语法二
(现代语文)第六章语法(二)
“所”字词组是由助词“所”附着在及物动词前或加在 状中或主谓之间所构成的词组，是名词性词组，有代替其后 动词所关涉的人或事物的作用。
（四）定中词组与附加式复合词的区别
某些定中词组和附加式复合词的构成很相像，不要把它 们弄混。尤其在进行层次分析的时候更要注意，不要把词组 当成附加式复合词而忽略掉，不继续划分，也不要把附加式 复合词当成词组而错误地划分开来。
六、状中词组
状中词组由状语和中心语构成。状语在前，中心语在后， 二者是修饰限制与被修饰限制的关系。
定语同中心语的组合，有的中间要加上结构助词“的”； 有的可加可不加；有的不需要加“的”。
（二）定语的意义类型
定语同中心语的语义关系是多种多样的。定语可以表领 属、性质、状态、质料、数量、时地、用途、来源等。
上述种种类型的定语还可以概括为描写性定语与限制性 定语两大类。
（三）定中词组的功能
定中词组的主要语法功能是在句中做主语或宾语，也可 以充当其他句子成分，如谓语、状语和定语。一般不做补语。
和定语一样，状语的类型也可以概括为表示描写性的和 表示限定性的两大类。
（三）状中词组的功能
状中词组的主要语法功能是可以在句中做谓语，也可以 充当其他句子成分，如定语、状语和补语。做主语和宾语比 较少见。
（四）定中词组和状中词组的区别
区别定中词组和状中词组不仅要看中心语的性质，还要 看修饰语的性质和修饰语与中心语之间的结构助词。
（二）宾语的意义类型
述语和宾语的语义关系十分复杂。依据述语与宾语的不 同关系，宾语主要可分为以下几种类型：
1．受事宾语。 2．施事宾语。 3．结果宾语。 4．处所宾语。 5．工具宾语。 6．判断宾语。
（三）述宾词组的功能
英语语法(二)参考答案
《英语语法（二》练习题一一、I. Gap Filling in Subjunctive Mood. Pay attention: proper model verbs can also be used in some blanks.1.It is important that she __________(promise) to tell the truth.2.It is time that we ___________(go) to the lecture.3.But for your sincere suggestion, I _____________(make) the unforgivable mistake.4.The doctor suggested that the patient __________(stop) drinking alcohol.5.It is decided that we ___________(go) to Dalian for the coming summer holiday.6.It is essential that this project _____________(carry) out without any delay.7.I would prefer that we ____________(travel) to Mount Changbai in the near future.8.He was always arrogant as though he __________(know) everything in the world.9.It’s strange that she ___________(b e) lost in London.10.I wish I ___________(can get) rid of all my bad habits.11.God ___________(bless) you all.12.It is essential that she ___________(put) forward the proposal.13.I’d rather I ____________(be) a Chinese teacher.14.Long ____________(live) our friendship.15.If only my mother _____________(be) here with me tomorrow.16.She murmured lest she ___________(be) heard by the others.17.Suppose it ____________(be) Christmas, what would you do?18.It is highly desirable that our government ____________(cut) down the prices.19.I quickly ran away for fear that I _____________( be seen) by her.20.The teacher proposed that anybody ___________(hand) in their homework.II. Choose the Best Answer.1.It took me 10 hours to go back home. I wish I _____________(fly) to my hometown instead of taking thetrain.A. flewB. had flownC. flyD. will fly2. Doctors insisted that we ________________too much rich food.A. don’t eatB. ateC. would eatD. not eat3. On, how cute the child is! I wish she _________to me now.A. speaksB. could speakC. must speakD. should speak4. In case you __________a 20 days’ holiday, what would you do?A. hadB. haveC. have hadD. would have5. If most of your students didn’t finish their homework, I’m sure that you _________angry.A. will getB. getC. should getD. would get6. -Look! I have gained a lot of money from gambling.-While, I’d rather you ____________ last night.A. didn’t do thatB. hadn’t done thatC. don’t do thatD. haven’t done that。
《语法(二)》作业
《语法（二）》作业I. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive, the –ing participle or the –ed participle:1. I can’t help ______ (wonder) whether we should risk ______ (go) without raincoats.2. Matthew didn’t fancy _______ (get) up at five o’clock.3. You can’t mi ss _______ (see) the statue on your way to the bank.4. A: I’m thinking of ________ (fly) to Oxford tomorrow in my helicopter. Would you like ________ (come)?B: No, thanks. I want ________ (go) to Oxford, but I’d rather ________ (go) by train.5. This problem demands ________ (look into).6. Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.7. The ________ (fall) snow was frozen hard.8. We don’t want anything ________ (say) about this.9. He soon had them all ________ (laugh).10. He kept them ________ (work) all day.11. He didn’t feel like ________ (work), so he suggested ________ (spend) the day in the garden.12. We all appreciate your ________ (want) ________ (help) us in our difficulties.13. I didn’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ________ (try) one.14. I was beginning ________ (get) angry.15. I wish he would stop ________ (pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine art.16. More traffic will be able to pass on the ________ (widen) road.17. I caught the boys ________ (steal) apples from my garden.18. Is there any need for you ________ (hurry)?19. He’s watching television. But he’s supposed ________ (do) his homework.20. ________ (teach) by a foreigner will improve your oral English.21. Tim decided ________ (put) broken glass on top of his wall ________ (prevent) boys ________ (climb) over it.22. We don’t understand him ________ (need) so much money.23. A: Would you chi ldren mind _______ (keep) quiet for a moment? I’m trying _______ (fill) up a form.B: It’s no use _______ (ask) children _______ (keep) quiet. They can’t help _____ (make) a noise.24. I must remember _______ (remind) him that the garden needs ________ (water).25. I remember _______ (allow) them _______ (play) in my garden without first ____ (ask) for permission.26. We need another copy of the ________ (sign) contract.27. You may take the horse to the water, but you can’t make him ________ (drink).28. I won’t have it ________ (say) that I treated him unfairly.29. We had nothing _____ (do) except _____ (look) at the posters outside the cinemas.30. This cloth is used ________ (make) a coat.31. The doctor advised ________ (stay) longer in hospital.32. The witness denied ________ (see) the accused man.33. Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.34. I resented ________ (be) unjustly accused and asked him ________ (apologize).35. Has something troubled you? Did you receive some ________ (trouble) news?36. Do you wish your breakfast ________ (bring) to your room, madam?37. You should make your views ________ (know).38. Children were warned ________ (not play) fire.39. China is a ________ (develop) nation with an ________ (increase) population.40. She used ______ (drive) to the station every day, but then she suddenly decided ____ (walk) instead. 