《口译天下》(20091214)
口译天下2金融
一级市场上发行的证券和金融工具如股票，债券，期权和期货在另一个市场上供人们买进卖出，这就是二级市场。“二级市场”也指进行旧货交易的二手市场，或因现有产品或资产的功能拓展而产生的二级消费市场。比如，传统市场上玉米的首要功能是生产食品和喂养牲畜，但是其可以生产酒精的功能被发掘后，二级甚或三级消费市场就产生了。此外,证券交易市场和柜台交易市场也属于二级市场。
二级市场上的资产种类繁多，从借贷到股票，从零碎资产到大笔集中资金，从非流动资金到流动资金,各不相同。主要的证券交易所内进行的就是二级市场中流动资产的交易，这种情况下,股票都来自公开募股的公司。像纽约证券交易所，纳斯达克和美国证券交易所之类的交易所为合格的投资者提供了一个集中买卖流动资产的二级市场，而投资者必须拥有可以在这些交易所内流通的证券或股票。大部分的债权和结构产品在场外交易，即直接与对方的经纪人在电话里交易。有时候，贷款交易使用在线借贷交易市场进行。
柜台交易或场外交易是指交易双方直接向对方买卖股票，债券，商品期货或衍生品等金融工具,相对的,场内交易是通过期货交易所或股票交易所等设施进行,这些设施正是为交易而造.在美国,股票的场外交易由报价商开展,报价商们通过粉单报价(由粉单场外交易公司<Pink OTC Markets>操作)和场外柜台交易系统(OTCBB)等交易商之间的报价服务在场外柜台交易系统（OTCBB）和粉单市场上交易。虽然交易所内买卖的股票可以在三级市场上进行场外交易，但是场外交易的股票一般不在任何股票交易所上市交易。在场外柜台交易系统（OTCBB）上报价的股票必须遵守美国证监会（SEC）的规定，而其他场外交易（OTC）股票如粉单证券等没有此类要求，因为这些被归为高级市场类（OTCQX）的股票已经符合粉单场外交易公司（Pink OTC Markets）的信息披露规定。场外交易合同是一份双边契约，根据合同，交易双方商定在未来的某个时间实践某项特定的交易或约定，通常由投资银行直接交给其客户。远期和互换是此类合同的主要类型，多数情况下通过电脑或电话完成。通常情况下，如果合同涉及到衍生品交易，则必须遵守国际掉期业务和衍生投资工具协会的规定。
《口译天下》(20100607)
卷JUAN SHOU YU首语絮语文/昕曌2006年，日本漫画家今市子的作品《百鬼夜行抄》被搬上银幕。
由于制作经费问题，这部12集的连续剧制作粗糙，甚至被观众评为“鬼怪特摄片”。
然而，该剧收视率却高于预期，很大一部分原因竟是因为配乐。
在整体素质不佳、经费紧张的情况下，森英治依然以极严谨的态度为该片量身定做了一套配乐，于是，影片开播后，冲着主题曲而来的观众就比比皆是，反让这部远不如原作的日剧成为当年经典。
写到这里，突然想到台湾作家简贞的一句话：活着就要做到坦胸露背迎接万箭攒心，能举头对苍天一笑的境地，因为美，容不下一点狼狈，不允许掰一块尊严，只为了妥协。
把一部鬼怪特摄片当成自己施展才华的舞台，森英治靠的是自己的执着，执着于自己热爱的事业，不肯动摇，不肯与现实妥协，相比起他来，有多少人该自惭形秽？为自己所爱的事业用尽全力，而不问他人态度，不管环境，不求回报，这样的激情，我们太少太少了。
确实，人生之不如意，十有八九，上至天灾人祸，下至室友不和，人类能找到的理由数也数不清，于是，我们习惯了在底端恨恨地羡慕着登上顶层的人，却忘了，世界往往遵循等价交换原则——人要得到什么，就必须付出同等的代价，尽管“代价”不同，但不可否认，任何走到顶端的人都付出了相应的“过路费”，或是其才智，或是其人脉，或是健康云云。
然而，大多数人却只是单纯地希望每天都能数钱数到手抽筋，单纯地希望自己什么都不付出就能获得理想的生活。
生活毕竟不是童话。
一味希望渴望盼望，奇迹也不一定会出现，自怜自艾教年轻着的男男女女垂垂老去，倒是那些破釜沉舟一心追逐梦想的傻瓜，即使岁月在其容颜上留下了痕迹，却总让人感受他的青春。
或许很多时候，我们缺少的只是勇气罢了。
即使有心寻梦，梦想也不一定能够实现，与其如此，倒不如吃喝玩乐——这或许就是大多数人自甘平凡的缘由。
大多数时候让放弃的理由不是外界压力，而是自己的选择。
编委会成员【主编】Jacky【编辑】Zf200424IriniEvermoreLemon小妞妞Gordoncaoy认真的烧饼希希ROY_HXtiger【封面设计】 lemon目 录一维基百科翻译(3) 二国际时政翻译及点评(15)三经济学家翻译及点评 (20) They might be giants/ irini四名人演讲系列(29) Why we must defend writers/ Margaret Atwood五笔记赏析(31) 六试题库/口译考试辅导资料 (33) 2010年5月人事部三级口译考试试题七诗词翻译(37) Loveliest of Trees/ A. E. 豪斯曼文曹明伦译清溪/王维 文 许渊冲 译八常用笔记符号参考 (39)九关于投稿与广告 (40)如何使用本杂志本杂志的主要用途是口译练习指导以及笔译研究，绝大部分材料可用于口译练习。
历年高口NTGF原文真题
2014年3月高级口译听力真题NTGF含解析Note Taking and Gap FillingGood afternoon, class. I want to start my lecture by telling you a story. Once there was a young woman from Mexico named Consuela, who came to New York to learn English. She got a job at a factory owned by a Chinese. One day as Consuela came to work, her Chinese boss handed her a red envelope. Consuela looked inside and saw 20 dollars. She became very upset and threw the envelope back at her boss! Her boss was shocked. Well, he had given her the red envelope and the money because it was Chinese New Year. And on the Chinese New Year, it is traditional to give money to young, single people for good luck. However, from Consuela’s point of view, he was an older man giving her money in an envelope, which meant that he was asking her for sexual favors. Naturally, she refused to take the money.Now, what does this story show us? It shows that an action can have totally opposite meanings in different cultures. Every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate and what is not appropriate behavior. And to illustrate my point today, I’m going to give examples from four areas. First, the way people greet each other in different cultures. Second, the way they use names and titles. Third, the way people eat. And finally, the way they exchange gifts.OK, let’s start with greeting customs—First of all, I’m sure you know that in the United States and in most western countries, greetings often involve some sort of touching, such as a handshake, a hug, or a kiss if people know each other very well. On the other hand, people from most Asian countriesdon’t usually feel as comfortable touching in public. Although handshakes between business people are common, many Japanese prefer a bow, while people from Thailand, normally hold their hands together in a kind of prayer position. So imagine how embarrassing it would be if an American was invited to someone’s home in Japan or Thailand and she tried to hug the host!Now, another behavior that differs from culture to culture is the use of names. Have you noticed that Americans ar e quick to use people’s first names even if they have just met. For instance, visitors to the United States are always surprised to hear employees speak to their bosses using first names. In contrast, people in most other cultures are more formal and prefer to be addressed as Mr. Brown or Mr. Honda, for example. In addition, in some countries, such as Italy or Korea, people like you to include their title orposition with their family names, especially if they’re university graduates or owners of a business.Now I want to look at eating customs. I’ll talk about the behaviors connected with eating that vary from culture to culture. One of these is the use of utensils. You probably know that people in many Asian cultures use chopsticks but in some countries i t’s customary to eat with your fingers. It’s important to be aware of different dining customs. Here is another example. In some cultures, eating everything on your plate is considered impolite. In Egypt and China, you should leave some food in your dish at the end of the meal. This is to show that your hosts were generous and gave you more than enough to eat. However, Americans generally consider a clean plate as a sign of satisfaction with the food.Finally, what I want to mention today is gift giving, which you may think is a universal custom and there is not much variation from culture to culture. But the rules of gift giving can be very complicated. In USA, if you’re invited to someone’s home for dinner, bring wine or flowers or small item as a present. On the other hand, the Japanese give gifts quite frequently, often to thank someone, such as a teacher or a doctor. In the Japanese culture, gift giving is a very ancient tradition and it has many detailed rules. Another interesting fact about gift giving is that many cultures have strict rules about gifts you should not give. For example, never give yellow flowers to people from Iran, which means you hate them!【评析】本文题材对考生来说并不陌生，是老生常谈的文化差异。
翻译网站,一帖打尽(源于CATTI官网论坛)
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陈建军 /professionaltranslator （北外高翻毕业）
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国新办 / （基本上每场发布会都带交传的。）
英文巴士 （新兴翻译站点，创办者为第四届优萌杯竞赛获奖者，偏重文学翻译，汇集了大量典籍译本和翻译赛事。）
译言 / （大名鼎鼎，由三名在美国留学的清华毕业生创办，高水平的译者可与之签约。）
