A review of recent developments of friction modifiers for liquid lubricants (2007–present)

合集下载

大学英语六级模拟试卷376(题后含答案及解析)

大学英语六级模拟试卷376(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) 3. Listening Comprehension 4. Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) 6. Error Correction 8. TranslationPart I Writing (30 minutes)1．Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Precious Water. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:1.举例说明水对人类的重要性2. 举例说明我国所面临的水资源问题3. 为了生存和发展人们要……Precious Water正确答案：Precious Water No one doubts the importance of water. Human beings live on water, animals live on water, plants live on water and all living things live on water. You can’t imagine what would happen if there were no water in the world! China is one of the countries in the world that are badly short of water. Water problem has become more acute in recent years with the increase of water consumption and pollution. In big cities, the water problem has become even worse. With the growth of population, more and more water is needed. With the development of the industry, a large quantity of water has been and is being polluted. Water pollution is the most serious problem that China is facing. It has spread to rivers, lakes, and even the oceans. In order to survive, man has to be wise enough to treasure water and try m prevent it from being polluted. Man should also know that all resources in the world are limited, including water. Make good use of them, otherwise, man will be punished by nature. To treasure water is to treasure life: to protect our environment is to protect ourselves.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.Where Have All the People Gone? Germans are getting used to a new kind of immigrant. In 1998, a pack of wolves crossed the Neisse River on the Polish-German border. In the empty landscape of eastern Saxony, dotted with abandoned mines and declining villages, the wolves found plenty of deer and few humans. Five years later, a second pack split from the original, so there’re now two families of wolves in the region. A hundred years ago, a growing land-hungry population killed off the last of Germany’s wolves. Today, it’s the local humans whose numbers are under threat. Villages are empty, thanks to the region’s low birth rateand rural flight. Home to 22 of the world’s 25 lowest fertility rate countries, Europe will lose 30 million people by 2030, even with continued immigration. The biggest population decline will hit rural Europe. As Italians, Spaniards, Germans and others produce barely three-fifths of children needed to maintain status quo, and as rural flight sucks people into Europe’s suburbs and cities, the countryside will lose a quarter of its population. The implications of this demographic (人口的) change will be far-reaching.Environmental Changes The postcard view of Europe is of a continent where every scrap of land has long been farmed, fenced off and settled. But the continent of the future may look rather different. Big parts of Europe will renaturalize. Bears are back in Austria. In Swiss Alpine valleys, farms have been receding and forests are growing back. In parts of France and Germany, wildcats and wolves have re-established their ranges. The shrub and forest that grows on abandoned land might be good for deer and wolves, but is vastly less species-rich than traditional farming, with its pastures, ponds and hedges. Once shrub covers everything, you lose the meadow habitat. All the flowers, herbs, birds, and butterflies disappear. A new forest doesn’t get diverse until a couple of hundred years old. All this is not necessarily an environmentalist’s dream it might seem. Take the Greek village of Prastos. An ancient hill town, Prastos once had 1,000 residents, most of them working the land. Now only a dozen left, most in their 60s and 70s. The school has been closed since 1988. Sunday church bells no longer ting. Without farmers to tend the fields, rain has washed away the once fertile soil. As in much of Greece, land that has been orchards and pasture for some 2,000 years is now covered with dry shrub that, in summer, frequently catches fire.Varied Pictures of Rural Depopulation Rural depopulation is not new. Thousands of villages like Prastos dot Europe, the result of a century or more of emigration, industrialization, and agricultural mechanization. But this time it’s different because never has the rural birth rate so low. In the past, a farmer could usually find at least one of his offspring to take over the land. Today, the chances are that he has only a single son or daughter, usually working in the city and rarely willing to return. In Italy, more than 40% of the country’s 1.9 million farmers are at least 65 years old. Once they die out, many of their farms will join the 6 million hectares —one third of Italy’s farmland —that has already been abandoned. Rising economic pressures, especially from reduced government subsidies, will amplify the trend. One third of Europe’s farmland is marginal, from the cold northern plains to the dry Mediterranean (地中海) hills. Most of these farmers rely on EU subsides, since it’s cheaper to import food from abroad. Without subsidies, some of the most scenic European landscapes wouldn’t survive. In the Austrian or Swiss Alps, defined for centuries by orchards, cows, high mountain pastures, the steep valleys are labor-intensive to farm, with subsidies paying up to 90% of the cost. Across the border in France and Italy, subsidies have been reduced for mountain farming. Since then, across the southern Alps, villages have emptied and forests have grown back in. Outside the range of subsidies, in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine, big tracts of land are returning to wild.Big Challenges The truth is varied and interesting. While many rural regions of Europe are emptying out, others will experience something of a renaissance. Already, attractive areas within driving distance of prosperous cities areseeing robust revivals, driven by urban flight and an in-flooding of childless retirees. Contrast that with less-favored areas, from the Spanish interior to eastern Europe. These face dying villages, abandoned farms and changes in the land not seen for generations. Both types of regions will have to cope with steeply ageing population and its accompanying health and service needs. Rural Europe is the laboratory of demographic changes. For governments, the challenge has been to develop policies that slow the demographic decline or attract new residents. In some places such as Britain and France, large parts of countryside are reviving as increasingly wealthy urban middle class in search of second homes recolonises villages and farms. Villages in central Italy are counting on tourism to revive their town, turning farmhouses into hostels for tourists and hikers. But once baby boomers start dying out around 2020, populations will start to decline so sharply that there simply won’t be enough people to reinvent itself. It’s simply unclear how long current government policies can put off the inevitable. “We are now talking about civilized depopulation. We just have to make sure that old people we leave behind are taken care of.” Says Mats Johansson of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The biggest challenge is finding creative ways to keep up services for the rising proportion of seniors. When the Austrian village of Klans, thinly spread over the Alpine foothills, decided it could no longer afford a regular public bus service, the community set up a public taxi-on-demand service for the aged. In thinly populated Lapland where doctors are few and far between, tech-savvy Finns the rising demand for specialized health care with a service that uses videoconferencing and the Internet for remote medical examination. Another pioneer is the village of Aguaviva, one of rapidly depopulating areas in Spain. In 2000, Mayor Manznanares began offering free air-fares and housing for foreign families to settle in Aguaviva. Now the mud-brown town of about 600 has 130 Argentine and Romanian immigrants, and the town’s only school has 54 pupils. Immigration was one solution to the problem. But most foreign immigrants continue to prefer cities. And within Europe migration only exports the problem. Western European look towards eastern Europe as a source for migrants, yet those countries have ultra-low birth rates of their own. Now the increasingly worried European governments are developing policies to make people have more children, from better childcare to monthly stipends (津贴) linked to family size. But while these measures might raise the birth rate slightly, across the much of the ageing continent there are just too few potential parents around.2．The current rural depopulation in Europe is the result of long-term emigration and industrialization.A．YB．NC．NG正确答案：B解析：根据第二段可知，最近欧洲农村人口锐减主要是由于低出生率与农村人口迁往城市(the region’s low birth rate and rural flight)。

02-专业学位研究生英语水平自测试题

UNIT 2 Model Test 2Part I Vocabulary1.Although Asian countries are generally more cautious in social customs than Western countries, there havebeen several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.A) conservative 保守的B) confidential 机密的C) comprehensive 综合的D) consistent 始终的虽然亚洲的国家在社会习俗方面普遍比西方国家保守，但中国和印度仍有好几位著明的女性领导人。

Cautious：谨慎的2.The law prohibits occupancy by more than 250 persons.A) abandons 放弃B) defines 定义C) declare 宣布D) forbids 禁止法律禁止超过250人的占用。

Prohibit：禁止3.One condition of this job is that you must be present at work at weekends.A) available to 可以用来B) capable of 有能力C) acceptable to 可接受D)accessible to 可得到这个工作的一个条件就是你必须周末去工作。

Present at：在场4.The availability of food and probably to a lesser extent, the degree of danger from predators are two basicinfluences in the relations between individuals within a species.A) distribution 分配B) diversity 多样性C) imitation 模仿D) utility 效用食物的可获得性及可能在稍微小的程度上来自捕食者的危险程度是两个影响个体在物种之间的关系基本因素。

Developing

Design Research in the Netherlands75 7. Developing NPD-Process KnowledgeJan BuijsDepartment of Product Innovation & ManagementSub-Faculty of Industrial Design EngineeringDelft University of Technology7.1 IntroductionThis conference on Design Research in the Netherlands 2000 gives us a nice opportunity to show the results of design research which is being carried out at the Delft School for Product Design (officially the Sub-faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at the Delft University of Technology). Since the 1995 conference a lot has happened. In those days the Delft School of Product Design was the independent Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering. Now we have merged with the Schools of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture into the new Faculty of Design, Construction and Production (DCP). The number of students and staff for product design stayed constant for all those years (ca. 100 fte staff and 1600 students). Originally we had five organisational units: four “Vakgroepen” responsible for teaching and research in the fields of respectively Construction, Ergonomics, Formgiving and Management Sciences, with one shared “Werkgroep” responsible for teaching design.Now we have three departments (“Afdelingen”), responsible only for research: Industrial Design (ID), Design Engineering (DE) and Product Innovation & Management (PI&M). All education is separately organised, headed by the Director of Education. Design teaching is an integral part of this organisation (although it is separately organised as the Institute for Design Teaching (= IvOO = Instituut voor het Ontwerp Onderwijs) and has the same budgetary status as the three research departments ID, DE and PI&M. The Department of Industrial Design is the combination of the former Ergonomics and Formgiving groups, Design Engineering comes from the former Construction group and Product Innovation & Management comes from the Management Sciences group. Design Methodology was part of the Management Sciences group and is now part of PI&M.7.2 Design researchIt could be argued that all research carried out within a school of product design is a form of design research, but that would be much too pretentious. For instance within the Department of Design Engineering research is done in the field of material sciences on plastics, and within Industrial Design researchers look at the physical limitations of elderly people in order to design better suited products for them. Within the Department of Product Innovation & Management research has been done on market introduction strategies for new products. These and other research projects are not considered as design research projects though.It would be difficult to make a sharp distinction between what is design research and what is not, especially considering the multi-disciplinary character of design itself. I will limit design research to only those research subjects that are aimed at the development of process knowledge of the New Product Development (NPD) process and not covered by other76Developing NPD-Process Knowledge traditional mono-disciplinary domains. This gap partly exists because the other disciplines are not interested in them (i.e. intuition and creativity by psychologists) or because they are unable to do it within a mono-discipline (i.e. real protocol analysis of product design projects needs both designers or engineers and psychologists).I will also limit myself to the research work of the Department of Product Innovation & Management. Others at this conference will take care of the research work that is being done in the other departments.By doing so I will not go into the research carried out within the Marketing group (a sub group of PI&M), because their research is part of the mono-discipline of marketing. Even though they have, besides marketeers, economists, psychologists, communication scientists and even product designers in their staff. I will only report about the developments within the two other groups of PI&M, the Design Methodology Group and the Management & Organisation Group.7.2.1The Design Methodology Group(Permanent research staff per May 1st 2000: ir. Norbert Roozenburg, dr. Peter Lloyd and 2 vacancies. Temporary research staff: 2 vacancies).This has been the core design research group at our school, right from its beginning in 1964. Design Methodology is one of the key elements in the curriculum of Delft School of Product Design. According to the research of Hanny de Wilde (1997), about the history and development of this school, explicit attention to design methodology was one of the key elements to start the first product design school in the Netherlands at a university level. The founder of our school, an architect called Joost van der Grinten, borrowed the ideas about design methodology both from the Royal College of Art in the UK and from the Hochschule für Gestaltung in Ulm, Germany. The work of Bruce Archer was quite influential.The graduation work of our first graduate (Norbert Roozenburg in December 1971) was about the application of a specific design method in product design. He still works at the school and is, not only, very active in the design methodology and design research field, but is also the Director of the School’s Institute for Design Teaching. He is unable to be here because he is currently guest professor at the Danish University of Technology in Copenhagen. So I will be his humble representative.The first professor in Design Methodology was Johannes Eekels (he became emeritus in 1987). Together with Norbert Roozenburg he produced numerous books and articles. The latest Dutch version of their book was published in 1998 (Roozenburg and Eekels 1998). An English version was published in 1995 (Rozenburg and Eekels 1975).Besides this traditional emphasis on the prescriptive and normative ways of designing, which is still of concern, the research in this field now also embraces empirical studies.The publication of the book on the Delft workshop on protocol analysis is a landmark in this respect (Cross, Christiaans and Dorst 1996). The workshop was organised to discuss, among leading scholars in design research, the results of different analyses from shared data.The shared data consisted of a protocol study on both individual and group design work. It was based on the same design brief. The experiment itself has taken place at Xerox PARC in California. The experimenters were Nigel Cross (at that time part-time professor in Design Methodology in Delft), Anita Cross, Henri Christiaans and Kees Dorst; the participating designers came from IDEO, the leading product design firm in the US.The workshop offered a great deal of insight into how designers actually work. At the workshop invited scholars shared their results, ideas, objections and doubts. It was interesting to watch the discussion because every attendant of the workshop had used the same originalBuijs77 data. It proved to be a very effective way of having detailed discussions about both the content of a design process as well as the way of doing protocol studies.Another interesting project of this group has been the research of Kees Dorst. This empirically based study proved that the use of different paradigms within the design research field could be used to study different aspects of design. Traditionally within the design research domain the rational problem solving paradigm, based on Herbert Simon’s ideas, is dominant (Simon 1967). Kees showed that this paradigm has its limitations, and looked for another paradigm. Donald Schön’s idea of “design as a reflective practice” proved to be this interesting other paradigm (Schön 1983). Kees showed that using both paradigms to interpret the same empirical data leads to different views and different conclusions about how designers are really working (Dorst 1997). It is my opinion that this multi-paradigmatic analysis of product design will produce more interesting results.The arrival, last year, of Peter Lloyd from the UK, an ethnographic oriented design researcher, is the next step to continue the current new stream of conducting further empirical studies.The teaching of this group is focused on a fourth year course in Design Theory and Design Methods for all our design students. Of course the group is very active in the design studio work within the “IvOO”.7.2.2The Management & Organisation Group(Permanent research staff per May 1st 2000: prof. dr. ir. Jan Buijs, ir. Frido Smulders, ir. Rianne Valkenburg, dr. Hanny de Wilde, and 2 vacancies. Temporary research staff: ir. Danielle Hendriks, ir. Remko van der Lugt, and 2 vacancies).The main objective of the Management & Organisation Group, the group I am responsible for, is to study product design processes in their natural environment, that is in the competitive situation of design projects, within companies, working together with suppliers and customers. Its focus is on design as a business activity. We usually refer to it as “design in context” or “design in business”We are looking into product design as the result of teamwork. We are interested in both the communication within the team, as well as the influence of the project leader on team behaviour. This approach looks at team behaviour not in terms of group dynamics, but in terms of design work. Of course design work and group behaviour are intertwined, but we are primarily interested in the content of the product design work.This shift from individual designers towards design groups has been caused by the very practice of industrial product development. Few product designs are the work of just one lonely designer. Nowadays complicated consumer- and industrial products are always the results of multi-disciplinary design teams.However we are not only interested in the teamwork itself, but also in the interfaces between those design teams and the rest of the organisation.We are continually conducting case studies of product development in real corporate situations. This allows us to compare empirical studies with theories of product development and has resulted in two books on Integrated New Product Development and a new course for our first year product design students (Buijs and Valkenburg 1996 and 2000).During the discussions of the aforementioned Delft workshop on analysing design activities we discovered big differences in the ways psychologists and design researchers were looking at design behaviour. For example two researchers were looking at the same type of a group design activity. Both looked at a specific action on the videotape. However the psychologist looked at body language and group dynamics, while the design researcher looked at the78Developing NPD-Process Knowledge content of the discussions within the design team. So for both there was something interesting to see, but the results were completely different. More surprisingly, some times the conclusions were completely different or even opposing.This has led to some very intriguing research projects. Helga Hohn, a psychologist, started to look at the behaviour of team leaders in helping teams with innovative tasks. She questioned more than 75 international working professionals on how they inspire their (design) teams, how they keep them on track, and how they deal with the company pressure to perform better, quicker or cheaper. Once again process and content were very closely related with “playing”proving to be very important in keeping teams alive and kicking (Hohn 1999).Rianne Valkenburg, a design researcher, is looking at team design work on the content level. She is comparing two teams of students designing during the Philips Design Competition, and two professional design teams, which took part in the earlier Delft experiment at Xerox PARC. Inspired by Kees Dorst’s work she is using Donald Schön’s paradigm to compare these different design teams. She has operationalised Schön’s theory and is heading towards some interesting conclusions about shared understanding and team communication based on the content of the design project (Valkenburg and Dorst 1998). Her thesis will be published at the end of this summer.Within this team-based research Danielle Hendriks and Hanny de Wilde are doing research about the role and influence of project leaders on the results of the product design team. Besides interviewing project leaders in Dutch design consultancies, they were also allowed to study the archives of one of the leading Dutch design firms. From a knowledge management perspective these archives have not proved useful. However, they have shown that if designers want to learn from their past they have to be more accurate in what and how to file their actual design work. Recently, an e-mail-based way of making weekly diaries has been developed. In analysing these diaries they hope to find some of the heuristics, project leaders use to solve their professional problems (Hendriks and De Wilde 1999). They are helped in this by a research student, Sjors Witjes, who is doing empirical research in cooperation with Stanford University. He is observing and interviewing project leaders of product development teams in the US high tech industry. Hopefully we can compare the results from the Netherlands with those from the US. These results will be integrated in our recently developed fourth year course on Product Development Management.In our attempts to study the real life of designers we have discovered that most designers talk about intuition as an important element in their work. Although intuition is difficult to study within the traditional way of doing scientific research, we have taken up the challenge. Robin Groeneveld has interviewed about twenty professional designers. Most of them are very explicit about the influence of intuition and about the way they can rely on it. Hopefully his PhD thesis will be published the end of this year.Finally within the Management & Organisation Group we are interested in stimulating creativity in product design. Not only have we developed a fourth year course on Creative Problem Solving (CPS), we have also started a research project in this field. Creative Problem Solving (i.e. brainstorming or synectics) is usually verbally based, while product designers tend to be visually oriented. The research project of Remko van der Lugt is trying to bridge the gap between the original CPS-rules and the more visual attitudes of product designers. The first results are promising (Van der Lugt 1998). An extended version of braindrawing, as opposed to brainstorming, seems to be an effective tool for product designers. His PhD thesis is scheduled for early next year.Beside the already mentioned courses we are also teaching a third year course on Strategy and Organisation (Frido Smulders is responsible) and we all participate in the design studio work.Buijs79 7.3 Final remarksThe research in both the Design Methodology Group and in the Management & Organisation Group is aimed at getting better insights into the process of New Product Development (NPD). With this insight we hope to improve the quality of product design work.By sharing a selection of our work with other design researchers in the Netherlands we hope to get enough energy not only to continue, but also to improve.7.4 ReferencesBuijs, J. A., and Valkenburg,R. (1996).Integrale Produktontwikkeling, Lemma,Utrecht.Buijs, J. A., and Valkenburg,R. (2000).Integrale Productontwikkeling - Tweede Geheel Herziene Druk, Lemma, Utrecht.Cross, N. G.and Christiaans,H.and Dorst, K. (1996).Analyzing Design Activities, Wiley, Chichester.Dorst, C. H.(1997).Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology.Hohn, H.(1999).Playing, Leadership and Team Development in Innovative Teams, PhD thesis,Delft University of Technology.Hendriks,D.and Wilde, H. de (1999).Project Management for New Product Development Projects: An Empirical Study, in: Proceedings ICED‘99,München.Lugt, R. van der and Buijs, J.A.(1998). Creative Problem Solving in Product Development: An Exploration Into the Use of CPS in Design Practice, in: Dingli, S., Creative Thinking, Towards Broader Horizons, Malta University Press.Roozenburg N. F. M. and Eekels, J. (1995).Product Design: Fundamentals and Methods, Wiley,Chichester. Roozenburg,N. F. M. and Eekels, J.(1998).Produktontwerpen, tweede druk, Lemma, Utrecht.Schön, D. A.(1983).The Reflective Practitioner, Basic Books,New York, 1983.Simon, H.A. (1967).Sciences of the Artificial, The MIT Press, Cambridge MA.Valkenburg, R. and Dorst,K.(1998).The Reflective Pratice of Design Teams, in:Design Studies,19, pp.249-271.Valkenburg, R. (2000).The Reflective Pratice of Product Design Teams. PhD thesis Delft University of Technology, forthcoming in2000.Wilde,H. de (1997).Passie Voor Productontwikkeling, Lemma,Utrecht.。

