ho19[1].l16_diff_pair
DPP2607 DataSheet
PIXEL DATA
I/F
24
FRONT END PROCESSING
DPP2607
VIDEO-GRAHPICS PROCESSING
FRAME MEMORY CONTROLLER
16 DDR
MOBILE DDR DRAM
PLL
CLOCKS & RESETS
CONFIGURATION CONTROL
10/07/09
DATE
10/07/09
DATE
3/24/10
DATE
3/24/10
DATE
3/25/10
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
INCORPORATED
(c) COPYRIGHT 2009 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS UNPUBLISHED, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
− Supports 1Hz to 60Hz Frame Rates
• WVGA, VGA & nHD DMD Display Support
− Supports Pixel Clock up to 33.5 MHz
− DMD bit-plane generation & formatting
− Supports Landscape & Portrait orientations
DRAWING NUMBER
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ2510465
REVISION
D
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Sheet 3
DPP2607 DLP® PICO PROCESSOR
DLPS011 – APRIL 2012
雪花算法解析范文
雪花算法解析范文雪花算法是Twitter开发的一种全局唯一ID生成算法，主要用于分布式系统中生成唯一ID。
该算法的特点是生成的ID是有序的、趋势递增的，且在分布式环境下保证ID的唯一性。
下面将对雪花算法进行详细解析。
雪花算法的ID结构如下：1位符号位+41位时间戳偏移量+10位工作节点ID+12位序列号1.符号位：雪花算法中的符号位始终为0。
2.时间戳偏移量：时间戳偏移量是指当前时间戳减去起始时间戳的差值。
在Java中，时间戳的单位是毫秒，因此，41位的时间戳偏移量可以支持2^41 - 1毫秒，大约可以使用69年。
3.工作节点ID：工作节点ID是分布式系统中每个节点的唯一标识。
在雪花算法中，将节点ID分配给10位，最多可以有2^10=1024个节点。
4.序列号：序列号是表示同一节点在同一毫秒内生成的多个ID的序列号。
为了保证同一毫秒内生成的ID的唯一性，序列号占据了雪花算法中的最后12位。
下面是雪花算法的生成过程：1.获取当前时间戳，并计算与起始时间戳的差值，得到时间戳偏移量。
2.判断当前时间戳与上次生成ID的时间戳是否相等：-如果相等，说明在同一毫秒内生成多个ID，需要递增序列号。
-如果不相等，说明进入了下一毫秒，需要将序列号重置为0。
3.更新上次生成ID的时间戳。
4.按照ID的结构，将时间戳偏移量、工作节点ID和序列号合并生成最终ID。
需要注意的是，在分布式系统中，每个节点的工作节点ID是唯一的，并且需要提前分配好。
如果节点数量超过10位的范围，需要重新分配更多位数给工作节点ID。
雪花算法的优点是生成的ID有序、趋势递增，可以在分布式环境下保证ID的唯一性。
另外，由于雪花算法的生成过程只涉及到位运算和加减操作，因此计算效率较高。
然而，雪花算法也存在一些缺点。
首先，雪花算法的可用时间为69年，在一些长期运行的系统中可能需要考虑可扩展性。
其次，雪花算法对系统时钟要求较高，如果系统时钟回拨，则可能会产生重复的ID。
大学意大利语上册(1-16)
姓名：_____________________ 成绩_____________________ 说明：1.本试卷10页，由听力题，必答题和附加题组成。
听力题满分20分，必答题部分满分150分，附加题部分满分30分。
2.听力题分为单词听写，短文听力测试。
3.必答题分为单词，冠词填空，代词填空，介词填空，动词变位填空，阅读理解，短文填空，中意互译和作文。
4.附加题由阅读理解组成。
5.考试时间为150分钟。
听力测试（20%）（一）写出你所听到的单词或词组（8%）1___________________ 2. ________________ 3. ________________ 4. ______________ 5___________________ 6. ________________ 7. ________________ 8. ______________（二）根据你所听到的短文判断正误（12%）以下空白姓名：_____________________ 成绩_____________________ 说明：6.本试卷10页，由听力题，必答题和附加题组成。
听力题满分20分，必答题部分满分150分，附加题部分满分30分。
7.听力题分为单词听写，短文听力测试。
8.必答题分为单词测试，冠词填空，代词填空，介词填空，动词变位填空，阅读理解，短文填空，中意互译和作文。
9.附加题由阅读理解写作组成。
10.考试时间为120分钟。
必答题部分（150%）（一）单词测试(25%)1 - Come ti chiami? ___A.Ti chiami Paolo.B. Mi chiami PaoloC. Mi chiamo Paolo.2 - Di dove sei? ___A.Sono di Italia.B. Sono italiano.C. Sono in Italia3 - Lui è ___A.uno studente americanoB. un studente americano.C. il studente americano.4- La mela è ___A.verda.B. verde .C. verdo.5- La pizza è ___A.buona.B. bene.C. brava.6 - Tu ___ una borsa gialla.A.haB. hoC. hai7 - Questi sono i ___A.miei libri.B. mei libri.C. mi libri.8 - ___ mia madre è la brava cuoca.B. Mia madre è una brava cuoca.C. Madre mia è cuocabrava.9 - Vuoi un caffè? No grazie, ___A.non mangio.B. non bevo.C. non ricordo.10 - ___ l'Italiano?A.CapissiB. CapischiC. Capisci11 - ___ chiudere la finestra per favore?A.PuoiB. PuiC. Poti12 - ___ parti?A.Che cosaB. QualeC. Quando13 - Torno a casa ___A.da due ore.B. a due ore.C. fra due ore.14 - ___ il giornale.A.Ho lettoB. Ho leggiutoC. Ho leggo15 ___A.Mentre sono tornato a casa ho incontrato Marco.B. Mentre tornavo a casa incontravoMarco. C. Mentre tornavo a casa ho incontrato Marco.16 - Hai fatto colazione? Sì, ___ ho già fatta.A.l'B. loC. la17 - E' più facile leggere ___ scrivere.A.diB. cheC. come18 - Conosco la ragazza ___ tu parli.A.di qualeB. di chiC. di cui19 - ___A.V olli il conto per favore.B. V orrei il conto per favore.C. V orrò il conto per favore.20 - ___A.Da Firenze a Roma ne vogliono 2 ore.B. Da Firenze a Roma ce vogliono 2 ore.C. DaFirenze a Roma ci vogliono 2 ore.21 - Chi dice a Maria che ha superato l'esame? ___A.Glielo dico io.B. Lelo dico io.C. Glilo dico io.22 - Quando sono arrivato tu ___A.eri già andato via.B. sei già andata via.C. sarai già andata via.23 - Mi scusi, vorrei un' informazione. ___A.Mi dici!B. Mi dice!C. Mi dica!24 - ___A.Spero che lei arriva presto.B. Spero che lei arrivi presto.C. Spero che lei arrivasse presto.25 - Se ___ bene l'italiano, sarei felice.A.sapreiB. seppiC. Sapessi（二）冠词填空（8%）1- Che lavoro fa tuo padre?È ______ falegname.A. unaB. ilC. un2- Perché sei adirato?Perché ______ insegnante mi ha rimproverato.B. unaC. l'3- Sei figlio unico?No, ho ______ sorella.A.unaB. laC. un4- Che animale vorresti avere?V orrei tanto ______ scoiattolo.A.loB. un c. uno5- Perché piangi?Perché mi fanno male ______ denti.A.ilB. iC. gli6- Perché stai risparmiando?Per pagare ______ rate della macchina.B. ilC. le7- Com'è la tua classe?Buona, ______ alunni sono molto diligenti.A.gliB. leC. i8- Devi studiare stasera?Sì, ma non più di ______ ora.A. unaB. un'C. la（三）代词测试（12%）1.- Tua madre ______ stava cercando perché vuole parlare con te.A. miB. siC. ti2- Che sbadato, ______ sono dimenticato le chiavi!A. miB. tiC. vi3- Ieri ______ ho chiamati ma non avete risposto.A.ciB. tiC. vi4- Fra quanto arrivi? Sono stanco di aspettar ______ .A. ciB. tiC. mi5- Io e Roberto ______ incontreremo alle tre.A.ciB. viC. ti6- Sono passata da voi perché non ______ vedevo da molto tempo.A.viB. tiC. si7.