modelled observations using the reference orbit.The RDOD filter is fitting an integrated orbit to the carrier-phase observations. This is done in a similar way as in PosFit, considering all forces on the satellite and estimating empirical acceleration parameters. But while PosFit uses absolute positions as observations, the carrier-phase observations used in RDOD contain an unknown ambiguity. The ambiguity is considered to be constant over one pass – the time span in which a GPS satellite is tracked continuously. Hence one unknown ambiguity parameter per pass is added to the adjustment.The graphical output of RDOD shows the residuals of the code and carrier phase observations (see Fig. 8). This is an important tool for a fast quality analysis and for detecting systematic errors.Figure 8: Output of RDOD tool for TerraSAR-X POD.Both the antennas of the GPS satellites and the GPS antennas of spaceborne receivers show variations of the phase center dependent on azimuth and elevation of the signal path. It is necessary to model those variations in order to obtain POD results with highest quality. GHOST does not only offer the possibility to use phase center variation maps given in ANTEX format. It also offers the possibility to estimate such phase center variation patterns, and thus can be employed for the in-flight calibration of flight hardware. This was done for the GPS on TerraSAR-X as shown in Fig. 9. The figure shows the phase center variation pattern for the main POD antenna of the IGOR receiver on TerraSAR-X. It was estimated from 30 days of flight data and needs to be applied to carrier phase observations in addition to a pattern which was determined for the antenna type by ground tests (for details cf. [9]).Figure 9: Phase Center Variation Pattern for the MainPOD Antenna on TerraSAR-X.5.4. KIPPKIPP (Kinematic Point Positioning) is a kinematic least squares estimator for LEO satellites. Similar to RDOD carrier phase observations are processed. But in contrast to RDOD no dynamic models are employed, and only the GPS observations are used for orbit determination. For each epoch, the satellite position and receiver clock offset are determined in a weighted least squares adjustment. KIPP also requires a continuous reference orbit, as that computed by PosFit.Like RDOD, the KIPP tool is able to handle both single and dual-frequency data. In case of single frequency observations, the GRAPHIC (Group and Phase Ionospheric Correction) combination of C/A code and L 1 carrier-phase is used as observation. In case of dual-frequency observations, the ionosphere free linear combination of L 1 and L 2 carrier phase observations is applied.5.5. FRNSThe Filter for Relative Navigation of Satellites (FRNS) is designed to perform relative orbit determination between two LEO spacecrafts. This is done using an extended Kalman filter described in [10]. The concept is to achieve a higher accuracy for the relative orbit between two spacecrafts by making use of differenced GPS observations, than by simply differencing two independent POD results. FRNS requires a continuous reference orbit for both spacecrafts, such as computed by RDOD. It then keeps the orbit of one spacecraft fixed, determines the relative orbit between the two spacecrafts and adds it to the positions of the first spacecraft. As result a SP3-c file containing the orbit of both spacecrafts is obtained. The tool is able to process both single and dual-frequency observations.The FRNS tool was developed using data from the GRACE mission and will be applied on a routine basis for the TanDEM-X mission. In contrast to TanDEM-X, GRACE consists of two spacecrafts, which follow each other on a similar orbit with about 200 km distance. The distance between the two spacecrafts is measured by a K-band link, which is considered to be at least one order of magnitude more accurate than GPS observations. Hence the K-band observations can be used to assess the accuracy of the relative navigation results – with the limitation, that the K-band observations only reflect the along-track component, and contain an unknown bias. The differences between a GRACE relative navigation solution and K-band observations are shown in Fig. 10. The standard deviation is about 0.7 mm. As the TanDEM-X mission uses GPS receivers which are follow-on models of those used on GRACE, and the distance between the spacecrafts is less than 1 km, one can expect that the quality of the relative orbit determination will be on the same level of accuracy or even better.Figure 10: Comparison of GRACE relative navigation solution with K-band observations.6.REFERENCES1. Hilla S. (2002). The Extended Standard Product 3Orbit Format (SP3-c, National Geodetic Survey,National Ocean Service, NOAA.2. Gurtner W., Estey L. (2007). The ReceiverIndependent Exchange Format Version 3.00,Astronomical Institute University of Bern.3. Rothacher M., Schmid R. (2006). ANTEX: TheAntenna Exchange Format Version 1.3,Forschungseinrichtung Satellitengeodäsie TUMünchen.4. Rickfels R. L. (2006). Consolidated Laser RangingPrediction Format Version 1.01, The University of Texas at Austin/ Center for Space Research.5. Rickfels R. L. (2009). Consolidated Laser RangingData Format (CRD) Version 1.01, The Universityof Texas at Austin/ Center for Space Research. 6. Shampine G. (1975). Computer solution of OrdinaryDifferential Equations, Freeman and Comp., SanFrancisco.7. Wermuth M. (2009). Integrated GPS Simulator Test,TanDEM-X G/S-S/S Technical Validation Report,Volume 15: Assembly AS-1515, DLROberpfaffenhofen.8. Montenbruck O., Gill E. (2000). Satellite Orbits –Models, Methods and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.9. Montenbruck O. Garcia-Fernandez M., Yoon Y.,Schön S., Jäggi A..; Antenna Phase CenterCalibration for Precise Positioning of LEOSatellites; GPS Solutions (2008). DOI10.1007/s10291-008-0094-z.10. Kroes R. (2006). Precise Relative Positioning ofFormation Flying Spacecraft using GPS, PhDThesis, TU Delft.。
高职《生物制药技术》课程与国家职业标准对接的“三个结合”
第49卷第2期2021年1月广㊀州㊀化㊀工Guangzhou Chemical IndustryVol.49No.2Jan.2021高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家职业标准对接的 三个结合 ∗谢承佳,陈秀清,郭双华(扬州工业职业技术学院,江苏㊀扬州㊀225127)摘㊀要:基于高职院校培养高素质技术技能型人才的定位和目标,高职教育人才培养有必要在学科体系内在逻辑的基础上达成课程标准与国家职业标准的融通㊂本文以药品生产技术专业核心课程‘生物制药技术“课程为例,在实践研究的基础上提出了高等职业教育课程与国家职业标准对接需做到三个结合:教学模块与职业功能结合㊁教学项目与岗位工作任务结合㊁教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合,以最大限度地实现学校人才培养与企业人才需求的无缝对接㊂关键词:职业标准;课程标准;技能鉴定㊀中图分类号:G710㊀文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-9677(2021)02-0123-03㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀∗基金项目:扬州工业职业技术学院2018年校级教改课题 基于 一城六区 制药产业发展的高职院校‘生物制药技术“课程标准与国家职业标准对接研究 (课题编号:2018XJJG19);扬州工业职业技术学院2016年校级教育教改课题 能力本位视阈下提升高职院校教师校本课程开发能力的研究 (课题编号:2016XJJG07)㊂第一作者:谢承佳(1982-),女,副教授,主要研究方向为教育信息化㊁教学设计等㊂Three Combinations of Biopharmaceutical Technology Course in Higher Vocational Education and National Vocational Standards ∗XIE Cheng -jia ,CHEN Xiu -qing ,GUO Shuang -hua(Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute,Jiangsu Yangzhou 225127,China)Abstract :Based on the positioning and goal of cultivating high -quality skilled talents in higher vocational colleges,it was necessary to achieve the integration of curriculum standards and national vocational standards based on the discipline system.Taking the course of Biopharmaceutical Technology as an example,on the basis of practical research,it proposed that in order to maximize the seamless connection between school personnel training and corporate talent needs,the integration of higher vocational education courses and national vocational standards needed to be combined in three ways:the combination of teaching modules and professional functions,the combination of teaching projects and job tasks,and the combination of teaching assessment and vocational skill appraisal.Key words :vocational standards;curriculum standards;skill identification‘国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)“中指出 加快建立健全政府主导㊁行业指导㊁企业参与的办学机制,推动职业教育适应经济发展方式转变和产业结构调整要求,培养大批现代化建设需要的高素质劳动者和技能型人才 [1]㊂高职院校培养的是高素质技术技能型人才,是以培养岗位技能为核心,但是,我国高等职业教育发展历史较短,职业教育培养的毕业生具备的职业素养与企业需求的职业素养有一定的差异㊂基于这样的现状,同时在长期的教学实践中,我们认识到有必要在学科体系内在逻辑的基础上达成课程标准与国家职业标准的融通㊂国家职业标准是劳动技能的衡量准则,是对从业人员在某一专业领域的职业素质最基本要求,课程标准与国家职业标准的融通,可以使更多的受教育者和培训对象的职业技能与就业岗位相适应,最大限度的实现学校人才培养与企业人才需求的对接㊂在这样的基础上,本文探讨了药品生产技术专业‘生物制药技术“课程内容与职业标准对接的问题研究,希望能指导一线教学,提高人才培养质量㊂1㊀课程概况1.1㊀专业概况在全国范围内,江苏省是医药大省㊂截至2019年底,省内正规的制药企业有超过500家[2]㊂在这样的区域经济发展背景下,我院化学工程学院在2006首次开办了化学制药技术专业,目前已经过十多年的发展㊂2016年,根据国家的相关文件,专业名称变更为药品生产技术专业㊂在本专业开办之初,秉承 市场为导向,以就业为目的,以能力为本位 的人才培养观,对制药产业及企业进行了充分调研,确定主要岗位群㊂目前,根据调研结果,药品生产技术专业主要有六大主要岗位群,包括化学药品生产岗位㊁生物药物生产岗位㊁药物制剂生产岗位㊁化工生产岗位㊁药品经营与124㊀广㊀州㊀化㊀工2021年1月管理岗位㊁药品质量控制岗位㊂对不同的岗位分析对应的工作任务,从而提炼职业能力要求㊂例如,生物药物生产岗位对应的素质能力要求主要包括 掌握生物药物生产工艺流程及环境划分㊁设备操作及质量控制等相关知识,具备生物制药的基本理论知识和岗位操作技能;具有药物制剂制备与设备维护保养能力 ,而药物制剂生产岗位则需要员工能够 掌握典型剂型的生产工艺流程,具备典型制剂制备及质量控制的操作技能;熟悉常用制剂设备的基本操作,具有常用制剂设备使用与维护能力;懂得常用仪器的使用方法;有解决药物制剂制备过程中一般性技术问题的能力 [3]㊂根据各个岗位提炼的职业能力要求,确定了学习领域,设计了 基于工作过程系统化导向 的课程体系,主要由文化课㊁专业课和拓展课三大课程模块构成㊂其中,专业课又包括专业平台课,专业模块课和综合实践课,分别对应职业通用能力㊁专项能力和综合能力㊂‘生物制药技术“课程就属于专业模块课程,旨在提高学生的职业专项能力,主要对应岗位为生物药物生产岗位㊂1.2㊀‘生物制药技术“课程概况作为药品生产技术的专业核心课程,‘生物制药技术“课程教学的主要任务是使学生熟悉生物技术的发展与基本概念㊁掌握生物制药技术的操作与相关应用㊂其前导课程为‘微生物技术及应用“‘制药过程及设备选择与操作“㊂后续课程为‘药物制剂操控“‘药物分离与纯化“㊂在‘生物制药技术“课程教授的十多年时间中,随着区域经济发展,授课团队越发感觉到课程应注重学生职业的可持续发展性,因此,有必要在国家职业标准导向下基于区域经济对高职‘生物制药技术“课程的课程标准进行改革㊂一方面,随着经济转型和产业升级,企业㊁单位用人对从业人员的职业能力要求也在不断变化㊂职业标准体现的是社会对人才的需求,而课程标准则是规定高职院校的课程如何更有效地培养出社会所需要的人才㊂因此,职业标准与课程标准以社会需要的人才为平台,前者提供社会对人才的要求,后者将人才的要求反馈到高职课程中㊂另一方面,高职院校人才培养规格也影响经济发展及产业结构㊂高校需要供给能够适应高新技术产业迅速发展和产业结构转型升级所需要的高素质㊁高技能人才,才能为区域产业结构转型升级提供保障㊂因此,高职院校人才培养规格描述的课程标准,应该具备可持续发展性㊂2㊀高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家标准对接的 三个结合2.1㊀教学模块与职业功能结合具体职业岗位(群)的职业能力需求有其内在的层次结构,课程教学目标和课程教学内容应该根据这种 层级层次 构建不同的教学模块㊂课程教学项目模块设定的思路为:首先,根据国家职业标准中的职业功能确定项目模块范围;再结合江苏省制药产业现状和发展趋势对项目模块进行调整;之后,对职业功能中的工作内容列表分析,并基于学生的认知规律,将不同职业功能中的共同工作任务部分整合,将不同工作任务根据职业功能划分成单独模块㊂根据国家职业标准,生物制药技术方向对应的职业工种包括五大类,具体为:生化药品制造工㊁发酵工程制药工㊁疫苗制品工㊁血液制品工和基因工程产品工[4]㊂在此基础上,我们对江苏省的制药产业进行了综合考察,通过资料查阅及调查研究发现,江苏省制药产业结构分布的实际情况是:在500多家正规制药企业中,只有不超过10家为疫苗专营或兼营企业㊂结合制药技术概念界定,将疫苗制品工对应的职业要求归并至 细胞工程 教学模块;此外,考虑到产业现状与升级需求,增加 酶工程 教学模块㊂综上所述,本着区域经济发展服务的需求,根据职业功能确定教学模块为血液制品与生化分离技术㊁天然生物材料与天然药物㊁发酵工程技术与发酵药物㊁细胞工程技术与免疫技术药物㊁基因工程技术与基因药物㊁酶工程技术与生化反应制药㊂具体见图1㊂图1㊀职业功能与教学模块对应表Fig.1㊀Correspondence of professional functions andteaching modules在每一教学模块中,基于各个岗位的工作内容描述,同时充分考虑与前导课程可能存在的重复性及与后续课程存在的衔接性,制定各个模块的教学目标,并确定教学内容㊂例如,发酵工程制药工的职业描述中主要包括10个方面[3],其中,诸如 