厦门大学口笔译资格证书考试中心
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国际会议口译员协会（AIIC）/
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田鹏的博客 /%CE%E5%B1%CA%C8%AB%C4%DC （北外高翻学院毕业的同传，强悍，博客里有很多技巧和经验之谈，但停止更新了。）
安妮 /annieannie
同传 Charles /
樊宇 /tongshengchuanyiyuan
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徐华飞的博客 /xuhuafei/ （此人考了不少翻译证。）
个人博客
北外高翻院长李长栓教授的博客 /lichangshuan（有历年北外高翻试题提供哦。）
周蕴仪的博客 /chowwanee （李长栓教授的得意门生之一）
2009年9月高级口译真题(完整版)
2009年9月高级口译真题（完整版）SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.Part A: Spot DictationFor more than two centuries, America’s colleges and universities have been the backbone of the country's progress. They have educated the technical, _______ (1) work force and provided generation after generation of national leaders. Today, educators from around the country are apt to find many reasons for the _______ (2). But four historic acts stand out as watersheds:First, _______ (3): In 1862, Congress enacted the Land-Grant College Act, which essentially extended the opportunity of higher education to all Americans, including _______ (4). Each state was permitted to sell large tracts of federal land, and use the proceeds to endow at least _______ (5).Second, competition breeds success. Over the years, the _______ (6) of the America’s colleges and universities have promoted _______ (7). Competitive pressure first arose during the Civil War when President Lincoln created _______ (8) to advise Congress on any subject of science and art. The Academy's impact really grew after World WarⅡwhen a landmark report _______ (9) the then president argued that it was the federal government’s responsibility to _______ (10) for basic research. Instead of being centralized in government laboratories,_______ (11) in American universities and generated increasing investment. It also _______ (12) and helped spread scientific discoveries far and wide, _______ (13), medicine and society as a whole. Thirdly, _______ (14): The end of World War Ⅱsaw the passage of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. The law, which provided for a college or vocational education_______ (15), made the higher-education system accessible in ways that _______ (16), opening the doors of best universities to men and women who had _______ (17).Finally, promoting diversity: The creation of federal______(18) as well as outright grants for college students brought much needed diversity to higher education and further_______ (19). Since its founding in 1965, the Federal Family Education Loan Program has funded more than 74 million student loans worth _______ (20).Part B: Listening ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.1. (A) She’s just a city girl and is used to the fast pace of the city.(B) She doesn’t have to drive everywhere to buy things.(C) She likes to garden and putter around in the house she bought.(D) She can go to a whole variety of places to interact with people.2. (A) Going to the country for a vacation makes no sense at all.(B) Renting a vacation house in the country is cheap.(C) People can enjoy the fresh air in the country.(D) People can relax better in the country than in the city.3. (A) The convenient transportation.(B) The interactive social life.(C) The whole car culture.(D) The nice neighborhood.4. (A) You may have fun making barbecues in the garden.(B) You won’t feel stuck and labeled as you do in the city.(C) It’s more tolerable than living in the city.(D) It’s more hateful than living in the country.5. (A) Quite lonely.(B) Very safe.(C) Not very convenient.(D) Not particularly dangerous.6. (A) Because they might harm the poor people.(B) Because their drawbacks outweigh benefits.(C) Because they counterbalance other environmental policies.7. (A) German business confidence index has risen as much as expected recently.(B) The outlook for manufacturing is worsening in foreseeable future.(C) Global economic recession will sap demand for German exports next year.(D) German business situation is expected to get better in the next few months.8. (A) The proposal can cut greenhouse gas emissions from cars to a very low level.(B) This action is obviously going to change global temperatures in the long run.(C) The reduction in gas emissions is insignificant for addressing global warming.(D) The proposal represents a big step in solving the problem of global warming.9. (A) $ 60.5 a barrel.(B) $ 61 a barrel.(C) $ 61.32 a barrel.(D) $ 61.67 a barrel.10. (A) 92.(B) 250.(C) 1,500.(D) 2,500.11. (A) Microsoft.(B) Coca Cola.(C) IBM.(D) Nokia.12. (A) Amounts of revenue underlying the brands.(B) Strong franchise with consumers.(C) Whether or not the brand is a product of a tech company.(D) The degree of resonance consumers have with a brand proposition.13. (A) Because it is monopolistic.(B) Because it is competitive.(C) Because it takes its brand through generations.(D) Because its products fetch high prices.14. (A) The functionality of its product.(B) The emotional appeal of its product.(C) Its basic product being so different.(D) Its highly effective publicity.15. (A) A fantastic corporate culture.(B) A long company history.(C) An excellent product.(D) A sophisticated technology.16. (A) A power station.(B) An importer of bicycles.(C) An association of volunteers.(D) A charity organization.17. (A) To provide help to local villagers.(B) To export bicycles to developing countries.(C) To organize overseas trips.(D) To carry out land surveys.18. (A) They sell them at a very low price.(B) They charge half price.(C) They give them away for free.(D) They trade them for local products.19. (A) 14,000.(B) 46,000.(C) 50,000.(D) 56,000.20. (A) Donating bicycles.(B) Bringing in funds.(C) Taking part in bike rides.(D) Making suggestions about where to send bicycles.SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 minutes)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Questions 1--5Talk about timing. Your question arrived in our in-box the same day that we received a note from an acquaintance who had just been let go from his job in publishing, certainly one of the industries that is facing, as you put it, “extreme change.” He described his layoff as a practically Orwellian experience in which he was ushered into a conference room to meet with an outplacement consultant who, after dispensing with logistics, informed him that she would call him at home that evening to make sure everything was all right.