– A Michela piace molto la pallacanestro, ________invece preferisco il badminton.A. viB. ioC. mi8. - Oggi è il ______ compleanno. Compio 11 anni.A. tuoB. suoC. mio9.- Devo dire a Michela che i ______ documenti sono pronti.A.suoiB. sueC. vostre10.- Hai visto Serena ieri sera? No,_____ vedro’ oggi.A. loB. laC. vi11.A marco _________ ho regolato una scatola di cioccolatini.A. gliB. leC. li12. Hai finito i compiti? Sì, ______ ho gia’ finiti.A. liB. gliC. le（四）介词填空（14%）ES: ...........sedia c'e' un cappello (su)Sulla sedia c'e' un cappello1.. ................armadio ci sono due gonne e tre camicie (in)2.Chiedi..................mamma un bicchiere d'acqua (a)3.V ado...............letto a mezzanotte (a)4.Oggi andiamo...............pranzo..................Giulio (a,con)5.Prima devo andare...............posta e .................. banca e poi.............università (in,in,a)6.Stamattina sono andata a comprare un vestito (1) di/da/per sera perchè ho deciso finalmente di non festeggiare il capodanno (2) alla/in /nella casa, ma di andare in un locale. Ho trovato subito il vestito bellissimo, blu (3) a/con/ di strisce bianche, ma ho dovuto girare per molti negozi per cercare le scarpe e non sono riuscita a trovarle; (4)con la/ in/ nella mia famiglia abbiamo tutti i piedi lunghi e non è facile trovare le scarpe (5) del/per/dal nostro numero. Alla fine sono andata (6) a/da/ con Patrizia e leime ne ha prestato un paio delle sue.（五）动词填空（16%）Lo scorso fine settimana io e mio marito (1) siamo andati (andare) in Toscana. Quando ero piccola (2) ___________ (andare) in vacanza con i miei genitori in una casa vicino Firenze, ma non ci (3) __________ (tornare) da otto anni.(4) ________(arrivare) a Siena verso mezzogiorno, ma (5)___________ (dovere) girare per più di un’ora per trovare un albergo libero, perchè era il primo luglio, il giorno che precede il famoso Palio. Dopo esserci sistemati abbiamo mangiato qualcosa e poi siamo andati in un posto bellissimo: le Crete. Non è un posto storico, ma la natura è davvero bellissima. (6)____________ (decidere) di cenare lì e poi di guardare le stelle fino a tardi. Il giorno dopo, domenica, siamo andati a San Gimignano, un paesino, dove ero stata con i miei genitori dieci anni prima. Che bel fine settimana (7)_____________(essere) ! La settimana prossima pensiamo di tornare in Toscana, ma non è sicuro perchè tra dieci giorni (8)___________ (avere) gli esami e devo studiare molto.（六）短文填空（15%）Qualche mese fa, la professoressa Meng è andata in .............. contenta ed anche un pò emozionata. In genere, mi ............ che in Cina quando uno va in pensione, sente malinconia e diventa o ................ o silenzioso. Lei invece, non vedeva l’ora di raggiungere l’età ............... c’era un altro lavoro che le ..............: fare il medico assistente nell’asilo dell’università, un posto dove desiderava lavorare fin da ............. Nei bambini lei trova il ........... della vita. I .............. cambiano ogni giorno. Ha bisongo dei bambini che la ............... e i bambini hanno bisogno di lei, unagrande ............ dell’infanzia e della gioventù, cioè della nuova generazione.（七）阅读理解。
霍夫变换直线检测参数
霍夫变换直线检测参数
霍夫变换直线检测的参数主要包括：
1.rho和theta：这两个参数在霍夫变换中定义了直线的参数空间。
其中，
rho是原点到直线的垂直距离，theta是垂线与x轴的夹角。
在极坐标下，
每一个(rho, theta)对都唯一地表示了一条直线。
2.阈值：当累加器中的值超过这个阈值时，才认为该点对应一条直线。
这个
阈值设定得越高，检测到的直线就越少，因为需要更多的点来形成一条被
认为是直线的轨迹。
此外，霍夫变换直线检测还可能涉及以下参数：
3.minLineLength：线的最短长度。
比这个长度短的线都会被忽略。
4.MaxLineGap：两条线段之间的最大间隔，如果小于此值，这两条直线就被
看成是一条直线。
这些参数的设置可以根据具体的应用场景和图像的特性进行调整，以达到最佳的直线检测效果。
同时，需要注意的是，霍夫变换直线检测是基于图像空间到参数空间的映射进行的，它将图像空间中的直线转换为参数空间中的点或曲线，并通过在参数空间中寻找峰值来检测直线。
因此，对于不同的图像和直线类型，可能需要调整上述参数以获得最佳的检测结果。
气泡混合轻质土使用规程
目次1总则 (3)2术语和符号 (4)2.1 术语 (4)2.2 符号 (5)3材料及性能 (6)3.1 原材料 (6)3.2 性能 (6)4设计 (8)4.1 一般规定 (8)4.2 性能设计 (8)4.3 结构设计 (9)4.4 附属工程设计 (10)4.5 设计计算 (10)5配合比 (13)5.1 一般规定 (13)5.2 配合比计算 (13)5.3 配合比试配 (14)5.4 配合比调整 (14)6工程施工 (15)6.1 浇筑准备 (15)6.2 浇筑 (15)6.3 附属工程施工 (15)6.4 养护 (16)7质量检验与验收 (17)7.1 一般规定 (17)7.2 质量检验 (17)7.3 质量验收 (18)附录A 发泡剂性能试验 (20)附录B 湿容重试验 (22)附录C 适应性试验 (22)附录D 流动度试验 (24)附录E 干容重、饱水容重试验 (25)附录F 抗压强度、饱水抗压强度试验 (27)附录G 工程质量检验验收用表 (28)本规程用词说明 (35)引用标准名录 (36)条文说明 (37)Contents1.General provisions (3)2.Terms and symbols (4)2.1 Terms (4)2.2 Symbols (5)3. Materials and properties (6)3.1 Materials (6)3.2 properties (6)4. Design (8)4.1 General provisions (8)4.2 Performance design (8)4.3 Structure design (9)4.4 Subsidiary engineering design (9)4.5 Design calculation (10)5. Mix proportion (13)5.1 General provisions (13)5.2 Mix proportion calculation (13)5.3 Mix proportion trial mix (14)5.4 Mix proportion adjustment (14)6. Engineering construction (15)6.1 Construction preparation (15)6.2 Pouring .............................................................. .. (15)6.3 Subsidiary engineering construction (16)6.4 Maintenance (17)7 Quality inspection and acceptance (18)7.1 General provisions (18)7.2 Quality evaluate (18)7.3 Quality acceptance (19)Appendix A Test of foaming agent performance (20)Appendix B Wet density test (22)Appendix C Adaptability test (23)Appendix D Flow value test.................................................................................. .. (24)Appendix E Air-dry density and saturated density test (25)Appendix F Compressive strength and saturated compressive strength test (27)Appendix G Table of evaluate and acceptance for quality (28)Explanation of Wording in this code (35)Normative standard (36)Descriptive provision (37)1总则1.0.1为规范气泡混合轻质土的设计、施工，统一质量检验标准，保证气泡混合轻质土填筑工程安全适用、技术先进、经济合理，制订本规程。