使用消毒锅或消毒柜等,对培养基㊁压缩空气或其他材料㊁设备㊁器皿等进行消毒㊁灭菌 ㊁ 采用微生物方法培养㊁制备各级生产菌种,复壮㊁选育优质高产生产菌株 等方面主要属于前导课程‘微生物技术及应用“教学范畴㊂而诸如 使用固液分离设备进行发酵液或浸提液的固液分离 ㊁ 使用溶剂或交换树脂等进行有效药用成分的提取和纯化 等职业能力要求也是后续课程‘药物分离与纯化“的教学目标㊂因此,综合考虑后将发酵工程技术与发酵药物这一个模块的教学目标确定为:了解发酵工程技术的概念,掌握发酵工程制药的一般工艺流程及技术特点,熟悉主要的发酵技术药物及生产工艺㊂并以典型发酵工程产品,包括抗生素㊁维生素㊁氨基酸等为教学载体,通过这些药品生产工艺的讲解达到职业标准中 操作发酵设备和控制仪器㊁仪表,根据发酵代谢指标适当调节发酵工艺条件,完成发酵 加入工具酶和中间体,控制工艺条件,完成抗生素的酶解㊁转化工序 等职业能力要求㊂2.2㊀教学项目与岗位工作任务结合将真实工作任务融入教学体系已成为高职院校课程开发和改革的共识[5-6]㊂考虑到与地区医药产业发展相适应的问题,需要确定合适的工作任务以便实现情境与岗位对接㊂而实施基于正式工作工程的项目,其目标是引导学生处于一个自己想要去了解的境地,让学生能以相对积极的态度去做原本可能并不喜欢做的东西,在完成相关项目的过程中重新构建知识㊂通过一门课程所呈现的多个教学项目的实施和训练,实现学生从 学生 到 企业员工 身份的转变,发展职业能力㊂以 青霉素的发酵生产 这一教学项目为例㊂青霉素高效㊁低毒㊁临床应用广泛,是人类历史上发现的第一种抗生素,也是学生在生活中经常能接触到的一类药品㊂通过微生物发酵是生产青霉素的主要途径之一,其工艺控制难度较大,但对于其他抗生素类药品发酵工艺的学习具有示范性㊂通过与企第49卷第2期谢承佳,等:高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家职业标准对接的 三个结合 125㊀业沟通确定职业能力需求,结合参考‘药品生产质量管理规范“及发酵制药工职业标准,确定教学重点及教学目标(见表1)㊂同时,结合企业生产示例设定教学情境:东方梦想科技园生物工程有限公司是完全按照GMP要求建造的现代化生物工程公司,拥有设施先进的研发中心,发酵车间,生物分离车间,三废处理车间,动力车间,大型仓库等,公司具有8个200顿的发酵罐,青霉素年产量为2100吨㊂学生是东方梦想科技园生物有限公司的一线生产操作人员,日常工作内容为青霉素的发酵生产㊂在教学实施环节,遵循正常工作流程,并考虑技能级次,确定教学顺序为 发酵环境要求 ㊁ 发酵流程认知 ㊁ 发酵参数控制 ㊁ 发酵生产对接 ㊂在实践环节,利用智慧教室及仿真软件打造虚实融合的教学环境,通过丰富的活动设计,并配合各种激励性措施和反思性活动,使真实工作任务支持学习的功能得以充分有效发挥㊂例如,在学生操作仿真软件的过程中,设定两人为一小组,模拟真实生产过程,一人扮演中控室人员,主要负责DCS操作,一人扮演工艺员,主要负责监督管理㊂通过这样的分工合作互助互提,激发团队潜能,培养学生的职业观㊂表1㊀青霉素的发酵生产教学要求Table1㊀Teaching requirements for fermentationproduction of penicillin青霉素的发酵生产教学情境学生是东方梦想科技园生物有限公司的一线操作人员,该公司青霉素年产量为2100吨教学目标知识目标:能理解青霉素发酵工艺流程,会分析各个参数之间的影响及联系;技能目标:能根据监测参数判断发酵趋势并进行正确的操作处理;素养目标:能按照岗位职责要求,遵守生产纪律,完成各项生产任务教学重点青霉素发酵的工艺操作教学难点青霉素发酵工艺参数的控制在教学项目实施过程中,结合工作情境设计教学方法㊂即:考虑在实际工作情境中知识和技能的传递情境,并充分考虑教学规律及其他客观因素,设计教学方法㊂例如,对于在实际工作岗位中以语言传递为主要方式的学习过程,可采用讲授法等;以实际感知为主的知识形成过程,在授课中可采用演示法㊁参观法㊁角色扮演法等;以实际训练为主的技能培养过程,可采用理实一体化教学㊁仿真教学等㊂此外,创新精神是企业的核心竞争力,而企业的创新来自员工的积极参与意识㊁勇气和能力㊂因此,在教学中,我们也鼓励教师多用㊁用好诸如探究法㊁讨论法等以引导探究为主的方法㊂2.3㊀教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合职业技能鉴定是国家职业资格证书制度的重要组成部分,是对劳动者从事某种职业所应掌握的技术理论知识和实际操作能力做出客观的测量和评价㊂将职业技能鉴定的相关内容融入教学考核,有助于强调学生将所学知识和技能在实践中加以应用,积极引导学生自主学习,强化学生动手能力㊁职业素养和工程意识[7]㊂首先,在理论教学方面,将教学内容的知识点与职业标准中的考点对接㊂例如,发酵制药工的职业描述之一是 采用微生物方法培养㊁制备各级生产菌种,复壮㊁选育优质高产生产菌株 ,其中涉及到的知识点包括:微生物的生长㊁接种技术㊁菌种的扩大培养㊁菌种保存㊁菌种的复壮㊁菌种的选育等,在平时的教学中,我们就将这些内容与教学案例相结合或作为单独知识点进行讲解,既避免了职业技能鉴定时再花费大量时间再进行系统培训,从而避免了教育资源的重复和浪费;又提高了学生通过职业鉴定的合格率㊂在实训基地建设方面,建设工学结合的实训基地,从而保障职业技能鉴定与高职教学活动的结合㊂我们采用 自主开发㊁校企共建 的建设模式,按照 生产型㊁职场化 的理念建成了一批集技能训练㊁项目化教学实施㊁技术开发与服务㊁社会培训与技能鉴定㊁技能竞赛㊁职业素质养成等功能于一体的完整的制药实训室体系,具体包括有机合成㊁生物发酵㊁化学制药㊁药物制剂㊁分析测试等涵盖药品生产技术的上㊁中㊁下游,其中包含两个江苏省的省级研发和测试中心㊂同时,在校外实训基地建设方面,我们也与包括江苏扬农集团有限公司㊁扬州联博药业有限公司㊁扬子江药业集团有限公司在内的紧密合作企业分地区㊁分层次建成了工学交替㊁顶岗实习㊁产学研结合的10余个校外实训实习基地㊂校内和校外实训基地的建成为有效保障了工学结合背景下职业技能鉴定与教学活动的结合㊂同时,通过良好的职业氛围,培养学生爱岗敬业㊁团结互助的职业素养㊂3㊀结㊀语综上所述,高等职业教育课程与国家职业标准的对接研究,需依据职业标准,以区域经济的实际需求为落脚点和出发点㊂在高职‘生物制药技术“课程的改革中,我们遵循此原则,做到了教学模块与职业功能结合㊁教学项目与岗位工作任务结合㊁教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合,切实提高药品生产技术专业学生的职业核心素养,为学生今后的职业发展奠定坚实的基础㊂参考文献[1]㊀国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[OL]./publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/info_list/ 201407/xxgk_171904.html?authkey=gwbux.[2]㊀国家药品监督管理局[OL]./datasearchcnda/face3/dir.html.[3]㊀国家职业技能标准编制技术规程(2018年版)[M].北京,2018.[4]㊀江苏省职业技能鉴定网[OL]./jdfww_bak/zcfg/zsglyjdsf/.[5]㊀关艳阁.现代国家职业标准导向下的高职课程改革研究[D].广州:广东技术师范学院,2015.[6]㊀戴有华,于泓,刘旭.高职机制专业课程教学内容与国家职业标准对接研究[J].职业教育研究,2013,(9):11-13.[7]㊀李慧丽.我国高职院校课程内容与职业标准对接的研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2016.。
Improving the accuracy of static GPS positioning with a new stochastic modelling procedure
INTRODUCTION GPS carrier phase measurements are extensively used for all high precision static and kinematic positioning applications. The least-squares estimation technique is usually employed in the data processing step, and basically requires the definition of two models: (a) the functional model, and (b) the stochastic model. The functional model describes the mathematical relationship between the GPS observations and the unknown parameters, while the stochastic model describes the statistical characteristics of the GPS observations (see, eg., Leick, 1995; Rizos 1997; and other texts). The stochastic model is therefore dependent on the selection of the functional model. A double-differencing technique is commonly used for constructing the functional model as it can eliminate many of the troublesome GPS biases, such as the atmospheric biases, the receiver and satellite clock biases, and so on. However, some unmodelled biases still remain in the GPS observables, even after such data differencing. Many researchers have emphasised the importance of the stochastic model, especially for high accuracy applications, for example, Barnes et al. (1998), Cross et al. (1994), Han (1997), Teunissen (1997), Wang (1998), Wang et. al. (2001) for both the static and kinematic positioning applications. In principle it is possible to further improve the accuracy and reliability of GPS results through an enhancement of the stochastic model. Previous studies have shown that GPS measurements have a heteroscedastic, space- and timecorrelated error structure (eg., Wang 1998; Wang et al., 1998a). The challenge is to find a way to realistically incorporate such information into the stochastic model. This paper deals only with the static positioning case. Several stochastic modelling techniques have recently been proposed to accommodate the heteroscedastic behaviour of GPS observations. Some are based on the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio model (eg., Barnes et al., 1998; Brunner et al., 1999; Hartinger & Brunner, 1998; Lau & Mok, 1999; Talbot, 1988), others use a satellite elevation dependent approach (eg., Euler & Goad, 1991; Gerdan, 1995; Han, 1997; Jin, 1996; Rizos etPHY Chalermchon Satirapod is currently a Ph.D. student at the School of Geomatic Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), supported by a scholarship from the Chulalongkorn University. He graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering (Surveying) and Master of Engineering (Surveying) from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, in 1994 and 1997 respectively. He joined the Department of Survey Engineering at Chulalongkorn University as a lecturer in late 1994. In early 1998 he joined UNSW's Satellite Navigation and Positioning (SNAP) group as a Ph.D. student. His research is focussed on automated and quality assured GPS surveying for a range of applications. ABSTRACT For high precision static GPS positioning applications, carrier phase measurements have to be processed. It is well known that there are two important aspects to the optimal processing of GPS measurements: the definition of the functional model, and the associated stochastic model. These two models must be correctly defined in order to achieve high reliability in the positioning results. The functional model is nowadays sufficiently known, however the definition of the stochastic model still remains a challenging research topic. Previous studies have shown that the GPS measurements have a heteroscedastic, space- and time-correlated error structure. Therefore, a realistic stochastic modelling procedure should take all of these error features into account. In this paper, a new stochastic modelling procedure is introduced. This procedure also takes into account the temporal correlations in the GPS measurements. To demonstrate its performance, both simulated and real data sets for short to medium length baselines have been analysed. The results indicate that the accuracy of GPS results can be improved to the millimetre level.
《高级职业英语》第二册第二单元读写教程
Language Study
try doing sth: attempt to do sth. to see 试着做某事 You can try phoning his home number to contact him.
你可以试着打他家电话联系他。
Try opening the box and you will see what is inside.
comprehensive: thorough; including much综合的， 全面的 a comprehensive survey
全面的考察
The government gave a very comprehensive explanation of its plans for industrial developments. 政府全面解释了它的工业发展计划。
meetingsexhibitionchinainternationalconsumergoodsfairchinainternationalconsumergoodsfairchinainternationalsmallandmediumenterprisesfairbeijinginternationalautomotiveexhibitionchinainternationalsmallandmediumenterprisesfairuniversalexpochinaimportandexportfairchinainternationalconsumergoodsfair北京国际汽车展览会世博会中国国际日用消费品博览会chinainternationalsmallandmediumenterprisesfairshenzhenapparelfairqingdaobeerfestivalbeijinginternationalautomotiveexhibition深圳服装展青岛啤酒节中国国际中小企业博览会中国进出口商品交易会section1gettingthingsreadytargetfeedbackconferenceexpositionpotentialpromotiontradefairorganizationdistributepamphletbrochureleafletmanufacturercomprehensiveconsolidatecommodityregularlymakegooduseoftakeadvantageofkeeptrackofkeep
高瞻远瞩的英语作文
高瞻远瞩的英语作文Foresight is a critical skill that separates the visionaries from the ordinary. It involves the ability to anticipate future trends, identify potential challenges, and proactively develop strategies to navigate them. In a rapidly changing world, the capacity to see beyond the immediate horizon and plan for the long-term has become increasingly valuable, enabling individuals and organizations to stay ahead of the curve and seize new opportunities.One of the hallmarks of foresight is the willingness to challenge existing assumptions and think outside the box. Visionary leaders and innovators are not content with the status quo; they actively seek out new information, explore alternative perspectives, and question the conventional wisdom. This open-minded approach allows them to identify emerging patterns and recognize the signals of change that others may overlook.Take, for example, the rise of digital technology. While many businesses were slow to adapt to the digital revolution, those with foresight were able to anticipate the shift and position themselvesfor success. Companies like Amazon, Apple, and Google recognized the transformative potential of the internet and mobile devices, and they invested heavily in developing products and services that catered to the changing needs and preferences of consumers. By staying ahead of the curve, these organizations were able to disrupt their respective industries and become dominant market players.Foresight also involves the ability to synthesize complex information and identify potential risks and opportunities. Effective decision-makers must be able to sift through vast amounts of data, identify relevant patterns and trends, and use