“I assured her I had friends and loved ones and a dog,” he wrote, “and since my relationship with her could be measured in terms of seconds, they could take care of that end of things.” “Memo to HR: Instead of saddling dismissed employees with solicitous outplacement reps,” he noted wryly, “put them in a room with some crockery for a few therapeutic minutes of smashing things against a wall.”While we enjoy our friend’s sense of humor, we’d suggest a different memo to HR. “Layoffs are your moment of truth,” it would say, “when your company must show departing employees the same kind of attentiveness and dignity that was showered upon them when they entered. Layoffs are when HR proves its mettle and its worth, demonstrating whether a company really cares about its people.”Look, we’ve written before about HR and the game-changing role we believe it can—and should—play as the engine of an organization’s hiring, appraisal, and development processes. We’ve asserted that too many companies relegate HR to the mundane busy-work of newsletters, picnics, and benefits, and we’ve made the case that every CEO should elevate his head of HR to the same stature as the CFO. But if there was ever a time to underscore the importance of HR, it has arrived. And, sadly, if there was ever a time to see how few companies get HR right, it has arrived, too, as our acquaintance’s experience shows.So, to your question: What is HR’s correct role now—especially in terms of layoffs?First, HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers. Being fired is dehumanizing in any event, but to get the news from a “hired gun” only makes matters worse. That’s why HR must ensure that managers accept their duty, which is to be in on the one conversation at work that must be personal. Pink slips should be delivered face-to-face,eyeball-to-eyeball.Second, HR’s role is to serve as the company’s arbiter of equity. Nothing raises hackles more during a layoff than the sense that some people—namely the loudmouths and the litigious—are getting better deals than others. HR can mitigate that dynamic by making sure across units and divisions that severance arrangements, if they exist, are appropriate and evenhanded. You simply don’t want people to leave feeling as if they got you-know-what. They need to walk out saying: “At least I know i was treated fairly.”Finally, HR’s role is to absorb pain. In the hours and days after being let go, people need to vent, and it is HR’s job to be completely available to console. At some point, all outplacement consultant can come into the mix to assist with a transition, but HR can never let “the departed” feel as if they’ve been sent to a leper colony. Someone connected to each let-go employee—either a colleague or HR staffer—should check in regularly. And not just to ask, “Is everything O.K.?” but to listen to the answer with an open heart, and when appropriate, offer to serve as a reference to prospective employers.Three years ago, we wrote a column called, “So Many CEOs Get This Wrong,” and while many letters supported our stance that too many companies undervalue HR, a significant minority pooh-poohed HR as irrelevant to the “real work” of business. Given the state of things, we wonder how those same HR-minimalists feel now. If their company is in crisis—or their own career—perhaps at last they’ve seen the light. HR matters enormously in good times. It defines you in the bad.1. Why does the author say that his friend’s note displayed a “sense of humor”(para. 3)?(A) Because his layoff experience showed vividly the process of”extreme change”.(B) Because he gave a vivid description of the outplacement reps’ work style.(C) Because he suggested to HR how to treat dismissed employees while he himself was fired.(D) Because he was optimistic with the support and understanding from his friends and loved family members after being dismissed.2. The expression “moment of truth” in the sentence “Layoffs are your moment of truth ...when they entered.” (para. 3) most probably means ________.(A) critical moment of proving one’s worth(B) time of dismissing the employees(C) important moment of telling the truth(D) time of losing one’s dignity3. Which of the following does NOT support the author’s statement that “HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers.”(para. 6)?(A) In that case the let-go employee would feel less dehumanized.(B) By doing so the managers treat the employees with respect.(C) HR has thus played the positive role in terms of layoffs.(D) In doing so strangers will only play the role of a “hired gun”.4. The expression “pink slips” in the sentence “Pink slips should be delivered face-to-face, eyeball-to-eyeball.”(para. 6) can best be paraphrased as ________.(A) a letter of invitation (B) a notice of dismissal(C) a card of condolences (D) a message of greetings5. Which of the following expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The time to underscore the importance of HR has arrived.(B) Severance arrangements should be the focus of HR’s job.(C) Employees should be treated with equal respect whether hired or fired.(D) Managers must leave their duty to HR when employees are dismissed.Questions 6—10Senator Barbara Boxer (D) of California announced this month she intends to move ahead with legislation designed to lower the emission of greenhouse gases that are linked by many scientists to climate change. But the approach she’s taking is flawed, and the current financial crisis can help us understand why.The centerpiece of this approach is the creation of a market for trading carbon emission credits. These credits would be either distributed free of charge or auctioned to major emitters of greenhouse gases. The firms could then buy and sell permits under federally mandated emissions caps. If a company is able to cut emissions, it can sell excess credits for a profit. If it needs to emit more, it can buy permits on the market from other firnls.