医学检验结果报告单
采样时间 ：201 - - : 项目名称：血细胞分析+五分类 第1页/共1页
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 医院检验报告单
姓 名： 病 员 号： 标本种类：全血 样本编号：
性 别：男 床 号： 送检医生： 临床诊断：
年 龄: 科 别： 设备名称： 备 注：
项 目 结果 参考值 单位 项 目 结果 参考值 单位 1 红细胞计数(RBC) 10^12/L 14白细胞计数（WBC ）
2 血红蛋白（HGB ） 120-160 g/L 15淋巴细胞计数（LYMPH#）
3 红细胞压积（HCT ） 40-50 % 16单核细胞计数（MONO#）
4 平均红细胞体积（MCV ） 82-100 fL 17中性粒细胞计数（NEUT#）
5 平均血红蛋白含量（MCH ） 18嗜酸细胞计数（EO#）
6 平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC ） 19嗜碱细胞计数（BASO#）
7 红细胞宽度-CV 值（RDW-CV ） 20淋巴细胞百分比（LYMPH%）
8 红细胞宽度-SD 值（RDW-SD ） 21单核细胞百分比（MONO%）
9 血小板计数（PLT ） 22中性粒细胞百分比（NEUT%）
10血小板分布宽度（PDW ） 23嗜酸细胞百分比（EO%）
11平均血小板体积（MPV ） 24嗜碱细胞百分比（BASO%）
12大血小板比率（P-LCR ）
13血小板压积（PCT ）
RBC DISCRI PLT DISCRI DIFF SCAT BASO SCAT
接收时间：201 - - : : 检验时间：201 - - : : 报告时间：201 - - : :
此结果仅对所检验的标本负责!联系电话： 该信息经过陕西CA 数字签名认证. 检验者： 审核者：
门诊。
In-Fusion
Please read the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit User Manual before using this Protocol-At-A-Glance. This abbreviated protocol is provided for your convenience, but is not intended for first-time users.Cloning more than two fragments at once (e.g, multiple inserts simultaneously into one linearized vector) requires adherence to specific considerations in experimental design and overall cloning protocol. This Protocol-At-A-Glance details these considerations and recommended modifications to ensure cloning success.Please note the following materials are required but not supplied:•Ampicillin (100 mg/ml stock) or other antibiotic required for plating the In-Fusion reaction •LB (Luria-Bertani) medium (pH 7.0) •LB/antibiotic plates • SOC mediumThe table below is a general outline of the protocol used for the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kits. Please refer to the specified User Manual pages for further details on performing each step.Table I. In-Fusion HD Protocol OutlineStepAction User Manual Pages2 Design PCR primers for your sequence(s) of interest with 20-bpextensions (5’) that are complementary to the ends of adjacentsequences (the linearized vector or another insert).6–8 3 Amplify your sequence(s) of interest with CloneAmp™ DNApolymerase. Verify on an agarose gel that your targets have beenamplified and confirm the integrity of the PCR products.8–9 4 Spin-column purify your PCR products OR treat with CloningEnhancer.Spin-Column Protocol I (p. 9–11) OR Cloning Enhancer Protocol II (p. 11) 5 Set up your In-Fusion cloning reaction:2 μl 5X In -Fusion HD Enzyme PremixX μl Linearized vectorX μl Each insertX μl dH 20 to a total reaction v olume of 10 μl. Mix well.6Incubate the reaction for 15 min at 50°C, then place on ice.I. PCR and Experimental Preparation (Section IV of the User Manual)A. Preparation of a Linearized Vector by Restriction DigestionFor vector linearization via PCR, please see primer design recommendations in the User Manual,Section IV.B.Complete, efficient digestion will reduce the amount of cloning background. Generally speaking, twoenzymes cut better than any single enzyme. Digestion efficiency will always be better if the restrictionsites are as far apart as possible.1.Incubate your restriction digest as directed by the restriction enzyme supplier. Longer reactiontimes can increase linearization and reduce background.2.After digestion, purify the linearized vector using a PCR purification kit. We recommend gelpurification using the NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Up kit (Cat. No. 740609.50).3.[Control] Check the background of your vector by transforming competent cells with 5–10 ng ofthe linearized and purified vector. If background is high, add more restriction enzyme(s) andcontinue digesting the vector (2 hr to overnight). Gel purify the remainder of the vector andtransform again.B. PCR Primer DesignWhen designing In-Fusion PCR primers, consider the following:1.Every PCR primer for multi-insert cloning must be designed in such a way that it generatesproducts containing 5’ ends with 20 bp of homology to the ends of the neighboring cloningfragments (either the linearized vector or other inserts).2.The 3’ portion of each primer should:∙be specific to your template∙be between 18–25 bases in length, with GC-content between 40–60%∙have a T m between 58–65°C; with the difference between the forward and reverse primers≤4°C. T m should be calculated based upon the 3’ (gene-specific) end of the primer, NOT theentire primer.∙not contain identical runs of nucleotides; the last five nucleotides at the 3’ end of eachprimer should not have more than two guanines (G) or cytosines (C)3.Avoid complementarity within each primer and between primer pairs4.Online tools are available to help with primer design:∙BLAST searches can determine specificity and uniqueness of the 3’ end (at/BLAST/)∙Our online primer design tool simplifies PCR primer design for In-Fusion reactions (at/US/Products/Cloning_and_Competent_Cells/Selection_Guides/Online_In-Fusion_Tools)5.Desalted oligonucleotide primers are generally recommended for PCR reactions. However,PAGE purification may be needed for primers of poor quality or longer than 45 nucleotides.C. PCR Amplification of Target Fragment(s)The In-Fusion method is not affected by the presence or absence