福师1203考试批次《中国历史地理》复习题及参考答案

福师1203考试批次《中国历史地理》复习题及参考答案第一篇：福师1203考试批次《中国历史地理》复习题及参考答案福师1203考试批次《中国历史地理》一、名词解释：(每小题5分，共5小题，共25分)1、关中：关中之名，始于战国时期，其来源有二：一指在函谷关（今河南省灵宝县东北）和大震关（今陇县西北）之间称关中；《长安志》中一指居于函谷关（东），大散关（西），萧关（北）和武关（南）四关之中部，称为关中。

《三辅故事》。

现在通称关中是指秦岭以北，黄龙山、桥山以南，潼关以西，宝鸡市以东的渭河流域地区。

一般认为西有散关(大散关)，东有函谷关，南有武关，北有萧关，取意四关之中(后增东方的潼关和北方的金锁两座)。

四方的关隘，再加上陕北高原和秦岭两道天然屏障，使关中成为自古以来的兵家必争之地。

关中土地肥沃，河流纵横，气候温和，《史记》中称其为“金城千里”、“天府之国”和“四塞之国”。

考核知识点，参见P228、2212、扬一益二考核知识点：经济区域，参见P232、2223、湖广熟，天下足考核知识点，经济区域变迁，参见P2344、东南财赋地考核知识点，经济区域变迁，参见P2365、南四湖考核知识点：中国江河湖沼演变，参见P110二、简答题：（每题12分，共3题，共36分）1、简述我国五千年来气候变化情况。

考核知识点：气候变迁，参见P332、谈我国古代农牧业分界线的变迁情况。

考核知识点，参见P古代农牧业分界线的变迁。

农业与牧业的分离是在原始社会晚期发生的第一次社会大分工。

随后，我国农业与牧业之间的分界线逐渐形成，并多次发生变迁。

夏、商、西周时期，黄河中下游地区有许多部落，他们过着游牧生活，与华夏诸部杂居。

农业区主要集中在三河地带，即渭河、黄河与洛河地区，北界到达汾水流域。

春秋战国时期，由于铁器及牛耕的使用与推广，使农业区得以迅速扩大。

《史记〃货殖列传》说当时的农牧业分界线大致为龙门——碣石一线。

这条分界线经过太行山、北京北等地。

房地产英文缩写

CBD：即Central Business District(中央商务区)，许多国际大都市都形成了相当规模的CBD，如纽约的曼哈顿、东京的新宿、香港的中环，现在，北京的CBD确定在西起东大桥路，东至西大望路，南至通惠河，北至朝阳北路的区域内。

CBD应具备以下特征：现代城市商务中心，汇聚世界众多知名企业，经济、金融、商业高度集中，众多最好的写字楼、商务酒店和娱乐中心，最完善便利的交通，最快捷的通讯与昂贵的地价。

中央居住区（CLD）：指由若干个居住区组成的可以满足城市居民居住、教育、购物、娱乐、休闲的大型集中型居住区，国际上普遍称为Central Living District（简称CLD）。

CLD最重要的两个因素是空间和环境。

如，北京的亚运村、上海的徐家汇－虹桥沿线、深圳的香榭里社区。

中央行政区COD：全称是CentraL OffiCiaL DistriCt ，其名称源于该区内汇集了多家国家部委、机关、办事机构MORE：英文Mobile Office Residential Edif ice的缩写，其文意为移动、办公、居住等意，通常译为互动商务居住区。

MORE社区具有最轻松的办公室、较正规的环境、最有效的商务团队，还有住宅内更隐私的空间等诸多优点。

（北京时代之光）以中关村为中心的高科技园区（英文缩写CID）：CID 是Central Information District的缩写。

这是一个过渡的概念，并不成熟。

很多关于CID的提法，都是与CBD和CLD共存的。

SOHO：小型居家办公室（北京SOHO现代城）LOFT：无内墙割断的平敞式平面布置宅（北京远洋天地）STUDIO：工作室公寓（太和世纪星和欧陆经典）SOLO：单身精准住宅（北京SOLO精舍）MORE：互动商务居住区city house 城市新住宅CIREAA：中国房地产估价师与房地产经纪人学会（英文全称China Institute of Real Estate Appraisers and Agents）CCDPC：中国房地产业协会城市开发专业委员会，英文全称：City Develepment Professionnal Committee of China Real Estate AssociationCCIM：国际注册商业投资师(Certified Commercial Investment Member)，它是由总部位于美国芝加哥的国际注册商业投资师协会(Institute CCIM ）面向全球房地产界从业人员，通过系统的课程教育、严格的考试和审核后颁发的职业资格。