41He didn’t feel like _____ (work), so he suggested _____ (spend) the day in the garden.42I didn’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ____ (try) one.43Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.44I don’t regret ________ (tell) her what I thought, even if it upset her.45She began ________ (understand) what he really wanted.46I remember ________ (hear) him ________ (say) the grass needed ________ (cut).47I advise you ________ (wait) before ________ (decide) ________ (accept) the job.48Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.49I hate ________ (mention) it, but you owe me some money.50A child can’t learn ________ (spell) without ________ (be) helped.51I remember ________ (allow) them ________ (play) in my garden without first ________ (ask) for permission.52I was beginning ________ (get) angry.53The criminal even threatened ________ (murder) the president.54I can’t help ________ (wonder) whether we should risk ________ (go) without raincoats.55You still hav e a lot ________ (learn) if you’ll forgive my saying so.56Mrs Allison will charm everyone at the party. She is a ________ (charm) woman.57Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any ________ (encourage) advice?58He soon had them all ________ (laugh).II.Add a suitable question tag to each of the following statements:1. You’d rather go, ________?2. I’m older that you, ________?3. He has his hair cut every month, ________?4. I needn’t tell you th e news, ________?5. You must be hungry, ________?6. There’s nothing wrong, ________?7. Something’ll have to be done about the price, ________?8. No one left here yesterday, ________?9. You’d rather I didn’t say anything, ________?10. David usually goes on foot, ________?11. Helen has just finished reading a novel about an English family trying to settle down in Italy,_____?12. You’re married, ________?13. I must answer the letter, ________?14. Someone turn that radio down, ________?15. Naturally, the aim is to enjoy our time together, ________?16. Now it won’t be long before we meet again, ________?17. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?18. I suppose you know the meaning of the word, ________?19. We may go home now, ________?20. If paradise exists, this must be it, ________?21. Eventually, everything will turn out fine, ________?22. Don’t forget to phone me, ________?23. Do sit down, ________?24. Birds rarely build nests in our garden, ________?25You’d rather go, ________?26I needn’t tell you the news, ________?27You have two cars, ________?28You couldn’t lend me a pound, ________?29Jane has to stay here all day, ________?30Give me a hand, ________?31The pubs close at half past three, ________?32David wouldn’t get such a long holiday if he worked in industry, ________?33He was spring-cleaning all day yesterday, ________?34Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?35He shouldn’t smoke so much, ________?36There’s nothing wrong, ________?III.Fill in each blank with a proper preposition:1. Fruit is rich ________ vitamins. In2. The weather is favorable ________ football.3. Mary is still inseparable ________ her mother.4. She is sick ________ flu.5. You can never be happy if you feel envious ________ other people.6. Everyone blames you ________ a certain mistake.7. You should always look out ________ the traffic.8. The manager will have to hire two people to make up ________ the lost time.9. I don’t like the idea ________ getting married yet.10. A key ________ the back door is always kept on a high ledge above the door.11. My uncle is an expert ________ electronics.12. There’s a limit ________ every man’s patience.13. Pop music has a very bad effect ________ children.14. Your team has no hope ________ winning.15. Anyway he was dead. I couldn’t bring him back ________ life.16. It’s rude to point ________ someone.17. He compared the girl ________ a flower.18. Laura is very enthusiastic ________ her new job.19. She was deaf ________ his request to do her work.20. Please don’t get mad ________ me. I was only trying to help.21. Much ________ his regret, he had found out his mistakes too late.22. ________ general, far too many people get married ________ haste.23. He takes pride ________ doing things properly.24. You can bring a friend along ________ the party if you like.25. His illness may result ________ malnutrition.26. I believe they are related ________ marriage.27. The chair is ________ the way here. Let’s move it away.28. Her marriage ________ Smith didn’t last very long.29. The key ________ success is hard work.30. Do your children receive gifts ________ Christmas?31Look ________ the sentence ________ the bottom ________ the page. 32Let’s go on ________ our discussion.33I’m sure we’ll be able to catch up ________ you.34Please remind her ________ the meeting when you see her.35That depends much ________ how we look at it.36I don’t care ________ what people say.37How shall we deal ________ the matter?38We must keep the children ________ playing near the river.39The city seems quite different ________ what it was three months ago. 40The plan is far ________ perfect.41The subject is n’t very familiar ________ us.42The place is famous ________ its plum-blossoms.43She was very much worried ________ your health.44What is the name of the girl ________ a blue coat?45When still a child ________ six, he could already recite poems.46She showed great interest ________ physics.47There is no need ________ anxiety.IV.Rephrase the following sentences:A. Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it:1. He is quite likely to let you down.2. Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.3. Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.4. To be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.5. To spoil such a fine drawing would be a pity.6. To drive without a license is illegal.7. John happened to be the only witness.8. John doesn’t seem to be coming after all.9. Do you find living here very dull?10. I cannot possibly forgive him.11. You were so kind to invite us.12. The park looks very small.13. Our plan seems to be perfect.14. How he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.15. That you should feel obliged to resign at this point is regretted.16. I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.17A car was ready for us.18Is anyone waiting to see me?19 Beneath our house was an old cellar with a thick flint wall.20A man is sitting on that sofa.21A cherry tree is in my garden.22Something must be wrongB. Rewrite the following sentences, using inversion:1. I have never found him in such a good mood.2. He had hardly finished his work when the telephone rang.3. He only found out an hour ago that an accident had happened.4. They rarely go to school by bus.5. It is no longer necessary these days for women to spend hours of drudgery in the kitchen.6. He got to the meeting in time only because someone had given him a lift.7. I will not give up halfway for anything.8. He had no sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.9. He did not come to our school at any time during his long stay in Shanghai.10. I only realized what trouble he was in when I heard his voice trembling.11. He had scarcely got to the office when his boss wanted to see him.12. Jimmy not only passed the exam but got good marks for all the courses he had taken.13You can improve your spoken English only by practice.14She seldom speaks with foreigners.15 The little boy had no sooner seen me than he ran off.16I realized that I was wrong only then.17I’ve never taught such a clever student as he.18He could scarcely concentrate on his work because others kept disturbing him.V. Combine each group of sentences into one:A. Combine each group of sentences into one containing a suitable non-finite clause:1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.2. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.3. I don’t like to cross the field. I knew that the bull was bad tempered.4. Mrs. Wilson suddenly felt dizzy. She sat down quickly.5. I had worked hard all day. I was ready for bed by eight o’clock.6. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.7. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn’t like to go any further without a light.8. The castle was burnt in the sixteenth century. It was never built.9. At the station, we were met by a man. He was carrying a copy of the Times.10. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.11. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.12. The men were working on the site. They were in some danger.13I saw him. He was running for the bus.14He sat there. He was watching the men at work.15Tom felt tired. He went to bed at once.16He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.17I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.18We had not got a reply from them. We became quite worried.B. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using proper subordinators:1. I saw a film yesterday. The film was dull.2. The students were trapped in a cave. One of them has already been brought out.3. She spoke French rapidly. I couldn’t understand her.4. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.5. He had a sore throat. He had spoken for three hours.6Illness kept him away from school. He didn’t get the prize. (because)7You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon. (unless)8His mother waited up. He came home. (until)9I graduated from high school. I have been studying at the university. (since)10I came to the United States. I had studied English in my own country. (before)11He passed the examination. He had been prevented by illness from studying. (although)VI.Correct errors in the following sentences:1. I can tell you a much more funnier story than that.2. Dick’s behaviour is more courteous than Bob.3. Mary’s nicer of the four girls in the family.4. Both Mary will do it and her husb will do it too.5. You can either write a thesis or a short essay on the subject.6. He not only likes the girl, but the family too.7. Mr Jones is principal of the school, moreover he is an expert in translation.8. For I have never met him, I can’t tell you what he looks like.9. So that he awakened his mother, John slammed the door.10. Let’s start as arranged, although it rain tomorrow.11. He is as a good worker as John.12. He is more an efficient worker than John.13. She told us to read the text carefully, and that we should write a short review of it.14. Give him an inch, or he’ll take a mile.15. The teacher is very strict with us, simply since he wants us to make rapid progress.16. Just take a look at that fellow, so you’ll get sick.17. I think Mary is nicer of the two.18. George did work more than anyone else.19. The students are not only organizing social activities, but also are interested in political questions.20. He can neither sing nor he can compose.21. Because all the shops have closed, it must be very late now.22. I often take a shower, even althogh I prefer a bath.23. This room is larger than that one three times.24. He looked as more nervous as a brick wall.25. Either he needs some rest or some cold drink.26. Both Pauline and her husband did not want to attend the meeting.27. I have least experience in teaching than he.28. She is more friendly and diligent than any girl in her class.29. His English is as good as his brother.30. Mary sings best than any daughters in the family.31. Her sister is three years elder than she.32.He skates not so well as Tom.33.Qinghua University is one of the biggest university in China.34. The hot weather here started more later this year than last year.35. Tim runs fastest of we all.36. They will make a farther investigation on the life of the panda.37.The much you practice speaking English, the much fluently you will be able to speak it.38.Of all these machine tools you have seen, this one is more useful.VII.Translate the following into English:1.这是一个难以解答的问题。
《英语语法(二)》练习题
《英语语法（二》》练习题一I.Choose the best answer from the four choices after the sentence.1.An Englishman who ____not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. A) must B) could C) may D) might2.–Don‘t you want to make barbecue with us in the backyard?-I wish I _____but I have something urgent to do right now. A. can B. will C. could D. should3.You____ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thingA) needn't have washed B) shouldn't have washed C) must not have washed D) can not have washed4.You____ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.A) needn't go B) had better not goC) should not go D) needn't have gone5.When we got to the cinema, the film hasn't started yet, so we ____.A) needn't hurry B) didn't need hurry C) needn't to hurry D) needn't have hurried6.As he had heart attack, he was told that he ____ continue the work.A) needn't B) may not C) mustn't D) can't7.I know things are hard with you, but you ____try to get over the difficulties. A) can B) may C) must D) ought8.Eve was late for class again. She ____earlier. A) should get up B) must get up C) need to get up D) should have got up9.I am feeling sick. I____ so much chocolate.A) needn't have eaten B) couldn't have eaten C) mustn't have eaten D) shouldn't have eaten10.Walking alone in the deserted village, John was scared. He thought he____ Tom to go with him.A) might have asked B) should asked C) must have asked D) should have asked11.John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he____ last night.A) should study B) should have studied C) must have studied D) must have to study12.The room is in a terrible mess; it ____cleaned.A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been13.Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They ____ from South America on rafts.A) must have sailed B) can sail C) might have sailed D) should have sailed14.Mary was not in her bedroom yesterday afternoon. She ____ in her classroom.A) should have been B) must have been C) must be D) should be15.Bob said he was going to join our club but he didn't. He ____ his mind.A) can't have changed B) wouldn't have changed C) must have changed D) shouldn't have changed16.