that information to inform their strategic planning. This requires a deep understanding of the broader context in which an organization or individual operates, as well as the ability to anticipate how various factors may interact and evolve over time.For example, consider the challenges faced by governments and policymakers in addressing climate change. Addressing this global issue requires a long-term, multifaceted approach that takes into account a wide range of variables, from environmental science and technology to geopolitics and economics. Policymakers with foresight must be able to synthesize this information, anticipate potential obstacles and unintended consequences, and develop comprehensive strategies that can effectively mitigate the risks and harness the opportunities presented by climate change.In addition to its strategic value, foresight can also foster a sense of adaptability and resilience in the face of uncertainty. By anticipating potential challenges and developing contingency plans, individuals and organizations can be better prepared to respond to unexpected events or disruptions. This agility can be particularly valuable in today's volatile and unpredictable business environment, where the ability to pivot and adapt quickly can mean the difference between success and failure.Consider the COVID-19 pandemic, which has upended economies, disrupted supply chains, and transformed the way we work and live. Organizations with foresight were able to respond more effectively to the crisis, leveraging their understanding of emerging trends and their ability to anticipate potential scenarios. They were able to quickly adapt their operations, implement new technologies, and find innovative ways to serve their customers, while those without foresight struggled to keep up with the rapidly changing landscape.Ultimately, the value of foresight lies in its ability to empower individuals and organizations to shape their own futures, rather than simply reacting to them. By anticipating and preparing for the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, visionary leaders and innovators can proactively create the conditions for success, rather than being caught off guard by the unexpected.Of course, developing foresight is no easy task. It requires a combination of analytical skills, creative thinking, and a deep understanding of the broader context in which one operates. It also requires a willingness to challenge assumptions, embrace uncertainty, and continuously learn and adapt.However, the potential rewards of foresight are immense. By cultivating this critical skill, individuals and organizations can position themselves for long-term success, staying ahead of the curve and seizing new opportunities as they arise. In a world that is constantly evolving, the ability to see beyond the immediate horizon and plan for the future has never been more important.。
全国卷2025届高考英语2月高分模拟卷卷7含解析
（全国卷）2025届高考英语2月高分模拟卷（卷7）（含解析）(时间：120分钟满分：120分)选择题部分第一部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C和D中，选出最佳选项。
A（2024·河北衡水市·衡水中学高三月考）The Apollo Missions“That's one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind.”—Neil Armstrong Apollo’s GoalsThe national effort that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface fulfilled a dream as old as humanity. Project Apollo’s goals went beyond landing Americans on the moon and returning them safely to Earth.Apollo 13Apollo 13 has been called a “successful failure,” because the crew never landed on the Moon, but they made it home safely after an explosion crippled their ship. When the associated heater was turned on during flight, the tankexploded depleting almost all of the power from the command module and forcing the crew to use the lunar module as a lifeboat. Jim Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert came home safely thanks to the mission control team’s improvised procedures and their own ability to implement them.(Launch: April 11, 1970; splashdown: April 17)Apollo 14Notable for the return of America’s first astronaut, Alan Shepard, to space, Apollo 14 also was probably the smoothest lunar landing to that point. The crew spent more than nine hours outside the lunar module and set up a number of experiments. Shepard set a new distance record by walking more than 9,000 feet on the lunar surface, pulling a hand cart to carry their tools and samples.(Launch: Jan. 31, 1971: lunar landing: Feb. 5: splashdown, Feb. 9) Apollo 15For the first time, humans drove a car on the Moon. The first of the Apollo “J” Missions-designed for longer stays on the Moon - the mission carried a lunar rover, which Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin used while they were on the surface for more than I8 hours. They traveled more than 17 miles in the rover, setting up experiments and collecting 170 pounds of samples. Before leaving the lunar surface, Scott conducted an experiment to test Galileo’s theory that objects in vacuum, without air resistance, would fall at the same rate. He dropped a geological hammer and a feather, which hit the ground at the same time, proving Galileo right.(Launch: July 26, 1971, lunar landing: July 30: splashdown: Aug. 7)1．Why has Apollo 13 been called a “successful failure”?A．Apollo 13 finally exploded as planned in space.B．All the crew succeeded in landing on the Moon.C．The crew managed to escape from a severe accident and returned to Earth. D．The crew finished the experiment although they failed to land on the Moon. 2．Which of the following is True according to the passage?A．It took five days for Apollo 14 to reach the Moon.B．The lunar rover was used as a lifeboat for space travel.C．Shepard tested Gali leo’s theory successfully on the Moon.D．Apollo 15 remained in space for the shortest period of time.3．Which of the following column is this article most likely to be found? A．Booming Science B．Exploring the Unknown C．Mechanical World D．Transforming MoonB（2024·黑龙江哈尔滨市第六中学校高三期末）Staying connectedWhen Central Bucks South became one of the first Philadelphia-area high schools to close because of the fear of novel coronavirus exposure in early March, 16-year-old sophomore Andrew Chen knew that things were not going to return to normal as quickly as some of his peers hoped.But still, the change from seeing his friends on the swim team during daily practices to learning alone at home was jarring.“I only have three years her e at South, and it pains me to see one of them being wasted,” Chen said.The coronavirus has changed everyone’s lives, but for students, the disruption feels particularly serious. Schools closed and graduation ceremonies were put off. Summer plans, such as camps, are up in the air.But right now, many students are trying to stay connected, struggling with false information, and finding out the best ways they can help –through online method.For Josh Harycki, 17, a senior student at the Shipley School in Philadelphia, the best way to help was to create a “social distancing promise” for young people.“I saw a lot of young people not paying attention,” he said. “They were … still going out, hanging out with others. I thought that there had to be a way to reach younger people, who were possibly not watching the news.”Harycki started a call to action on social media and then built a website with a map that followed and kept the locations of people who’d signed the promise. The site also shares links to accurate sources of information like the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Harycki knows that his peers are worried they can’t connected with their friends in the same way, so he created the social distancing promise to strengthen that although everyon e might be physically distant, they’re still connected.“Part of what we’re showing is that you might feel like you’re the only one taking this seriously, but our map shows that you’re not alone,” he said. 4．What does the underlined word “jarring” in Parag raph 2 probably mean? A．naturalB．necessaryC．worryingD．reasonable5．Who does Harycki mainly want to reach?A．Friends who are worried and bored.B．Young people not aware of the situation.C．Younger students trying to help.D．People taking the coronavirus seriously.6．What’s Harycki’s purpose in creating the “social distancing promise”? A．To order young people to stay at home.B．To follow those infected with the coronavirus.C．To tell young folks of latest news about the coronavirus.D．To show young people that they are still connected.7．Why does the author describe Andrew Chen’s experience in the text?A．To explain what worried students most when schools closed.B．To show the different views of students toward the coronavirus.C．To show how the coronavirus affected students’ lives.D．To explain the proper reaction to the close of school.C（2024·全国高三专题练习） One night in 1966, Michael Chapman rushed into a folk-music club in Cornwall, England to get out of the rain, and soon found himself onstage playing the guitar.“They offered me a job to play for the rest of the summer. And I’ve been playing ever since,” Chapman says. “I’ve told that story so many times, but it’s absolutely true. If it hadn’t been raining that night, I wouldn’t be talking to you.”The British guitar player has spent the 50 years since then on the road. He released some praised albums in the 1970s, but his health went downhill in the 80s and 90s. Like a lot of British artists in the 1960s, Chapman taught himself to play the guitar by listening to American jazz and blues records.Chapman actually taught photography, but quit when he was 26 to play music full time. When he was starting out, he was often compared to other British acoustic guitar heroes of the time, like John Martyn and Bert Jansch.“The fascinating thing about Michael Chapman is that he doesn’t fit in with those guys of his generation,” says Andrew Male, a music journalist. “He’s always been an outsider. He never moved to London. ”And while he never became part of the London music scene, Chapman was noticed by those musicians. “The 70s caught up with him in the 80s,” Male says. “He had a huge heart attack at the end of the 80s that nearly finished him off. When he made his way back into the world in the early 90s, people had forgotten about him.” But not everyone. A younger generation of musicians in America, including Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth and a younger singer and guitarist named Steve Gunn, recently rediscovered Chapman.