of A-overhangs, so you can use anythermostable DNA polymerase for amplification, including proofreading enzymes. We recommend using our CloneAmp HiFi PCR Premix (included in every In-Fusion HD Cloning Plus system, and soldseparately as Cat. No. 639298). If you are using a different po lymerase, please refer to the manufacturer’s instructions. If using CloneAmp HiFi PCR Premix, please read the Protocol-at-a-Glance and follow the guidelines below:Table II. Recommendations for PCR with CloneAmp HiFi PCR PremixTemplate Type Template Amount Product Size Extension TimeE. coli genomic DNA 100 pg–100 ng up to 10 kb 5 sec/kbλ DNA10 pg–100 ng up to 15 kb 5 sec/kbPlasmid DNA 10 pg–1 ng up to 15 kb 5 sec/kbcDNA ≤ the equivalent of25–125 ng total RNAup to 6 kb 5–10 sec/kbWhen PCR cycling is complete, confirm your product(s) on an agarose gel.II. In-Fusion Cloning Procedure (Section VI of the User Manual)Both protocols below are appropriate for PCR that produces a single band of the desired size. If non-specificbands are visible on your gel, use Protocol I.A. Protocol I: In-Fusion Cloning Procedure w/Spin-Column Purification1.Isolate each target fragment (insert or linearized vector) by gel extraction followed by spin-columnpurification using a silica-based purification system, such as the NucleoSpin Gel and PCR Clean-Upkit.2.Plan the In-Fusion cloning reaction. Good cloning efficiency is achieved when using 50–200 ng ofvector and inserts, respectively. More is not better. Use the table below for reactionrecommendations.Table III. Recommended In-Fusion Reactions for Purified FragmentsRxn Component Cloning Rxn Negative Control Rxn Positive Control RxnLinearized vector 50–200 ng** 1 μl 1 μl of pUC19 controlvector5X In-Fusion HD EnzymePremix2 μl 2 μl 2 μlDeionized Water to 10 μl to 10 μl to 10 μl *<0.5 kb: 10–50 ng, 0.5 to 10 kb: 50–100 ng, >10 kb: 50–200 ng**<10 kb: 50–100 ng, >10 kb: 50–200 ngMolar Ratio RecommendationsGenerally, the molar ratio of each of the multiple inserts should be 2:1 with regards to the linearized vector, i.e., two moles of each insert for each mole of linearized vector. The molar ratio of two inserts with one vector should be 2:2:1. Specific exceptions are listed below:∙If an insert is large with respect to your linearized vector, we recommend a molar ratio of 1:1 ∙For cloning small DNA fragments (150–350 bp), the suggested insert-to-vector molar ratio is 3–5:1∙For cloning of short synthetic oligos (50–150 bp), the suggested oligo to vector molar ratio is 5–15:1. Depending on the oligo length, the optimal molar ratio must be determined empirically.3.Set up the In-Fusion cloning reaction:2 μl5X In-Fusion HD Enzyme Premixx μl*Linearized vectorx μl*Purified PCR insertx μl*Purified PCR insertx μl dH2O (as needed)10 μl Total volume* For reactions with larger combined volumes of vector and PCR insert (>7 μl of vector + insert), double the amount of enzyme premix, and add dH20 for a total volume of 20 μl.4.Adjust the total reaction volume to 10 µl using deionized H2O, and mix.5.Incubate the reaction for 15 min at 50°C, then place on ice.6.Continue to the Transformation Procedure (Section III). You can store the cloning reactions at –20°Cuntil you are ready.B. Protocol II: In-Fusion Cloning Procedure w/Cloning Enhancer Treatment1.Add 2 µl of Cloning Enhancer to 5 µl of each PCR reaction (insert or linearized vector).e a thermal cycler to incubate at 37°C for 15 min, then at 80°C for 15 min. If you used more than100 ng of DNA template, extend the 37°C incubation to 20 min. If you are using a water bath or heatblock rather than a thermal cycler, extend each incubation to 20–25 min.NOTE: If you cannot proceed immediately to the cloning reaction, store Cloning Enhancer-treatedPCR reactions at –20°C until you are ready.3.Set up the In-Fusion cloning reaction:2 μl5X In-Fusion HD Enzyme Premixx μl*Linearized vectorx μl** Treated PCR insertx μl** Treated PCR insertx μl dH2O (as needed)10 μl Total volume* Use 50–200 ng of linearized vector.** Use 1–2 μl of Cloning Enhancer-treated fragments, regardless of their length. The total volume ofCloning Enhancer-t reated PCR fragments should be up to 4 μl per 10-μl reaction. If you obtain a lowproduct yield from your PCR reaction, we recommend purification of PCR fragments instead ofCloning Enhancer treatment.4.Adjust the total reaction volume to 10 µl using deionized H2O, and mix.5.Incubate the reaction for 15 min at 50°C, then place on ice.6.Continue to the Transformation Procedure (Section III). You can store the cloning reactions at –20°Cuntil you are ready.III. Transformation Procedure Using Stellar™ Competent Cells(Section VIII of the User Manual)This transformation protocol has been optimized for transformation using Stellar Competent Cells, sold inIn-Fusion kits and separately in several formats. If you are not using Stellar Competent Cells, follow the protocol provided by the manufacturer. We strongly recommend the use of competent cells with a transformation efficiency ≥1 x 108 cfu/ug.For complete information on the handling of Stellar Competent Cells, please see the Protocol.1.Thaw Stellar Competent Cells on ice just before use. After thawing, mix gently to ensure even distribution,and then move 50 µl of competent cells to a 14-ml round-bottom tube (Falcon tube). Do not