“Cap and trade,” as it is called, is advocated by several policymakers, industry leaders, and activists who want to fight global warming. But it’s based on the trade of highly volatile financial instruments: risky at best. The better approach to climate change? A direct tax placed on emissions of greenhouse gases. The tax would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases. This is an approach favored by many economists as the financially sensible way to go. And it is getting a closer look by some industry professionals and lawmakers.At first blush, it might seem crazy to advocate a tax increase during a major recession. But there are several virtues of a tax on carbon emissions relative to a cap-and-trade program. For starters, the country already has a mechanism in place to deal with taxes. Tax collection is something the government has abundant experience with. A carbon trading scheme, on the other hand, requires the creation of elaborate new markets, institutions, and regulations to oversee and enforce it. Another relative advantage of the tax is its flexibility. It is easier to adjust the tax to adapt to changing economic, scientific, or other circumstances. If the tax is too low to be effective, it can be raised easily. If it is too burdensome it can be relaxed temporarily. In contrast, a cap-and-trade program creates emissions permits that provide substantial economic value to firms and industries. These assets limit the program’s flexibility once under way, since market actors then have an interest in maintaining the status quo to preserve the value of the assets. What’s more, they can be a recipe for trouble. As my American Enterprise Institute colleagues Ken Green, Steve Hayward, and Kevin Hassett pointed out two years ago, “sudden changes in economic conditions could lead to significant price volatility in a cap-and-trade program that would be less likely under acarbon-tax regime.”Recent experience bears this out. Europe has in place a cap-and-trade program that today looks a little like the American mortgage-backed securities market—it’s a total mess. The price of carbon recently fell—plummeting from over $30 to around $12 per ton—as European firms unloaded their permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch. It is this shaky experience with cap-and-trade that might explain an unlikely advocate of acarbon tax. Earlier this year, ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson pointed in a speech to the problems with Europe’s cap-and-trade program—such as the program’s volatility and lack of transparency—as reasons he prefers a carbon tax.That said, new taxes are a tough sell in Washington, which helps explain the current preference for a cap-and-trade scheme. Despite this, there are ways to make a carbon tax more politically appealing. The first is to insist that it be “revenue neutral.” This means that any revenues collected from the tax are used to reduce taxes elsewhere, such as payroll taxes.The advantage of this approach is that it places a burden on something that is believed by many to be undesirable (greenhouse-gas emissions) while relieving a burden on something that is desirable (work). Another selling point is that the tax can justify the removal of an assortment of burdensome and costly regulations such as CAFE standards for car. These regulations become largely redundant in an era of carbon taxes.But it may be that a carbon tax doesn’t need an elaborate sales pitch today when the alternative is trading carbon permits. The nation’s recent experience with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the mortgage-backed securities market should prompt Congress to think twice when a member proposes the creation of a highly politicized market for innovative financial instruments, no matter how well intentioned the program may be.6. The author introduces Senator Barbara Boxer in the passage because she ________.(A) has made suggestions to ease the current financial crisis(B) is a pioneer in the reduction of greenhouse gases emission(C) is well-known for her proposal on legislation reform(D) plans to propose the legislation of cap-and-trade program7. Which of the following CANNOT be true about the carbon emission credits system?(A) The use of carbon credits would show clearly emitters’ efforts in carbon cutting.(B) The credits might be distributed free or auctioned to the emitters.(C) The price of carbon credits could fluctuate with changing economic conditions.(D) The credits can be bought and sold between emitters for profits.8. According to the passage, the cap-and-trade program ________.(A) will be much more useful in fighting global warming(B) will not be as effective as a tax on carbon emissions(C) is being examined by industry professionals and lawmakers(D) is supported by many policymakers, industry leaders and activists9. The expression “to shore up” in the sentence “as European firms unloaded their permits on the market in an effort to shore up deteriorating balance sheets during the credit crunch”(para. 6) can best paraphrased as ________.(A) to eliminate (B) to revise and regulate(C) to give support to (D) to correct and restructure10. In the last paragraph, the author mentions Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities to tell the Congress that ________.(A) the experience with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities will be useful for the creation of a highly politicized market(B) the lessons from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the mortgage-backed securities should not be neglected(C) the argument over cap-and-trade program and direct tax on carbon emissions should be stopped(D) the legislation for a cap-and-trade scheme will prove to be the solution to greenhouse gases emissionQuestions 11--15The gap between what companies might be expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay amounts to billions of pounds—on that much, everyone can agree. The surprising truth is that no one can agree how many billions are missing, or even how to define “tax gap”. Estimates range from anything between £3bn to nearly £14bn, depending on who is doing the calculations. Even the people in charge of colleting the taxes—Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC)—admit they have only the vaguest idea of how many further billions of pounds they could be getting...and it took a freedom of information request before they would admit the extent of their lack of knowledge.Any media organization or MP attempting to pursue the subject will find themselves hampered by the same difficulties faced by the tax collectors—secrecy and complexity. The Guardian’s investigation, which we publish over the coming two weeks, is no different.The difficulty starts with an inability of anyone to agree a definition of “tax avoidance”. It continues through the limited amount of information in the public domain. And it is further hampered by the extraordinary complexity of modern global corporations.International companies based in the UK may have hundreds of subsidiary