普氏指数

Volume 6 / Issue 98 / May 22, 2012/PlattsSBBSteelClose/MidpointChange % Chg IODEX Iron ore fines 62% Fe ($/dmt)CFR North China133.50-134.50 134.000.250.19Please see Platts complete iron price/netbacks table, p.3Coking coal, premium low vol ($/mt)FOB Australia 223.00 223.00 +0.50 0.22CFR China238.00 238.00 -0.50 -0.21Please see full metallurgical coal price/freight table, p.4Ferrous scrap ($/mt)HMS FOB Rotterdam 392.50-397.50 395.00 0.00 0.00A3, FOB Black Sea 392.50-397.50 395.00 0.00 0.00HMS CFR Turkey 427.50-432.50430.000.000.00Ferrous scrap ($/lt)Shredded del Midwest US 420.00-425.00 422.50 0.00 0.00Shredded del dock East Coast 395.00-400.00 397.50 0.00 0.00HMS del dock East Coast380.00-385.00382.500.000.00Maryland—The various restrictions on scrap exports present in over 20 countries has had a greater impact on pricing than availability, according to Nucor’s CEO Dan DiMicco.The US is the leading exporter of scrap in the world exporting a record high 24.3 million mt in 2011.“The issue on scrap is not so much availa-bility because of exporting, but it does have an impact on price,” DiMicco said Tuesday during a press briefing at the American Iron and Steel Institute’s joint annual meeting with the Metals Service Center Institute in Maryland.“We let the rest of the world get away with putting either outright bans on the export of raw materials or severe restrictions on them,” DiMicco emphasized.He maintained that there are no scrap export restrictions in the US or Canada while countries like Russia, Ukraine and China have either export bans, quotas or taxes.Scrap restrictions elsewhere hit US prices“We are not in favor of putting barriers up on the export of scrap,” DiMicco said. “We are in favor of undoing the barriers around the world that create additional demand for our scrap. If they won’t let scrap come out of their country then we shouldn’t let their steel come in.”Earlier this year—in a closely watched case—the appeals panel of the WTO ruled China must dismantle its export taxes and quotas on nine industrial minerals including coke. “We see that as another favorable development demonstrating our countryshould expect our trading partners to live up to the agreements they make,” US Steel CEO John Surma said.US eyes are ‘watching’ CBMXMeanwhile, Surma and an executive of a major US-based global raw materials companyacknowledged Tuesday that their companies(continued on page 2)Scrap restrictions elsewhere hit US prices ... from page 1are in a wait-and-see mode regarding the recently launched physical iron ore trading platform in China.“There is going to be some trading done over that [the China Beijing International Mining Exchange (CBMX)],” Cliffs Natural Resources CEO Joseph Carrabba said during the same press briefing.“Whether it gains prominence or not, I think has a long way to go. Trying to find a counterparty for that trade is pretty difficult to do,” Carrabba noted. He added: “I think it is wait-and-see at this point and time; we are exploring all avenues.”US Steel’s Surma said his company is monitoring CBMX and others. “We are watching and observing the developments of these potential platforms,” he said. “We are just in the early stages of watching it.”— Nicholas TolomeoIron ore market...from page 1would be $2.258/dmtu and $2.185/dmtu, indicating a lump premium of $0.073/dmtu, according to Platts calcu-lations. Market talk suggested a Chinese mill was the buyer of this cargo, but this could not be confirmed.Elsewhere, market participants pegged the repeatable trading price of 61% Fe Pilbara Blend fines at $132-133/dmt CFR China. One Singapore-based trader felt the stronger price could be driven mainly by mills thatwere looking to replenish depleted inventories. “It is normal for [the] price of iron ore to take a breather and gain traction after falling constantly for the past week, and there are always mills who need to buy iron ore.”Most sources said they were seeing “significantly more inquiries for Australian ore” from mills, especially for Pilbara Blend fines and Newman fines. “I received quite a bit of interest for cargoes from north and south China mills today. The market seems to finally be edging its way up,” a Singapore-based trader said.But not all participants were as quick to embrace what others saw as the begin-ning of an uptick in spot prices. “The mar-ket is still waiting to see the direction spot prices will take before committing to any position. There is hardly any demand from end-users now, so sellers are finding it dif-ficult to market cargoes too,” a Beijing-based trader said.Mills in Tangshan, seen as generally representative of steelmakers across the country, were seeing losses due to poor steel margins, making it difficult to buy raw materials.“Steel is still terrible,” said a London-based trader. “It is neither acceptable nor possible for Newman fines to be traded repeatedly at $137/dmt CFR China, when both steel futures and billet prices are dip-ping lower together today,” concurred a Shandong mill source.Myriad Vale cargoes still on offerThere were still a number of Vale car-goes on offer. The Brazilian miner was offering a cargo co-loaded with 46,649 mt of 66.3% Fe Lump Ore Blast Furnace Urucum (LOAU) and 31,174 mt of 64.16% Fe Brazilian Standard Sinter Feed Tubarao (SSFT) for tendering. This shipment is slat-ed to pass Singapore May 28.The LOAU cargo, which contains 0.81% alumina, 2.98% silica, 0.054% phosphorus and 4.3% moisture, is the third such cargo Vale has offered in the spot market this year. The SSFT cargo contains 0.75% alu-mina, 4.87% silica, 0.06% phosphorus and 7.8% moisture. The results of the tender couldn’t be obtained before the assess-ment closed, though market talk suggest-ed the SSFT ore sold at $134.50/dmt.Vale was also offering 64.76% Fe Lump Ore Blast Furnace Non-screened Guaiba (LONS), 176,367 mt, with 1.236% alumina, 3.78% silica, and passing Singapore May 29. The tender was due to close May 22, 5 PM Beijing time (0900 GMT), according to traders who received the tender.A 167,068 mt cargo under the Vale63.5% Fe bracket traded at $135.10/dmt CFR China on the China BeijingInternational Mining Exchange Tuesday,according to a mill source and traders withaccess to the platform. But no furtherdetails or specifications were available.Sesa Goa continues to sellIndia’s Sesa Goa was back in the mar-ket offering 55,000 mt of 54% Fe finesTuesday—despite a company source say-ing earlier that the four fines cargoes SesaGoa sold last week would be its last priorto the Indian monsoon season. This latestparcel contains a maximum of 8% alumina,7% silica, 0.1% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfurand 15% moisture, and will load over May24-30 from Goa.The tender closes Tuesday, 10 pmIndian time (1630 GMT). The companysource did not wish to confirm if this wouldPlatts Daily Metallurgical Coal Assessments, May 22Coking coal price assessments ($/mt) FOB CFR CFR Change Australia China India Australia China IndiaHCC Peak Downs Region 222.50 237.50 240.00 +0.50 -0.50 -0.50Premium Low Vol 223.00 238.00 240.50 +0.50 -0.50 -0.50HCC 64 Mid Vol 190.00 205.00 207.50 +1.50 +0.50 +0.50Low Vol PCI 152.00 167.00 169.50 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Low Vol 12 Ash PCI 132.50 147.50 150.00 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Semi Soft 128.50 143.50146.00 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Met Coke - -361.00- -+0.00HCC Assessed SpecificationsCSR VM Ash S P TM Fluidity HCC Peak Downs Region 74% 20.7% 10.5% 0.60% 0.030% 9.5% 400Premium Low Vol 71% 21.5% 9.3% 0.50% 0.045% 9.7% 500HCC 64 Mid Vol64% 25.5% 9.0% 0.60% 0.050%9.5%1,700Penalties & Premia: Differentials ($/mt) Within % of Premium Low Vol FOBNet Value Min-Max Australia assessment price($/mt)Per 1% CSR 60-74% 0.50% 1.12Per 1% VM (air dried) 18-28% 0.50% 1.12Per 1% TM (as received) 8-11% 1.00% 2.23Per 1% Ash (air dried) 7-10.5% 1.25% 2.79Per 0.1%S (air dried) 0.3-1%1.00%2.23The assessed price of HCC Peak Downs® originates with Platts and is based on price information for a range of HCCs with a CSR > 67% normalized to the standard of HCC Peak Downs® (CSR 74%). Peak Downs® is a registered trade mark of BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Limited “BMA”. This price assessment is not affiliated with or sponsored by BMA in any way.Dry bulk freight assessments RouteVessel Class Freight rate ($/mt)Moisture (%)Australia-China Panamax 15.00 9.50Australia-IndiaPanamax17.509.50East Australia: basis Hay Point port. North China: basis Qingdao port. East India: basis Paradip port.Detailed methodology and specifications are found here: /IM.Platts.Content/MethodologyReferences/MethodologySpecs/metcoalmethod.pdf Source: Plattsreally be the last fines cargo sold before the rainy season, but said it would be “fully dependent on weather conditions.”“The Indian monsoon season officially hits the Goan region around June 6, so tech-nically the Goan miners can still offer fines cargoes now, but come next week, it will be risky,” another Beijing-based trader said.Elsewhere, South Korean trading house Daewoo was offering 150,000 mt of high-sili-ca 58/57% Fe Mauritanian fines, according to a trader who received the offer. The ship-ment, which already loaded May 6, contains 1% alumina, 12.5% silica, 0.08% phospho-rus, 0.07% sulfur and 2% moisture.“It’s going to be hard for any mill to be able to take this cargo because the silica content is dangerously high. I think even a trade level of $100/dmt CFR China would be tough to fetch for it,” the trader said.— Celestyn Wong,Melvin Yeo and Keith Tanwith Annalisa Jeffries in LondonCoking coal marketAsian spot coking coal market ‘balanced,’ freight downSingapore—Spot coking coal prices into Asia were steady Tuesday, though lower freight rates had some effect on FOB Australia, and CFR India and China spot prices.In what was described by market players as a “balanced” premium low-volatile hard coking coal market, a $1/mt drop inassessed Panamax freight rates was shared equally between FOB and CFR prices. This resulted in a 50 cents/mt rise for the FOB Queensland price to $223/mt, and a 50 cents/mt fall for CFR China, to $238/mt.Indicative buy-side interest for premium low-vol HCC was reported by buyers and miners at $220/mt FOB or just below, across several regions including North Asia, India and China.No new transactions were heard done, however. “It’s a very thin spot market,” a producer of premium HCC said Tuesday, add-ing that sentiment in China was generally bearish. Traders agreed, with one Beijing source citing falling billet prices in China. Tangshan billet prices have eased Yuan 90/mt ($14.20) since last Friday to Yuan 3,520/mt ex-stock, sources said Tuesday.Another trader said even US miners were reluctant to cut their offers to China as they could see better demand compara-tively from buyers outside China.A third Beijing trader said buying of port stocks also remained lackluster. He said dockside coking coal inventories in Jingtangand Rizhao ports were steady at 4 million and 2 million mt, respectively. “I can’t see any improvement in demand,” he said.Highlighting the need to shift coal in ports, one trader said he was prepared to delay pay-ment and to bear the extra interest himself. He had just sold a small volume of Australia semi-hard coking coal at above Yuan 1,400/mt ex-stock, which had 40-50% coke strength after reaction (CSR), 27% volatile matter, low ash and low sulfur. After accounting for the interest paid by the seller, this equates to $179/mt CFR China after deducting Yuan 35/mt in port charges and 17% value-added tax.Meanwhile, higher indicative buying inter-est in India lifted second-tier coking coal, which rose $1.50/mt to $190/mt FOB Australia.“For second-tier, India is looking stronger because buyers are substituting premium coals. It’s nicely balanced,” an HCC producer said. He saw “tell-tale signs of jitteriness”because of the threat of more strikes at BHP Billiton-Mitsubishi Alliance mines.Nonetheless, he believed fundamen-tals were bearish and thought the BMA strikes would only delay a fall in the mar-ket. “If the BMA situation hadn’t been there, I believe we would have seen a con-tinuation of the [down]trend of recentmonths.” “Demand is indeed pretty weak,” another HCC producer also conceded.— Julien Hall with Helena Shengand Edwin Yeorussian PCI cargoesabundantly available: tradersSingapore —Several traders have seen an increase in the number of Russian pul-verized coal injection (PCI) cargoes beingoffered to China, for a range of qualities, they said Tuesday“We’ve seen a lot of high offers from Russia,” one trader told Platts SBB. The trader reported 12% volatile matter, 12% ash PCI was offered as high as $160/mt CFR, and 12% VM, 10% ash at around $165/mt CFR.With the exception of a few high-quality PCIs, most Russian low-vol PCIs tend to be harder to grind than similar Australian products. Russian PCIs generally have a Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) of below 70, compared with Australian grades in the 70s or 80s.Low grindability can be a limiting factor for mills with constrained grinding ability, according to market participants.Though offers were perceived as high, the trader said Chinese buyers preferred the smaller vessel sizes available from Russia than the larger ships fromAustralia. “It’s a high-risk market. It’s diffi-cult for one buyer to accept a whole Panamax,” he explained.Nonetheless, large Chinese mills locat-ed near ports would be likely to accept top Australian low-vol PCIs at $165-170/mt CFR, another Chinese trader said.Tuesday’s low-vol PCI assessment increased $1 to $152.00/mt FOBAustralia, and low-vol with 12% ash was also up a dollar to $132.50/mt FOB.Prices to China and India were unchanged, however, offset by lower freight rates: Low-vol PCI was steady at $167.00/mt CFR China and $169.50/mt CFR India. Low-vol, 12% ash PCI held Tuesday at $147.50 CFR China and $150.00 CFR India.— Julien Hall and Helena ShengScrap marketUK heavy melting scrap offer to Turkey unchangedLondon —A UK recycler was offering a cargo of heavy melting scrap I/II (80/20 blend) to Turkish mills at $430/mt CFR Tuesday, level on implied prices in recent composite transactions for premium quality HMS blend.Some recyclers achieved sales to North Africa. One Benelux recycler ended up selling its cargo to Egypt rather than Turkey last week as demand proved more potent in North Africa than the EastMediterranean. Other sales were reported from France into Morocco, with major exporters operating out of WesternEuropean ports reducing some supplies.In addition, Turkish mills were chasingcargo for prompt delivery—something recy-clers long-believed the producers needed. This has calmed sentiment after the sud-den fall that took place towards the end of last week. Limited availability has also been a factor, with few merchants having prompt material available.“The fact that Turkish steelmakers are coming and asking for prompt deliveries makes us a little more relaxed,” oneEuropean exporter said. “Our domestic mar-ket only fell away a few euro [for May], so we can’t bring down our export prices—even with today’s more favorable exchange—to the level desired by some mills in Turkey.”Indeed, with the euro strengthening marginally on the US dollar compared to its weakest levels at the end of last week, coupled with slightly stronger freight from Benelux ports to Turkey, recyclers doubted much further weakening was possible for the time being on scrap.Lower US East Coast offer prices to India The Platts SBB daily assessment remained flat Tuesday at $430/mt CFR Turkey basis. Talk persisted from US market participants that US East Coast exporters were seeing less interest from Turkey and are now focusing some effort on India.Dealing with rising inventories and declining interest from Turkish steel mills, two major US East Coast (USEC) exporters came into the market early this week with lower offer prices on bulk cargoes of shred-ded scrap to India.Offers were heard from the USEC at $460/mt CFR Nhava Sheva and $470/mt CFR Chennai. The exporters are said to be awaiting a response from the mills. The offers represent a $20-30/mt drop from two weeks ago.USEC exporters are dealing with a declining domestic scrap market and waning interest from Turkish mills. One USEC exporter with considerable scrap supply on hand was heard to be declin-ing substantial tonnage deals from scrap yards last week, and in turn offering to US-based mills.— Ciaran Roe with Nicholas Tolomeo in Pittsburgh Major eastern Chinese mills cut scrap prices $8/mtSingapore—Domestic scrap prices have fallen further in China’s eastern regions since Shagang Group in Jiangsu province cut its buying costs again by Yuan 50/mt ($7.92) Tuesday.The latest reduction took Shagang’s buying price for heavy melting scrap (over 6 mm thick) to Yuan 3,040/mt ($480) including 17% VAT. The mill has cut its scrap prices four times since May 11, by a total of Yuan 200/mt (about $32/mt).“We have to lower raw materials costs since our rebar prices have kept declin-ing,” a Shagang official said. The mill has slashed its rebar prices by an accumulated Yuan 230/mt since the beginning of this month. “There is still a possibility for us to further cut the scrap prices, but the margincould be limited,” the official told Platts Steel Business Briefing.The province’s smaller mills, includ-ing Huaigang Special Steel, immediate-ly followed Shagang by shaving their scrap prices by Yuan 30-50/mt, and more mills are expected to follow in the next few days.Meanwhile, major steelmakers in neighboring Shandong province also low-ered their scrap prices. On Tuesday Xiwang Special Steel reduced its buying price for HMS (>6 mm) to Yuan 3,090/mt from Yuan 3,140/mt with VAT. “Themarket is very dismal, and we are stillstruggling to avoid losses, although itseems more and more difficult,” a majorShandong trader said.Market prices for HMS were prevail-ing at Yuan 3,040-3,150/mt ($481-498)with the VAT in the country’s eastregions, around Yuan 50/mt lower thanprices on Monday.— Della FuJapanese scrap exportprices to Korea keep fallingSingapore—Japanese scrap exportprices to Korea have dropped by Yen1,000-1,500/mt ($12.5-18.80) over thepast week as demand from foreign buyerssuch as Chinese mills has declined.“Korean mills seem the only buyersfor Japanese scrap for the moment,” asource with a major steelmaker inPlatts steel industry assessments, May 22Close/MidpointChange% ChgAsiaHot-rolled coil $/mtFOB Shanghai*630.00-635.00632.50 -5.00 -0.78Reinforcing bar $/mt FOB China* 615.00-625.00 620.00-10.00-1.59* Assessed May 17, 2012Europe Hot-rolled coil Eur/mtEx-works, Ruhr 542.50-547.50 545.00 -2.50 -0.46CIF Antwerp 520.00-530.00 525.00 0.00 0.00$/mtFOB Black Sea 585.00-595.00 590.00 0.00 0.00PlateEur/mtEx-works, Ruhr 605.00-615.00 610.00 0.00 0.00CIF Antwerp 535.00-545.00 540.00 0.00 0.00Reinforcing bar Eur/mtEx-works, NW Eur 522.50-527.50 525.00 0.00 0.00$/mtFOB basis Turkey 642.50-647.50645.00 0.00 0.00Billet$/mt FOB Black Sea 585.00585.000.000.00North America Hot-rolled coil $/stEx-works, Indiana 650.00-660.00 655.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston 630.00-650.00 640.00 0.00 0.00Plate$/stEx-works, US SE 880.00-900.00 890.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston 800.00-820.00 810.00 0.00 0.00Reinforcing bar $/stEx-works, US SE 720.00-725.00 722.50 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston610.00-620.00 615.000.000.00Europe and US cold-rolled coil assessments, May 22Eur/mtClose/MidpointChange % Chg Ex-works, Ruhr 622.50-627.50 625.00 -2.50 -0.40CIF Antwerp 585.00-595.00 590.000.00 0.00$/mtFOB Black Sea 695.00-705.00 700.00 0.00 0.00$/stEx-works, Indiana 750.00-770.00 760.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston740.00-760.00750.000.000.00Korea said Tuesday.Hyundai Steel, the country’s largest scrap buyer, booked Japanese H2 grade scrap at Yen 31,000-31,500/mt FOB($389-395) this week, market sources told Platts SBB.This compares with contract prices concluded earlier last week of Yen32,500/mt FOB for the same grades. “We have secured sufficient scrap inventories so for now we’re taking a wait-and-see atti-tude in terms of booking import materials,” a company source said.Another Korean mill source also said that his company had booked enough imported scrap up until June arrivals. “Thus we’re taking our time to monitor market sentiment closely before booking for July shipment,” he noted.Korean steelmakers contacted by Platts SBB said that Japanese export pric-es of scrap are unlikely to drop much fur-ther from the current levels in the near term. “However, there seems no momen-tum for a significant price hike in Japanese scrap for export,” the third mill source said. Sales of finished steel products in both the Japanese and Korean markets have remained depressed so far this year, as reported.“Besides, Japanese scrap traders fear unstable market conditions caused by ongoing global economic turmoil so raising prices will be difficult for them,” he added.— Hera OhExchangesIron ore swaps prices rally as physical losses ceaseLondon—Iron ore swaps pricesincreased more substantially Tuesday on the back of an arrested decline in the physical market, brokers and traders in London and Singapore said.There was a flurry of trades on Q3, basis The Steel Index’s reference price for 62% Fe material CFR North China, which moved up to trade at $130/dry mt several times. July traded at $128.75/dmt and moved up to $129.50/dmt, while a Q3/Q4 spread changed hands at $1.50/dmt.Several physical cargoes were done at levels suggesting slightly higher prices, reflected in the upward movement of both IODEX and TSI 62% Fe fines. The latter gained 20 cents to $131.10/dmt, while the former was up 25 cents to $134/dmt.The tenders were the “first positive news for two weeks” so it made sense that they would lead to some gains, a trader inSingapore said. “I think physical prices havecome to the bottom, it’s a good time to cover a short,” said a trader in London.The decline in China’s billet price con-tinued, but at a slower pace. In Tangshan city, ex-works prices for 150x150 mm Q235 slipped Yuan 10/mt to Yuan 3,520/mt ($557) with 17% VAT on a cash basis. Physical rebar was unchanged.Wary about downstream steel weaknessBut not all sources believed the phys-ical increases could be seen as a turning point in the market, alluding to down-stream steel weakness. “As long as the government has not loosened its tight grip on the real estate market I don’t think the economy will show any substan-tial improvement,” one Tangshan-based billet trader said. And dockside ore inven-tories in China lost another Yuan 10-20/mt, TSI reported.Market weakness was being confound-ed by Chinese mills continuing to pump out “massive” amounts of steel in a bid to keep costs low and maintain market share, one analyst said.Wavering and confused sentiment was reflected by a Yuan 16/mt fall in the most active October rebar contract in Shanghai, which had gained some ground Monday after broadly supportive comments over the weekend by China’s Premiere Wen.Indicative forward curves from London-based brokers also pointed to some confusion over market direction. Two curves both had prices up through-out, but the increases ranged from 50 cents to $3/dmt.— Colin RichardsonFerroalloys market Asian manganese ore prices move up on tight supply London—Seaborne manganese ore bound for Asia gained ground Tuesday on the back of tight supply in the spot market, sources said.The Platts 44% Mn ore lump assess-ment moved up 5 cents from the previous day to $4.90/dry mt unit CIF Tianjin, China.“Demand for silicon manganese is pretty stable, but alloy producers are pushing up prices due to higher ore pric-es,” said a producer who was working at 40% capacity.Other market participants said there was growing uncertainty for ore demand levels, citing negative steel margins. The weak steel market has been weigh-ing on manganese ore, and there has been talk some mills may cut crude output amid weak margins, accordingto an Inner Mongolia based trader. That will further crimp manganese ore demand, he added.A China based producer source said she would not be purchasing manganese ore until the steel market showed signs of strengthening and the direction of sili-comanganese prices is clearer. “I am wait-ing to see what happens with the sili-comanganese price. I think if it doesn’t increase plants will close their furnaces,” she said.“Demand is not good, ore is tight and alloy prices weak. It all depends on sili-comanganese now but ore prices are firm. Miners aren’t negotiating,” the pro-duce concluded.Sources said major French ore miner Eramet was not offering June shipments due to port loading issues at its Gabon operations, which is creating tightness in the ore market.China’s manganese alloys producers reported the price of silicomanganese 65:17 at Yuan 8,000/mt ($1,269.60) ex-works, an increase of Yuan 100/mt over the previous week. The China based producer source saidsilicomanganese could be purchased ataround Yuan 7,500-7,800/mt DDP.— Jitendra GillAsia moly oxide offers stablebut further falls fearedSingapore—Asian offers of molybde-num oxide were at $13.70-13.80/lb CIFTuesday, unchanged on day, in a marketsubdued by fears of further falls due tohigh inventories in Japan and Europe aswell as a bearish tender result and con-cerns about the eurozone.Offers mostly originated from Chinesetraders, South Korea traders said, butwere with no firm bids, although someSouth Korean ferromolybdenum converterssaid their price ideas were around$13.65/lb CIF Busan for powder in bags.Buyers in South Korea showed littleinterest, partly due to low demand andpartly because they were waiting foroffers to drop to about $13.50/lb. AJapanese trader heard deals done at$13.70-13.75/lb CIF Japan for powder inbags by Chinese traders.The Posco Specialty Steel ferromolybuy tender for 50 mt Monday was award-ed at Won 38,000-39,000 ($32.67-33.51)/kg duty and delivery costs paid.The cost of moly oxide powder feedstockis believed to be around $13.30/lb, saidsome market participants, while one esti-mated feedstock cost higher at above$13.50/lb.The latest tender result has led togrowing concern about further falls in molyoxide prices among the Chinese traders.“It is true that usually tender prices arelower than the prevailing market level, butgiven that market demand has been dis-mal recently, it seems very likely that molyoxide prices will continue to slide down-ward,” a trader in northeast China’sLiaoning province said.Japan has sufficient stocks of molyoxide and European customers may stillhave enough inventories to last till earlyJune, market sources said.Most South Korean ferromoly plantshave been operating at less than 50% ofcapacity this month and their operatingrates may be even lower in June in antici-pation of lower ferromoly orders, a SouthKorean trader said.Some Chinese traders have reviseddown their earlier forecasts for the molyoxide’s price low this year to below$13.00/lb from $13.00-13.50/lb.“We have not spotted any positivesigns so far. European economies,Greece in particular, have been doingworse than we expected at the beginningof this year; it may be time for us toreview our market forecasts,” a secondLiaoning trader said.— Hongmei LiChina imported 714 mt ofmoly ores and conc in AprilSingapore—China imported a total of714 mt of molybdenum ores and concen-trates in April, down 25.5% year on year,figures released Tuesday by the GeneralAdministration of Customs showed.Of the total imported volume, 592 mtwas roasted moly ores and concentrates.China also exported a total 1,430 mt ofmoly ores and concentrates in April, down0.1% year on year. Of this, roasted orescomprised 1,398 mt.For the first four months, imports ofmolybdenum ores and concentrates totaled3,762 mt, down 24% from a year ago,while total moly ores and concentratesexports amounted to 5,747 mt, down37.4% from last year.Meanwhile, China imported 20,000 kgof ferromolybdenum in April, which was flatfrom a year ago. The figure, however, wasa sharp jump from the 4,480 kg importedin March.Ferromoly exports in April totaled 21,000kg, which was down 19.2% from April 2011,and also down 41.7% on the month. Importsof ferromoly in the first four months of 2012reached 45,485 kg, down 58.2% year onyear, while exports stood at 77,000 kg,down 26.3% from 2011.— Yuencheng MokBHP Billiton to restartAustralian ferroalloys smelterMelbourne—BHP Billiton plans torestart its TEMCO manganese alloy plantin early July following a review of its eco-nomic viability, the miner said Tuesday.Operations at the ferroalloy smelterlocated at Bell Bay in Tasmania were sus-pended for 90 days on February 23.BHP said it will ramp up operationsto have all four furnaces back in opera-tion by the end of August. Over the pastthree months, BHP identified ways toreduce costs to return the plant to a“globally competitive position,” the com-pany said.“One of the key changes as we restartwill be the operational separation of theTEMCO alloying facility from the GEMCOmine, located in the Northern Territory.This separation introduces the ability toblend in other ore sources, which will。