vortex.2.Add 2.5 µl of the In-Fusion cloning reaction to the competent cells.3.Place the tubes on ice for 30 min.4.Heat shock the cells for exactly 45 sec at 42°C.5.Place the tubes on ice for 1–2 min.6.Add SOC medium to bring the final volume to 500 µl. SOC medium should be warmed to 37°C before using.7.Incubate with shaking (160–225 rpm) for 1 hr at 37°C.8.Plate 1/5–1/3 of each transformation reaction into separate tubes and bring the volume to 100 µl with SOCmedium. Spread each diluted transformation reaction on a separate LB plate containing an antibioticappropriate for the cloning vector (e.g., the control vector included with the kit requires 100 µg/ml ofampicillin.)9.Centrifuge the remainder of each transformation reaction at 6,000 rpm x 5 min. Discard the supernatant andresuspend each pellet in 100 µl fresh SOC medium. Spread each sample on a separate antibiotic LB plate.Incubate all plates overnight at 37°C.10.The next day, pick individual isolated colonies from each experimental plate. Isolate plasmid DNA using astandard method of your choice (e.g., miniprep). To determine the presence of inserts, analyze the DNA byrestriction digest or PCR screening.IV. Expected Results (Section IX of the User Manual)The positive control plates typically develop several hundred white colonies when using cells with a minimum transformation efficiency of 1 x 108cfu/μg. The negative control plates should have few colonies.The number of colonies on your experimental plates will depend on the amount and purity of the PCR products and linearized vector used for the In-Fusion cloning reaction.∙The presence of a low number of colonies on both the experimental plate and positive control plate (typically,a few dozen colonies) is indicative of either low transformation efficiency or low quality DNA fragments.∙The presence of many (hundreds) of colonies on the negative control is indicative of incomplete vector linearization.If you do not obtain the expected results, use the guide in Section X of the User Manual to troubleshoot yourexperiment. To confirm that your kit is working properly, perform the control reactions detailed in Section IV.D of the User Manual.NOTE: Many troubleshooting topics are covered in our online In-Fusion Cloning FAQs and Tips.Notice to PurchaserOur products are to be used for research purposes only. They may not be used for any other purpose, including, but not limited to, use in drugs, in vitro diagnostic purposes, therapeutics, or in humans. Our products may not be transferred to third parties, resold, modified for resale, or used to manufacture commercial products or to provide a service to third parties without prior written approval of Takara Bio USA, Inc.Your use of this product is also subject to compliance with any applicable licensing re quirements described on the product’s web page at . It is your responsibility to review, understand and adhere to any restrictions imposed by such statements.©2016 Takara Bio Inc. All Rights Reserved.All trademarks are the property of Takara Bio Inc. or its affiliate(s) in the U.S. and/or other countries or their respective owners. Certain trademarks may not be registered in all jurisdictions. Additional product, intellectual property, and restricted use information is available at .This document has been reviewed and approved by the Quality Department.。
Xilinx V4LX12 开发板原理图
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Xilinx Virtex-4 FX PCIe Board
Function Lead Sheet
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Sheet Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
A C D
Virtex4 Banks 1-4 Virtex4 Banks 5-6 Virtex4 Banks 7-8 Virtex4 Banks 9-10 Virtex4 Banks 11-12 Virtex4 Power Virtex4 MGTs - PCIe Virtex4 MGTs - SFPs
B
USB SAM Header, CPU Debug FLASH, RS232 LEDs, Switches, Display EXP Connector 1 EXP Connector 2 Configuration JTAG Power - Board
Avnet is not responsible for typographical or other errors or omissions or for direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages related to this material or resulting from its use. Avnet makes no warranty or representation respecting this material, which is provided on an "AS IS" basis. AVNET HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OR LIABILITY OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT THERETO, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, REPRESENTATIONS REGARDING ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS, ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF MERCHANTABILITY, SUITABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND/OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. This material is not designed, intended or authorized for use in medical, life support, life sustaining or nuclear applications or applications in which the failure of the product could result in personal injury, death or property damage. Any party using or selling products for use in any such applications do so at their sole risk and agree that Avnet is not liable, in whole or in part, for any claim or damage arising from such use, and agree to fully indemnify, defend and hold harmless Avnet from and against any and all claims, damages, loss, cost, expense or liability arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of products in such applications.