“We wanted to capture Michael’s voice and character where he is now. You know, it’s a little road-weary, but he still has it,” Gunn says. “For me, it was really important to get that right.” “He’s the right old musician for present times,” Male says. “I think the music he makes seems quite in tune with where we’re at.”8．Which can best describe Michael Chapman’s first involvement in music? A．Untrue. B．Accidental. C．Unfortunate. D．Reasonable. 9．What can we learn about Michael Chapman from the text?A．He has taught photography for 26 years.B．He taught himself to play the guitar and did far better than John Martyn. C．To some degree, he is not accepted by other people of his generation. D．He is one of the best guitar players in the early 90s.10．Why did Michael Chapman quit his music career once?A．He lost his special voice. B．He suffered from a severe heart attack.C．He got tired of competing with others. D．He was almost forgotten by everyone.11．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．The Rise and Fall of Guitar Music B．The Sad Story of a Guitar Musician C．A New Generation Helps an Old Guitar Musician D．A Brief Introduction to a Guitar MusicianD（2024·天水市第一中学高三月考） How many times a day do you check your email? When you wake up? Before bed? A dozen limes in between? The technology that was supposed to make our lives simple has taken up too much time. The average teen spends more than seven hours a day using technological devices, with an additional hour just text-messaging friends.The advantage of technological devices is connectedness. Email lets us respond on the go, and we are in touch with more people during more hours of the day than at any other time in history. But is it possible that we’re lonelier than ever, too? That’s what MIT professor Sherry Turkle observes in her new book, Alone Together, which clearly describes our changing relationship with technology.For Turkic, the biggest worry is the effect the weak connections have on our development. T echnology isn’t offering us the lives we want to live. “We’re texting people at a distance” says Turkic. “We’re using lifelessobjects to convince ourselves that even when we’re alone, we feel together. And then when we’re with each other, we put ourselves in situations where we are alone—always on our mobile devices. It’s what I call a perfect storm of confusion about what’s important in our human connections.”Moreover, communicating online is not equal to face-to-face communication. Online, you can ignor e others’ feelings. In a text message, you can avoid eye contact A number of studies have found that this generation of young people is sympathetic (有怜悯心的) than ever. “That doesn’t lead to disaster,” says Turkle, “but the disadvantages still cannot be ignored.”12．From the first paragraph we can learn that .A．Email checking helps people wake up earlyB．People communicate mainly by text-messaging nowC．Technological device production has been simplifiedD．Using technological devices costs young men much time13．What is Sherry Turkic’s biggest worry?A．Technology may make human connections confusing.B．Technology can’t help people remove loneliness.C．Technology may make people’s lives hard.D．Technology keeps people together.14．What is the author’s at titude towards the influence of technology on people’s life?A．Positive B．NegativeC．Hopeless D．Uncertain15．What is the passage mainly about?A．Technology brings many conveniences to people’s lives.B．Young men spend too much time on technological devices.C．Technology also brings people some disadvantages.D．Sherry Turkle observes people’s changing relationship with Technology.其次节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)依据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
RADIUS 多用户多传感器雷达定位系统说明书
RADIUSInnovative technologyThe implementation is fully solid state and based on measurements of reflected radar signals from a numberof passive transponders in the nearby area. Each reflected signal is mixed with a unique ID to separate different targets from each other. Advanced signal processing allows for simultaneous and continuous measurements to any practical number of transponders. RADius is designed for multiple users leveraging the same transponders simultaneously.Multiple sensor headsRADius can be deployed as an omni directional system utilising four sensor heads. These can be placed on suitable locations on the vessel, depending on the construction and operation. This provides full 360˚ signal acquisition as well as avoidance of blind angles, as there will be a sensor head at a receiving angle to transponders at all times, regardless of the vessel’s relative position to the RADius transponder.Signal processing will effectively remove possible interference with other transmitting devices in the same frequency band. Accurate Doppler measurements allow for rapid and reliable determination of relative velocities between the maneuvering vessel and transponders. Operational featuresRADius is capable of detecting and measuring accurate range and bearing to any transponder within the range of up to 550 metres, depending on the targets transponders. The direction from the interrogator to each transponder is accurately determined by the use of interferometric methods.Ease-of-use HMIRADius features a highly intuitive touch-ready HMI developed in close co-operation with experienced DP operators. This HMI enables the operators to assess the quality of their positioning quickly and effectively during operation. For better visibility under different light conditions, the operator can easily select between a set of colour palettes, including a well proven night display. Autodetecting transpondersSearch and identification of transponders is easilydone with the autosearch utility. Transponders are automatically detected and shown in the operator view. Wide opening anglesRADius has a vertical and horizontal opening angleof 100°. This secures stabile manoeuvring in close-by operations where the difference in height for the mounted transponder and interrogator can be considerable. Hence, it is not necessary to tilt the sensor head in any direction to obtain a signal.A variety of transpondersRetroreflective transponders are mounted on the target which is to be approached. A variety of transpondersare available, suitable for any operation that demands a robust and reliable relative positioning solution.HIGH PRECISION POSITION REFERENCE AND TRACKING SYSTEM RADius is based on radar principles and the system is developed for DP applications in need of robust and reliable relative positioning. It is a fully solid state system with low maintenance costs.PERFORMANCEDP range (depending on transponder type) Up to 550 m Range accuracy 1 0.25 m (1 σ)Angle accuracy 10.25° (1 σ)Update frequency rate 5 Hz Latency < 0.5 sec.Vertical opening angle ± 45°Horizontal opening angle ± 50°Operating frequency band 5.51 to 5.61 GHzINTERFACESRADius Processing UnitSerial ports 6 x RS-422/RS-232(isolated)Ethernet/LAN 4, 1 in front, 3 in rear USB 3, 1 in front, 2 in rear DATA OUTPUTS RADius Processing UnitMessage types PSXRAD, ABBDP,Artemis, Fanbeam BCD/M DL, N M EA VER, DDCWEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit 412 x 562 x 214 mm 8.5 kg RADius Processing Unit 88 x 485 x 357 mm 5.4 kg RADius power supply 88 x 485 x 335 mm 6.4 kg POWER SPECIFICATIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit 48 V DC ±10 %, max. 70 W RADius Processing Unit 100 to 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz max. 60 W RADius power supply 110 to 240 V AC, supplies up to 4Interrogator Units1All accuracy spesifications are based on re-al-life tests conducted in the North Sea under various conditions. Operation on other locations under different conditions may produce different results.ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONSRADius 1002 Interrogator Unit Operating temperatur range -40 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range -25 °C to +70 °C Operating humidity 100 %Storage humidity Max. 60 %Enclosure protectionIP 66RADius Processing UnitOperating temperatur range -15 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range 2-20 °C to +70 °C Operating humidity Max. 95 % non- condensing Storage humidity Less than 55 %Enclosure protection Front IP 42, rear IP21RADius power supply Operating temperatur range -15 °C to +55 °CStorage temperature range -20 °C to +70 °COperating humidity Max. 95 % non-condensing Storage humidity Less than 55 %Enclosure protection Front IP 42, rear IP 21MechanicalVibration, all unitsIEC 60945/EN 60945RegulatoryCompliance to Radio Equipment Directive (RED) 2014/53/EURADius TRANSPONDERSRefer to their respective datasheets for more information.2Recommended long term storage temp. between +5 °C to +35 °CSpecifications subject to change without any further notice.KONGSBERG SEATEXSwitchboard: +47 73 54 55 00Global support 24/7: +47 33 03 24 07E-mailsales:****************************.com E-mailsupport:*******************************/seatexJ u l y 2018。
Navigation signal structure based on complex carrier modulation
ing systems. The accuracy of satellite navigation and positioning systems and their anti-interference abilities are mainly affected by the following factors [1]: (1) Design of satellite navigation and positioning systems. The design of a satellite navigation and positioning system limits its academic performances, such as the positioning accuracy and anti-interference ability and so on. (2) Working environments of the navigation positioning receiver. When the receiver is running in a complex environment (occlusion environment, interference environment, high dynamic environment and so on), the receiver cannot receive sufficient navigation signals to complete navigation. (3) Navigation and positioning receiver design. The receiver design affects the actual navigation performance, which includes the synchronization algorithm, hardware design and so on. Currently, the receiver design focuses on synchronization algorithms and positioning algorithms, in order to increase positioning accuracy [2–4]. Navigation researches in the complex environment mostly focus on the high dynamic algorithms, the anti-jamming algorithms and the navigation enhancement algorithms [5–7].