____makes mistakes must correct them.A)What B)That C)Whoever D)Whatever17.The reason why I plan to go is ________if I don‘t.A)because shi will disappoint B)that she will be disappointedC)because she will be disappointed D)for she will be disappointed18.Who doubts ________it is true? A)that B)where C)what D)when19.They will come to the conclusion_______linguistics is very important to English teachers.A)what B)which C)that D)in which20._____________________when the light went out.A)Hardly the performance had begun B)Hardly had the performance begunC)Hardly did the performance begin D)Hardly the performance began21.Don‘t visit Mr. Wang at 3 tomorrow afternoon since he _____at that time.A. is going to attend a meetingB. is attending a meetingC. will be attending a meetingD. will attend a meeting22.Her parents will go to the train station to meet me as soon as she _____.A. is arrivingB. arrivesC. will arriveD. is going to arrive23.Some officials say that all construction work related to Beijing Olympic _____by 2007.A. will be completedB. will have been completedC. should be completedD. should have been completed24.–What are you going to do?-I have just finished my homework and _____to have dinner. A. is starting B. have started C. must start D. started25.Please hurry up. Our train ______within 2 minutes. A. starts B. is starting C. has started 、D. would start26.Our house_____, A.is getting paint B.is getting painted C.is got painted D.has got to paint27.He arrived in Beijing,where he_____his friend. A.was met by B.was met C.was meeting D.met by28.The war_____in 1937 A.was broken out B.had been broken out C.has broken out D.broke out29.The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher. A.cross B.be crossing C.be crossed by D.cross by30.My brother and I have __________her birthday party. A.been invited B.been invited for C.invited to D.been invited to31.If I _____ you, I ____ very happy.A. were, would be B. am, shall be C. were, shall be D. am, would be32.If he had not lost his money, he ___ the piano last week. A. would buy B. had bought C. could have bought D. bought33.____I known it, I should have told him. A. Have B. Had C. Having D. If34.____ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easily.A. Were it not forB. If it had not been forC. If it were notD. Had it not been for35.If I had known that, I ___ so. A. wouldn‘t do B. won‘t do C. didn‘t do D. wouldn‘t have done36.He _____ you if you ____ to see him that afternoon.A. might tell, were goingB. told, were goingC. might have told, had goneD. should tell, went37.If you had started sooner, you ____ there. A. may have got B. might have got C. shall have got D. must have got38.If we were to be 2oo years old, we ____ everything.A. will change B. can change C. could change D. shall change39.I don‘t think that I shall fail, but if I ___ I would try again.A. fail B. would fail C. should fail D. had failed40.If you ____ to see Mary, what would you tell her A. are B. will be going C. must D. were41.If the train leaves at half past ten, there ____ no time to lose. A. would B. is C. will D. has42.If it ___ so hard, we‘d go to town. A. isn‘t raining B. weren‘t raining C. doesn‘t rain D. isn‘t going to rain43.Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.A. didn't I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn't realizeD. I realized44.Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.A. you canB. can youC. you willD. will you45.If you don't go，neither ____. A. shall I B. do I C. I do D. I shall46.No sooner ____ to the station ____ the train left.A. had I got，whenB. I had got，thanC. had I got，thanD. did I get，when47.—— Your father is very strict with you. ____. He never lets off a single mistake of ours.A. So he isB. So is heC. He is soD. So does he48.The teacher demanded that the exam _____ before eleven.A. must finishB. would be finishedC. be finishedD. must be finished49.She made the demand that the journalists _____ at once ______ Iraq.A. leave; forB. leave; toC. left; toD. to be left; for50.He is talking so much about America as if he _____ there.A. had beenB. has beenC. wasD. has goneII. Fill in the blanks with the right word in brackets.1.George has travelled a lot. He ____（can/be able to）speak four languages.2.I haven‘t ____（can/be able to）sleep very well recently.3.Sandra____（can/be able to）drive but she hasn‘t got a car.4.I can‘t understand Martin. I‘ve never been ____（can/be able to）understand him.5.I used to ____（can/be able to）stand on my head but I can‘t do it now.6.I can‘t see you on Friday but I ____（can/be able to）meet you on Saturday morning.7.Ask Catherine about your problem. She might ____（can/be able to）help you.8.I‘m afraid I ____(can‘t/couldn‘t)come to your party next week.9.When Tim was 16, he was a fast runner. He ____(can/could)run 100 meters in 11 seconds.10.―Are you in a hurry?‖ ―No, I‘ve got plenty of time, I ____(can/could)wait.‖11. It‘s surprising _________ （which/that）she should behave like that.12. _________(Whether/If) he will join us won‘t make much difference.13. I‘m not sure _________(that/if) they are doing their best.14. _________ (Whom/Who)you talked with a moment ago is Mrs. Wang.15. He was sure _________(which/whose) bag it is.16. You can pick out _________(whichever/which) book may annoy you.17. That is _________ (which/where)Lu Xun once lived.18. This is _________ (which/that)he wants.19. I can‘t understand _________(why/that) men fight.20. Jiao Yulu always thought of _________ (how/why)he could do more for the Party and the people.21. The boy _________(whom/who) I believed to be honest deceived me.22. There is no rule _________ (but/and)has exceptions.23. The test is for students ___________(whose/that) native language is not English.24. There are very few areas in the world __________ (where/whose)apricots can be grown successfully.25. Strike _________(while/and) the iron is hot.26. Not only ____________ (was/is)Norman Bethune a doctor, but he was also a great communist fighter.27. Hardly ____________(did/was) I think it possible.28. Rarely ____________ (do/did)I get invited into his office alone.29. Seldom ___________(is/are) those spoiled children obedient to their teachers as well as their parents.30. Scarcely __________(did/had) Ted fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened him.31.There was a meeting yesterday for students who failed the exam. Sally, passed so she (go)___________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have). She went to a party instead.32.Ken was worried because Helen was late coming home. But Helen got home safely.Ken (worry)_________________________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have).33.Barbara (call) _____________________________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have) a taxi to go to the station. Icould have taken her by car.34.Elaine had plenty of time to get to her destination. She (hurry) _________________________ (didn‘t haveto/needn‘t have)so she drove slowly along the motorway.35.Jonathon (hurry) ___________________________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have) to get to the airport.After driving very fast, he arrived half an hour early.36.Service was included in the bill. You (give) ____________________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have) a tip tothe waiter. It was a waste of money.37.When we moved flat, everything was in good condition so we (decorate)__________________________(didn‘t have to/needn‘t have). It saved us a lot of time and money.38.I was in a good mood last night because I (cook) ___________________________ (didn‘t have to/needn‘thave)dinner. My husband took me out to a restaurant instead.39.A friend had already given me a free ticket to the exhibition, so I (pay)_____________________________(didn't have to/didn‘t need to) to go in.40.Luckily, the check arrived before the bill, so we (borrow) ______________________________(didn't haveto/didn‘t need to) money.41.She likes reading novels, plays _____(and/or) poems.42.He preferred the white coat _____ (and/but)his twin brother wanted the red one.43.Would you like orange _____ (and/or)coffee?44.You must get up immediately, _____ (but/or)you will be late for school.45.She is usually sunny in mood _____(and/but)she is a little sad today.46._____(If/Unless)you see him, tell him that I am OK.47.They won‘t be happy _____(If/Unless)I got good scores in the exam.48._____(If/As long as) she keeps working hard, she will be sure to be successful. ]49.You may write to me _____ (if/unless)you like.50.I will go to his office to talk with him _____(if/unless)I meet him in the street by chance.III. Error Detection. Put “R”after the sentence which is correct , and “W” after the sentence which is false.1.She was only 5 years old that she went to America with her parents and new came back.2.I had a interesting dream last night since I dreamt of a dragon talking to me.3.If you ask me to make a brief introduction about myself, I will describe myself strong and humor.4.I hope that I can arrive at that port before 6 pm.5. To her, the biggest happiness is to live close to her parents.6 There are 100 workers in the company, half of whom are not natives.7 We should be very clear about what to do next.8. If you get into trouble, you can go to see Professor Li.9.If only i have read the books on resding list before i attended the lecture.10.I think I would enjoy the movie we went to last night even more if i had read the book before seeing it..11.Teachers are very devoted, all of whom try his best to create a harmonious environment in the class.12.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread out blanket on the grassy knoll.13.Ricky heard his mother calling him in with a voice sounding colder than the winter wind.14. Van Gogh killed himself when he was only 37,but he left behind him more than 2,000 painting and drawings,which establish his reputation in a way he would never consider possible.15.Courses taken here are not only helpful for future study and also entertaining.16.I remember that it was in a rainy morning that I was late for school.17.Breaking up water into hydrogen and oxygen is a good example of that is known as a chemical change.18. We don‘t know in that direction we should further go.19. Growing impatient, his mother finally hurried him into the house which swallowed him for the evening.20. She can marry whomever she chooses.21. Scientists‘ argument whether cigarette smoking may increase one‘s chances of developing lung cancer is notwell received in certain quarters.22. I can‘t accept your excuse because people kept asking you if you were out.23. Everything depends on if they are punctual.24. A woman came up to me, (with) a baby in her arms.25. ―Where did you get the idea?‖ Sarah cried, (with) her eyes wide with surprise.26. The company is under no immediate pressure to negotiate the likes of GM and Ford and is likely to press for the most advantageous terms available (with) its golden share intact.27. We are content with the arrangement with him to be the organizer.28. He addressed the audience, (with) his fingers shivering.29. Advertising is distinguished from other form of communication in which the advertiser pay for the messageto be delivered.30. He came to know why book knowledge can be useful only when it is linked with practice.31. Not only a well-balanced diet but also adequate sleep is needed for good health.32. The discovery of gold in California created the gold rush, likewise, the discovery of oil in Alaska created an oil rush.33. Two of the students have neither the intelligence nor the diligence to learn the required lesson, consequently, they will be dismissed from the program.34. The doctor insist on that his patient take it easy for three months.35. Who has read his great novels can forget his name.36. He is the very man who is wanted by the police.37. Ask Mr. Brown, or any other person who is likely to know.38. Jack always enjoys sailing, as if the weather is rough.39. Permission was not granted for the interview, however/nevertheless, the reporters never gave up hope.40. Cramming for exams rarely helps, however/nevertheless, many students stay up until dawn, studying on the night before a big test.41. The more you argue with him, the little notice he takes.42. Humble though it may be, there is no place like home, wherever he may go.43. Through long power lines electricity goes to where is needed.44. The mission accomplished, they held a party to celebrate it.45. He felt cold with the door open.46. His back aching bitterly, he cannot make any movement.47. A man was standing in the corner with his cap covering face.48. He is walking on a bridge with both of his arms stretching out.49 Whichever your reasons are, I am confident you acted wisely..50. This is which Lu Xun once lived.51. I have always been hearing weird noises since this noon.52. As soon as I got home, I saw that someone had broken into my flat.53. I have been drinking tea all day long.54.There should be much less unemployment in the world if everyone work fewer hours per week.55.What would happen when all the prisoners in the world are freed?56.What could you do if you were chosen as the next president of the country?57.If pollution has stopped in the world, people would live a better life.58.If gravity does not exist, it would be difficult for us to keep our feet on the ground.59. Whoever makes mistakes，we must correct them.60. It depends on when he did it.61.If the sun stopped rising, the whole world will be in darkness.62.If greedy men get what they want, they would ask for more.63.I often believe that my life would be better if I study in the university.64.He is a man who is loved by all.65. The letter that was posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow.66. It is known to all that Edison is a great inventor.67.This reporter will talk to us about what he saw (and heard) in Japan.68. Whether it is true or false remains a question.69.If I am shorter, I would find it easier to get the suitable and beautiful clothes.70.If I were the Snow White, I