『伪活系列04』400枚
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c++ adhoc题
c++ adhoc题全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：C++ Adhoc 题目是指在C++编程中遇到的一些具有挑战性和实用性的问题，这些问题可能不属于传统的算法或数据结构题目，但是考验着程序员的编程能力和思维逻辑。
在实际的工作中，遇到这类问题需要程序员有足够的经验和技能去解决，因此掌握一定数量的C++ Adhoc题目是非常有帮助的。
下面将介绍一些常见的C++ Adhoc题目，帮助大家更好地理解这类题目的特点和解题方法。
1. 反转字符串题目描述：给定一个字符串，要求将字符串中的字符顺序反转。
示例：输入: "hello"输出: "olleh"解题思路：可以使用两个指针指向字符串的两端，然后逐步交换两个指针指向的字符，直到两个指针相遇为止。
2. 数组去重题目描述：给定一个有序数组，要求去除其中的重复元素，返回去重后的数组长度，并且原数组的前几位是去重后的数组元素。
示例：输入: [1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4]输出: [1, 2, 3, 4]解题思路：遍历数组，使用一个指针指向当前不重复元素应该存放的位置，另一个指针遍历数组，如果发现重复元素则继续遍历，如果不重复则将元素放到指定位置。
3. 查找数组中缺失的元素题目描述：给定一个从0 到n 的有序数组，但是其中可能缺少某个数字，要求找出缺失的元素。
示例：输入：[0, 1, 3, 5, 6]输出：2解题思路：可以通过遍历数组，逐个比较当前元素和下一个元素的差值，如果差值大于1，则说明中间有缺失的元素。
4. 字符串的全排列题目描述：给定一个字符串，要求输出所有的字符排列组合。
示例：输入：abc输出：abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba解题思路：可以使用递归的方法将问题分解为多个子问题，然后逐步解决子问题得到最终答案。
5. 实现一个简单的字符串解码器题目描述：给定一个编码后的字符串，解码成原始的字符串。
PCV-2V压力释放阀，直接操作手动可调说明书
w e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s sTable of Contents1 Product Details .....................................................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Recommended Installation .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Function ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Features ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Technical Data ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Ordering Information ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Type Code ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 4.2Versions currently available (3)5 Description of Characterisics in Accordance with Type Code ........................................................................................................ 4 5.1 Characteristic 1: Variant DSU ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 5.2 Characteristic 2: Port / Case: Variant CA - Cartridge ............................................................................................................................. 4 5.3 Characteristic 3: input flow rate .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 5.4 Characteristic 4: Max.permissible pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 4 5.5 Characteristic 5: Activation / Setting ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 5.6 Characteristic 6: Stepped cavity 8.00239 (corresponds to Bucher UVP- 4) ......................................................................................... 4 Das vorgesteuerte Druckbegrenzungsventil ist ein Cartridgebauteil und wird in eine Stufenbohrung entsprechend nebenstehender Zeichnung eingeschraubt. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 5.7 Characteristic 7: Seal ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 6 Installation ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 6.1 General information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 6.2 Connection Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 6.3 Installation - installation space ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 7 Notes, Standards and Safety Instructions ......................................................................................................................................... 5 7.1 General Instructions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 7.2 Standards ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Zubehör .................................................................................................................................................................................................5w e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s1The pressure valve is designed as cartridge valve. It is a direct operated valve for flow rates up to 10 l / min, which can be adjusted manually. The adjustment can be protected by a cap. The components are designed robust. The valve can be charged up to 500 bar and is delivered at a certain pressure.1.1 ApplicationThe pressure valve is used to protect high volume lift cylinders in truck cranes. It should avoid excessive pressure increase in unmoving cylin-ders due to warming (“sushine valve”).1.2 Recommended Installation2 FunctionThe pressure valve operates as a direct acting seat valve. The pressure can be set using an adjusting screw. The screw is locked after adjustment with a backup sealing nut and can be protected by a cap.2.1 Features▪ Cartridge type▪ Small installation space ▪ Robust construction▪Stepped cavity (corresponds to Bucher UVP-4) ▪Seat valve, leakage freeP – protected port T - tankw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s3 Technical Data4 4.1 Type CodeXXX – fest vorgegebene Merkmale XXX – vom Kunden wählbare Merkmale4.2 Versions currently availableThe versions listed below are available as standard. Further versions as part of the options given on the type code can be configured upon request.designationtype codepart nr.PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN230BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN230 –239 -N 412.072.451.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN235BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN235 –239 -N 412.072.430.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN290BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN290 –239 -N 412.072.433.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN340BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN340 –239 -N 412.072.431.