变电站巡检机器人GPS导航研究
2010年第29卷第8期传感器与微系统（Transducer and Microsystem Technologies）变电站巡检机器人GPS导航研究*肖鹏1，张彩友2，冯华2，栾贻青1（1．山东电力研究院国家电网电力机器人技术实验室，山东济南250002；2．浙江省电力公司嘉兴电力局，浙江嘉兴314033）摘要：针对变电站巡检机器人磁轨迹导航方式的不足，将高精度差分GPS定位应用于巡检机器人导航，对GPS导航系统组成结构和原理进行了论述，并在变电站现场对巡检机器人GPS导航系统进行了测试，探讨了GPS导航在变电站环境中受干扰的特点与原因。
关键词：变电站巡检；移动机器人；GPS导航中图分类号：TP242．3文献标识码：A文章编号：1000—9787（2010）08—0023—03Research on GPS navigation for substation equipmentinspection robot*XIAO Peng1，ZHANG Cai-you2，FENG Hua2，LUAN Yi-qing1（1．State Grid Electric Power Robotic Laboratory，Shandong Electric Power Research Institute，Jinan250002，China；2．Jiaxing Electric Power Bureau，Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation，Jiaxing314033，China）Abstract：Aimed at the deficiency of magnetic navigation used in the substation equipment inspection robot，thehigh-precision differential GPS is applied in robot navigation．The structure and theory of GPS navigation systemare discussed．The navigation system is tested in substation site．The characteristics and reason which causesdisturbing of GPS navigation in substation environment are summarized．Key words：substation equipment inspection；mobile robot；GPS navigation0引言变电站巡检机器人是轮式移动机器人的一种，其能够以自主或遥控的方式，在无人值守或少人值守变电站对室外高压设备进行巡检，采集电力设备运行状态信息，及时发现电力设备的热缺陷、异物悬挂等设备异常现象，保证电力生产安全［1］。
山特维克（Sandvik）钻探设备说明书
KEY FEATURES Hydraulic rock drill RDX5, (20 kW)Drilling module LHF2005BoomBSL360Drift size class (H x W) 2 700 x 2 700 mm Control system IBCL + ECRL Turning in T-section 2 510 mm (LHF2005)Tramming width 1 500 mm Tramming height 2 750 mm Tramming length 6 850 mmTotal weight8 900 kg depending on optionsROCK TOOLS AND HOLE LENGTHRod and hole diameter Hole length (m) with ERCHC12Thread Rod Ø (mm)Hole Ø (mm)3’4’5’R32325112.1(20*)16(20*)20(20*)R383964T383964*) Manual rod handlingSandvik DL210 is a compact and flexible electro-hydraulic longhole jumbo for production drilling in underground mines.Designed for vertical and inclined plane rings and fans, Sandvik DL210 is capable of drilling 51 - 64 mm millimeters diameter holes up to 20 meters.The robust, stable and dedicated longhole drilling boom has 1.5 meters parallel drilling coverage, and offersaccurate positioning and sturdy anchoring of the feed to ensure high quality drilling.The compact jumbo layout is designed with a good visibility and good stability.The operating environment and incorporated automatic actions allow the operator to concentrate on safe, fast and accurate drilling.A portable remote control ensures all the feed and rock drill operations.All the service points are well-protected but easy to access.LONGHOLE BOOM Type of boom BSL360 (TS2-254)Parallelism Automatic hydraulic Feed extension 1 200 mm Boom weight, net 800 kg Roll-over angle 360ºDRILLING CONTROL SYSTEM Type of control system Umbilical remote control panel ControlsAuto smooth collaring Precise anti-jammingFast rock drill return and forward movementFeed pressure control Rock tools weight compensation Remote controls Umbilical (10 meters) drilling control panel MySandvik insight Remote monitoring systemAIR AND WATER SYSTEM Flushing of holes By water Water booster pump WBP1 (4 kW)Water pump capacity 33 l/min at 15 bar(input pressure = 4 bar)Water pump inlet pressure 2 bar (Min.)Flushing water pressure 10 - 15 bar Shank lubrication device SLU1 (air / oil mist)Air compressorCTN9, 1 m³/min (7 bar)Rock drill oil consumption 180 - 250 g/h Rock drill air consumption 250 - 350 l/minAir cleaner for external air IP5 with air mine connection End of hole air flushing1 x 60 liters air receiverHYDRAULIC SYSTEM PowerpackHPP 545 (1 x 45 kW)Filtration (pressure / return)10 µ / 10 µOil tank volume165 litersOil cooler (water actuated)1 x OC25 (25 kW), harsh water DRILLING MODULE Type of drilling module LHF2005 (TS2-385)Drilling module force Max. 20 kN Rod retainerFCC2 for one feedFront and rear stingers600 mm (front) with LHF2004 / 2005 350 mm (front) with LHF20031 200 mm (rear)Visual angle indicators2 pcs, feed tilt angle and side angle ELECTRIC SYSTEM Standard voltages 380 - 690 V (±10%)Total installed power 60 kW Main switch gear QM14IP classification Specification TS2-132Starting methodStar delta starter 380 - 575 V DOL 600 - 690 VAutomatic cable reel CRQ with six turn indicator light and three turn interlock system Cable reel control At the operator station Low oil level indicatorLow level oil switchEmergency stop On the electric cabinet and at right side machineFront lights(combined working and driving)4 x 50 W LED (4 200 lm, 6 000 K)Rear tramming light1 x 50 W LED (4 200 lm, 6 000 K)Parking rear brake / park lights 1 x red LED Portable working light 1 x 150 W (24V)Laser positioning light 2 pcs, at each side of the machine Sealed AGM batteries2 x 12 V, 90 AhOPERATOR’S SAFETY CANOPY Canopy certification FOPS (ISO 3449)Unit height in tramming 2 750 mmOperation Standing drilling, seated tramming Operator’s seat Ergonomic, adjustable for tramming including seat belt Sound pressure level according to EN 16228Operator station: 102 dB(A)Emitted: 124 dB(A)HYDRAULIC ROCK DRILL Type of rock drill RDX5 (TS2-433)Percussion power 20 kW Percussion pressure 160 bar Percussion rate 67 HzRotation speed Max. 250 rpm (OMS125)Rotation torque Max. 625 Nm (OMS125) Shank adapter T38 (male)Weight210 kgFilling device for accumulators Specification TS2-430DRILLING MODULE DIMENSIONS Drilling module LHF2003 Option LHF2004 Option LHF2005 Standard Total length 2 550 mm 2 920 mm 3 225 mm Extension rod 915 mm 1 220 mm 1 525 mm Min. operating dimensions 2 650 mm 3 020 mm 3 325 mm Net weight695 kg710 kg725 kgCARRIERType of carrier TCQ (frame steered) Carrier articulation± 27ºRear axle oscillation± 6ºGround clearance225 mmDiesel engine Deutz D914L04, 55 kW(Tier 4i, Stage IIIA, MSHA) Exhaust catalyzer Standard Transmission HydrostaticWheel motor 4 x radial pistonTires, rim300 x 15, 8.00 - 15 Service brakes Hydrostatic transmissionParking and emergency brakes SAHR type, fail safe wet disc brakes ABA brakesTramming speed 6.5 km/h (Horizontal) 4 km/h (14%=1:7=8°)Gradeability / sideways tilt Max. 15° / 5° (according to EN 16228-2) Fuel tank75 litersCarrier stabilization Vertical inclined (front) Vertical (rear)Brake release Manual hand pump Centralized greasing points Specification (TS2-463) Tramming alarm StandardColour scheme SandvikDocumentation 2 x Operator’s manual2 x Maintenance manual2 x T echnical manual (in English only)2 x Parts manual (in English only)2 x USB Key of manuals (PDF files)OPTIONAL ITEMSRock drillPower extractor For RDX5Drilling module*Feed lengthDrilling module wear partsRod handling systemLHF2003, LHF2004 (TS2-385)Kit for alternative rock toolsERHC12Storing capacity (R32 / T38 / T45)13 / 12 / 11 rodsHydraulic systemFilling pump for hydraulic oil ElectricDrilling control systemInstrumentationMySandvik productivityTIS DP with data collector (TS2-359)Remote monitoring systemCleaning systemHP system without reel Up to 180 bar (TS2-343)Greasing systemsManual system Greasing gun and cartridge withhose reel (TS2-463)Electric system*Optional voltage*Electric cablesGround fault and overcurrentprotectionAmber flashing lightBattery jump start1 000 V (50 or 60 Hz) with DOL(machine height mini 2 470 mm)Specification TS2-121VYKLED (24 V)Air and water systemAir mist flushingWater hose with hooksExternal air / external water32 mm (1 ¼”), 80 metersOperator’s safety canopySafety grill For canopyAll around canopyFire suppression systemHand held fire extinguisherManual systemAuto. fire suppression system1 x 6 kg Type ABCAnsul, 6 nozzles (TS2-460)Sandvik Eclipse™ (TS2-461)Carrier*Diesel engine*Foam filled tiresWheel chocks and holdersDeutz D914L04, 52 kW, Tier 3,Stage IIIA, CANMETDeutz BF4L914, EMR, 72 kW, Tier 2(for high altitude)4 pcs2 SetsExtra ItemBerg plug / Berg socketKit for disassemblySpare rock drillTools and pressure test boxSpare wheel assemblySpecial tools for rock drillDocumentationWarranty extensionPackage: Country specificoptions*Package: Arctic*Package: Harsh waterIdentification hosesRD X5Specification TS2-429Standard or foam filled tireField tool set (TS2-434)Complete tool set (TS2-435)Extra paper, PDF manualsOne year additional (excl. kazakhstan)USC, CISIn extremely low temperature(Specification TS2-284)Advanced (Specification TS2-049)*) Replaces standard featureSECTIONS HEIGHT Feed Rod A (mini) A (maxi)LHF2003915 mm 2 700 mm 3 700 mm LHF2004 1 220 mm 3 000 mm 4 000 mm LHF20051 525 mm3 300 mm4 300 mmMINIMUM DISTANCE TO THE WALLWWp LHF2000610 mm 300 mm LHF2000 + ERHC12610 mm850 mmT S 2-151:12/E N G /M E T R I C © S a n d v i k M i n i n g a n d R o c k S o l u t i o n s 2021 S A N D V I K i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o w n e d b y S a n d v i k I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y A B i n S w e d e n a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .Sandvik Mining and Rock Solutions reserves the right to make changes to the information on this data sheet without prior notification to users. Please contact a Sandvik representative for clarification on specifications and options.ROCKTECHNOLOGY.SANDVIKMinimum distanceto the wall。
海氏薪酬体系标杆(英文版)
海氏薪酬体系标杆(英文版)Hays Salary System BenchmarkA well-structured and competitive salary system is essential for the success of any organization. The Hays Salary System Benchmark sets the standard for effective and fair compensation strategies in the business world. This benchmark highlights the factors that need to be considered in developing a comprehensive salary system and provides guidelines for organizations to follow.First and foremost, the Hays Salary System Benchmark emphasizes the need for organizations to conduct thorough market research. This involves analyzing compensation data from similar industries and job roles to determine the average salary levels. By comparing these figures with the organization's existing salaries, organizations can identify any disparities and make adjustments accordingly. This ensures that the salaries offered are competitive and in line with industry standards, helping to attract and retain top talent.Another important aspect of the Hays Salary System Benchmark is the recognition of the importance of job evaluation. This involves assessing the relative worth of different job roles within the organization. Factors such as the level of responsibility, required skills and qualifications, and the impact on organizational success are taken into consideration. This evaluation helps organizations assign appropriate salary ranges to different positions, ensuring that employees are fairly compensated based on the value they bring to the organization.In addition to market research and job evaluation, the Hays SalarySystem Benchmark also emphasizes the need for organizations to have clear salary structures in place. This involves defining salary ranges for each job level and providing guidelines for salary progression. Clear salary structures help employees understand the potential growth opportunities within the organization and provide a transparent framework for salary negotiations. This ensures that employees are rewarded for their efforts and motivates them to perform