2012年烟台市初中学生学业考试

2012年烟台市初中学生学业考试英语试题说明：1.本试题分Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷两部分。

考试时间120分钟，满分120分。

2.考试结束后, 只交答题卡和第Ⅱ卷。

温馨提示：1.考生答卷前, 务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。

2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上相对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，须用橡皮擦干净，再改涂其它答案。

16至20小题、56至65小题的答案填写在试卷第9页相应位置。

3.1至20小题为听力测试题(听力测试开始前播放1分钟音乐)。

第Ⅰ卷（满分75分）一、听力测试（20分）（一）听录音，从A、B、C三个选项中选择与画面一致的选项。

录音内容读一遍。

（每小题1分）1. A B C2. A B C3. A B C4. A B C5. A B C（二）听录音，选择适当的答语。

录音内容读两遍。

（每小题1分）6. A. My teacher praised me. B. I lost the game. C. I’ve been to Japan.7. A. That’s a good idea. B. Yes, please. C. I don’t think so.8. A. I agree with you. B. I’ll try it. C. Thank you very much.9. A. In two weeks. B. At the Central Park. C. For about two years.10. A. Really? B. Yes, I did. C. So I did.（三）对话理解（每小题1分）你将听到两段对话，在每段对话后有几个小题。

请在每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

每段对话读两遍。

听下面一段对话，回答11和12小题。

11. What does Ted want to be when he grows up?A. A computer player.B. A computer shop owner.C. A computer programmer.12. Where will Ted work?A. In his father’s company.B. In his uncle’s compa ny.C. In his own company.听下面一段对话，回答13至15小题。

常见英语前、后缀汇总

常见英语前缀(prefix)a-/an- == no; without; lack, 没有，缺少amateur ['æmətə, ,æmə'tə:]不熟练的,业余的asocial [ei'səuʃəl],anharmonic [,ænhɑ:'mɔnik]不和谐的, anarchism ['ænəkizəm]无政府主义, acentric[ə'sentrik]无中心的, amoral [ei'mɔrəl] , asexual [ei'seksjuəl] 无性别的anonymous[ə'nɔniməs] adj. having no known name or identity or known source 匿名的例句: anonymous authors anonymous donors an anonymous gifta- == in; on; at; by; with;to 出于某种状态中asleep [ə'sli:p] , ahead [ə'hed], abed[ə'bed], abloom[ə'blu:m] aside[ə'said]abreast[ə'brest] adj. b eing up to particular standard or level especially in being up to date in knowledge；跟进；adv. alongside each other, facing on the same direction肩并肩地例句: kept abreast of the latest developmentsThey walked two or three abreast. 他们三三两两地并肩行走。

福师1203考试批次《学前儿童数学教育》复习题及参考答案

福师1203考试批次《学前儿童数学教育》复习题及参考答案第一篇：福师1203考试批次《学前儿童数学教育》复习题及参考答案福师1203考试批次《学前儿童数学教育》复习题及参考答案一一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1、从数学教育总目标到数学教育活动目标的表述，是逐级的…【3 】①概括化②笼统化③具体化④一般化2、顺口溜数数是为……教学打基础。

【4】①数序②序数③基数④计数3、当整体分成若干相等的部分时，份数越多则每份数越少，这是…关系。

【1】①函数②互补③可逆④多少4、数学区域活动的关键在于……【 2】①教师对幼儿的观察②操作材料的投放③教师对幼儿的指导④区域活动规则的建立5、按照物体的两个特征分类的教育，可安排在……进行【3】① 小班②中班③大班④小、中、大班二、是非判断题（每题2分，共10分）1、整体可以分成若干相等或不相等的部分，各部分之和等于整体。

这是加法和减法关系。

错误2、数的守恒教育一般安排在大班进行。

【】错误3、在量的比较中存在着可逆关系。

【】错误4、幼儿辨别形状最关键不在于“指认”，而在于“命名”。

【】错误5、幼儿对数学学习的兴趣起始于对活动内容的兴趣。

【】错误三、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、操作法：指提供给幼儿合适的材料、教具与环境，让幼儿在自己活动的实践过程中进行探索，并获得数学感性经验和逻辑知识的一种方法。

2、数学教学活动：学前儿童数学教学活动是指在教师领导下，有目的、有计划的组织幼儿集体参加的数学学习活动。

3、计数活动：计数活动的指导要点包括：按物点数，认识总数；感官计数，强化总数；进行各种寻找活动4、游戏法：将抽象的数学知识富于幼儿感兴趣的游戏中，让幼儿在各种自由自在、无拘无束的游戏活动中学习数学的一种方法。

四、简答题：（每题10分，共40分）1、幼儿数学教育的基本原则。

一、发展儿童思维结构的原则二、让儿童动手操作的原则三、知识的系统性和逻辑性原则四、联系儿童生活的原则五、重视个别差异的原则2、《幼儿园教育指导纲要》中科学领域的目标。

新发展研究生英语一答案及翻译完整版

Unit 1 Human ReflectionsBefore Reading Activities1. Fill in the blanks with the words you hear.(1) crush; (2) lifetime; (3) deceive; (4) smile; (5) right; (6) grateful; (7) arrives; (8) assurance; (9) return; (10) contentⅡ. Language FocusVocabularyPart A1. stranded;2. emeritus;3. erode;4. wondrous;5. yearning;6. shackled;7. salvation;8. nibble;9. imperfection; 10. eruptPart B 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. BBank-Cloze(1) bored; (2) affiliate; (3) conducted; (4) valid; (5) ranging(6) fulfilling; (7) revealed; (8) tended; (9) Pressure; (10) toughTranslationPart A1. For some, marriage is the grave of love, while for others, marriage is an effective salvation for those who lead a solitary life.2. Blessed with a great historical responsibility, the Conference is destined to have far-reaching impact on the development of the organization.3. All of these show people’s yearning for a b etter life, so they have been carried forward generation after generation.4. If Congress approved the bill now, the president warned, the fragile peace process that he is trying to keep could fall apart.5. The couple must be tolerant of the little imperf ections in each other’s character, otherwise their marriage may end up in divorce.Part B爱情是一部电话机，渴望它响起时，它却总是悄无声息；不经心留意时，它又叮铃铃地响起。

研究生基础综合英语-练习题填空答案

Unit 1 P241.This research seems to lend some validity（有力的）to the theory that the drug might cause cancer .2.In a number of developing countryies ,war has been an additional impendiment (障碍）to progress .3.Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌卡）;without her signature none of the money could be released .4.I flunked（挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college .5.I didnt want to lose my composure（镇静）in front of her .6.The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）.7.For three hours a committee of state senators listened to a parade （一系列）of local residents giving their opinions.8.Thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头）if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon.9.Brierley's book has the merit(优点）of being both information and readable .10.I think there was a conspiracy（阴谋）to keep me out of the committee .1.这项研究似乎为这种药物可能导致癌症的理论提供了一定的有效性(有力的)。

99专八试卷

1999年英语专业八级考试试卷真题PartⅠ Listening Comprehension (40 min)In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONL Y. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response to each question on your Colored Answer Sheet.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The technology to make machines quieter ___.A. has been in use s ince the 1930‟sB. has accelerated industrial productionC. has just been in commercial useD. has been invented to remove all noises2. The modern electronic anti-noise devices ___.A. are an update version of the traditional methodsB. share similarities with the traditional methodsC. are as inefficient as the traditional methodsD. are based on an entirely new working principle3. The French company is working on anti-noise techniques to be used in all EXCEPT ___.A. streetsB. factoriesC. aircraftD. cars4. According to the talk, workers in “zones of quiet” can ___.A. be more affected by noiseB. hear talk from outside the zoneC. work more efficientlyD. be heard outside the zone5. The main theme of the talk is about ___.A. noise-control technologyB. noise in factoriesC. noise-control regulationsD. noise-related effectsSECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.6. Employees in the US are paid for their time. This means that they are supposed to ___.A. work hard while their boss is aroundB. come to work when there is work to be doneC. work with initiative and willingnessD. work through their lunch break7. One of the advantages of flexible working hours is that ___.A. pressure from work can be reducedB. working women can have more time at homeC. traffic and commuting problems can be solvedD. personal relationships in offices can be improved8. On the issue of working contracts in the US, which statement is NOT correct?A. Performance at work matters more than anything else.B. There are laws protecting employees‟ working rights.C. Good reasons must be provided in order to fire workers.D. Working contracts in the US are mostly short-term ones.9. We can be assumed from the interview that an informal atmosphere might be found in ___.A. small firmsB. major banksC. big corporationsD. law offices10. The interview is mainly about ___ in the USA.A. office hierarchiesB. office conditionsC. office rolesD. office life SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.11. Senator Bob Dole‟s attitude towards Clinton‟s anti-crime policy is that of ___.A. oppositionB. supportC. ambiguity D . indifferenceQuestions 12 and 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item , you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions . Now listen to the news.12. Japan and the United States are now ___.A. negotiating about photographic materialB. negotiating an automobile agreementC. facing serious problems in tradeD. on the verge of a large-scale trade war13. The news item seems to indicate that the agreement ___.A. will end all other related trade conflictsB. is unlikely to solve the dispute once and for allC. is linked to other trade agreementsD. is the last of its kind to be reachedQuestions 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions . Now listen to the news.14. According to the news, the ice from Greenland provides information about ___.A. oxygenB. ancient weatherC. carbon dioxideD. temperature15. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Drastic changes in the weather have been common since ancient times.B. The change in weather from very cold to very hot lasted over a century.C. The scientists have been studying ice to forecast weather in the future.D. The past 10,000 years have seen minor changes in the weather.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGFill in each of the gaps with ONE word. You may refer to your notes. Make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.At present companies and industries like to sponsor sports events. Two reasons are put forward to explain this phenomenon. The first reason is that they get (1)______throughout the world.The second reason is that companies and industries (2)______money, as they get reductions in the tax they owe if they sponsor sports or arts activities.As sponsorship is (3)______, careful thinking is required in deciding which events to sponsor.It is important that the event to be sponsored (4)______ the product(s) to be promoted. That is, the right (5)______ and maximum product coverage must be guaranteed in the event.Points to be considered in sports sponsorship.Popularity of the event.International sports events are big (6)______ events, which get extensive coverage on TV and in the press. Smaller events attract fewer people.Identification of the potential audienceAiming at the right audience is most important for smaller events. The right audience would attract manufacturers of other related products like (7)______ , etc. Advantages of sponsorship,Advantages are longer-term.People are expected to respond (8)______ to the products promoted. And be more likely to buy them.Advertising is (9)______the mind.Sponsorship is better than straight advertising: a) less (10) ___ ___ ; b) tax-free (1) ______ (2) ______ (3) ______ (4) ______ ( 5 ) ______(6) ______ (7) ______ (8) ______ (9) ______ (10) ______PART II PROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. In each case, only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “／” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.If the line is correct, place a V in the blank provided at the end of the lineExampleWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anIt never buys things in finished form and bangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museum (3) vwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (4) exhibitThe hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.___human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.___with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishingand only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer‟s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.___ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.___Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8.___ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.___style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.___healthier diet.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 min)SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 min )In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet.TEXT ARicci‟s “Operation Columbus”Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plan s to market an English language edition of his elegant monthly art magazine, FMR , in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ricci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong.Ricci is so confident that he has christened his quest “Operation Columbus ” and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far-fetched. The Italian edition of FMR — the initials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricci-is only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest art magazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US $ 500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issue carrying only 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over “an inferiority complex about their art.” He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two -way cultural exchange —what he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic.To realize this vision, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprising — and expensive-promotional campaigns in magazine —publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumbo jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copieswill be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US $ 5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 60% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporations.“ To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsors,” reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. “We would like Italians.”Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambled — and won — on a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about it. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-color pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable. “I don‟t expect that more than 30% of my reader... will actually read FMR,” he says. “The magazine is such a visual delight that they don‟t have to.” Still, he is lining up an impressive stable of writers and professors for the American edition , including Noam Chomsky, Anthony Burgess, Eric Jong and Norman Mailer. In addition, he seems to be pursuing his won eclectic vision without giving a moment‟s thought to such established competitors as Connosisseur and Horizon. “The Americans can do almost everything better than we can,” says Rieci, “But we(the Italians)have a 2,000 year edge on them in art.”16. Ricci intends his American edition of FMR to carry more American art works in order to___.A. boost Amer icans‟ confidence in their artB. follow the pattern set by his Italian editionC. help Italians understand American art betterD. expand the readership of his magazine17. Ricci is compared to Columbus in the passage mainly because___.A. they both benefited from Italian sponsorsB. they were explorers in their own waysC. they obtained overseas sponsorshipD. they got a warm reception in America18. We get the impression that the American edition of FMR will probably ___.A. carry many academic articles of high standardB. follow the style of some famous existing magazinesC. be mad by one third of American magazine readersD. pursue a distinctive editorial style of its ownTEXT BUncle GeoffMy mother‟s relations were very different from the Mitfords. Her brother, Uncle Geoff, who often came to stay at Swimbrook, was a small spare man with thoughtful blue eyes and a rather silent manner. Compared to Uncle Tommy, he was a n intellectual of the highest order, and indeed his satirical pen belied his mild demeanor. He spent most of his waking hours composing letters to The Times and other publications in which he outlined his own particular theory of the development of English history. In Uncle Geoff‟s view, the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing thesoil. The Black Death of 1348 was caused by gradual loss of the humus fertility found under forest trees. The rise of the Elizabethans two centuries later was attributable to the widespread use of sheep manure.Many of Uncle Geoff‟s letters-to-the-editor have fortunately been preserved in a privately printed volume called Writings of a Rebel. Of the collection, one letter best sums up his views on the relationship between manure and freedom . He wrote: Collating old records shows that our greatness rises and falls with the living fertility of our soil. And now, many years of exhausted and chemically murdered soil, and of devitalized food from it, has softened our bodies and still worse, softened our national character. It is an actual fact that character is largely a product of the soil. Many years of murdered food from deadened soil has made us too tame. Chemicals have had their poisonous day. It is now the worm‟s t urn to reform the manhood of England. The only way to regain our punch, our character, our lost virtues, and with them the freedom natural to islanders, is to compost our land so as to allow moulds, bacteria and earthworms to remake living s oil to nou rish Englishmen‟s bodies and spirits. The law requiring pasteurization of milk in England was a particular target of Uncle Geoff‟s. Fond of alliteration, he dubbed it “Murdered Milk Measure ”, and established the Liberty Restoration League, with headquarters at his house in London, for the specific purpose of organizing a counteroffensive. “Freedom not Doctordom” was the League‟s proud slogan. A subsidiary, but nevertheless important, activity of the League was advocacy of a return to the “unsplit, slowly smoked fish” and bread made with “English stone-ground flour, yeast, milk, sea s alt and raw cane-sugar.”19. According to Uncle Geoff, national strength could only be regained by ___.A. reforming the manhood of EnglandB. using natural manure as fertilizerC. eating more bacteria-free foodD. granting more freedom to Englishmen20. The tone of the passage can most probably be described as___.A. facetiousB. seriousC. nostalgicD. factualTEXT CInterviewSo what have they taught you at college about interviews? Some courses go t o town on it, others do very little. You may get conflicting advice. Only one thing is certain: the key to success is preparation.There follow some useful suggestions from a teacher training course coordinator, a head of department and a head teacher. As they appear to be in complete harmony with one another despite never having met, we may take their advice seriously. Oxford Brookes University‟s approach to the business of application and interview focuses on research and rehearsal. Training course coordinator Brenda Stevens speaks of the value of getting students “to deconstruct the advertisement , see what they can offer to that school, and that situation, and then write the letter, do their CVs and criticize each othe r‟s.” Finally, they role play interviewer and interviewee.This is sterling stuff, and Brookes students spend a couple of weeks on it. “The better prepared students won‟t be thrown by nerves on the day, ”says Ms St evens. “They‟llhave their strategies a nd questions worked out. ” She also says, a trifle disconcertingly, “the better the student, the worse the interviewee. ” She believes the most capable students are less able to put themselves forward. Even if this were tree, says Ms Stevens, you must still make your own case.“Beware of infernality,” she advises. One aspirant teacher, now a head of department at a smart secondary school, failed his first job interview because he took his jacket off while waiting for his appointment. It was hot and everyone in the staffroom was in shirtsleeves but at the end of the day they criticized his casual attitude, which they had deduced from the fact that he took his jacket off in the staffroom, even though he put it back on for the interview.Incidentally, men really do have to wear a suit to the interview and women really cannot wear jeans, even if men never wear the suit again and women teach most days in jeans. Panels respond instantly to these indicators. But beware: it will not please them any better if you are too smart.Find out about the people who will talk to you. In the early meetings they are likely to be heads of departments or heads of year. Often they may be concerned with pastoral matters. It makes sense to know their priorities and let them hear the things about you that they want to hear.During preliminary meetings you may be seen in groups with two or three other applicants and you must demonstrate that you know your stuff without putting your companions down. The interviewers will be watching how you work with a team. But remember the warning about informality: however friendly and co-operative the other participants are, do not give way to the idea that you are there just to be friends.Routine questions can be rehearsed, but “don‟t go on too long,” advises the department head. They may well ask: “What have been your worst/best moments w h en teaching?”, or want you to “talk about some good teaching you have done. ” The experts agree you should recognize your weaknesses and offer a strategy for over coming them. “I know I‟ve got to work on classroom management — I would hope for some help,” perhaps. No one expects a new teacher to know it all, but they hope for an objective appraisal of capabilities.Be warned against inexpert questioning. You may be asked questions in such a way that it seems impossible to present your best features. Some questions may be plain silly, asked perhaps by people on the panel who are from outside the situation. Do not be thrown, have ways of circumnavigating it, and never, ever le t them see that you think they have said something foolish.You will almost certainly be asked how you see the future and it is import ant to have a good answer prepared. Some people are put off by being asked what they expect to be doing i n five or ten years‟ time. On your preliminary visit, says the department head, be sure to give them a bit of an interview of your own, to see the direction the department is going and what you could contribute to it.The head teacher offers his thoughts in a nine-point plan.Iron the application form! Then it stands out from everyone else‟s, which have been folded and battered in the post. It gives an initial impression which may get yourapplication to the top of the pile.Ensure that your application is tailored to the particular school. Make the head feel you are writing directly to him or her.Put yourself at ease before you meet the interviewing panel: if you are nervous , you will talk too quickly. Before you enter the room remember that the people are human beings too; take away the mystique of their roles.Listen. There is a danger of not hearing accurately what is being said. Make eye contact with the speakers, and with everyone in the room.Allow your warmth and humanity to be seen. A sense of humor is very important. Have a portfolio of your work that can link theory to practice. Many schools want you to show work. For a primary appointment, give examples from the range of the curriculum, not just art. (For this reason, taking pictures on your teaching practice is important. )Prepare yourself in case you are asked to give a talk. Have prompt cards ready, and don‟t waffle.Your speech must be clear and articulate, with correct grammar. This is important: they want to hear you and they want to hear how well you can communicate wit h children. Believe in yourself and have confidence. Some of the people asking the questions don‟t know much about what you do. Be ready to help them.Thus armed, you should have no difficulty at all. Good luck and keep your jacket on!21. Ms. Brenda Stevens suggests that before applying job applicants should ___.A. go through each other‟s CVsB. rehearse their answers to questionsC. understand thoroughly the situationsD. go to town to attend training course22. Is it wise to admit some of your weaknesses relating to work?A. Yes, but you should have ideas for improvement in the future.B. Yes, because it is natural to be weak in certain aspects.C. No, admitting weaknesses may put you at a disadvantage.D. No, it will only prompt the interviewees to reject you.23. The best way to deal with odd questions from the interviewers is to ___.A. remain smiling and kindly point out the inaccuraciesB. keep calm and try to be tactful in your answersC. say frankly what you think about the issues raisedD. suggest something else to get over your nervousness24. The suggestions offered by the headteacher are ___.A. originalB. ambiguousC. practicalD. controversialTEXT DFamily MattersThis month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one‟s parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.That does not mean it hasn‟t generated discussion. Several members of the Parl iament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of theelderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the “Sue Your Son”law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility an y more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 19 80, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline.But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net.Traditionally, a person‟s insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care an d support for one‟s parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one‟s parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren‟t getting relatives‟ support? They have several options : (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill‟s effect would be far more subtle.First, it wi ll reaffirm the notion that it is each individual‟s—not society‟s—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn‟t hurt a soc iety now and then to remind itself of its core values. Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk theirresponsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.But to be sued by one‟s parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, “Sue and be damned”. The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.It would be nice to think Singapore doesn‟t need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the firs t place.25. The Maintenance of Parents Bill ___.A. received unanimous support in the Singapore ParliamentB. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poorC. was intended to substitute for traditional values in SingaporeD. was passed to make the young more responsible to the old26. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply that ___.A. the country will face mounting problems of the old in futureB. the social welfare system would be under great pressureC. young people should be given more moral educationD. the old should be provided with means of livelihood27. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old.28. The author seems to suggest that traditional values ___.A. play an insignificant role in solving social problemsB. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their childrenC. are very important in preserving Asian uniquenessD. are significant in helping the Bill get approved29. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would be ___.A. indirectB. unnoticedC. apparentD. straightforward30. At the end of the passage, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends upon ___.A. strict enforcementB. public supportC. government assuranceD. filial awareness SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING (10 min)In this section there are seven passages with ten multiple-choice questions. Ski m or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Colored Answer Sheet. TEXT EFirst read the question.。