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN420BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN420 –239 -N 412.072.432.9CriteriaUnit Value Installation position any Weightkg 0,1Surface protectiveZinc coated Maximum input pressure (P) bar 550Adjustable pressurebar 100 - 500 Maximum Tankpressure (T) bar 8 Maximum input flow rate (P) l/min 10Hydraulic fluidMineral oil (HL, HLP) conforming with DIN 51524, other fluids upon re-Hydraulic fluid pressure range °C -25 bis +80 Ambient temperature °C < +50 Viscosity rangemm2/s 2,8 - 500Contamination gradeFiltering conforming with NAS 1638, class 9, with minimum retentionPRVDSUCA10500239N000102030405060700 Product group Pressure relief valves PRV 01 Variant manual adjustable DSU 02 Port / Case Cartridgeventil CA 03 Input flow rate Qmax.10 l/min 1004 Max.permissible pressure Pmax.. 500bar50005 Activation Man ually adjustable 100-500barMAN100 06 Stepped cavity WESSEL-Patrone 8.00239 (stepped cavity) 239 07 Seal NBR, temperatur range -25°C bis +80°CNw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s5 5.1 Characteristic 1: Variant DSUAdjustable pressure relief valve5.2 Characteristic 2: Port / Case: Variant CA - CartridgeAs variant CA, the valve is delivered as a cartridge valve. The Cavity has to be designed according to characteristic 6 (stepped cavity)5.3 Characteristic 3: input flow rateRecommended maximum flow rate of 10 l/min.5.4 Characteristic 4: Max.permissible pressureMaximum permissible pressure is 500bar (adjustable range100 - 500bar)5.5 Characteristic 5: Activation / SettingThe valve can be adjusted with a set screw. For this purpose, the protective cap must be removed and the counter nut undone.5.6 Characteristic 6: Stepped cavity 8.00239 (corresponds to Bucher UVP- 4)Das vorgesteuerte Druckbegrenzungsventil ist ein Cartridgebauteilund wird in eine Stufenbohrung entsprechend nebenstehender Zeichnung eingeschraubt.5.7 Characteristic 7: SealNBR, temperature range -25°C bis +80°Cw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s6 Installation6.1 General information▪ Observe all installation and safety information of the construction machine / attachment tools manufacturer. ▪ Only technically permitted changes are to be made on the construction machine. ▪ The user has to ensure that the device is suitable for the respective application. ▪ Application exclusively for the range of application specified by the manufacturer. ▪ Before installation or de-installation, the hydraulic system is to be depressurized. ▪ Settings are to be made by qualified personnel only.▪ Opening is only to be performed with the approval of the manufacturer, otherwise the warranty is invalidated.6.2 Connection RecommendationsNOTE : Enclosed proposed resolution is not always guaranteed. The functionality and the technical details of the construction ma-chine must be checked.5.3 Montage – BauraumObserve connection names.Do not damage seals and flange surface. Its hydraulic system must be ventedEnsure sufficient free space for setting and installation work6.3 Installation - installation space▪ Observe connection names.▪ Do not damage seals and flange surface. ▪ Its hydraulic system must be vented▪ Ensure sufficient free space for setting and installation workCAUTION: Hydraulic hoses must not touch the pressure relief valve, otherwise they are subject to thermal damaging. Tightening torques must be observed. Torque wrench needed.77.1 General Instructions▪The views in drawings are shown in accordance with the European normal projection variant▪ A comma ( , ) is used as a decimal point in drawings ▪All dimensions are given in mm7.2 StandardsThe following standards must be observed when installing and operating the valve:▪ DIN EN ISO 13732-1:2008-12, Temperatures on accessible surfaces8 ZubehörSafety cap: 275.066.000.6。
python difflib sequencematcher 原理
python difflib sequencematcher 原理difflib.SequenceMatcher是 Python 标准库中用于计算两个序列的相似性的一个非常有用的工具。
它主要用于计算两个字符串之间的相似度，但也可以用于任何可迭代的对象，如列表或元组。
下面是 difflib.SequenceMatcher的工作原理：1.初始化：⏹当创建 SequenceMatcher对象时，你可以为它提供两个序列（字符串、列表等）作为输入。
⏹对象初始化时，它会预处理这两个序列，创建各种数据结构以支持后续的比较操作。
1.相似度计算：⏹ratio()方法返回两个序列的相似度。
这个相似度是一个介于 0 和 1 之间的浮点数，其中 0 表示完全不相似，1 表示完全相同。
⏹相似度的计算基于两个序列之间的“差异”的数量和位置。
这个“差异”可以理解为从一个序列中移除或替换一些元素，使得另一个序列与之匹配。
1.差异的表示：⏹get_opcodes()方法返回一个表示序列差异的列表。
每个元素都是一个元组，其中包含以下信息：操作码（例如“delete”、“replace”或“insert”），开始位置，结束位置。
⏹通过这些操作码和位置，你可以知道两个序列在哪些位置有所不同，以及这些不同是如何发生的。
1.内部实现：⏹SequenceMatcher使用了一种称为“双链模式”的数据结构来存储和比较序列。
这种数据结构允许它高效地比较和计算两个序列的相似度。
⏹它还使用了一种称为“跑道指针”的技术，来优化不同步的迭代，减少不必要的比较次数。
1.注意事项：⏹尽管 SequenceMatcher在很多场景下都很有用，但它主要适用于比较短字符串或序列。
对于非常长的序列，它可能不是最有效的比较工具，因为预处理阶段和内部数据结构的维护可能会变得相当昂贵。
⏹它主要用于计算相似度，而不是精确匹配。
因此，如果你需要精确匹配，可能需要其他工具或方法。
python ina219例程
python ina219例程继电器控制模块。
在这个示例中，我们将使用INA219来监测电池电压，并通过继电器控制充电电路。
以下是整个程序的代码和说明。
##1.导入所需库```pythonimport timeimport RPi.GPIO as GPIOfrom ina219 import INA219```##2.定义GPIO引脚和INA219对象```python#定义GPIO引脚CHA_PIN =18CHB_PIN =19#定义INA219对象ina = INA219(0x40, busnum=1)```##3.初始化GPIO和INA219```pythondef init_gpio():GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)GPIO.setup(CHB_PIN, GPIO.OUT)init_gpio()```##4.定义充电电路状态```pythoncharging = False```##5.监测电池电压```pythondef check_battery_voltage():bus_voltage = ina.bus_voltage()battery_voltage = bus_voltage *4.0#假设电池电压是总电压的4倍return battery_voltage```##6.控制充电电路```pythondef control_charging():global chargingcharging = not chargingif charging:GPIO.output(CHB_PIN, GPIO.LOW)else:GPIO.output(CHA_PIN, GPIO.LOW)GPIO.output(CHB_PIN, GPIO.HIGH)```##7. 主循环```pythonwhile True:#监测电池电压battery_voltage = check_battery_voltage()print("Battery Voltage: {:.2f}V".format(battery_voltage))#控制充电电路control_charging()#等待一段时间time.sleep(10)```这个程序将不断地监测电池电压，并在电池电压低于一定阈值时开启充电电路。
hdiff算法原理
hdiff算法原理English:The Hdiff algorithm is a binary diffing tool specifically designed for executables. It works by comparing the binary code of two executables and identifying the differences, such as added, removed, or modified functions and instructions. Hdiff achieves this through a combination of techniques, including control flow analysis, data flow analysis, and emulation of the program’s execution. Control flow analysis is used to identify the flow of execution within the binary code, while data flow analysis helps track the flow of data through the program. By emulating the program’s execution, Hdiff is able to detect any changes in behavior or output between the two executables. One of the key benefits of Hdiff is its ability to accurately identify changes in an executable without relying on the source code, making it a valuable tool for reverse engineering and malware analysis.中文翻译:Hdiff算法是一种专门设计用于可执行文件的二进制差分工具。
linux 中 onnx reference 模块