at their best.The Hays Salary System Benchmark also recognizes the importance of performance-based pay. This involves linking a portion of an employee's salary to their performance, incentivizing employees to achieve and exceed their targets. Performance-based pay can be in the form of bonuses, commission, or profit-sharing schemes, depending on the nature of the job and the organization's goals. This not only helps to drive employee performance but also aligns individual goals with organizational objectives.Furthermore, the Hays Salary System Benchmark highlights the need for organizations to regularly review and update their salary systems. A dynamic business environment requires constant adaptation, and salary systems are no exception. Organizations should monitor market trends, evaluate the effectiveness of their compensation strategies, and make necessary adjustments to remain competitive. Regular review also allows organizations to identify and address any pay gaps or disparities, ensuring fair and equitable compensation for all employees.To summarize, the Hays Salary System Benchmark provides organizations with a comprehensive guide to develop an effectiveand fair compensation strategy. By conducting thorough market research, evaluating job roles, defining clear salary structures, implementing performance-based pay, and regularly reviewing and updating the system, organizations can ensure that their employees are fairly compensated and motivated to achieve excellence. The Hays Salary System Benchmark sets the standard for the industry, giving organizations the tools they need to attract and retain top talent, drive performance, and achieve organizational success.薪酬系统的基础构架是一个组织内部必不可少的部分。
中国高铁为什么那么先进英语作文
中国高铁的卓越之路：技术革新与前瞻视野的融合In the realm of high-speed rail technology, China has emerged as a global leader, boasting an extensive and rapidly expanding network that is both technologically advanced and operationally efficient. The reasons behind China's preeminence in high-speed rail are numerous, spanning from innovative engineering to forward-thinking policy decisions.Technological innovation has been a cornerstone of China's high-speed rail revolution. The country has invested heavily in research and development, resulting in cutting-edge trains that are not only faster but safer and more comfortable than their predecessors. These trains are equipped with state-of-the-art features such as automatic braking systems, advanced signaling technology, and energy-efficient propulsion systems. Additionally, China has developed its own high-speed rail network, avoiding the need to rely on external suppliers, further enhancing its technological autonomy.Moreover, China's approach to high-speed rail construction has been notably efficient and cost-effective. Utilizing a combination of public and private sector funding, the country has been able to quickly roll out new lines while maintaining fiscal prudence. This approach has not only allowed China to build a vast network of high-speed rail lines but has also created a boom in the domestic manufacturing sector, as companies race to supply the growing demand for high-speed rail components and equipment.Another key factor in China's high-speed rail successis its forward-thinking policy decisions. The government has recognized the strategic value of high-speed rail in connecting cities, enhancing economic integration, and promoting sustainable development. Consequently, it has prioritized the development of high-speed rail infrastructure, allocating significant resources to its construction and operation. This commitment to long-term investment has paid dividends, as China's high-speed rail network has become a critical component of its transportation infrastructure, supporting economic growth and social progress.In conclusion, China's ascendancy in high-speed rail technology is the result of a combination of technological innovation, efficient construction methods, and forward-thinking policy decisions. The country's commitment to research and development, coupled with its strategic vision for transportation infrastructure, has positioned it as a global leader in this field. As China continues to expand its high-speed rail network, it will undoubtedly巩固其在全球交通领域的领先地位，并为未来的可持续发展奠定坚实基础。
2020年高考英语外刊时事命题七选五：大型科技公司对应届毕业生还有吸引力吗 Is Big Tech Losing Its Appeal
Is Big Tech Losing Its Appeal大型科技公司对应届毕业生还有吸引力吗Pizza stations, gyms, headquarters designed by world-famous architects, and the promise of a brilliant career that also has the potential to solve world problems. ____1____ But is its status starting to change?Unfortunately, this is indeed the case. According to a CNBC report based on interviews with former Facebook recruiters (招聘专员), the company has been struggling to win over graduates following the Cambridge Analytica (剑桥分析公司) scandal in 2018. Among top schools, Facebook’s acceptance rate for full-time positions on offer to new graduates has fallen from an average of 85 percent, during the 2017-2018 school year, to 35 percent as of December 2018. The report cited ethical (道德的) and political concerns among candidates, as well as the relevance of Facebook as a lead brand among young people.It is well established that those aged between 18 and 24 are looking for more purpose in their work. “Purpose” can be defined in a few ways, but it often comes down to having high-level vision and a sense of personal impact. ____2____ If tech workers don’t want to feel likea cog (轮齿) in an enormous machine, they no longer need to. There are many alternatives available.____3____According to , their average salary globally is $135,000. However, the culture of long hours (probably fueled by those free pizzas) has lost its appeal among the younger generation as they seek a better work-life balance. For those who stay in Big Tech, it is not hard to realize that the cost of living in big cities increasingly cancels out much of the amazing salary on offer.____4____ There is a monoculture (单一文化社会) in Silicon Valley (硅谷). Employees often do not interact with anyone until they get to the office. They do not experience the real world and yet they are supposed to — in Facebook’s case — be serving a community of 2.5 billion. I find that really troubling. They need to be given more time and resources to think about the impact their products may have on society.Despite these problems, the vast majority of tech workers still believe technology is a force for good. They could be a key force that helps to form the much-needed change of Big Tech companies. Empowering (赋权) them with “positive dissent (异议)” could be the way to keep them. ____5____（选自Economist）A. Big Tech is not evil; it just needs help.B. Big Tech might be concerned about government fines and PR emergencies, but its biggest problem could be failing to recruit and keep talented staff.C. For a long time, working in Big Tech was the dream for many young people.D. Tech workers are seeing the connection between all these things — misinformation, bias and inequality — and wanting to do something about them.E. The lack of diversity in Big Tech is also an issue.F. With huge employee bases, both these things get diluted (稀释) in Big Tech.G. Tech workers in Big Tech are still well-paid.译文：披萨站，体育馆，由世界著名建筑师设计的总部，以及其辉煌职业的承诺，也有可能解决世界问题。
高重科技英语
高重科技英语Gao Zhong Technology has been at the forefront of technological innovation for over two decades The company was founded in 1998 with the vision of providing cutting-edge solutions to businesses and individuals alike Since its inception Gao Zhong has grown to become one of the most respected names in the technology industry with a global presence and a reputation for excellenceAt the heart of Gao Zhong's success is its unwavering commitment to research and development The company invests heavily in its R&D department employing some of the brightest minds in the field to continuously push the boundaries of what is possible This dedication to innovation has resulted in the development of a wide range of groundbreaking products and services that have transformed the way we live and workOne of Gao Zhong's flagship offerings is its line of enterprise-level software solutions designed to streamline business operations and enhance productivity The company's enterprise resource planning ERP system for example integrates all of a company's core businessprocesses into a single platform providing real-time visibility into key performance indicators and enabling data-driven decision making This has proven to be a game-changer for organizations across a variety of industries helping them to optimize their operations reduce costs and improve their overall competitivenessIn addition to its ERP offerings Gao Zhong also provides a suite of cloud-based collaboration tools that enable remote teams to work seamlessly together regardless of their physical location These tools include video conferencing file sharing and project management capabilities all of which are designed to facilitate effective communication and seamless collaboration This has become increasingly important in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic which has accelerated the shift towards remote and hybrid work modelsBeyond its enterprise solutions Gao Zhong has also made significant strides in the consumer technology space The company's line of smart home devices for example allows homeowners to remotely control and monitor a wide range of household functions from lighting and temperature to security and energy management This not only enhances the convenience and comfort of everyday living but also contributes to greater energy efficiency and sustainabilityGao Zhong's commitment to innovation extends beyond just product development The company also places a strong emphasison user experience design ensuring that its products and services are intuitive and easy to use This has been a key differentiator for the company in a crowded market where user satisfaction is increasingly becoming a critical factor in purchasing decisionsOne of the most impressive aspects of Gao Zhong's approach to user experience is its use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to personalize and optimize the user experience The company's AI-powered personal assistant for example learns and adapts to the user's preferences and habits over time providing customized recommendations and assistance that make everyday tasks more efficient and enjoyableBut Gao Zhong's impact extends far beyond just the products and services it offers The company has also been a driving force in the global push for greater sustainability and environmental responsibility Through its various initiatives and partnerships Gao Zhong has been working to reduce its carbon footprint and promote the use of renewable energy sources in both its own operations and those of its customersFor example the company's line of energy-efficient data centers utilizes advanced cooling technologies and renewable energy sources to minimize their environmental impact This not only helps to reduce the company's own carbon emissions but also enables