companies, which many use to take advantage of differing tax regimes as they move goods, services and intellectual property around the world. It is estimated that more than half of world trade consists of such movements (known as transfer-pricing) within corporations.Companies are legally required publicly to declare these subsidiaries. But they generally tell shareholders of only the main subsidiaries. The Guardian’s investigation found five majorUK-based corporations which had ignored the requirements of the Companies Act by failing to identify offshore subsidiaries. This is just one example of the atmosphere of secrecy andnon-disclosure in Britain which has allowed tax avoidance to flourish. The result is that few outside of the lucrative industries of banking, accountancy and tax law have understood the scale of the capital flight that is now taking place.British tax inspectors privately describe as formidable the mountain outsiders have to climb in order to comb through the accounts of international companies based in London. “The companies hold all the cards,” said one senior former tax inspector. “It’s very difficult because you don’t always know what you are looking for...You are confronted with delay, obstruction and a lot of whingeing from companies who complain about ‘unreasonable requests’. Sometimes you are just piecing together a jigsaw.”Another former senior tax inspector said: “One of the problems the Revenue has is that the company doesn’t have to disclose the amount of tax actually paid in any year and the accounts won’t reveal the liability. Each company has its own method of accounting for tax: there’s no uniform way of declaring it all.” For journalists trying to probe these murky waters, the problems are so substantial that few media organizations attempt it.A trawl through the published accounts of even a single major group of companies can involve hunting around in the registers of several different countries. It takes a lot of time and a lot of money. Companies—with some far-sighted British exceptions—simply refuse to disclose any more than what appears in the published figures. The legal fiction that a public company is a “legal person”, entitled to total tax secrecy and even to “human rights”, makes it normally impossible for a journalist to penetrate the tax strategies of big business. HMRC refuse, far example, to identify the 12 major companies who used tax avoidance schemes to avoid paying any corporation tax whatever.It is difficult to access experts to guide the media or MPs through this semantic jungle. The “Big Four” accountants and tax QCs who make a living out of tax avoidance, have no interest in helping outsiders understand their world. Few others have the necessary knowledge, and those that do, do not come cheap or may be conflicted. “Secrecy is the offshore world’s great protector,” writes William Brittan-Caitlin, London-based former Kroll investigator in his book, Offshore. “Government and states are generally at a loss to diagnose in detail what is really going on inside corporate internal markets. Corporations are extremely secretive about the special tax advantages these structures give them.”11. According to the passage, the “tax gap” is ________.(A) a well-defined term included in both British taxation system and the Companies Act(B) an accepted practice adopted by most international companies based in the UK(C) a practice difficult to define and discover but common with companies in Britain(D) the target which has been attacked by British tax inspectors over the past decades12. It can be concluded that many international companies “move goods, services and intellectual property around the world” (para.4) within corporations mainly in order ________.(A) to make use of different tax systems to avoid taxation(B) to give equal support to all the subsidiaries around the world(C) to expand the import and export trade with other countries(D) to raise their productivity and to maximize the profitability13. When one former senior tax inspector comments that “Sometimes you are just piecing together a jigsaw “(para. 6), he most probably means that ________.(A) investigating a company’s accounts is the same as playing a children’s game(B) the Revenue should reform its regulation to fight illegal “tax avoidance”(C) it’s a complicated matter to investigate an international company’s accounts(D) it’s a diffident task to overcome the obstruction from the company’s side14. By using the expression “legal fiction”(para. 8) to describe today’s status of a public company, the author is trying to imply that such a definition ________.(A) is a humanitarian and legitimate definition protecting the rights of companies(B) is ridiculous, absurd and hinders the investigation of tax strategies of big companies(C) is an incorrect and inexact concept to reveal the nature of modem businesses(D) is a reflection of the reality of companies and corporations and should not be altered15. In writing this article, the author is planning to tell all of the following to the readers EXCEPT that ________.(A) the gap between what companies are expected to pay in tax and what they actually pay is too enormous to be neglected(B) secrecy and complexity are the two major protectors of international corporations in tax avoidance(C) there are loopholes in the legislation concerning companies which obstruct the practice of taxation(D) the government plans to investigate the “tax gap” and “tax avoidance” of international companiesQuestions 16--20One of the many upsetting aspects to being in your forties, is hearing people your own age grumbling about “young people” the way we were grumbled about ourselves. Old friends will complain, “Youngsters today have no respect like we did”, and I’ll think: “Hang on. I remember the night you set a puma loose in the soft furnishings section of Pricerite’s.”There’s also a “radicals” version of this attitude, a strand within the middle-aged who lament how today’s youngsters, “Don’t demonstrate like we did”, because “we were always marching against apartheid or for the miners but students these days don’t seem bothered”. It would seem natural if they went on: “The bloody youth of today; they’ve no disrespect for authority. In my day you started chanting and if a copper gave you any lip you gave him a clip round the ear, and he didn’t do it again. We’ve lost those values somehow.”You feel that even if they did come across a mass student protest they’d