linux 中 onnx reference 模块下载温馨提示：该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, suchas educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!Linux 中 ONNX Reference 模块介绍在深度学习领域，模型的部署和优化一直是研究的焦点。
orca最佳互相避免碰撞 python代码
orca最佳互相避免碰撞python代码如何使用Python 编写最佳的Orca 互相避免碰撞算法？随着机器人技术的快速发展，人们对自主移动机器人的需求也越来越大。
在众多自主移动机器人中，Orca (Optimal Reciprocal Collision Avoidance) 算法是一种有效的互相避免碰撞方式。
本文将向你展示如何使用Python 编写最佳的Orca 互相避免碰撞算法。
Orca 算法的核心思想是通过计算机移动机器人的速度和方向，与周围机器人的速度进行优化，以避免碰撞。
它采用了一种递归计算的方法，以获得最佳的机器人移动方向。
首先，我们需要定义几个重要的变量。
每个机器人都有一个位置和速度的向量表示。
我们可以使用Python 的numpy 库来处理向量。
我们还需要定义机器人的预期速度、最大速度和最大加速度等参数。
接下来，我们需要编写一个函数来计算每个机器人的预期速度。
这个函数会根据当前机器人的位置和速度，和周围机器人的位置和速度来计算预期速度。
我们可以使用numpy 提供的函数来计算向量的长度和夹角。
具体代码如下：pythonimport numpy as npdef computeDesiredVelocity(robot, others):# 计算机器人和其他机器人的相对位置relativePositions = others[:, 0:2] - robot[0:2]# 计算机器人和其他机器人的相对速度relativeVelocities = others[:, 2:4] - robot[2:4]# 计算机器人和其他机器人的相对距离distances = np.linalg.norm(relativePositions, axis=1)# 计算机器人和其他机器人的相对速度的夹角angles = np.arctan2(relativeVelocities[:, 1], relativeVelocities[:, 0]) - np.arctan2(relativePositions[:, 1], relativePositions[:, 0])# 根据相对位置和速度计算预期速度desiredVelocities = np.zeros((len(others), 2))for i in range(len(others)):# 通过距离和夹角计算预期速度desiredSpeed = distances[i] / 0.1if np.abs(angles[i]) < np.pi / 4:desiredVelocities[i] = desiredSpeed *np.array([np.cos(angles[i]), np.sin(angles[i])])return desiredVelocities在上述代码中，我们首先计算每个机器人与其他机器人的相对位置和相对速度。
evo 轨迹相似变换
evo 轨迹相似变换
使用EVO（Easy Visualization of Odometry）进行轨迹相似变换通常涉及到以
下几个步骤：
1.数据预处理：首先，需要将原始数据进行预处理，包括去除噪声、填充缺失值等操
作，以确保数据的质量和可靠性。
2.特征提取：从轨迹数据中提取出关键特征点，例如角点、边缘、纹理等。
这些特征
点将用于后续的匹配和变换操作。
3.特征匹配：根据提取出的特征点，使用适当的算法进行特征匹配。
常用的算法包括
基于距离的匹配、基于概率的匹配等。
4.刚体变换：通过特征匹配的结果，计算出两个轨迹之间的刚体变换矩阵。
常见的刚
体变换包括平移、旋转等。
5.非刚体变换：如果两个轨迹之间存在较大的形变，则需要使用非刚体变换来描述它
们之间的关系。
非刚体变换通常需要考虑物体的变形和扭曲。
6.结果可视化：将变换后的轨迹进行可视化，以方便分析和比较。
可以使用各种可视
化工具和技术来展示结果。
需要注意的是，具体的实现方法和步骤可能会因应用场景和数据类型的不同而有所差异。
因此，在实际应用中，需要根据具体情况进行调整和优化。
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11
Small Signal Equivalent
id1 id2
gmvid/2
Vx
-g gmvid/2
iod = id 1 − id 2 = g m vid
iod/2 gmvid/2 gmvid iod
• Sufficient to work with half circuit! – Can C di directly tl apply l everything we've learned about single transistor stage • Half circuit caveats – Cannot analyze nonlinearity using half circuits – Assumes that M1 and M2 are identical
Amplifier
vo or vod
• E.g. 1mV input signal, 100mV supply noise – Need PSRR >> 100 (40dB) • PSRR can be a very critical issue in highly integrated, complex integrated circuits – Lots of potential supply noise sources
• Other important figures of merit
Adm Acm− dm
R. Dutton, B. Murmann EE114 (HO #19)
Adm Adm −cm
16
8
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
• In practice, "noise" on the supplies will also propagate to the output – In I a differential diff ti l system t usually ll due to (half-) circuit imbalance • Define
I TAIL 1 W 2 = μCox VOV 2 2 L
where VOV is the quiescent point gate overdrive with Vid=0
⇒ ⎛ Vid I od I −I V = d 1 d 2 = id 1 − ⎜ ⎜ 2V I TAIL I TAIL VOV ⎝ OV ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠
A+ = vod vdd Adm A+ A− = vod vss Adm A−
PSRR+ =
PSRR− =
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
17
Input Referred Interpretation
vdd vss PSRR+ PSRR−
vi or vid VDD
• From this expression, we see that from a small signal perspective the tail node is pinned at Vic-Vt-VOV – "AC ground"
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
12
6
Differential Voltage Amplifier Example
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
13
Voltage Amplifier Transfer Functions
Acm = voc vic Adm −cm = voc vid Acm− dm = vod vic
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE11de Gain
Acm =
voc vic
• Ideally zero (RTAIL=∞) • With finite RTAIL:
2
• This equation predicts – Iod/ITAIL = 0 when Vid=0, as expected – Complete current steering (Iod/ITAIL=±1) takes place when Vid= ±VOV√2
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
Acm = −
gm ⋅ (R ro [1 + g m ⋅ 2 RTAIL ]) 1 + g m ⋅ 2 RTAIL
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
15
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• Figure of merit that quantifies ratio of desired/undesired gain – Ideally infinite
1 W 4 ITAIL − Vid 2 μCox Vid W 2 L μCox L
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
7
Large Signal Transfer Function (2)
• We can turn this into a more elegant expression by using
• In a differential amplifier, we primarily want to have large gain that links only the two differential variables
Adm = vod vid
• Unfortunately, circuit nonidealities will also cause nonzero "parasitic" gain terms
CMRR = Adm Acm
• For our simple resistively loaded differential pair, this becomes (assuming R<<ro and ignoring body effect)
CMRR ≅ gm ⋅ R = 1 + g m ⋅ 2 RTAIL gm ⋅R 1 + g m ⋅ 2 RTAIL
Gm = dI od dVid =
Vid = 0
I TAIL VOV
• Note that the transconductance of M1 and M2 is given by
g m1,2 I 2 TAIL 2I D 2 = I TAIL = = VOV VOV VOV
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
8
4
Large Signal Plot
• Note that the equation on previous slide is only valid in the center of this transfer function (between saturation ⎝ points) – Why?
Vip − Vgs1 = Vim − Vgs 2 I d 1 + I d 2 = I TAIL Vgs1 = Vt + 2I d1 W μCox L Vgs 2 = Vt + 2I d 2 W μCox L
Id1 Id2
M1 M2 ITAIL
+ Vip -
Vid/2 Vic
Vid/2
+ Vim -
⇒ I od = I d 1 − I d 2 =
1
Slope = 1
Iod/ITAIL 0
1 2 1
-√2
0 Vid/VOV
EE114 (HO #19)
1
2
√2
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
9
Observations
• Looks like something we have seen before – A transfer function that is somewhat linear as long as Vid<<VOV • For small signal analysis, we can find an equivalent transconductance by differentiation at the operating point
R. Dutton, B. Murmann
EE114 (HO #19)
3
Differential and Common Mode (1)
Id1 Id2
• We now still need a second variable that describes the potential of nodes Vip and Vim with respect to GND – Could choose either Vip or Vim • More elegant solution – Cut Vid in half and define a new independent variable – "Common Common mode" mode voltage Vic
Vim
Id1 Id2
Vip
ITAIL
• From a signal perspective, we care only about the difference of the applied voltages – Makes sense to introduce a new variable