itscustomers to operate more sustainably and reduce their environmental impact as wellFurthermore Gao Zhong has been actively involved in supporting the development of smart city infrastructure around the world The company's smart city solutions leverage the power of the Internet of Things IoT and data analytics to optimize urban planning and resource management helping to create more livable and sustainable communitiesOne of the key drivers of Gao Zhong's success has been its ability to attract and retain top talent from around the world The company has built a strong reputation as an employer of choice offering competitive compensation and benefits as well as opportunities for professional development and growthThis focus on talent development has enabled Gao Zhong to assemble a diverse and highly skilled workforce that is capable of tackling the most complex technological challenges The company's commitment to fostering a culture of innovation and collaboration has also been instrumental in its ability to stay ahead of the curve and deliver cutting-edge solutions to its customersLooking to the future Gao Zhong is poised to continue its trajectory of growth and innovation The company has already begun exploringnew frontiers in areas such as quantum computing and biotechnology and is working to develop solutions that will shape the technology landscape of tomorrowWith its strong track record of success and its unwavering commitment to innovation Gao Zhong is well-positioned to remain a dominant force in the global technology market for years to come As the world continues to evolve and the demand for cutting-edge solutions only grows the company's unique blend of technological expertise and customer-centric approach will undoubtedly continue to set it apart from the competition。
sprenger97a
Design of a High Speed and High Precision3 DOF Linear Direct DriveBernhard SprengerSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) • Institute of Robotics 8092 Zurich, Switzerland • Email: sprenger@ifr.mavt.ethz.chAbstractDevelopments in microelectronics, micromechanics and mi-croelectromechanical systems (e.g. micromotors, microsen-sors) require significant improvements in manufacturing tools for mass productions. Especially the assembling tools have to become faster and more precise.Many assembly devices use XY stages driven by DC servo-motors with ball screws or parallel structures; others use linear drives with traditional ball bearings. Only a few devices use linear drives together with air bearings, but always together with an angular guide for X and Y direc-tion.The novel approach presented in this paper is based on lin-ear drives together with a planar air bearing. In contrast to other stages, it doesn’t need any angular guide. This reduces the moved mass and leads to higher accelerations. It consists of an arrangement of four identical moving coils attached to a slide, which is suspended by a planar air bearing. This new configuration allows a workspace of 60 x 60 mm2 and an acceleration exceeding 10 g1 with a resolu-tion better than 100 nm.This paper gives an overview of the system and focuses on the design and characterization of the moving coils.1.IntroductionThe need for high speed and high precision positioning sys-tems is increasing in many fields of technology, such as microelectronics [1], micromechanics and microelectrome-chanical systems. For mass production, the assembling/ mounting tools have to achieve high precision and have to work with high speed or/and highly parallel.There are many concepts to build high speed or high preci-sion manipulators, but only a few of them can serve to obtain high speed together with high precision:•Ball screw drives obtain high precision, but high speed can not be reached because of its large inertia and high friction.•Impact drives [2] and inchworms achieve high resolu-tion over a large working area, but only with low speed.1.1g = 9.81ms-2Their main fields of application are the manipulation of small objects underneath microscopes (e.g. the manipu-lation of cells in science of medicine or biology) and near field microscopy.•Fast parallel drives, similar to the Delta-Robot [3], have the advantage, that their motors are fixed and don’t have to be moved. This reduces the moved mass and allows to achieve high acceleration. They use ball bearings for the joints, which have radial run-out of several µm. The inaccuracy is growing with each joint of the robot.Other problems are the low stiffness of these structures, the friction in the joints and its difficult kinematics and dynamics. All these effects make it difficult to achieve high precision together with large acceleration.•Steel cables or steel belts as transmission elements allow the construction of high performance manipula-tors [4]. Their main advantage is, that their motors are fixed and don’t have to be moved, which leads to mini-mal inertia of all moving parts. The attainable resolution is limited due to their vibrational properties, their com-plex deflection of cables/belts and friction.•Linear drives achieve high performance and good reso-lution, but their combination for multiple dof2 is diffi-cult to realize. They are often arranged to parallel structures by the use of angular guides [5]. The friction can be eliminated by air bearings, leading to an enhanced resolution [6]. The disadvantages of these solutions are the complex design (3 air bearings) and the large moved mass resulting from the angular guides.A novel type of a 3 dof linear drive is presented in this paper. This approach is based on linear drives together with a planar air bearing. It consists of four identical moving coils attached to a slide. This slide glides on a granite plate and is suspended by one planar air-bearing. In contrast to other stages, it doesn’t need any angular guide. The lack of angular guides reduces the moved mass, leading to higher acceleration. It also simplifies the mechanical construction. This design allows a workspace of 60 x 60 mm2 and an acceleration exceeding 10 g with a resolution better than 100 nm.2.dof = degrees of freedomThis paper focuses on the design and characterization of the moving coil actuators. Mechanical and electromagnetic FEM simulations are used to layout the moving coils and to calculate the relation between current and force. To obtain an assessment about the dynamics, the electrical transfer function is measured and the eddy currents are estimated [7]. This assessment is also needed for optimal layout of the controller and the power amplifiers.2.System OverviewBasic elements of the 3 dof linear-drive are its actuators (Fig.1), based on moving coils. Each of them consists of a merged arrangement of two traditional voice coils [8][9][10]. In the field of fast and precise positioning the main advantage of moving coils is, that only the light coil moves, whereas the heavy stator/core is fixed. In addition the use of an air bearing results in a frictionless design. This frictionless actuation and the linear current-force relation ease also the controller design.Fig. 1: Voice-Coil Type Actuator(1-Core/Stator, 2-Magnet, 3-Moving Coil)The arrangement of bearings is done by one planar air bear-ings, which permits free movement in the XY-plain, whereas movements in Z-direction and rotations around X-/ Y-axis are prevented. Therefore a minimum of three actua-tors are necessary to control these 3 dof. The advantage of decoupled XY-measurement systems leads towards a rectan-gular configuration with three actuators. In order to avoid high torsion stress in the system and to increase its control-lability and performance, a 4th actuator has been added, resulting in a more symmetrical, but redundant actuated system. The redundancy in actuation can easily be treated by the controller.The complete mechanical setup is shown in Fig.2. It con-sists of four identical moving coils attached to the slide, which glides on a granite plate suspended by the planar air-bearing. This bearing consists of pressure and vacuum zones, delivering high stiffness. The cross section of the system is shown in Fig.3.Fig. 3: Cross Section(1-Core/Stator, 2-Moving Coil, 3-Slide,4-Air Bearing, 5-Granite Plate)3.Design of the ActuatorsThe size and mass of the slide is conditioned by the used sensor system from Heidenhain and the required stiffness of the air bearing. Together with the coils and the tool, a mass of about 5 kg has to be accelerated. The proposed acceleration of 10 g demands that each actuator has to deliver a force of 250 N at a coil current of 8 A.The design of the actuators consists of a merged arrange-ment of two commercial stators/cores from ETEL and a newly developed coil (Fig.1). The air gap (in which the coil moves) of these stators/cores limits the thickness and the allowable deformation of the coil. The coil has to adhere to this limit even at the maximum force.The coils are optimized by FEM simulations to fulfill these conditions (force, thickness and displacement) with mini-mal weight, maximal stiffness and large electromechanical dynamics. The stiffness and the displacement are obtainedfrom mechanical simulations, whereas the current-force relation is gained from electromagnetic simulations. The electrical transfer function is measured and the eddy cur-rents are estimated to obtain an assessment about the dynamics of the electromechanical system, which is essen-tial to design the controller and power amplifier.3.1.Electromagnetic FEM SimulationBecause 3D FEM simulations require huge computer resources, a reduced 2 dimensional model is used for the electromagnetic simulations. The expected errors resulting from this reduction are smaller than the spread of the mag-nets (+/-5%). The model of the actuators (Fig.4) consists of a merged arrangement of two voice coils, allowing to pro-duce high force with small leakage of flux and little mass to be moved.Fig. 4: Electromagnetic Simulation Model (1-Core/Stator, 2-Magnet, 3-Moving Coil)Each of these coils consists of 120 windings arranged in 3layers. Applying a coil current of 8 A results in a force of 254 N. The resulting magnetic flux density is shown by Fig.5 and the magnetic field lines are shown by Fig.6.These figures show a small field displacement into the left core of the actuator, leading to a field weakening through the coils. This effect ensues from the small air gap between the two cores. The smaller this air gap gets the bigger the field displacement and the field weakening through the coils becomes. Because the resulting force is a function of the magnetic flux through the coils, it is reduced by this dis-placement too. An enlargement of the air gap between the two cores reduces this effect but it also leads towards a big-ger coil with more mass to move. As a consequence, the optimal distance between the two cores is found to be about twice the gap (including the height of the magnets) in which the coil is moving. The resulting force of 254 N is about 5% underneath its theoretical maximum, which would be reached with an infinite gap between the cores.Fig. 5: Magnetic Flux DensityFig. 