sneer. “That isn’t a proper rebellion, they’ve used the internet. “You wouldn’t have caught Spartacus rounding up his forces by putting a message on Facebook saying ‘Hi Cum 2 Rome 4 gr8 fite 2 liber8 slaves lets kill emprer lol’”.It doesn’t help that many of the student leaders from the sixties and seventies ended up as ministers or journalists, who try to deny they’ve reneged on their principles by making statements such as: “It’s true I used to run the Campaign to Abolish the British Army, but my recent speech in favour of invading every country in the world in alphabetical order merely places those ideals in a modern setting.”Also it’s become a tougher prospect to rebel as a student, as tuition fees force them to work while they’re studying. But over the last two weeks students have organized occupations in 29 universities, creating the biggest student revolt for 20 years. In Edinburgh, for example, the demands were that free scholarships should be provided for Palestinian students, and the university should immediately cancel its investments with arms companies.So the first question to arise from these demands must be: what are universities doing having links with arms companies in the first place? How does that help education? Do the lecturers make an announcement that, “This year, thanks to British Aerospace, the media studies course has possession of not only the latest digital recording equipment and editing facilities, but also three landmines and a Tornado bomber”?。
2013年厦门大学MTI真题
厦门大学2013年翻译硕士考研真题及答案—、词语翻译(30分)1.全面建成小康社会: On building moderately prosperous society2.安倍晋三: Shinzo Abe3.翘尾因素: tail-raising factor; carry-over effects (用于股市或物价上。
指上年后期价格的涨跌会影响下年)4.中国围棋: Chinese Chess5.骑楼: arcade (骑楼是一种近代商住建筑, 在两广福建海南等地)6.植入广告: Product Placement; Guerilla Advertising7.逆回购: reverse repo; reverse repurchase8.汽车单双号限行：odd-and-even license plate rule; the “odd-even” traffic restrictions9.乱穿马路: jaywalking10.花旗银行: Citibank11.两“非”(非法鉴别性别和非法终止妊娠): illegal fetal sex determination and illegal abortions12.湄公河：Mekong; Mekong River13.松下电器：Panasonic14.哈萨克斯坦：Kazakhstan15.兵部尚书：minister of war(兵部尚书是六部尚书的其中之一，别称为大司马，统管全国军事的行政长官，明代正二品，清代从一品。
相当于现在主持中央军委日常工作的军委副主席兼国防部长)E-C1. swing states：摇摆州(在美国总统政治中，摇摆州是指那些从民意调查结果中看不出哪位候选人占据明显优势的州。
传统上的“战场州”有佛罗里达、宾夕法尼亚、俄亥俄等)2. poetic justice：报应;应得的赏罚;善有善报，恶有恶报3. drone：无人飞机4. to scale back headcounts：缩减人员;裁员5. cheerleader: 啦啦队队长6. skopos theory: 翻译目的论(是赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer)于上世纪八十年代早期提出。
口译天下1
吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)受到广泛关注的水晶球网站(Crystal Ball)明日的预测将是，11月2日民主党将在国会遭遇惨败，并在多个州的州长选举中失利。
It follows a Gallup poll that showed the Republicans with a 10 percentage point lead over the Democrats – the widest margin in 68 years. Separately, a University of Buffalo paper has predicted a 51-seat gain for Republicans in November.
根据主要分析师的意见与民意调查结果，在11月的中期选举中，巴拉克?奥巴马(Barack Obama)领导的民主党将面临从华盛顿到各级政府的一系列重大挫折。
The University of Virginia’s widely-monitored Crystal Ball will tomorrow forecast sweeping setbacks on Capitol Hill and the loss of a clutch of state governorships on November 2.
Obama’s party? faces midterm carnage
美国中期选举民主党形势严峻
Barack Obama’s Democratic party faces a series of dramatic defeats at every level of government in Washington and beyond in the November midterm elections, according to leading analysts and opinion polls.
口译资料673920139
Speech at inauguration of new facilityDistinguished guests, Ladies and gentlemen,Good afternoon and welcome to the opening ceremony of our first factory in China. We appreciate your taking the time to share this wonderful occasion with us today.On behalf of the company I’d like to say a big ―thank you‖ to all of our suppliers, customers, employees and business associates that are here in attendance with us today.The management team us very proud of this facility and the very capable staff that has developed and brought this operation up to world-class status. This facility is a symbol of the focus and commitment we have made to China.To our suppliers, we look forward to working with you to grow our business to new heights.To our dealers, we plan to continue to supply you with state-of-art, high quality products that will allow you to support your customers and improve the lives of many people here in China and Southeast Asia.To our neighbors and friends, we plan to be a good corporate citizen and will work with you to uphold high business standards throughout China.And last but not least, to our employees, we are committed to providing you with a safe and enjoyable working environment. Thank you all once again for taking the time to share this wonderful occasion with us.新工厂落成典礼的讲话各位尊敬的来宾，女士们、先生们：下午好！欢迎参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼。
2009北外MTI翻译基础真题
09北外MTI真题I. Translate the following passages into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet. （50 points-25 points x 2）Passage 1In Defense of Translationby Howard Goldblatt （葛浩文）How’s this for an occupational testimonial: “There is no such thing as a good translator. The best translators make the worst mistakes. No matter how much I love them, all translators must be closely watched。
”Who are these people everyone loves to hate, and, if they're so bad, how do they get away with what they're doing?Well, I confess: I'm one of them. I'm a translator。
…I am sometimes asked why I translate, since to many it seems a thankless vocation. Why, they ask, don't I write my own novels, since I have lived （they assume） an interesting life and must by now have an idea of what a novel should be? I can only say that not all translators are closet novelists, and that I do not consider translation to be a lesser art -- one that ought to lead to something better. The short, and very personal, answer to the question is: Because I love it. I love to read Chinese; I love to write in English. I love the challenge, the ambiguity, and the uncertainty of the enterprise. I love the tension between creativity and fidelity, even the inevitable compromises. And, every once in a while, I find a work so exciting that I'm possessed by the urge to put it into English. In other words, I translate to stay alive. The satisfaction of knowing I've faithfully served two constituencies keeps me happily turning good, bad, and indifferent Chinese prose into readable, accessible, and -- yes -- even marketable English books. Tian na! （276 words）Passage 2Downsizing in VogueIn recent years corporate downsizing has been on the rise throughout the world. Downsizing is reducing costs by dismissing employees and reassigning their duties to the employees who remain. They usually call it restructuring, rightsizing, reallocating resources, or job separation. They sometimes use dieting metaphors like "trimming the fat," "getting lean and mean," or "shedding weight." Whatever the euphemism, employees affected by these practices know what the words mean to them: layoff. And no "kinder, gentler" words can do much to alleviate the anxiety and distress that come with losing a job。