23年下半年英语六级作文

23年下半年英语六级作文英文回答：In the contemporary world, the multifaceted nature of technology has engendered both opportunities and challenges for individuals and societies alike. The advent ofartificial intelligence (AI), in particular, has stimulated profound debates regarding its potential impact on human life. While some posit that AI holds the promise of revolutionizing various sectors and improving our daily lives, others harbor concerns about its ethicalimplications and the potential for job displacement.The optimism surrounding AI stems from its transformative potential across a wide spectrum of industries. In healthcare, AI can assist in disease diagnosis, surgical procedures, and drug discovery. In finance, it can enhance risk management, fraud detection, and personalized financial advice. Moreover, AI-powered automation and robotics have the capacity to optimizeproductivity in manufacturing, logistics, and other labor-intensive sectors. By automating repetitive tasks, AI can free human workers to engage in more complex and creative endeavors.However, the ethical considerations associated with AI cannot be overlooked. One of the primary concerns is the potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes. For instance, AI systems trained on biased data may perpetuate existing societal prejudices. Additionally, the proliferation of AI-powered surveillance technologies raises questions about privacy, civil liberties, and potential abuse by authoritarian regimes.Furthermore, the impact of AI on employment is a topic of ongoing debate. While some believe that AI will lead to widespread job losses, others argue that it will create new opportunities in fields that require specialized skills and expertise. The key to mitigating the potential negative effects of AI on employment is to invest in education and training programs that equip workers with the skillsnecessary to navigate the changing job market.In conclusion, the advent of AI presents a complex and multifaceted landscape, marked by both opportunities and challenges. While AI holds the potential to revolutionize industries, improve our lives, and solve complex problems,it is imperative to address the ethical implications and proactively plan for its impact on employment. By strikinga balance between optimism and caution, we can harness the power of AI to create a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable future.中文回答：人工智能 (AI) 的出现给个人和社会带来了机遇和挑战。

英语专业考研考前基础英语水平模考测试卷附答案

英语专业考研考前基础英语水平模考测试卷（附答案）Part I Vocabulary and Grammar (40 points)Directions: The following 40 short statements are provided each with four items. You are to choose for each the best word or phrase in place of the underlined or missing part. Please write your answer on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.1. The police the witness about the accident.A. questionB. askC. interrogateD. inquire2. The salesman his product when challenged.A. soldB. spoke of C stood up for D. stood for3. She makes a rather living as a novelist.A. precariousB. precautionaryC. cautiousD. precocious4. She the chance to spend a whole day with her father. . * 'A. jumped onB. jumped atC. jumped withD. jumped up3. The car to avoid hitting the old man.A. swervedB. rambledC. scurriedD. curtailed6. Anyone who has a sore throat should from alcohol.A. abstainB. retainC. detainD. pertain8. Despite a whole night's emergency treatment, the boy’s condition is still critical and his life is now hanging by aA. threadB. cordC. stringD. rope9. The film was banned officially- because of the language and scenes it contained.A. decentB. optimalC. obsceneD. vicious10. China will continue to to control population growth and improve the living standard of Chinese people.A. strideB. contriveC. striveD. stripe11. He avowed his commitment to those ideals.A. acknowledgedB. convertedC. conformedD. renounced12. The political dissident was accused of instigating a plot to overthrow the government.A. devisingB. supportingC. fundingD. provoking13 I wish you two would stop bickering.A. complaining B quarreling C. bargaining D murmuring14. The defendant is facing severe verdict despite the appeal for clemency by his lawyer.A. forgivingB. releaseC. leniencyD. impartiality15. The little boy listened, enthralled by the Captain’s story.A. fascinatedB. swindledC. shockedD. bored16. I was impressed by his expertise on landing craft.A. encouragementB. special skillC. shrewdnessD. eloquence17. Your action is a breach of our university regulations.A. observationB. violationC. creationD. attack18. Subsequent events vindicated his policy.A. predicateB. swingC. dilateD. verify19. Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death penalty in most countries in the world.A. impulsiveB. multicoloredC. obligatory'D. laughable20. Morality, for him, was doing what is expedient.A. undesirableB. unavailable C advantageous D. inappropriate21 You'd like this one, ?A. don't youB. didn't youC. hadn't youD. wouldn’t you22. Do you happen to know the name of this ?A. beautiful, little, red, butterfly-like insectB. little, beautiful, red, butterfly-like insectC. red, little, beautiful, butterfly-like insectD. red, butterfly-like, beautiful, little insect23. My son walked ten miles today. We never guessed that he could walk far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as24. If talks for the new trade agreements take , food industries in both countries will be seriously affected.A. much too longB. too much longerC. too much longD. much long25. Jim expected nobody in the room.A. there beingB. there beenC. there to beD. there be26. Frankly, I'd rather you anything about it for the time being.A. doB. didn't doC. don’t doD. didn't27. This is a nation which easily to changes.A. adaptsB. is adaptedC. is adaptableD. is adapting28. The young man proved his parents’ expectation.A. worthB. worthyC. worth ofD. worthy of29. After a whole day of hard work, all was a nice meal and a good restA. what he wantedB. which he wantedC. the thing he wantedD. that he wanted30. A modem city has sprung up in was a wasteland ten years agoA. whichB. whatC. thatD. where31. The new literature course differs from the old course the students aren’t required to attend lecture.A. in whichB. whichC. in thatD. whereas32. I wonder whether he knows to write a book.A. how great pains it will costB. what great pains will it takeC. what great pains it will cost D what great pains it will take33. college students should learn more about Chinese history.A. 1 consider important thatB. I consider it importantC. I consider what is importantD. I consider it important that34. T o a highly imaginative writer, is a pad of paper and a pen.A. all are requiredB. all required isC. all is requiredD. all that is required35. was of no much help to him at that time.A. Little could I doB. What could I do littleC. The little of which 1 could doD. The little that I could do36. Scientists have reached the conclusion the temperature on the earth is getting higher and higher.A. whenB. butC. thatD. for that37. The teacher said, "It's time you your oral presentation.”A. beganB. should beginC. beginD. are beginning38. You and I could hardly understand each other, ?A. could IB. couldn't youC. could weD. couldn't we39. A clue Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story.A. as for whyB. as to whatC. as to which D as to why40. Petroleum is to industry blood is to man.A. thatB. as ifC. whatD. whichPart II Cloze Test (20 points) "Directions: Read the passage below carefully and choose the best answer from those given. Write your choice on the answer sheet by marking the corresponding letter in each case.The tuberculosis situation in China is worsening again. It cannot be 1 unless the current situation which China has Four Highs and One Low is changed. The Four Highs and the One Low means a high infection rate, a high drug 2 rate, a high death rate, a high__3 of infection, and a low rate of decline changes.Experts say that China is one of the twenty-two countries in the world with the highest tuberculosis 4 China ranks second in the world in the 5 number of the people who have TB. Over 500 million Chinese have been 6 to the TB bacillus, six million have active TB and two million are 7 carriers of the disease. Over two hundred and fifty thousand Chinese die each year from TB. This is twice as many as those who die 8 all of China' s other contagious diseases 9The rate of TB in the Chinese countryside is 2.4 times 10 in the city. In China, as in other countries, at lease half of the 11 active TB cases, and deaths are in women.Children are the most 12 to infection of all. 13 statistics, the TB death rate among children aged 0-4 are 0.8 per 100,000 and0.5 per 100,000. A 14 found that about half of the TB 15 people have not been found and registered. For 16 reasons, about 65.9 per cent of the people with TB symptoms are not 17 having TB. Experts warn that no disease compares with TB in the damage it 18 on families and the harm it does to China’s economic development. Seventy-five percent of the people with active TB cases 19 in the 15-34 age group, the most 20 age group. This means that China loses 360 million working days each year to TB.1. A. beaten B. conquered C. overcome D. defeated2. A. resistance B. injection C. inferior D. resistable3. A. incidence B. incident C. accident D. accidence4. A. burden B. load C. cargo D. freight5. A. whole B. large C. imaginary D. total6. A. revealed B. revealing C. exposed D. exposing7. A. contagious B. conscientious C. continuous D. consecutive8. A. away B. down C. off D. from9. A. joined B. added C. united D. combined10. A. that B. than C as D. less11. A. infections B. infectious C. affection D. infectants12. A. fragile B. vulnerable C. feeble D. crisp13. A. On the contrary B. According to C. With respect to D. Inaddition to14. A. research B. inspect C. survey D. study15. A. opposite B. negative C. opponent D. positive16. A. disparate B. desperate C. various D. distinct17. A. diagnosed as B. diagnosed to C. diagnosed about D. diagnosed with18. A. inflicts B. affiliates C. afflicts D. conflicts19. A. is B. are C. have D. has20. A. prospective B. productive C. predictable D. prudentPart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (30 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are some choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The decline of traditional religion in the West has not removed the need for men and women to find a deeper meaning behind existence. Why is the world the way it is and how do we, as conscious individuals, fit into the great scheme?There is a growing feeling that science, especially what isknown as the new physics, can provide answers where religion remains vague and faltering. Many people in search of a meaning to their lives are finding enlightenment in the revolutionary developments at the frontiers of science. Much to the bewilderment of professional scientists, quasi-religious cults are being formed around such unlikely topics as quantum physics, space-time relativity, black holes and the big bang.How can physics, with its reputation for cold precision and objective materialism, provide such fertile soil for the mystical? The truth is that the spirit of scientific inquiry has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past 50 years. The twin revolutions of the theory of relativity, with its space-warps and time-warps, and the quantum theory, which reveals the shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms, have demolished the classical image of a clockwork universe slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway. Replacing this sterile mechanism is a world full of shifting indeterminism and subtle interactions that have no counterpart in daily experience, To study the new physics is to embark on a journey of wonderment and paradox, to glimpse the universe in a novel perspective, in which subject and object, mind and matter, force and field, become intertwined. Even the creation of theuniverse itself has fallen within the province of scientific inquiry.The new cosmology provides, for the first time, a consistent picture of how all physical structures, including space and time, came to exist out of nothing. We are moving towards an understanding in which matter, force, order and creation are unified into a single descriptive theme.Many of us who work in fundamental physics are deeply impressed by the harmony and order which pervades the physical world. To me laws of the universe, from quarks to quasars, dovetail together so felicitously that the impression there is something behind it all seems overwhelming. The laws of physics are so remarkably clever they can surely only be a manifestation of genius.l. The author says people nowadays find that traditional religion isA. a form of reassuranceB. inadequate to their needsC. responding to scientific progressD. developing in strange ways2. Scientists find the new cults bewildering because they areA. too reactionaryB. based on false evidenceC. derived from inappropriate sourcesD. too subjective3. Which phrase in paragraph 3 suggests that the universe islike a machine?A. Cold precision and objective materialism.B. The shadowy and unsubstantial nature of atoms.C. Slavishly unfolding along a predetermined pathway.D. Shifting Indeterminism and subtle interactions.4. The new physics is exciting because itA. offers a comprehensive explanation of the universeB. proves the existence of a ruling intelligenceC. incorporates the work of men of geniusD. makes scientific theories easier to understand5. The author of this passage isA. a minister of religionB. a research scientistC. science fiction writerD. a journalistQuestions 6 to 16 are based on the following passage.Suddenly Lady Windermere looked eagerly round the room, and said, in her clear contralto voice, "where is my chiromantist?""Your what, Gladys?" exclaimed the Duchess, trying to remember what a chiromantist really was, and hoping it was not the same as a chiropodist."my chiromantist, Duchess; I can't live without him at present. I must certainly introduce him to you.”"Int roduce him!" cried the Duchess. “You don't mean to say he is here?" She began looking about for a small tortoiseshell fan and a very tattered lace shawl so as to be ready to go at a moment's notice."Of course he is here; 1 would not dream of giving a party without him. He tells me I have a pure psychic hand.""Oh, 1 see!" said the Duchess, feeling very much relieved. "He tells fortunes, I suppose?""And misfortunes, too" answered Lady Windermere. "Any amount of them. Next year, for instance, I am in great danger, both by land and sea, so J am going to live in a balloon, and draw up my dinner in a basket every evening. It is all written down on my little finger, or on the palm of my hand. I forgot which." "But surely that is tempting Providence, Gladys." "My dear Duchess, surely Providence can resist temptation by this time. Everyone should have their hands told once a month, so as to know what not to do. Of course, one does it all the same, but it is so pleasant to be warned. Ah, here is Mr. Podgers! Now, Mr. Podgers, I want you to tell the Duchess of Paisley's hand.""Dear Gladys, I really don't think it is quite right," said the Duchess, feebly unbuttoning a rather soiled kid glove."Nothing interesting ever is," said Lady Windmere. "But 1must introduce you. Duchess, this is Mr. Podgers, my pet chiromantist. Mr. Podgers, this is the Duchess of Paisley, and if you say that she has a larger mountain of the moon than I have, I will never believe you again.""1 am sure, Gladys, there is nothing of the kind in my hand," said the Duchess gravely."Your grace is quite right," said Mr. Podgers, glancing at the little fat hand."The mountain of the moon is not developed. The line of life, however, is excellent You will live to a great age, Duchess, and be extremely happy. Ambition—very moderate, line of intellect not exaggerated, line of heart——”"Now. do be indiscreet, Mr. Podgers," cried Lady Windermere."Nothing would give me greater pleasure," said Mr. Podgers, bowing, "if the Duchess ever had been, but I am sorry to say that I see great permanence of affection, combined with a strong sense of duty.""Pray go on, Mr. Podgers," said the Duchess, looking quite pleased."Economy is not the least of your Grace's virtues," continued Mr. Podgers, and lady Windermere went off into fits of laughter.“Economy is a very good thing, remarked the Duchesscomplacently. When I married Paisley he had eleven castles, and not a single house fit to live in.""And now he has twelve houses, and not a single castle," criedLady Windmere." "you have told the Duchess's character admirably, Mr. Podgers, and now you must tell Lady Flora's." In answer to a nod, a tall girl stepped awkwardly from behind the sofa and held out a long, bony hand."Ah, a pianist!" said Mr. Podgers. “Very reserved, very honest, and with a great love of animals.”"Quite true!" exclaimed the Duchess, turning to Lady Windermere. "Flora keeps two dozen collie dogs at Macloskie, and would turn our town house into a menagerie if her father would let her.""Well, that is just what I do with my house every Thursday evening," cried Lady Windermere, laughing. "Only I like lions better than collie dogs, But Mr. Podgers must read some more hands for us. Come, Lady Marvel, show him yours."But Lady Marvel entirely declined to have her past or her future exposed. In fact, many people seemed afraid to face the odd little man with his stereotyped smile and his bright, beady eyes; and when he told poor Lady Fermor right out beforeeveryone that she did not care a bit for music, but was extremely fond of musicians, it was generally felt that chiromancy was a most dangerous science, and one that ought not to be encouraged, except in private.Lord Arthur Savile, however, who did not know anything about Lady Fermor's unfortunate story, was filled with curiosity to have his own hand read, and feeling somewhat shy about putting himself forward, crossed to where Lady Windermere was sitting and asked her if she thought Mr. Podgers would mind."Of course he won't mind," said Lady Windermere. "That is what he is here for. All my lions, Lord Arthur, are performing lions, and jump through hoops whenever I ask them."6. Lady Windermere's statement that she "can't live without" (line 5) her chiromantist is an example of .A. witB. satireC. exaggerationD. generalization7 The Duchess wants to "be ready to go at a moment's notice" (line 7) because sheA. is afraid of chiropodistsB. is tired of Lady WindermereC. thinks having her fortune told would be tempting ProvidenceD. does not want to meet Mr. Podgers8. The passage suggests that the Duchess wears a tattered shawl and soiled gloves because sheA. likes to save moneyB. cannot afford to buy nicer onesC. cares little about appearanceD. prefer to buy nice things for her home9. Lady Windermere's plan to live in a balloon and draw up her dinner in a basket indicates herA .desire to impress the DuchessB. inability to separate reality from fantasyC. whimsical attitude toward fortune-tellingD. respect for the accuracy of Mr. Podger's fortunes10. Lady Windermere's speech in lines21-24 shows that she _______A. likes to give advice to othersB. dislike knowing what is going to happen to herC. believes that Mr. Podgers has amazing and uncanny powersD. does not take either Providence or chiromancy very seriously.11. The Duchess says, "I really don't think it is quite right" inline 26 because sheA. has philosophical and moral objections to fortune-tellingB. thinks that trying to discern the future could be dangerousC. does not like to do what Lady Windermere tells her to doD. believes that Mr. Podgers is likely to predict bad events in her future12. Lady Windermere's use of the phrase “my pet chiromantist” suggests that Lady WindermereA. provide for Mr. Podgers's needB. perceives Mr. Podgers's devotion to herC. feels possessive toward Mr PodgersD. likes to belittle Mr. Podgers in front of her friends13. By characterizing the Duchess's line of intellect as "not exaggerated", Mr. Podgers shows himself to beA. tactfulB. disdainfulC. imaginativeD. suspicious14. The Duchess looks "quite pleased" because .A. her future is brighter than is Lady windermere'sB. her fear about tempting Providence have been allayedC. Mr. Podgers has not suggested any danger in her immediate futureD. Mr. Podgers has described her characteristics positively15. In addition to telling people's fortunes, Mr. Podgers .A. describes their characteristicsB. describes their past endeavorsC. describes their present occupationD. encourages their unspoken plansQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal ofhighly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's TheMarriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.16. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulationB. byproduct of an aesthetic experienceC. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particularD. result of highly creative scientific activity17. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also Included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creativework that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?18. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with .A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement19. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one thatA. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific communityC does not relegate particulars to the role of dataD introduces a new valid generalization20. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In a similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature. Section B (10 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and give answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.By the mid century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form. In deed, there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all. Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods, two of them, William Burroughs and Henry Miller, served as exemplary figures.William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa. He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs. The impact of his experiences on his writing led to a uniquely detached style. Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories, orwhere the characters have come from. In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch, Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together, to further disturb the conventional notion of narration. Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works, American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory.Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided. In order to better expose compulsive desires, he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships. His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published. Although there are disagreements about Miller's moral positions, he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid-twentieth century American fiction.21. What is the main topic of this passage?22. What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?23. What can we assume about Burroughs' earlier works?24. What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?25. What can we infer about the works of the two men?Part IV Translation (30 points)Section A E-C translation (15 points)Directions; Read the following passage carefully aid translate it into good Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet. Translating versus interpretingSome problems arise because people think of translating and interpreting as being two entirely different kinds of operations, one written and the other spoken. But both are part of the same act of producing in a receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source text, whether spoken or written. The significant differences are the speed with which an interpreter must make decisions, the enormous tension to keep up with the rapid flow of spoken language, the background knowledge necessary for instant recall, and the willingness to produce something that may not be "perfect." In fact, no interpretation is ever perfect.Interpreting can, however, be an important plus for a translator, because it immediately forces him or her to be up to date with respect to rapid developments within any discipline, and it highlights the fact that listening to one language and speaking in another is a largely automatic process, something that some translators have faired to recognize.。