6: Magnetic Field LinesThe current-force relation is obtained by FEM-simulations and verified by measurements. This relation is linear as expected and is shown in Fig.7.Fig. 7: Measured Current-Force Relation31212345678Current [A]50100150200250300F o r c e [N ]3.2.Mechanical FEM SimulationOne important condition for the mechanical design is the height of the air gap, in which the coil is moving. This lim-its the allowable deformation of the coil. Another important condition is, that the stress in the fiber glass doesn’t exceed the material limits. To fulfill these conditions the design of the coils has been optimized by mechanical FEM simula-tions, leading to a solution with enhanced thickness of the lamination at the side walls, which are not in the air gap. The employed 3 dimensional model for these mechanical FEM simulations is shown in Fig.8.Fig. 8: Mechanical Simulation Model Applying the maximum load of 254 N results in the dis-placement shown in Fig.9. The maximum values of the displacement in X-, Y- and Z-direction are listed in Tab. 1.Fig. 9: Displacement 3.3.Electrical Model and Eddy CurrentsFor the design of the controller and power amplifier it is essential to know the electromagnetic dynamics of the actu-ator. First of all the electrical transfer function is measured, the electric conduction () calculated and an estimation about the eddy currents is made [7].The electrical transfer function of the moving coil actuator is measured with the coil fixed to its core/stator. This trans-fer function is shown in Fig.10.Fig. 10: Electrical Transfer FunctionFig. 11: Equivalent CircuitThe complex impedance of the actuator shows an ohmic behaviour (phase → 0) for low frequencies due to the resis-tance of the wires, an inductive behaviour (phase → π/2) for frequencies up 100 kHz due to the coil inductance, a resonance at 100 kHz and a capacitive behaviour (phase →−π/2) for frequencies over 100 kHz due to the capacity between the windings. This leads towards the equivalent electrical circuit for the coil shown in Fig.11, which con-sists of a resistor, an inductance and a capacity.Eddy currents are one of the main effects, that limit the dynamics of electromagnetic actuators. For high frequen-cies they lead to huge losses in the core and even inside the Direction Displacement (mm)X<0.153Y<0.056Z<0.226Tab. 1: Maximal DisplacementsP n Real1z--=z RjωL1ω2LC–-----------------------+=wires. Dominating eddy currents are characterized by an electrical transfer functions with a phase near to . Analyzing the transfer function (Fig.10) leads to the assessment, that they can be neglected in the shown fre-quency range and that the electromagnetic dynamics of the actuators exceed 200 kHz. The use of an high speed con-troller together with a ultra fast switching amplifier is rea-sonable.Similar considerations about the eddy current can be doneThe loss of the actuator is evaluated by the conductance and the applied alternating voltage:Accordingly the electric conductance function can be inter-preted as the normalized loss function. The conductance function shows a decreasing behaviour up to 200 kHz, which is identical with decreasing losses. The increasing conductance for frequencies over 200 kHz results from the capacity between the windings, which acts like a short cir-cuit for high frequencies. Dominating eddy currents would be represented by exploding losses (conductance) for high frequencies. Therefore the eddy currents can be neglected at least up to 200 kHz and the electromagnetic dynamics certainly exceed 200 kHz.4.ConclusionsA new design of a linear drive is introduced in this paper, which is based on traditional voice coils. It allows a work-ing space of 60 x 60 mm2 with a sensor resolution of less than 100 nm. This drive is a wear-resistant, maintenance-free and frictionless design because of its air bearing. Its electromagnetic dynamics exceeds 200 kHz, allowing the use of an high speed controller together with a ultra fast switching amplifier.The design should achieve an acceleration exceeding 10 g and, because of the frictionless arrangement of bearings, a repeatable precision of 100 nm, what has to be proofed by future work.5.References[1]W. Beckenbaugh, Manufacturing Implications ofUltra High Speed Packaging and InterconnectDesign, Fourth IEEE/CHMT European Interna-tional Electronic Manufacturing Technology Sym-posium Proceedings, pp. 108-111, 1988.[2]W. Zesch, R. Büchi, A. Codourey and R. Sieg-wart, Inertial Drives for Micro- and Nanorobots:Two Novel Mechanisms, SPIE Microrobotics andMicromechanical Systems, Philadelphia, USA, pp.80-88, October 1995.[3]R. Clavel, DELTA, a Fast Robot with ParallelGeometry, Int. Symp. on Industrial Robots (ISIR),pp. 91-100, 1988.[4]H. Fässler, H. A. Beyer and J. Wen, Robot PingPong Player. Optimized Mechanics, High Perfor-mance 3D Vision, and Intelligent Sensor Control,Robotersysteme, V ol. 6, No. 3, pp. 161-170, 1990.[5]O. Masamitsu, H. Toyomi and W. Mitsuhito, HighSpeed and High Accuracy XY-Stage for ElectronicAssembly, Fourth IEEE/CHMT European Interna-tional Electronic Manufacturing Technology Sym-posium, Proceedings, pp. 104-107, 1988.[6] C. Meisser, H. Eggenschwiler and W. Nehls, Ein-richtung zur Durchführung der Zustellbewegungeines Arbeitsorgans zu einer Arbeitsstation, Euro-pean Patent Application No. 0317787B1, ESEC SA,1988.[7]L. Kucera and M. Ahrens, A Model for Axial Mag-netic Bearings including Eddy Currents, ThirdInternational Symposium on Magnetic SuspensionTechnology, Tallahassee, USA, pp. 421-436, 1995.[8]G.W. McLean, Review of Recent Progress in Lin-ear Motors, IEE Proceedings Part B v 135, pp. 380-416, 1988.[9]J. Stupak and G. Gogue, Voice-Coil Actuators:Insight into the Design, Intelligent Motion, pp. 241-253, October 1989.[10] B. Black, M. Lopez and A. Morcos, Basics of VoiceCoil Actuators, PCIM, pp. 44-46, July 1993.π4--P l P n U2⋅=。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Control and Simulation Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2, Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150080, China
Article history: Received 22 November 2013 Accepted 20 June 2014 Keywords: Zernike moments Center location Error compensation
1. Introduction In optical measurements, the circular mark of the rotation invariance and easy to implement, etc., are widely used in target identification and localization. Since the perspective projection transformation is often transformed into a circular target ellipse, so vision measurement system, the center of the ellipse, fast and precise positioning are of great significance [1]. At present, domestic and foreign scholars affect central oval object detection and localization factors focused on the following aspects: camera lens distortion [2–5], edge detection algorithm [6,7], fitting algorithm [8–10] as well as the center of the circle center asymmetric projection causes deviation [11–13]. Literature [14] used gray moment and curvature to maintain access to elliptical pattern sub-pixel edge, and then directly fitted ellipse center coordinates of the calculation method although only the first three gray moment, but gray moment solving speed, noise immunity sex, the positioning accuracy is not high. Literature [15] proposed a parameter fitting quadratic curve type cannot ensure the edge positioning accuracy while the current method of using the geometric characteristics of over-reliance on the coarse positioning geometric information, underutilized image gray value information, leading edge location is not enough accurate. Literature [11] gives the center deviation compensation method requires prior knowledge of
6571
and the length of long axis, extract ellipse “region of interest” (ROI, region of interest), locate the edge only in the region of interest, can improve the speed of the algorithm. First, mark the edge of the elliptical primary positioning information for pixel-level, image edge point detection can be a tough order differential edge detection operator—Sobel to achieve, specific steps as follows: (1) The use of the operator within the image F(x, y) point (i, j) to calculate the gray axis (x, y) in both directions along the partial derivative of Sx and Sy .
Elliptical target image of the whole image is often only a small part. According to the rough location of the ellipse center position
J. Cui et al. / Optik 125 (2014) 6570–6575
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
For vision measurement in the center circle landmark location problem, an improved center of the ellipse based on Zernike moments sub-pixel positioning algorithm was proposed. First, using Sobel operator edge of the image pixel level positioning and then use the constructed Zernike moments to solve the model, combined with Zernike orthogonal polynomials and completeness and plural moment magnitude rotational invariance calculated edge sub-pixel position; followed by analysis of the principle deviation generated by the moments template and ideals model, a correction formula was proposed to compensate and improved edge criterion used to image sub-pixel edge positioning; finally, using the least-squares ellipse fitting algorithm fitting circle center, reverse edge point, filtered residuals larger point, and then precise positioning of the ellipse center. The experimental results show that this method has good stability and high positioning accuracy can be efficiently used in many applications. © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Optik 125 (2014) 6570–6575
Байду номын сангаас
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Optik
journal homepage: www.elsevier.de/ijleo
The high precision positioning algorithm of circular landmark center in visual measurement
camera parameters is known, combined with the knowledge of epistolary constraint; the calculation process is more complex. This paper focuses on the center of the circle edge detection algorithm error factor, presents an improved algorithm about center sub-pixel positioning of the circular marks based Zernike moments. The algorithm first target on the edge of a circular course location; then according to the edge of the rough location pixel level edge information as a result of amended moment templates generated by the principle of deviation; application improved Zernike moments judgment that the edge of the condition for the sub-pixel positioning. Sub-pixel edge on access points to calculate the least squares fit circular mark coordinates of the center point through a reverse edge, filtered residuals larger point, and then fitting the coordinates of the center circle flag, to achieve circular mark point precision positioning. The following section, we describe the basic and improved principles of the algorithm with detection of the sub-pixel edge, then locate the center of the features. Section 3 presents the analysis of the improved algorithm performance. Experiments with synthetic and real data are described in Section 4. Finally, we discuss the experimental results of the proposed algorithm and conclude the paper. 2. Description of the algorithm 2.1. Position at the early edge