will not eat the apple.71.Please come and see me whenever you have time.72.If I were you, I would never make such a decision.73.I was just going out when the telephone rang.74.Hardly he had entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his wallet.75. Now your son is a grown-up, he must stop his childish behavior.76. Only in this way we can catch up with the world‘s advanced levels in science and technology.77. In the manager came and the meeting began.78. At no time China will be a superpower.79.But for the help of a stranger, I would have got lost.80.While I was studying in the university, you were still in the kindergarten.81. Man cannot live by bread alone, or can he live without bread.82. So exhausted the winner was that he collapsed soon after finishing the race.83. Eyes are shining, Mary jumps high in great delight.84. You are the only man in the world that I can call my friend.85. I wonder if it can be done in two days.86. He will never forget the day when the dam broke.87. The truth is he can neither speak nor read Greek.88. What disappointed us most was his refusal.89. He felt numb and paralyzed with nose bleed.90. They can see nothing with lights being off.91. I hope that I can arrive at that port before 6 pm.92. To her, the biggest happiness is to live close to her parents.93. There are 100 workers in the company, half of whom are not natives.94. We should be very clear about what to do next.95. If you get into trouble, you can go to see Professor Li.96.Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.97.The purpose of a test is to show what have you learned about a subject.98. Mr. Smith insists that we are careful in our writing.99. Anybody that wants to see the manager can go with me.100. No one whom he knows would like to help him so far.《英语语法（二）》练习题二I. Choose the best answer from the four choices after the sentence.1.They ___ do well in the exam. A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to2.-Can you speak Japanese? -No, I____. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not3.He was a clever student. So he _work out the problem at last.A. could B. would C. might D. was able to4.Young as she is, the girl ______ count from zero to one hundred. A. might B. will C. can d. should5. She _______ play tennis a few months ago, but now she _______ play it well.A. can‘t; canB. couldn‘t; canC. couldn‘t; couldD. can‘t; couldn‘t6. How _______ you be so careless in the exam? A. can B. will C. would D. may7. Even though I‘d hurt my leg I ________ swim back to the boat.A. couldB. mightC. canD. was able to8. A computer _______ think for itself; it must be told what to do.A. can‘tB. couldn‘tC. may notD. wasn‘t able to9. He was a good swimmer so he ________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.A. was able toB. were able toC. succeededD. could10. ----Good morning. What _______ I do for you?-----There‘s something wrong with my left leg.A. willB. canC. shouldD. must11 On his way up the hill, Jack fell down _______ hurt his hands and knees, _______ Jimmy got to the top all right.a. but, butb. and, butc. however, althoughd. and, though12 They asked my advice, _________ they could not decide what to do.a. sinceb. althoughc. howeverd. for13 I found it strange _________ we could not understand each other.a. why b. how c. that d. where14 I wonder _________ or not she is angry. a. if b. that c. when d. whether15 _________ we can warm our hands by rubbing them is common sense.a. That b. How c. If d. Whether16 China is no longer __________ she was forty years ago. a. that b. what c. when d. why17 Most of the doors _______ he knocked seemed to be bolted a. at that b. at which c.which d. which at18 One ______ desires and impulses are not his own has no character.a. whose b. who c.Whom d. of whch19 He walked wearily ___________ he should fall. a. before b. except c. lest d. unless20 Felix wasn‘t accepted for the job _________ he was the best qualified. a. yet b. although c. but d. even 21__ we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.a. Since that b. Since nowc. By nowd. Now that22 Wood furniture does not decrease in value ___ properly handled and protected. a. if b. as c. and d. that23 It‘s only been a relatively short time the public became concerned about air pollution.a. when b. since c. asd. after24 He has lots of books, ____ that he is still young.a. consideredb. being consideredc. consideringd. consider25 a baby turtle is hatched, it must be able to fen for itself.a. Not sooner thanb. No soonerc. So soon that d. As soon as26 It is unusual _________ such a thing should happen in the 20th century.a. thatb. whichc. whod. of which27 _________ the experiment will succeed or not is hard to say. a. if b. whether c. which d. that28 We can imagine _________ interesting it must be to travel in space. a. what b. where c. how d. that29 The mother worried about __________ her daughter is happy. a. if b. that c. when d. whether30 All ________ is needed is a continuous supply of fuel. a. what b. that c. which d. whatever31. It is said that a new robot ____by him in a few days.A) designed B) has been designed C) will be designed D) will have been designed32. We are late. I expect the film ____by the time we get to the cinema.A) will already have startedB) would already have started C) shall have already started D) has already been started33. She will stop showing off if no notice____ of her. A) is takenB) takes C) will be taken D) has taken34. Diamond ____in Brazil in 1971. A) is found B) has been found C) was found D) had been found35. ―Have you moved into the new flat?‖ ―Not yet. The room____.‖A) has been painted B) is paintedC) paints D) is being painted36. My pictures_until next Friday.A) won‘t develop B) aren‘t developed C)don‘t d evelop D)won" t be developed37. Tim ____since he lost his job three weeks ago.A) had been unemployed B) was unemployed C) has been unemployed D) has unemployed38. A great number of colleges and universities ____since 1949.A) has been establish B) have been established C) have established D) had been established39. I‘ll have to push the car to the side of the road because we ____if we leave it here.A) would be fined B) will be fined C) will being fined D) will have been fined40. ―____ two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?