高考英语概要写作技巧讲解

高考英语概要写作技巧讲解一、考点分析（一）考查内容：1、考查读懂文章内容的能力2、考查识别作者写作目的的能力3、考查归纳总结的能力4、考查组织文章的能力（二）评分要点•1）字数50左右•2）理解准确，涵盖全部要点•3）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇•4）完全使用自己的语言•5）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑二、专题详解定义：It is a brief, thorough and objectiverestatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。

（三）写作方法Step 1.确定体裁，明确主题Step 2.明确文章结构（总-分，总-分-总，分-总，并列）Step 3. 划主题句与关键信息Step 4. 写纲要，打草稿Step 5. 润色成文1)找准体裁，提炼要点按体裁2)语言：同义词&词组替换；句式简化；句子重构①同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语（例improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）②句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）③句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等3)衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,转折关系but, instead, however, on the other hand省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。

增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词firstly…, secondly…, finally…;and…, moreover…, furthermore…; but, instead, however,例（一）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFS’s doctors need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and might be sent on an emergency task. Christ thinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot. （同义词转换）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _______________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary ：People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantagessuch as close with nature, physicalwork, being free from urban pressure, more free walk, quiet and peaceful environment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Keys:Windbreak, which is formed by trees and other plants, is used by farmers to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of the nature. Windbreak can protect the crops and help improve grain production. However, windbreak should be planted properly to work its best.练习实战练习（一）One hot night last August, I tried everything I could think of—a warm bottle, songs, etc. to make him fall into sleep, but he just couldn’t do it. Since I believed that a long night was waiting for me ahead, I had no choice but to bring a TV into his room to kill off the hours until dawn. I was surprised that the moment I turned on the TV, the baby became quiet right away and fixed his little eyes brightly on the screen. Not willing to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed(用脚失走）out of the room, leaving him to watch the boring TV programs.I heard no more of the baby’s crying that night and the next morning when I went int o his room, I found him still watching TV by himself. I found there was a metaphor (暗喻) in my baby’s behavior for the new generation. When I gave my boy some books to go over, he only spit upon them; when I read to him, he did not feel comfortable. So is it in the schools with my students. I find that our students don’t read and they look down upon reading and make light of those of us who teach it. All they want to do is to watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have drawn a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight against it? Let them watch what they want!_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary：The writer tried everything to make her baby fall asleep but failed. Surprisingly, when she turned on the TV, the baby kept quiet himself. Then she found that her students liked watching TV as much as her baby. So the writer suggested that we should let children watch what they want.实战练习（二）More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today.Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighbourhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.Folding bikes work well for people who take the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.Health Benefits of Bicycling: It helps to prevent heart diseases. Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week bums off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood. Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving._____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:Many people like bicycling because it’s fun, heathy and good for environment and it’s easy to stop and get off. Sometimes folding bikes can be taken with you on an airplane or a train. Most importantly, bicycling has a lot of health benefits.强化练习练习（一）Understanding body language is important to success, whether in the business world or in ourpersonal lives. However, some of our ideas about body language are wrong, according to modern communication research.There is a belief that people with shifty(变化的) eyes are probably lying. As Paul Ekman says, “When we asked people how they could tell if someone was lying, too much blinking(眨眼) and shifty eyes were the answers.” Ekman goes on to argue against such a wrong belief. Although this kind of body language is probably an expression of nervousness, it is not always because the person is lying. Shyness can, for example, make people shift their eyes. To understand what someone’s behavior means, you have to watch them carefully.There is also a belief that when meeting someone, the more eye contact, the better. As a result people would like to make initial (开始的) contact in formal situations, like a job interview, by staring fixedly at the other human. Yet Ekman points out that most of us are comfortable with eye contact lasting a few seconds，but any eye contact that is longer than that cm make us nervous.In short, you must carefully consider the speaker and the speaking environment. Experts suggest that unless you know about someone’s basic communication style, you will have little hope in understanding their true feelings through body language. In other words, body language carries important but not always true messages._____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:The passage argues two wrong ideas about body language. One is that people believe shifty eyes means that person is lying. The other is that people believe the more eye contact, the better during communication. Finally, the writer gives us a suggestion that we should be careful when we judge somebody body language.练习（二）Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: having piano lessons, going to movies, swimming, and horseback riding.When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address Unknown.” I had no idea how to find Linda.Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman—Linda's married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but I still wrote to her.She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs. Tobin!’’ she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother.Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one th ing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary：Linda Ev ans and the writer are best friends. After the writer’s family moved away, they kept in touch through letters. Then, they were all busy and wrote letters often. Finally, they lost in touch with each other and the writer felt empty. After 40 years, the writ er found Linda and they won’t lose each other again.1．他利用她人好心软，三番五次向她借钱。

二四年考研英语真题一作文

二四年考研英语真题一作文In the era of rapid technological advancement, the roleof technology in our lives has become increasinglysignificant. The year 2024 has witnessed a surge in the integration of technology into various aspects of our daily routines, from communication to education, and this trend is particularly evident in the realm of higher education. The following essay will explore the impact of technology on the postgraduate entrance examination, commonly known as the "kaoyan," and the potential benefits and challenges it brings.Firstly, the advent of online learning platforms has revolutionized the way students prepare for the kaoyan. With access to a plethora of educational resources, includingvideo lectures, interactive quizzes, and discussion forums, students can now tailor their study plans to their individual needs and learning styles. This personalized approach to learning not only enhances the efficiency of study but also fosters a deeper understanding of the subject matter.Moreover, the use of technology in the examinationprocess itself has introduced new methods of assessment.Online proctoring and adaptive testing are two suchinnovations that have been implemented to ensure theintegrity and fairness of the examination. Online proctoring allows for remote supervision of exams, reducing the need for physical examination centers and making the process more accessible to a wider range of students. Adaptive testing, onthe other hand, adjusts the difficulty of questions based on the student's performance, providing a more accurate measure of their abilities.However, the integration of technology into the kaoyan process is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where students from less developed areas or those with limited access to technology may be at a disadvantage. Additionally, the reliance on technology also raises issues of data security and privacy, as sensitive student information must be safeguarded against potential breaches.In conclusion, the integration of technology into the kaoyan process has brought about significant changes,offering both opportunities and challenges. While it has the potential to enhance the learning experience and make the examination process more efficient and fair, it also necessitates addressing issues of accessibility and security. As we move forward, it is crucial to strike a balance between leveraging the benefits of technology and ensuring that the kaoyan remains a fair and inclusive process for all students.。

12V240ZJ型柴油机设计及试验研究.

中南大学
硕士学位论文
12V240ZJ型柴油机设计及试验研究
姓名：***
申请学位级别：硕士
专业：机械设计及理论
指导教师：***
20050501
中南大学工程硕：Ｌ学位论文第二章１２Ｖ２４０ＺＪ型柴油机设计及开发试验
机此处的惯性质量问题。

（７）采用了球墨铸铁机体结构。

（８）采用了大流量的机油泵和水泵，保证了机油和水的供给量，并为进一步提高强化指标留有储备。

图２－１示出了１２Ｖ２４０ＺＪ型柴油机的外形照片。

图２－１１２Ｖ２４０ＺＪ型柴油机照片
２．１．２主要性能参数
（１）ＵＩＣ标定功率：
（２）柴油机标定转速：
（３）循环方式及增压特性：
（４）喷射特性：
式喷油器
（５）气缸数、气缸排列和气缸夹角（６）气缸直径×活塞行程：
（７）压缩比：
（８）曲轴转向（面对输出端）：
（９）发火次序
气缸编号（面对输出端）：
从左列输出端起，编号Ａ１～Ａ６２２００ｋｗ
１０００ｒ／ｍｉｎ
四冲程、脉冲增压、增压空气中间冷却直喷式燃烧室、单体柱塞泵、小压力室
１２缸、Ｖ型、Ｖ型夹角５０。

２４０ｍｍ×２７５ｍｍ
１２．５
顺时针
从右列输出端起，编号ＢｌａＢ６。

此时发。

23年英语四六级作文真题

23年英语四六级作文真题English:In recent years, the rapid development of technology has greatly impacted our lives in various aspects. One of the most significant transformations brought about by technology is its influence on communication. With the advent of social media platforms and instant messaging apps, people can now easily connect with each other regardless of geographical boundaries. This has not only facilitated efficient communication but has also contributed to the globalization of cultures and ideas.Furthermore, technology has revolutionized the way we access information. The internet allows us to retrieve vast amounts of knowledge with just a few clicks. People no longer solely rely on traditional media outlets for news or books for research purposes. The plethora of online resources available has made information more accessible and convenient, leading to a more informed and knowledgeable society.Additionally, technology has transformed the way we work. With the rise of remote working and digital collaboration tools, employees have more flexibility in managing their time and location. This has not only improved work-life balance but has also opened up opportunities for individuals from diverse backgrounds to contribute to the workforce. Moreover, the automation of certain tasks has increased productivity and efficiency, allowing companies to achieve higher levels of output.However, despite the numerous benefits, technology also poses challenges for society. One major concern is the impact on mental health. The constant exposure to social media and digital devices has led to addiction and increased levels of stress. Moreover, privacy concerns have arisen as personal information becomes more vulnerable to hacking and misuse. It is therefore crucial for individuals and society to adopt responsible and mindful practices while using technology.In conclusion, the rapid development of technology has brought about substantial changes in our daily lives. Communication, information access, and work processes have all been impacted bytechnology. As we embrace the benefits, it is essential to navigate the challenges and ensure the responsible and mindful use of technology for the betterment of society.中文翻译：近年来，技术的快速发展在各个方面都极大地影响了我们的生活。