MTI北外百科真题
MTI北外百科真题篇一：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案才思教育网址：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
百科写作标准答案一、名词解释鲧（gǔｎ）鲧，姓姬，字熙。
黄帝的后代，昌意之孙，姬颛顼之子，姒文命（大禹）之父。
三吏唐朝诗人杜甫的三首诗：《石壕吏》、《新安吏》、《潼关吏》。
佛教四大名山即山西五台山、浙江普陀山、四川峨眉山、安徽九华山，分别供奉文殊菩萨、观音菩萨、普贤菩萨、地藏菩萨。
有“金五台、银普陀、铜峨眉、铁九华”之称。
四大名山随着佛教的传入，自汉代开始建寺庙，修道场，延续至清末。
明清之际三大思想家即李贽、黄宗羲、顾炎武。
李贽主张是非标准依照时代变化而变化，反对以孔子的是非为标准；认为穿衣吃饭就是“人伦物理”，人不能脱离基本的物质生活去空谈仁义道德。
黄宗羲提出了“天下为主，君为客”的民主思想，这就是他对儒家思想的批判。
顾炎武倡导经世致用。
五代五代十国，一般又简称“五代”。
唐朝灭亡之后，在中原地区相继出现了后梁、后唐、后晋、后汉和后周五个朝代以及割据于西蜀、江南、岭南和河东等地的十几个政权，合称五代十国。
“五代”更偏向于这五个位于中原的王朝，正统史学家们一般称五代为中央王朝。
五代并不是一个指朝代，而是指介于唐宋之间的一个特殊的历史时期。
颜柳颜是颜真卿，柳是柳公权；二人与欧阳询均为唐代楷书大家，常与元代赵孟頫并称：颜柳赵欧。
本草纲目该书由明朝伟大的医药学家李时珍（1518—1593）为修改古代医书中的错误、对本草学进行的全面整理，前后历时29年。
书中载有药物1892种，包括新药374种，收集药方11096个，还绘制了1160幅精美的插图。
全书共190余万字，分52卷，16部、60类。
古代四大发明四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有重大影响的四种发明，即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。
2011年下半年人事部英语口译三级考试真题
三级口译《口译实务》汉译英真题：驻巴基斯坦大使刘健在第十届“汉语桥”世界大学生中文比赛巴基斯坦赛区决赛上的讲话来源地址：外交部官网(2011年)/chn/gxh/tyb/zwbd/t821399.htm女士们，先生们!早上好!我非常高兴出席今天在这里举行的第十届“汉语桥”世界大学生中文比赛巴基斯坦赛区决赛。
我想对巴国立现代语言大学和伊斯兰堡孔子学院为此次比赛做出的各项细心周到的安排表示感谢。
我还想向参赛选手们表示祝贺。
你们非凡的语言天赋、流利的汉语水平和对中国文化的理解令我印象深刻。
我相信，你们一定能在决赛中脱颖而出，创造佳绩。
诞生于2002年的“汉语桥”世界大学生中文比赛至今已经吸引了来自全世界70多个国家的上万名学生参赛，极大推动了中文普及并掀起了一股学习汉语的热潮。
我们应当为它喝彩。
在今天这个场合，我想就语言谈一些个人看法。
语言是技能。
掌握一门语言无疑是多了一项交流沟通的技能，对个人事业发展有好处。
由于中巴特殊的“全天候”战略伙伴关系，巴基斯坦学生学习汉语拥有更为有利的条件。
中国总理******去年底的成功访问极大丰富了两国人文交流的内涵。
在《联合声明》中，双方同意全面拓展人文交流，重点加强中文和乌尔都语教育。
中方今年将邀请100名巴基斯坦高中生赴华参加“汉语桥”夏令营，并继续向伊斯兰堡孔子学院提供奖学金。
中方还将自今年起，在三年之内向巴方提供500名政府奖学金名额。
可以说，你们学习汉语正逢其时。
语言是桥梁。
第13任中国驻巴大使张春贤能够说一口流利的乌尔都语。
我知道我的很多同事对学习乌尔都语怀有浓厚的兴趣。
我还知道，很多巴基斯坦朋友会说汉语，其中就有巴国立现代语言大学和伊斯兰堡孔子学院的校友。
我们为他们骄傲。
今天，我还想特别提及伊斯兰堡孔子学院的学生。
去年温总理来巴，我们在巴中友谊中心举办了这样一场活动，就是两国总理与为中巴友谊做出突出贡献人士座谈。
座谈会临近结束的时候，伊斯兰堡孔子学院学员朱雷和14岁女孩拉比亚分别用中文和英文深情并茂地朗诵了一首题为“巴中友谊”的诗。
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研招生人数,报录比,考研辅导班
2015年北外翻译硕士英语笔译考研经验百科词条1、尼罗河2、战略伙伴关系3、四大菩萨4、十字军5、中亚五国6、日心说7、元素周期律8、丝绸之路经济带9、金字塔10、APEC11、金砖四国12、九大行星13、六部（唐朝）14、牡丹亭15、东盟16、IS17、南北战争18、二十八宿19、《俄狄浦斯王》20、“三一律”21、“新寓言”派22、《菊与刀》23、北约24、苏辛25、《说文解字》应用文是写一则消息（新闻）大作文是“让失去变得可爱”为题目翻译真题1、Bogor Goals2、FTAAP3、zero-sum game4、ALS5、NASA6、genomic variation7、ozone depletion8、sinology9、bitcoin10、UNCED11、Paparazzi12、amino acid13、Digital divide14、Existentialism15、Silver-spoon kids1)十八届四中全会2)亚太经合组织3)互联互通4)量化宽松政策5)公使衔参赞6)埃博拉病毒7)自闭症8)防空识别区9)负面清单10)房产税11)专利技术12)和而不同13)地沟油14)真人秀15)逆袭英译汉是：关于环境立法之类的汉译英是：孟子的“四端”《中庸》，恻隐之心，礼义廉耻之类的，价值观2016年育明教育考研攻略一、《育明教育：五阶段考研复习攻略》把考研作为一种娱乐，而不是被娱乐。
过程完美了，一切水到渠成，结果自然不错。
-----------------育明教育寄语第一阶段：预热（3月1日至7月1日）预热原因：育明教育老师认为考研复习比较理想的时间长度是6-9个月，因此从3月开始比较科学。
如果复习的时间太长，容易导致后劲不足。
正所谓“强弩之末势不能穿鲁缟”。
这是无数学子的血泪教训。
重点任务：1.收集考研信息，包括所报考专业的未来发展趋势、就业难易程度、所报考专业的难易程度、所报考学校的录取率、资料。
口译资料网站名录
口译资料网站名录： 美国C-Span网络电视台，点击Live Feeds可以看到视讯材料。
美国政府官方网站，点击White House Radio有声讯材料。
中国外交部网站，可以看到官方讲话和部分视讯材料。
广东省外事办公室网站，内有“翻译园地”。
广州市外事工作网站，内有“翻译园地”。
英语学习网站，点击“演讲”，内有视频演讲和文稿部分口译教材与书籍，可用作辅助学习材料：《英语口译教程》上下册仲伟合主编，高等教育出版社，2006。
(配两张CD)《口译教程》雷天放，陈菁主编，上海外语教育出版社，2006。
(配CD光盘) 《中级口译教程》第二版梅德明编著上海外语教育出版社，2003。
(配六盒磁带)《高级口译教程》第二版梅德明编著上海外语教育出版社，2000。
(配七盒磁带)《实用口译手册》钟述孔著中国对外翻译出版公司。
《实战口译》林超伦编著外语教学与研究出版社，2004。
(配四盒磁带) 《英汉口译实战案例》朱巧莲，吴灿中编著人民教育出版社，2006。
(配三盒磁带) 《英语口译实务2级》王燕主编外文出版社，2005。
(配七盒磁带)《英语口译综合能力2级》王立弟主编外文出版社，2005。
(配七盒磁带)《口译理论概述》鲍刚著中国对外翻译出版公司，2005。
《口译理论与教学》刘和平编著中国对外翻译出版公司，2005。
(附录非常有用)《英汉同声传译》张维为著中国对外翻译出版公司，1999。
《新汉英分类口译词典》方凡泉主编世界图书出版社，2003。
(很实用的工具书)英汉语言对比方面参考书籍《英汉语言对比研究》何善芬著上海外语教育出版社，2002。
《中式英语之鉴》 Joan Pinkham、姜桂华著外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
《汉英对比与翻译》刘宓庆著江西教育出版社，1992。
《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》周志培著华东理工大学出版社，2003。
《汉英对比翻译导论》邵志洪著华东理工大学出版社，2005。
北京外国语大学英语学院导师介绍：窦薇、陈亚平
北外建校 60 周年学术论文集 2001 ” 外语教学与研究出版社 2005 “注重语言形式与二语习得”外语教学与研究出版社 2005
（文章来源：考研网）
3
2006 年 4 月至 2007 年 1 月，在澳大利亚格里菲斯大学进修。 研究课题：
澳大利亚社会与文化 澳大利亚女性问题研究 出版物： “Restorative Justice in Australia: From Theory to Practice” in Lu Liudi (ed) Cultura Pluralism and Civil Society in the Asia-Pacific Region in the Era of Globalization, Xue Lin Press, 2004 “Dinkum Aussie?—The Construction of National Identity in Three Feature Films in the 1980s”, a paper presented to the 9th International Conference on Australian Studies, Xuzhou, 2004
海外经历： 2001 年 7 月-8 月赴澳大利亚墨尔本大学参加“Mass Historia”历史研讨会，
并 宣 读 论 文 “ A Black and Yellow History — A Study of Chinese-Aboriginal Contacts”。
2002 年 7 月-12 月获澳中理事会 2002"Visiting Studentship"奖学金，在澳大利 亚 Griffith 大学学习并完成硕士论文“Restorative Justice in Australia--From Theory to Practice”。
南京大学文学院考研真题集
南京大学古代文学专业1998年考研试题（六题选五题）一、汉武帝时期的文学成就主要表现在哪些方面？在文学史上的意义何在？请简述之。
（20）二、元稹《杜甫墓志铭》："至于子美，盖所谓上薄《风》、《骚》，下该沈、宋，古傍苏、李，气夺曹、刘。
掩颜、谢之孤高，杂徐、庾之流丽、尽得古今之体势、而兼人人之所独专矣。
"请结合诗史，谈谈你对这段论述的看法。
（20）三、《四库全书总目提要》："词自晚唐五代以来，以清切婉丽为宗。
至柳永而一变，如诗家之有白居易；至轼而又一变，如诗家之有韩愈，遂开南宋辛弃疾等一派。
寻源溯流，不能不谓之别格，然谓之不工则不可。
"请结合词史，谈谈对这段论述的看法。
（20）四、试比较董《西厢》和王《西厢》的成就和异同。
（20）五、清末小说非常繁荣，有讽刺小说、狎邪小说和侠义小说等，试对其盛况作一简述。
（20）六、明代小说从内容和形式上看，各有哪几种类型？略述其成就和特点。
（20）南京大学古代文学专业1999年考研试题（七题任选五题，每题20分。
）一、试论《诗经》的采集、整理、流传及"六义"之说。
二、刘勰《文心雕龙诠赋》："赋也者，受命于诗人，拓字于楚辞也。
于是荀况礼智，宋玉风钓，爰锡名号，与诗画境，六义附庸，蔚成大国。
述客主以首引，极声貌以穷文，斯盖别诗之原始，命赋之厥初也。
"请结合这段话，谈谈你对战国、两汉赋的发展以及赋不同于诗歌的艺术风貌。
三、西晋武帝太康至惠帝元康年间，文坛上出现一批作家，史称"太康之英"其，其中主要包括哪些诗人？略述其创作成就。
四、试述白居易诗论与新乐府运动。
五、况周颐《惠风词话》："作词有三要：曰重、拙、大，南渡诸贤不可及处在是。
"请结合词史，说明自己的看法。
六、试论关汉卿的杂剧创作成果及思想内涵。
七、清初至中叶长篇小说极为繁荣，有文言小说，有白话小说，试对其中文言小说盛况作一简述.2003年南京大学各方向考研试题南京大学 2003年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（三小时）考试科目名称及代码：315 文学适用专业：文艺学中国古典文献学中国古代文学中国现代文学比较文学与世界文学戏剧戏曲文学[说明]1——4题为必答题；5——8题为选答题，可从中任选两道作答。
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士英语笔译考研真题及解析
（2）作者态度可以分为三大类：
A 正态度：支持，乐观，赞同 B 客观、中立、公正
C 反对、批评、怀疑
（3）等价选项都不选
（4）有些选项一定不是正确答案（永陪选项）：indifferent（漠不关心）；subjective
（主观的）；biased（有偏见的）；puzzled（迷惑不解的）。
识别作者态度的方法：根据作者论述的主线及举例的方式进行判断；作者态度没有
2015 年北京外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆版
英语翻译基础 英汉短语互译：
Bogor Goals FTAAP zero-sum game ALS NASA genomic variation ozone depletion sinology bitcoin UNCED paparazzi amino acid digital divide existentialism silver-spoon kids 十八届四中全会 亚太经合组织 互联互通 量化宽松