‖A) They have been given B) I have been given C) I am given D) They have given to me41.If it ______ sunny today, I would go there. A. is B. was B. will be42.I ______ more satisfied if you did what I asked you to do. A. was B. will be C. would be43.. If you only ________words without understanding them, it will be hard to learn a foreign language.A. reciteB. recitedC. will recite44.. Time is running out. But if we ___to the class, we wouldn‘t be late. A. run B. will run C. ran45. If plants are far away from the sun, they ___sooner or later. A. will die B. die C. would die46. People become unhealthy if they _____ too much meat and no vegetable.A. will eat B. eat C. would eat47. Sometimes I dream that if I were a superstar, I _______ a satisfactory life.A. will liveB. livedC. would live48.If my mother to visit me tomorrow, I will ask for a day‘s leave from work. A. will c ome B. comes C. came49. I‘m sure his parents will be worried if he________ go home right now. A. didn‘t B. won‘t C. doesn‘t50. If I _________ millions of dollars in the future, I would buy an international supermarket.A. haveB. will haveC. hadII. Fill in the blanks with the right word in brackets.51.Do you know the girl _____(who/whose) is wearing a blue coat?52.They boy _____ (who/whose)book was lost was very worried.53.I have never been back to the city _____(which/where) I was born.54.On a Sunday morning_____(when/that) I went shopping with my mother, I met one of my high schoolclassmates.55.That‘s the reason_____ (that/why)she doesn‘t like eating bananas.6.–How is the red one with ribbons?-I don‘t like it either. Can I try_____(another/ the other/ other,/others)one?7.. There are two fairy tales about the hero. One said that he died in the fight for his country while_____(another/ the other/ other,/others) insisted that he died for the beautiful lady he loved.8.. Some students didn‘t agree on the decision of the monitor but the _____(another/ the other/ other,/others)remained neutral.9. My teacher asked me to retell the news broadcast _____ （Beyond/ in/ to/ on）my own words.10.It‘s _____（beyond/ in/ to/ on）my expectation to get the first prize in the match.11. _____（beyond/ in/ to/ on）my great delight, my favorite TV program will be on show soon.12. –Is there _____ (nothing/ anything/ something/ everything)interesting in your holiday?-Oh, it‘s boring and there is _____(nothing/ anything/ something/ everything)special.13. Some robbers broke into her house and then she didn‘t have _____(nothing/ anything/ something/ everything)valuable left.14. You can do _____ (nothing/ anything/ something/ everything)you like.15. The pet dog has eaten up _____(nothing/ anything/ something/ everything) in the closet during my absence.16You can borrow my leather jacket, but please take good care of it. I _____________ （must/have to）pay a lot of money for it.17You _____________ （must/have to）lock the door when you got out. I don‘t want burglars in my house. 18I _______________ （must/have to）got to the bank tomorrow. I‘ve run out of money.19What time (you) _______________ （must/have to）get up to get to class on time?20He told me he (never) _____________（must/have to）go without food in his life.21I don‘t like __________（must/have to）say this, but you really must work harder.22We all _____________（must/have to）be back in our dormitories by 10 o‘clock.23(Mother to daughter) You can go to the dance but you __________（must/have to）be home by 11.24If you want to change money at the bank, you ____________（must/have to）fill in this form.25It‘s only 11 o‘clock but I _________（must/have to）go to two meetings already today.。
[文学]语言学概论讲义第四章语法二
![[文学]语言学概论讲义第四章语法二](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/91ee59aacc22bcd126ff0c2c.png)
23
3.5.4语流音变
2019年1月29日星期二
3.5.4.3弱化 弱化指的是语流中有些音在发音上变 弱。 A、辅音弱化→发音阻力减弱（清→浊； 塞→擦）：大的[ta tə]→[ta də]；哥哥 [kγ kγ]→[kγ gə] B、元音弱化：前、后元音→央元音 李家[li tCiA]→[li tCiə]
2019年1月29日星期二 26
3.5.4语流音变
3.5.4.4脱落 B、为了连读方便，儿化音节里韵尾-i -n常脱落。 （[i][n]韵尾与儿化的卷舌不协调，所以先减音 再儿化）如锅盖儿[kuo kaiə]→[kuo kɑə]；小孩 儿[Ciɑu xai]→[Ciɑu xar]；茶缸儿[tş’A kɑŋ]→[tş’A kăə]（只留鼻化的痕迹） 英语音节的连读或语速加快时，常出现脱落现象。 如let us ――let’s， I am----I’m ,I shall– I’ll, I have – I’ve。
（1）开音节：是以元音结尾的音节。如： lai(来)、bao(包)。 （2）闭音节：是以辅音结尾的音节。如： kan(看)、dang(当)。
2019年1月29日星期二
12
二、普通话音节结构的主要特点
汉语的音节可以分为声母、韵母、声调三个部 分。声母指音节开头的辅音，韵母指音节中声 母后面的整个部分。韵母又分成韵头、韵腹、 韵尾三个部分。韵腹是韵母中开口度最大或听 起来最响亮的那个元音，它是韵母的核心。韵 头又叫介音，是韵母中位于韵腹之前的成分。 每一个韵母都必须有韵腹，但可以没有韵头和 韵尾。声调指音节中具有区别意义作用的音高 变化。最简单的一个音节可以没有声母、韵头 和韵尾，但必须有韵腹和声调。
《语法(二)》作业
《语法（二）》作业I. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive, the –ing participle or the –ed participle:1. I can’t help ______ (wonder) whether we should risk ______ (go) without raincoats.2. Matthew didn’t fancy _______ (get) up at five o’clock.3. You can’t miss _______ (see) the statue on your way to the bank.4. A: I’m thinking of ________ (fly) to Oxford tomorrow in my helicopter. Would you like ________ (come)?B: No, thanks. I want ________ (go) to Oxford, but I’d rather ________ (go) by train.5. This problem demands ________ (look into).6. Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.7. The ________ (fall) snow was frozen hard.8. We don’t want anything ________ (say) about this.9. He soon had them all ________ (laugh).10. He kept them ________ (work) all day.11. He didn’t feel l ike ________ (work), so he suggested ________ (spend) the day in the garden.12. We all appreciate your ________ (want) ________ (help) us in our difficulties.13. I didn’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ________ (try) one.14. I was beginning ________ (get) angry.15. I wish he would stop ________ (pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine art.16. More traffic will be able to pass on the ________ (widen) road.17. I caught the boys ________ (steal) apples from my garden.18. Is there any need for you ________ (hurry)?19. He’s watching television. But he’s supposed ________ (do) his homework.20. ________ (teach) by a foreigner will improve your oral English.21. Tim decided ________ (put) broken glass on top of his wall ________ (prevent) boys ________ (climb) over it.22. We don’t understand him ________ (need) so much money.23. A: Would you children mind _______ (keep) quiet for a moment? I’m trying _______ (fill) up a form.B: It’s no use _______ (ask) children _______ (keep) quiet. They can’t help _____ (make) a noise.24. I must remember _______ (remind) him that the garden needs ________ (water).25. I remember _______ (allow) them _______ (play) in my garden without first ____ (ask) for permission.26. We need another copy of the ________ (sign) contract.27. You may take the horse to the water, but you can’t make him ________ (drink).28. I won’t have it ________ (say) that I treated him unfairly.29. We had nothing _____ (do) except _____ (look) at the posters outside the cinemas.30. This cloth is used ________ (make) a coat.31. The doctor advised ________ (stay) longer in hospital.32. The witness denied ________ (see) the accused man.33. Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.34. I resented ________ (be) unjustly accused and asked him ________ (apologize).35. Has something troubled you? Did you receive some ________ (trouble) news?36. Do you wish your breakfast ________ (bring) to your room, madam?37. You should make your views ________ (know).38. Children were warned ________ (not play) fire.39. China is a ________ (develop) nation with an ________ (increase) population.40. She used ______ (drive) to the station every day, but then she suddenly decided ____ (walk) instead. 