23年研究生英语一作文

23年研究生英语一作文In the past 23 years, college graduates have faced numerous challenges and opportunities as they pursued higher education. Pursuing a master's degree in English has been a popular choice among many individuals seeking further academic growth and professional development. This essay aims to delve into the various aspects of being a graduate student while highlighting the transformations and experiences that one might encounter during this period.Firstly, the academic aspect of being a graduate student plays a vital role in shaping the individual's knowledge and expertise in their chosen field. Through rigorous coursework, research projects, and in-depth studies, students are exposed to advanced theories and concepts that contribute to their academic growth. The comprehensive curriculum ensures a deeper understanding of the subject and equips students with critical thinking and analytical skills.Additionally, the research component of graduate studies enables students to engage in cutting-edge research and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Through conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing findings, students can make significant contributions to their chosen field. This involvement fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, as well as enhancing their research aptitude and problem-solving skills. Moreover, the role of professors and mentors is instrumental in the journey of a graduate student. They not only guide and mentor students but also provide valuable insights and feedback toimprove their skills and research work. Regular interaction with professors fosters a supportive learning environment and encourages intellectual discussions. Such interactions not only enhance the student's learning experience but also build lasting professional relationships and networks.Apart from the academic sphere, being a graduate student also brings numerous personal and professional growth opportunities. It offers a chance to engage in various extracurricular activities, such as academic conferences, seminars, and workshops. Participating in such events allows students to exchange ideas, learn from experts, and expand their knowledge beyond the classroom. Moreover, these activities enhance their presentation and communication skills, which are essential in today's globalized world.Furthermore, graduate studies provide students with opportunities for career advancement and networking. Many universities and organizations offer internships and research assistantships that facilitate practical experience and exposure to real-world challenges. Such experiences enhance students' employability and open doors to various career prospects.In conclusion, pursuing a master's degree in English is a transformative journey that encompasses academic, personal, and professional growth. The multifaceted nature of graduate studies equips students with a deep understanding of their subject, instills critical thinking and research skills, and provides valuable opportunities for career advancement. As individuals engage in this transformative experience, they not only become experts intheir field but also develop the necessary skills and knowledge to contribute to society in meaningful ways.。

2024研究生英语试卷

2024研究生英语试卷1.The _____ that followed the election was not unexpected.A. effectB. resultC. impactD. influence答案：C解析：本题考查名词辨析。

句意：选举后的影响并不出乎意料。

A. effect结果；B. result结果；C. impact影响；D. influence影响。

根据句意，故选C。

2.The _____ of the population in the city is increasing rapidly.A. densityB. thicknessC. strengthD. warmth答案：A解析：本题考查名词辨析。

句意：这个城市的人口密度正在迅速增加。

A. density密度；B. thickness厚度；C. strength力量；D. warmth温暖。

根据句意，故选A。

3.He has a(n) _____ for remembering names and faces of people he meets.A. talentB. abilityC. powerD. faculty答案：D解析：本题考查名词辨析。

句意：他有记住他所遇到的人的名字和面孔的才能。

A. talent才能；B. ability能力；C. power权力；D. faculty才能，能力。

根据句意，故选D。

4.He _____ the news to the media, which caused great excitement among the public.A. leakedB. spreadC. transmittedD. distributed答案：A解析：本题考查动词辨析。