All of the following statement are true/correct/mentionedexpect...?
（2）首先判断是"三错一对"还是"三对一错"，所谓"对"是指符合原文或符合作者
7
7/9
的态度，所谓"错"是指与原文有矛盾或原文根本没有提及的概念或与作者态度相反。
（3）每个选项都应回原文定位，将它们与原文信息一一进行比较排除，不能通过
最近的名词、名词性短语或句子；将找到的名词、短语或句子代入替换该指代词，看其
意思是否通顺；在选项中找出与词、短语或句子意思最接近的一个作为正确答案
6、主旨大意题
2015年北京科技大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题,考研经验,考研大纲,考研信息,考研参考书
2015年北京科技大学翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题1词条中期选举沪港通M型社会哥特式建筑双声词伯阳探汤喜大普奔蜗婚秒杀2应用文写作作为发言人有60名外国留学生来参加中国传统文化研修班写发言稿600字3800字作文以上善若水和智者乐水漫谈为题写作文翻译硕士词汇辨析2amend v.(正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
Britain converted to a decimal currency system in1971.英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
He's converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。
alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight..裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
modify v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
He was loud and angry,and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
Remodeling transformed an old,dark houses into so cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
贸大翻硕-2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士日语口译考研真题汇总(集训营辅导)
贸大翻硕-2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士日语口译考研真题汇总（集训营辅导）各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
百科知识部分公元8世纪，大马士革是哪里的首都？阿拉伯王国被称为有野人出没的神农架在我国哪一省份？湖北意大利的比萨斜塔实际上是比萨大教堂的钟楼，上面一共有几顶钟？7顶瑞士的首都在：布加勒斯特.“二人台”流行于：内蒙法国资产阶级革命爆发的时间：1789年7月14日东南亚最长的国际性河流是：湄公河妙应寺白塔的刹座呈须弥座式，座上竖立着下大上小十三重相轮，即所谓的：“十三天”吐鲁番盆地的海拨是：-154米清期中央机构开始半殖民地化的标志是：总理衙门设立胖头陀变瘦的原因是：服用豹胎易筋丸.“海的女儿”是哪个城市的城徽？哥本哈根下列起义取得胜利的是：武昌起义国姓爷的二公子叫郑克爽，那么大公子呢？郑经香港的面积大约为：1061.8平方公里被称作“草原钢城”的是：包头世界各地都有“船棺葬”的习俗，它的葬具的形状似：独木舟成都又被称为：蓉城我国最大的淡水湖是：鄱阳湖芙蓉石的矿物名称叫做：蔷薇石英吴六奇死于何人之手？归钟下列河流注入的海洋正确的是：阿姆河—咸海大雁塔在哪里？西安.“狼毫”的原料取自：黄鼠狼尾.“郁金香”是哪个国家的象征？荷兰蒙古语中的“库勒”，是什么意思？湖泊19世纪六七十年代，出兵侵略我国台湾的国家是：美国和日本我国第一大岛是：台湾岛哪一国家最先发行体育邮票？希腊我国播种面积最大油料作物分布在：长江流域天文学是研究什么的科学？天体中秋节吃月饼最初的兴起是由于：推翻元朝统治东北大平原由松嫩平原、三江平原与哪个平原组成？辽河平原我国江南民间三月三有吃什么的习俗？荠菜煮鸡蛋华夏民族是在哪诞生的？黄河流域下列国家，煤、石油和铁矿都很丰富的是：中国土耳其的首都在：安卡拉有“绿城”之称的城市是：郑州发源于我国，唯一注入北冰洋的河流是：额尔齐斯河天然气主要分布在我国哪些地域？塔里木、渤海湾、四川盆地韦小宝的七个老婆之中，年纪最小的是：沐剑屏公元前177～前176年，匈奴单于冒顿举兵攻月氏，迫使其向西迁移到：伊犁河流域白令海峡沟通哪两大洲？美洲与亚洲周文王在哪儿创造的周易？安阳陕西乾陵武则天墓碑上有几个字？无一字人性善恶的讨论由来已久，中国古代提出“人性本善”的是：孟子19世纪末，日本帝国主义在中国划分的“势力范围”是：福建珊瑚是：动物最早的纸币源于哪个国家？中国瑞士首都是：苏黎世我国夏季“早穿皮袄晚穿纱，抱着火炉吃西瓜”的地区是：西北内陆翻译硕士考研复习计划考研最忌盲目择校。
(完整word版)BBC2018年下半年部分字幕
2018-07—19Hello， this is David Austin with the BBC News。
大家好，欢迎收听BBC新闻，我是大卫·奥斯汀。
The European Union and Japan have signed a free trade deal that almost completely remove tariffs on goods between the two sides.欧盟与日本签署了一项自由贸易协议，此后双边贸易中的所有关税将几乎全部取消。
European firms currently export more than a hundred billion dollars in goods and services to Japan every year.欧洲公司目前每年向日本出口价值一千亿美元的货物和服务。
At a press conference in Tokyo, the President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker 在东京举行的新闻发布会上,欧盟委员会主席让—克洛德·容克said it was a landmark moment for global trade。
表示这对于全球贸易有着里程碑式的意义.The impact of today’s agreement goes far beyond our shores. Together, we are making a statement about the future of free and fair trade.协议不仅仅会影响欧洲和日本两方，我们更是诠释了未来的自由和平等贸易。
We are showing that we are stronger and better off when we work together。
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政治政治选题选题Barack Obama 1 – B 部分 (2)译者译者：：妖精七七 评论评论：：Irini /thread-13451-1-1.html经济经济选题选题 Inflation – F 部分 (8) 译者译者：：Gordoncaoy /thread-13563-1-1.html教育选题 Transformative learning – C 部分 (12) 译者译者：：mianmian /thread-13598-1-1.html环保环保选题选题Environmental Technology – B 部分 (15)译者译者：：Gordoncaoy /thread-13558-1-1.htmlReturn to ChicagoFrom April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project V ote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and 700 volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.重归芝加哥在1992年4月到10月期间,奥巴马主持了伊利诺伊州的一次选民登记运动，领导了10位工作人员和700名志愿者。
在这次选民登记运动中,伊利诺伊州40万从未登记过的非洲裔选民中有15万参与了登记。
为此，奥巴马入选了克雷恩芝加哥商业周刊1993年的“40位40岁以下的政治人物”名单。
【评析】本段话的翻译中存在几个难点，一个是Project V ote的同位语如何处理，另外一个是achieve, lead to两个动词的处理方式。
Project V ote是美国一个非盈利性组织，我们姑且把它翻作“选举工程”，其宗旨是促进美国低收入、少数民族居民参加到国内的民主进程中，为了避免读者混乱，可以采用增译法，译作“‘选举工程’组织”。
解决这个问题之后，再来看同位语的处理问题，drive 这里作a strong systematic group effort讲（Merriam-Webster），译文翻作“运动”，可以接受，难的是如何把它和前文衔接起来，我给的建议是将名词成分转译为动词形式，改为“呼吁选民登记的‘选举工程’组织”。
后面with引导的伴随状语原译文中心和原文稍稍有点偏差，但不影响意思，结合起来，这个句子更好的处理方式可能是把后面的同位语独立成句，翻成“该组织有10名工作人员，700名志愿者，其目的在于呼吁选民投票”。
Achieve its goal原译文漏掉了，我认为这里的goal是比较重要的一个词，不宜删除，这里的goal和上文的drive相互呼应，在翻译的时候应当补上“达成其目标”。
本段的最后一个难点在于lead to这个动词词组的翻译，译文为“为此，奥巴马入选了……”相当不错的翻译法，以“因此”作为衔接，再将主语更改，由原来的this改为Obama，更加符合中文习惯。
句末的40 under Forty为克雷恩芝加哥商业周刊年度奖项，涉及的人物来自各行各业，并不仅仅局限于“政治”领域，比如今年评选出来的就包括“行人”。
For 12 years, Obama was a constitutional law professor at the University of Chicago Law School; as a lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a senior lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[39] In 1993 he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill Galland, a law firm of 12 attorneys that specialized incivil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[40]奥巴马曾在芝加哥大学法学院担任了12年的宪法讲师：1992到1996年任普通讲师，1996到2004任高级讲师。
在1993年，奥巴马加入了只有12名专门从事民权诉讼和社区经济开发律师的戴维斯，迈纳，巴恩希尔，加兰德律师事务所：1993年到1996年任助理，1996年到2004年任诉讼律师。
他的律师执照在2002年失效。
【评析】本段翻译的难点在于a law firm of 12 attorneys that specialized in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996这个从句，一般而言，这种长句翻译的处理是拆分成几个独立的分句，以防译文过长，读者没空喘气，这是原译文没有处理好的地方，试改为“奥巴马加入戴维斯，迈纳，巴恩希尔，加兰德律师事务所，这家事务所仅有12名律师，专司民权诉讼及社区经济发展”，这种处理方法把原先冗长的定语转为两个分句，显得更加清晰。
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[26][41] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.[26] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[26] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[26]在1992年，奥巴马参与创立了公众联盟，并担任董事。
但在他的妻子米歇尔在1993年担任公众联盟芝加哥分会的执行主席前，他辞去了自己的职务。
在1994年到2002年期间，奥巴马在乔伊斯基金会和芝加哥森林基金会任董事。
芝加哥森林基金会在1895年成为社区发展计划的首位资助者。
奥巴马曾在1995年至2002年期间担任芝加哥安南伯格挑战计划组织的董事，其中1995年至1999年任主席。
也在芝加哥公民权利保护律师协会，社区科技中心和鲁吉尼亚烧伤希望中心担任董事。
【评析】这一段列举了奥巴马参加的不少组织，文章难度不大，翻译也没有什么问题，但提到Woods Fund和Joyce Foundation两个组织的时候，译者用了一个很大胆的处理方法，将两个句子合并为一，最后再翻译出第一个句子的从句，非常漂亮的处理方法，以原文为基础，译者做了一个聪明的再创造。
Political career: 1996–2008State legislator: 1997–2004Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer asSenator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[42] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[43] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[44] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[45]从政生涯从政生涯：：1996-2008州参议院员州参议院员：：1997-20041996年,奥巴马继州议员艾利斯•帕莫尔后，从伊利诺斯州第十三区（当时囊括了芝加哥南区中从海德园肯伍德区南至南部海岸区，西至芝加哥草坪区的区域）选入州议会。