句意：他把消息泄露给媒体，这引起了公众的极大兴奋。

A. leaked泄露；B. spread传播；C. transmitted传递；D. distributed分发。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

A review of recent developments of friction modiﬁers for liquid lubricants(2007–present)Zhenglin Tang a ,⇑,Shaohui Li a ,b ,⇑a PetroChina Dalian Lubricating Oil R&D Institute,Dalian 116023,ChinabState Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering,School of Chemical Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 8September 2013Revised 23January 2014Accepted 2February 2014Available online 22February 2014Keywords:Friction modiﬁer Lubricant additive Tribochemistry Friction Weara b s t r a c tDue to the increasing demand of low emission and fuel economy,friction modiﬁers have been widely used in lubricating compositions to adjust friction and wear properties of lubricants.Recent achieve-ments in the application of friction modiﬁers for liquid lubricants (2007–present)are reviewed in this paper.There are three types of friction modiﬁers for liquid lubricants:organomolybdenum compounds,organic friction modiﬁers,as well as nanoparticles.The tribological properties and lubrication mecha-nisms of these friction modiﬁers are discussed.The problems and some suggestions for the future direc-tions of research on friction modiﬁers are proposed.Ó2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIt is well known that lubrication can be classiﬁed into four dif-ferent regimes:boundary lubrication,mixed lubrication,elastohy-drodynamic lubrication and hydrodynamic lubrication.Among them,friction and wear are particularly high in boundary and mixed lubrication,leading to high machine wear and energy loss.In such conditions,there are not enough liquid lubricants in the contact area to prevent direct metal/metal contacts.Friction mod-iﬁers are the lubricant additives that commonly used in boundary and/or mixed lubrication conditions to adjust friction characteris-tics and improve the lubricity and energy efﬁciency.Friction mod-iﬁers which reduce the coefﬁcient of friction are used in lubricating compositions such as gear oils and engine oils,while friction mod-iﬁers which raise and maintain friction to a certain level are used in lubricating compositions such as automatic transmission ﬂuid (ATF).Typically,there are two main types of friction modiﬁers for li-quid lubricants:organomolybdenum compounds and organic fric-tion modiﬁers [1].The former friction modiﬁers can be divided into three families:sulfur-and phosphorus-containing compounds,such as molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphates (MoDTP);sulfur-containing and phosphorus-free compounds,such as molybdenumdithiocarbamates (MoDTC);and sulfur-and phosphorus-free com-pounds,such as molybdate ester [2].The latter are generally long chain surfactants with polar end groups,including carboxylic acid,ester,alcohol,amine,amide,imide,borate,phosphate,ionic liquid and their derivatives.Their polar end groups either physically ad-sorb onto the metal surfaces or chemically react with the surfaces,while the hydrocarbon chains extend into the lubricants.As nano-science and nanotechnology advance,it has been widely accepted that the application of nanoparticles as effective friction modiﬁers for lubricants [3].Due to the increasing demand of reducing emis-sion and improving fuel economy,friction modiﬁers have been attracting growing interests and they have developed rapidly in the last few years.This review will summarize the recent achieve-ments in friction modiﬁers for liquid lubricants during the past few years.anomolybdenum compounds2.1.Mechanism of organomolybdenum compoundsOrganomolybdenum compounds were ﬁrst introduced into lubricants in 1950s,and began to be recognized as friction modiﬁ-ers in the late 1970s [4–6].Since then,they have become one of the most important classes of friction modiﬁers,especially for automo-tive crankcase engine lubricants to improve fuel efﬁciency.It is widely believed that organomolybdenum compounds act by form-ing tiny platelets of the low shear strength,layer-lattice compound/10.1016/j.cossms.2014.02.0021359-0286/Ó2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.⇑Corresponding authors.Tel.:+8641186775587;fax:+8641186774255.E-mail addresses:zhenglintang@ (Z.Tang),lishaohui_rhy@ (S.Li).molybdenum disulphide(MoS2)on rubbing asperities,and result in reduced friction[6,7].Previous studies on the triochemistry of additives showed the chemical process for the formation of MoS2 from organomolybdenum compounds such as MoDTC(Fig.1)[8]. MoS2is generated together with molybdenum oxides from the deg-radation of MoDTC in the contact by the tribochemical reaction.It has been suggested that the formation of MoS2from MoDTC is pro-moted by the presence of anti-wear additive zinc dialkyldithio-phosphate(ZDDP)which provide the sulfur atoms to complete the sulfuration of oxysulﬁde(MoS2Àx O x),and the formed lamellar sheets of MoS2cover the asperity tip and efﬁciently reduce friction [9–11].However,if the concentration of ZDDP is low,the sulfura-tion is reduced and the contact is dominated by molybdenum oxi-des which have a negative effect on the anti-wear and friction reduction properties,and thus not reducing friction efﬁciently [12,13].2.2.Overview of organomolybdenum compoundsOrganomolybdenum compounds have been widely used in lubricants as friction modiﬁers for many years because they can efﬁciently reduce friction and wear in the boundary lubrication re-gime[5,14].Due to its special lamellar-type structure and low shear strength,MoS2is a very useful lubricant additive that pro-vides excellent friction reduction especially in high-pressure con-tacts,and a number of papers have been published[15–19].Zhou et al.reported that the MoS2microspheres exhibited much better extreme pressure,anti-wear and friction reduction properties in base oil than commercial colloidal MoS2[20].However,the appli-cation of MoS2is limited by its poor solubility and easily oxidation when the temperature is higher than673K[12,13].So,surface (1,Fig.2)can be efﬁciently produced with high sulfur contents and low corrosive action,which can be used in either grease or lubricating oils as friction modiﬁers,anti-wear agents,extreme pressure agents and anti-oxidants[25].Very recently,the syner-getic effects of MoDTC and overbased liner alkyl benzene synthetic calcium sulfonate(OBCaS)were also studied,and the results showed that these two kinds of additives with a certain range of concentration could improve the tribological properties as com-pared with MoDTC alone[26].The phosphorus-free organo-imido molybdenum complexes(2)[27],organomolybdenum compound (3)[28,29]and dicyclopentadienyl molybdenum crosslinked com-plexes(4)[30]exhibited a low friction coefﬁcient and can be used as friction modiﬁers for various types of energy-saving engine lubricating oils,and compound3showed a lower coefﬁcient of friction when compared with other Mo-based friction-reducing agents with the same Mo content in the oil.Despite signiﬁcant advantages of friction reduction with steel surfaces,it becomes necessary to investigate the tribological behaviors of friction modiﬁers in lubricants with other friction materials,such as diamond-like carbon(DLC)and chromium ni-tride(CrN)surfaces that have been used on machine components with excellent properties.Theﬁlm formation behaviors of MoDTC on all the main types of DLC(a-C,a-C:H,a-C:H:W,a-C:H:WC,Si-DLC,ta-C,ta-C:H)were obtained,and it showed that MoDTC im-proved the wear resistance of DLC/DLC contacts but not DLC/steel contacts[31].The friction modiﬁer MoDTC formed a tribo-ﬁlm on both DLC surfaces,but with lower friction on the graphitic than on DLC one[32].Similarly,the combination of ZDDP and moly dimer gave a positive effect for both low friction and anti-wear perfor-mances in CrN/cast iron system[33].When the anti-wear additive (ZDDP)was used along with moly dimer(MoDTC)or moly trimerFig.1.Chemical process for the formation of MoS2from MoDTC[8].120Z.Tang,S.Li/Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science18(2014)119–139rubbing surface by the tribochemical reaction of6and ZDDP [37,38].Although the above organomolybdenum compounds can be used as highly efﬁcient friction modiﬁers,it is urgent to reduce or eliminate the harmful elements(such as phosphorus and sulfur) in lubricant additives and develop the environment-friendly additives without reducing the wear and friction performances [39–41].A growing number of recent studies have been concerned with the tribological behavior of additives in water-based metalworking ﬂuids[42].Aqueous solutions of three tetraalkylammonium thio-molybdates(R4N)2MoS4(R=methyl,propyl,or hydrogen)were prepared,and exhibited good friction and wear reduction com-pared to pure water due to the non-homogeneous tribo-ﬁlm con-taining MoS2which was formed by high-temperature triboreduction of(R4N)2MoS4in the contact during the sliding pro-cess,but a signiﬁcant difference in friction coefﬁcient was obtained depending on the alkyl group[43,44].Organomolybdenum com-pounds are useful friction modiﬁers in various lubricating compo-sitions and have been widely studied;however,the trend towards low-ash lubricants has attracted wide scientiﬁc attention to obtain low friction and improved fuel economy by using ashless friction modiﬁers,that is,organic friction modiﬁers.anic friction modiﬁers3.1.Mechanism of organic friction modiﬁersSince theﬁrst discovery in1915that the addition of fatty acids to mineral oils could reduce friction[45],a number of studies have been conducted on the mechanism of action of organic friction modiﬁers.Currently there are two widely accepted mechanisms: monolayer model and thickﬁlm model.Many researchers demonstrated that organic friction modiﬁers physically or chemically adsorbed on rubbing metal surfaces to form monolayers,with their shear strength deriving primarily from the weak van der Waal interactions between opposing hydro-carbon chains at the interfaces.The monolayers are sufﬁcient to prevent direct metal/metal contacts,and thereby reducing friction [46–48].Their friction-reducing properties are strongly dependent on chain length and functional groups at the terminal of molecules [49,50].By means of stable isotopic tracers,the mechanism for durability of monomolecular boundaryﬁlm of stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH was investigated[51].For the ball-on-ﬂat type tribo-test,it showed that the lifetime of the monomolecularﬁlm signiﬁcantly depended on the ball material.As shown in Fig.3,sapphire-ball or glass-ball exhibited a long lifetime with low fric-tion because the carboxylic acid on silicon-ﬂat was removed during the friction process and a transferredﬁlm would be generated with the acid adsorbed on the ball surfaces,while steel-ball exhibited poor durability with high friction due to the insufﬁcient generation of the transferredﬁlm on the ball surface.Despite the general acceptance of the monolayer model,some other researchers proposed a thickﬁlm action model,where friction modiﬁers formed viscousﬁlms of tens or even hundreds of nanometers thick on metal surfaces,and it was conﬁrmed by a variety of analytical techniques,such as X-ray diffraction and ultra-thinﬁlm interferometry[52–55].Although the conditions for or-ganic friction modiﬁers to form monolayer or thickﬁlms are unclear,it is shown that the long chain carboxylic acid formed thickﬁlms only when a metal carboxylate was generated by a chemical reaction of the acid with the surface[56].In addition to the above two main mechanisms,Hersey pro-posed another action mechanism of boundary lubrication during the1930s,and suggested that the lack of adhesion of the liquid with the adsorbed monolayer might lead to the liquid slip [57,58].With the stearic acid as friction modiﬁer,Spikes and co-workers suggested that an adsorbed organic friction modiﬁer monolayer might promote slip of the liquid lubricant in hydrody-namic contacts and thus reduce friction,which was supported by the results that stearic acid solution in combination with untreated sapphire showed no friction reduction but a signiﬁcant reduction in friction with the pre-treated,smooth sapphire/stearic acid solu-tion combination[59].3.2.Carboxylates and alcoholsDue to the increasing demand for environment-friendly lubri-cants,biodegradable vegetable oils and their derivatives are pre-ferred alternatives over traditional petroleum-based lubricants or lubricant additives[60].Minami et al.suggested that the absorp-tive activity of conventional fatty acids was insufﬁcient to reduce friction when dissolved in polar synthetic oils such as polyethers, and it was necessary to introduce another carboxyl group into the fatty acids,especially at the carbon atom next to the original carboxyl group to make the molecule polar and suitable as friction modiﬁer[61].Besides,chemical modiﬁcations of vegetable oils, such as esteriﬁcation,epoxidation,hydrogenation,alkylation and acylation,have been used to improve their performances.In the last few years,it has been proposed in many patents and articles that the derivatives of alcohol(7,8),ether(9),ester Fig.2.Examples of organomolybdenum compound-based friction modiﬁers.(10–18),ketone(19,20),mercaptocarboxylate(21,22),thioester (23)and carboxylate(24,25)are useful friction modiﬁers in lubri-cants(Fig.4)[62–73].Among them,the fatty acid sorbitan ester(13)in solid or semi-solid state was released into the lubricant ata controlled rate as a friction modiﬁer composition for improving the friction-reducing ability of a lubricant[71,72].The adsorption energies of the epoxidized materials from soybean oil derived oleo-chemicals(14–16)onto metal substrates were strong enough to improve the friction-reducing properties over their parent oleﬁns, and these environment-friendly epoxides have signiﬁcant poten-tial to be used in the replacement of petrochemicals[74–76].An-other typical example is glycerol monooleate(GMO) CH3(CH2)7CH@CH(CH2)7C(O)OCH2CH(OH)CH2OH,and the lubrica-tion mechanism of GMO in steel/steel contact is well known as the Bowden–Tabor model,where the hydrolysis of GMO providesa straight-chain carboxylic acid that may act as a friction modiﬁer[77].In contrast,it was reported that the friction modiﬁer GMO produced a considerable reduction in friction with DLC coating, where GMO interacted with DLC in the ester form rather than a carboxylic acid,and the hydroxyl groups in the molecule played signiﬁcant roles in the interaction[32,78].Additionally,a series of ester hydroxy derivatives of methyl oleate(17)were prepared by epoxidation of methyl oleate and followed by ring opening acyl-ation using organic acid.These derivatives showed good anti-wear and friction-reducing properties at relatively low concentrations, and these hydroxy ester products provided better lubricant proper-ties than their methyl ester analogs[79].The phosphorous-free mercaptocarboxylate derivatives(21and 22)were synthesized and exhibited not only friction reduction,but also the same extreme pressure and anti-wear properties as zinc dithiophosphate(ZDTP)[80].It is well known that xanthate containing sulfur element is a very important extreme pressure additive[81,82].With the introduction of the xanthate group into ester group,a kind of xanthate-containing acetic ester(23)was investigated as additives in hydrogenated oil,and possessed good anti-wear performance,extreme pressure capacity and good fric-tion-reducing property by chemical adsorption on and tribochemi-cal reaction with the steel surface with the formation of a protectiveﬁlm containing ferric sulﬁde and ferric sulfate compounds[83].Since ionic liquids(ILs)are proposed to be a promising candidate for the next generation of lubricants,the additives of ILs were designed,that is tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium salts of N-protected aspartic acid(24), which prevented wear remarkably and reduced friction consider-ably[84,85].3.3.Amines and amidesThe long-chain amine-and amide-based friction modiﬁers have been extensively reported in the literature,and typical examples employed in recent years are shown in Fig.5.Spikes and co-work-ers reported that the addition of octadecylamine CH3(CH2)17NH2as a friction modiﬁer to the low viscosityﬂuids,such as hexadecane, low viscosity silicone oil and toluene,produced a signiﬁcant reduc-tion in boundary friction for lubricating microelectromechanical systems(MEMS);however,the addition of water soluble additive diethylamine NH(CH2CH3)2to de-ionized water resulted in an ini-tial reduction in boundary friction and followed by wear accelera-tion[86].Another kind of amine-containing friction modiﬁers imidazoline derivatives(29),have been presented and used for lubricating sliding parts,where the composition provided a lower coefﬁcient of friction for non-metal sliding surfaces than for metal sliding surfaces[70,87,88].The aminomethyl-substituted imidaz-ole compounds(30)were also prepared,and the lubricating oil composition containing the imidazole additives gave superior improvement in fuel economy relative to lubricating oil composi-tions containing common organic friction modiﬁers GMO or oleyl-amine[89,90].The lubricating oil compositions comprising the amino alcohol friction modiﬁers have been reported,such as the mono-or di-hydroxyl hydrocarbyl amine(31)[91],alkoxylated fatty amine(32)[92–94],alkoxylated tallow amine(33,34) [95,96],amino alcohol ester and its derivative(35,36)[97],to im-prove the frictional properties of the compositions,and potentially improve fuel economy.Not only friction reducing,special friction modiﬁers for ATF are required to maintain a proper coefﬁcient of friction,that is a posi-tive slop in the friction coefﬁcient(l)versus sliding velocity(v) characteristic curve,to improve the anti-shudderperformance. Fig.3.A proposed mechanism for durability of monomolecularﬁlm[51].Zhao et al.presented a comprehensive study on the tribochemistry of friction modiﬁers(37–39)in ATF systems.As shown in Fig.6, amide-based friction modiﬁer39is proposed to have different way to decompose and form a tribo-ﬁlm on the surfaces with that of friction modiﬁers37and38.Friction modiﬁers37and38re-duced the overall friction by providing OH-terminated groups physically adsorbed on the surface;however,friction modiﬁer39 provided extra OH and C–N groups adsorption on the surface which were necessary to obtain the good anti-shudder perfor-mance[98].EP1367116B1disclosed the lubricating oil compositions with the combination of the oil soluble fatty acid amide(40)and the oil soluble fatty acid esters of a polyhydric alcohol can be used in the lubrication of heavy machinery with the reduction of brake and good gear wear protection[99].WO2008/076825A1,US 2010/0144565A1,US2012/0178661A1and US2012/0283158 A1disclosed the ATF treated with the amide or thioamide additive (41)lubricating transmissions with appropriate frictional perfor-mance and minimized noise,shudder,chatter or squawk [88,100–102].However,many amide-based friction modiﬁers, including straight-chain amides,are not liquid at low temperature. Thus,a hyper-branched fatty acid amide friction modiﬁer(42)was provided to improve the low temperature compatibility with fuels [103,104].Similarly,the fuel compositions containing the alkan-olamide friction modiﬁers(43)were presented to improve engine performance as well as provide fuel economy beneﬁts,and the hydroxyalkyl-substituted aminoalkylamide(44)and hydrazide (45)were also used as friction modiﬁers for fuels with more effec-tive anti-wear properties[97,105–108].Moreover,US2012/ 0015855A1and US2012/0021958A1provided the bis-amides or amide–ester(46–51)as friction modiﬁers suitable for ATF witha durable positive slope in a l–v curve[109,110].3.4.ImidesAs compared with the derivatives of fatty acid,ester,amino alcohol and glycerol,imide-based friction modiﬁers have good hydrolytic stability and enhanced thermal stability.Due tothe alcohol-based friction modiﬁers:alcohol(7,8),ether(9),ester(10–18),ketone(19,20),mercaptocarboxylatepoor low temperature properties of the friction modiﬁers based on oil soluble aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimide,it has been shown that the succinimide derived friction modiﬁers (52–55,Fig.7)can be used in a lubricant composition for ATF having excellent anti-shudder property,oxidation stability and satisfac-tory friction characteristics without sacriﬁcing low temperature viscometric performance[111–116].Then,the bis-type alkenyl-substituted succinimide friction modiﬁer(56)was prepared and exhibited excellent performances as transmission oil,and the lubricating oil compositions containing the friction modiﬁer(56) gave a relatively high friction coefﬁcient and showed a relatively long anti-shudder duration when compared with the commercially available continuously variable transmissionﬂuids(CVTFs) [62,117–119].Also,the lubricating oil compositions comprising a base oil,an oil soluble source of phosphorus and a deﬁned polyalk-ylene polypolyamine-based friction modiﬁers(57and58),where R1or R2was selected from the structures(I),(II)and(III),exhibited excellent friction stability[120,121].The aromatic imides(59–62) were presented as useful friction modiﬁers for lubricating auto-matic transmissions,and as useful anti-wear agents or corrosion inhibitors for lubricating internal combustion engines,as described in WO2012/154708A1[122].3.5.BoratesDuring the last few decades,much effort has been devoted for developing borate as lubricant additives not only due to their good versatile properties such as anti-wear,friction-reducing ability and anti-oxidation,but also for their low toxicity and good biodegrad-ability[123–130].Lovell et al.investigated the inﬂuence ofboric Fig.5.Examples of amine-and amide-based friction modiﬁers.acid(63,Fig.8)additive size on green lubricant performance.It was found that the nano-scale boric acid as friction modiﬁer exhib-ited the friction and wear performances superior to sub-microme-ter-and micrometer-scale boric acid additives,where the presence of nano-scale particles were able toﬁll the surface asperities but the larger particles may act abrasively since they were larger than the surface roughness[131].To understand the mechanisms of decomposition and tribo-ﬁlm formation of borate ester,the tribo-chemical reactions of trimethylborate(64)on steel surface were simulated experimentally by gas phase lubrication[132].The XPSFig.6.Schematic illustration of decomposition and adsorption process of friction modiﬁers(a)37and38,and(b)39[98].Fig.7.Examples of imide-based friction modiﬁers.analyses conﬁrmed that the borate ester64was mechanically de-graded through the C–O bond during the friction process and pro-duced CHþ3and BO3À3.According to the hard and soft acid base(HSAB)principle,the‘‘borderline’’base BO3À3can react with theacid species,such as Fe3+and Fe2+,which are the hard and‘‘border-line’’acids,respectively.The BO3À3of borate ester additives reacted partially with the iron oxide and formed a tribo-ﬁlm made of a bo-rate glass network that digested the abrasive iron oxide,which resulting in a drastic reduction of friction,as shown in Fig.9.Be-sides,the borate and boronate compounds(65and66)were pre-sented,which provided ashless,phosphorous-and sulfur-free anti-wear,extreme pressure,and friction modifying additives for lubricating oils and fuels,as described in US7291581[133].As is well known,dialkyldithiocarbamates(DTCs)have been widely used as excellent multifunctional lubricant additives,such as MoDTC.On the other hand,it has been proved that the introduc-tion of the active element S to the organic borates would lead to more excellent anti-wear and friction reduction performances [134].So,Glavatskih and co-workers synthesized the alkylborate and dithiocarbamate containing lubricant additives(67and68), which provided better anti-wear performance and similar fric-tional properties compared with a commercial available ZDTP package.It has been found that the compounds(67and68)with longer alkyl chains on borate have better anti-wear properties and stabilized friction coefﬁcient,and with shorter alkyl chains on nitrogen of the dithiocarbamate group improve the anti-wear performance[135].The similar N,N-dialkyl dithiocarbamate-derived S-hydroxyethyl borate esters(69)can greatly improve the extreme pressure and anti-wear properties,but no improve-ment shown in friction reduction properties,which was similar to that of the above mentioned borate esters(67and68)[136].It has been reported that many derivatives of heterocyclic com-pounds can be used as a candidate for ZDDP because of their good anti-oxidation,anti-wear properties and thermal stabilities [127,128,137].Li et al.found the borate ester derivate containing benzothiazol-2-yl and disulﬁde group(70)had comprehensive tri-bological properties in load-carrying,friction-reducing,anti-wear, corrosion-inhibiting,and anti-oxidation.The XPS results indicated that the boundary lubricatingﬁlm was formed both by the decom-posed borate ester,organic sulﬁde or nitrogen adsorbed on the worn surface,and FeSO4produced from the reaction of S element in70with iron[138].Furthermore,Wang et al.[139,140]and Shah et al.[141,142]have studied the boron-based dithiophosphate compounds(71–74)as multifunctional lubricating additives.They showed outstanding load-carrying and friction-reducing properties, improved anti-wear properties and high thermal stability,and the hydrolytic stability was substantially improved with the introduc-tion of an alkyl linker between B and S atoms(72–74)because the B–S bond may hydrolyze in the presence of moisture(71).3.6.Phosphorus compoundsSeveral kinds of ashless phosphorus-containing friction modiﬁ-ers,such as phosphate esters,phosphite esters,phosphonates and amine salts,have been proposed to 2007/0225182A1 disclosed a gear and power transmissionﬂuid havingimproved Fig.8.Examples of borate-based friction modiﬁers.characteristics particularly for extreme pressure applications,where the composition contained a base oil component and a fric-tion modiﬁer mixture.The mixture of friction modiﬁers included at least one alkyl phosphonic acid diester (75,Fig.10),one alkyl phos-phonic acid monoester (76)and one amine salt of a partial ester of phosphoric acid (77)[143].A lubricating composition comprising the amine salts of thiophosphoric acids (78and 79)as a frictionand the composition had a tempera-about 27°F.or greater [144].and/or compatibility of friction mod-containing the phosphorus-containing provided,which allowed for the use friction modiﬁers in the functional ﬂuid stability,clarity,and/or compatibility of the further avoid the compatibility prob-compound (81)as a multifunctional lubri-synthesized,and exhibited excellent anti-wearand load-carrying capacities due to the formation of boundary lubrication ﬁlm composed of iron oxide,iron phosphate,organic phosphine and organic amine,and so on [146].3.7.Ionic liquidsRoom-temperature ILs are salts that ions with melting points lower than considered as the promising candidates due to their unique characteristics including non-ﬂammability,high thermal and ing point,and controlled miscibility [147].Since the ﬁrst discovery of ILs cants in 2001,ILs have attracted considerable as neat lubricants,but also as lubricant Imidazolium-based ILs were the ﬁrst gated additives for lubricants.Battez Fig.9.Schematic illustration of the tribo-ﬁlm formation of borate ester 64on steel surface [132].Fig.10.Examples of phosphorus compound-based friction modiﬁers.the alkyl imidazolium ILs(82,Fig.11)as lubricant additives in min-eral hydrocracking oil and polyurea grease for steel/steel contacts, respectively.The addition of1wt%of imidazolium ILs signiﬁcantly improved the friction reduction and anti-wear properties of base oil and grease.The XPS analysis showed that the excellent tribolog-ical properties were attributed to the formation of a surface protec-tiveﬁlm composed of FeF2,FeF3,nitrides,B2O3,P2O5or PO3À4by tribochemical reaction involved in the friction process,and the for-mation of the ordered adsorbedﬁlms and good miscibility with base oil and grease[154,155].The alkyl imidazolium ILs(82)with different anions have also been used as additives for aluminum/ steel contacts.The additives could not reduce the friction coefﬁ-cient,but reduce the wear,and showed better anti-wear properties at high temperature probably due to their high thermal stability, good solubility and better high temperature mobility of the ILs.It was surprising that the performance of the additives in that condi-tion was independent of the contribution of different anions [156,157].The lubrication mechanism of ILs showed that in the boundary lubrication regime,ILs may form strong adsorptionﬁlms on the rubbing surfaces due to the polarity of ILs,and lead to a reduction in friction and wear.The longer alkyl chains in the cat-ions of ILs are more likely to form the orderly and densely packed thickﬁlms because of the van der Waals force between the chains, as shown in Fig.12[158].Under higher load conditions,ILs may decompose and react with the metal surface with the formation of tribo-ﬁlm such as B2O3,BN,FeF2and FeF3[153,159].A series of imidazolium-based ILs with introducing the steri-cally hindered phenol groups(83)were synthesized and possessed excellent anti-oxidation properties.It was found that the ILs could efﬁciently reduce friction and wear of sliding pairs compared with the poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)base oil in steel/steel contacts, especially with the addition of1wt%83a,the anti-wear property was improved by100times with respect to the base oil[160].Pre-vious studies suggested that the benzotriazole and its derivatives were effective metal deactivators due to their strong interaction with metal surface via a nitrogen atom in triazole ring acting as the electron donor[161].Accordingly,the imidazolium-based ILs containing benzotriazole moiety(84)were prepared.They exhib-ited excellent friction reduction,anti-wear and anti-corrosion capability improvement when used as lubricant additives for both steel/Cu–Sn alloy and steel/steel contacts[162,163].Then,both sterically hindered phenol and benzotriazole groups were incorpo-rated into an imidazolium(85),and as expected,the synthesized ILs additives showed excellent tribological performance resulting from the synergistic effect of both functional groups[164].It was found that bisimidazolium ILs(86)can also be used as high-perfor-mance additives for steel/steel contacts attributed to the formation of high-quality physical adsorptionﬁlms and tribochemical prod-uct during friction and the good miscibility with base oil,where the anions of ILs played an important role in determining the sol-ubility and tribological properties[165].Meanwhile,a poly(ionic liquids)(PILs)-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) composite(87)was prepared by the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP).TEM and FE-SEM observations indi-cated that the nanotubes were coated with PILs layer,exhibiting core–shell nanostructures with PILs chains as brush-like or hairy shell and MWCNTs as hard backbone.The composite was both the excellent anti-wear and friction-reducing additives due to its good dispersibility and core–shell structure[166].As shown above,typical ILs consist of halogen containing anions (such as PF6,BF4,N(CF3SO2)2or CF3SO3anions),however,hydro-philic anions BF4and PF6may adsorb water and hydrolyze to pro-duce hydrogenﬂuoride which may cause corrosion by tribochemical reactions[167–169].Moreover,the halogen contain-ing anions may release the corrosive and highly toxic hydrogen ha-lides to the surrounding environment[170,171].Therefore,a series of halogen-free boron based ILs(88–91)have been developed as friction modiﬁers and anti-wear additives to lubricants for avoid-ing corrosion and toxicity[172–174].Most ILs only showed com-patibility with polar oils,such as ester and PEG,and the very limited solubility of ILs in nonpolar hydrocarbon oils remains a challenge for their practical applications.Qu and co-workers devel-oped a group of phosphonium-based ILs(92–94),which were not only soluble but fully miscible with both mineral oils and synthetic lubricants.These ILs were highly thermal stable,and were non-corrosive to either ferrous or aluminum alloys.Results showed that with the addition of5wt%ILs into synthetic base oil,resulting in a reduction of friction coefﬁcient by60%and wear rate by3orders of magnitude.A synergistic effect of these ILs with existing lubricant additives in a fully formulated engine oil was also observed [175,176].Taking into account the relatively high cost and the complicated synthesis procedure for the commonly used ILs,the relatively cheap and easily obtained protic ILs with ammonium salts have at-tracted much attention.The typical protic ILs with ammonium salts modiﬁed linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid(95)were synthe-sized,and signiﬁcantly improved the tribological performance of the baseﬂuids as friction modiﬁers.SEM and XPS results indicated that the excellent anti-wear and friction-reducing performance could be attributed to the boundary lubricationﬁlms containing both the tribochemicalﬁlm composed of organic amine decom-posed from the ILs with ammonium salts and the stable chemical adsorbedﬁlm through the interactions between the sulfonate an-ions and surface metallic atoms during the friction process[177]. Besides,the ammonium sulfate(96)and pyrrolidinium sulfate (97)ILs were reported as lubricant additives with a reduction of wear and friction for steel/steel contacts[178].It was observed that the friction decreased and the wear increased with the increasing ILs concentration due to the competing abrasion–corrosion wear mechanisms.3.8.PolymersThere have been some studies suggested organic polymers hav-ing many absorptive polar functional groups may also act as effec-tive friction modiﬁers.They would modify the bulk rheological properties of theﬂuids and be highly absorptive to form theﬁlm on surface and lead to friction reduction.Polymethacrylates (PMAs),are widely used as a viscosity index improvers,dispersant enhancers and friction modiﬁers for lubricants.Spikes and other groups prepared a series of well-characterized,functionalized PMA polymers and copolymers from the monomers(98–108, Fig.13)varying in functional groups,molecular weight,and poly-mer architecture.It was found that some functionalized PMA copolymers adsorbed on steel surfaces to form viscous boundary ﬁlms and thus reduced friction and wear in thinﬁlm conditions. To form thick boundaryﬁlm,the polymers needed to contain func-tional groups that able to adsorb strongly on polar metal surfaces and the functional groups should be clustered within the polymer molecule,and also have medium to high molecular weight[179–185].A further class of oil soluble PMA star-shaped polymers hav-ing a high thickening action can be used as viscosity modiﬁers, pour point depressants,dispersing agents and friction modiﬁers [186,187].The diblock copolymers(109)with one block soluble and the other block insoluble were dispersed in base oil to yield spherical micelles,and yielded crosslinked micelles or nanospheres by photocrosslinking of the cores of the micelles.Such particles showed a unique friction reduction of base oil by>70%in the boundary lubrication regime,which were better than the widely used industrial additive GMO.The performance of these particles were affected by the core size of the particles,the amount of acrylic128Z.Tang,S.Li/Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science18(2014)119–139。