41He didn’t feel like _____ (work), so he suggested _____ (spend) the day in the garden.42I didn’t mean ________ (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn’t resist ____ (try) one.43Most people prefer ________ (spend) money to ________ (earn) it.44I don’t regret ________ (tell) her what I thought, even if it upset her.45She began ________ (understand) what he really wanted.46I remember ________ (hear) him ________ (say) the grass needed ________ (cut).47I advise you ________ (wait) before ________ (decide) ________ (accept) the job.48Success means ________ (work) very, very hard.49I hate ________ (mention) it, but you owe me some money.50A child can’t learn ________ (spell) without ________ (be) helped.51I remember ________ (allow) them ________ (play) in my garden without first ________ (ask) for permission.52I was beginning ________ (get) angry.53The criminal even threatened ________ (murder) the president.54I can’t help ________ (wonder) whether we should risk ________ (go) without raincoats.55You still have a lot ________ (learn) if you’ll forgive my saying so.56Mrs Allison will charm everyone at the party. She is a ________ (charm) woman.57Did you try to encourage your son? Did you give him any ________ (encourage) advice?58He soon had them all ________ (laugh).II.Add a suitable question tag to each of the following statements:1. You’d rather go, ________?2. I’m older that you, ________?3. He has his hair cut every month, ________?4. I needn’t tell you the news, ________?5. You must be hungry, ________?6. There’s nothing wrong, ________?7. Something’ll have to be done about the price, ________?8. No one left here yesterday, ________?9. You’d rather I didn’t say anything, ________?10. David usually goes on foot, ________?11. Helen has just finished reading a novel about an English family trying to settle down in Italy,_____?12. You’re married, ________?13. I must answer the letter, ________?14. Someone turn that radio down, ________?15. Naturally, the aim is to enjoy our time together, ________?16. Now it won’t be long before we meet again, ________?17. Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?18. I suppose you know the meaning of the word, ________?19. We may go home now, ________?20. If paradise exists, this must be it, ________?21. Eventually, everything will turn out fine, ________?22. Don’t forget to phone me, ________?23. Do sit down, ________?24. Birds rarely build nests in our garden, ________?25You’d rather go, ________?26I needn’t tell you the news, ________?27You have two cars, ________?28You couldn’t lend me a pound, ________?29Jane has to stay here all day, ________?30Give me a hand, ________?31The pubs close at half past three, ________?32David wouldn’t get such a long holiday if he worked in industry, ________?33He was spring-cleaning all day yesterday, ________?34Jack has coffee with breakfast, ________?35He shouldn’t smoke so much, ________?III.Fill in each blank with a proper preposition:1. Fruit is rich ________ vitamins. In2. The weather is favorable ________ football.3. Mary is still inseparable ________ her mother.4. She is sick ________ flu.5. You can never be happy if you feel envious ________ other people.6. Everyone blames you ________ a certain mistake.7. You should always look out ________ the traffic.8. The manager will have to hire two people to make up ________ the lost time.9. I don’t like the idea ________ getting married yet.10. A key ________ the back door is always kept on a high ledge above the door.11. My uncle is an expert ________ electronics.12. There’s a limit ________ every man’s pa tience.13. Pop music has a very bad effect ________ children.14. Your team has no hope ________ winning.15. Anyway he was dead. I couldn’t bring him back ________ life.16. It’s rude to point ________ someone.17. He compared the girl ________ a flower.18. Laura is very enthusiastic ________ her new job.19. She was deaf ________ his request to do her work.20. Please don’t get mad ________ me. I was only trying to help.21. Much ________ his regret, he had found out his mistakes too late.22. ________ general, far too many people get married ________ haste.23. He takes pride ________ doing things properly.24. You can bring a friend along ________ the party if you like.25. His illness may result ________ malnutrition.26. I believe they are related ________ marriage.27. The chair is ________ the way here. Let’s move it away.28. Her marriage ________ Smith didn’t last very long.29. The key ________ success is hard work.30. Do your children receive gifts ________ Christmas?31Look ________ the sentence ________ the bottom ________ the page. 32Let’s go on ________ our discussion.33I’m sure we’ll be able to catch up ________ you.34Please remind her ________ the meeting when you see her.35That depends much ________ how we look at it.36I don’t care ________ what people say.37How shall we deal ________ the matter?38We must keep the children ________ playing near the river.39The city seems quite different ________ what it was three months ago. 40The plan is far ________ perfect.41The subject isn’t very familiar ________ us.42The place is famous ________ its plum-blossoms.43She was very much worried ________ your health.44What is the name of the girl ________ a blue coat?45When still a child ________ six, he could already recite poems.46She showed great interest ________ physics.47There is no need ________ anxiety.IV.Rephrase the following sentences:A. Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it:1. He is quite likely to let you down.2. Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.3. Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.4. To be with you here this evening is a great pleasure.5. To spoil such a fine drawing would be a pity.6. To drive without a license is illegal.7. John happened to be the only witness.8. John doesn’t seem to be coming after all.9. Do you find living here very dull?10. I cannot possibly forgive him.11. You were so kind to invite us.12. The park looks very small.13. Our plan seems to be perfect.14. How he came to have such a valuable painting is a mystery.15. That you should feel obliged to resign at this point is regretted.16. I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.17A car was ready for us.18Is anyone waiting to see me?19 Beneath our house was an old cellar with a thick flint wall.20A man is sitting on that sofa.21A cherry tree is in my garden.22Something must be wrongB. Rewrite the following sentences, using inversion:1. I have never found him in such a good mood.2. He had hardly finished his work when the telephone rang.3. He only found out an hour ago that an accident had happened.4. They rarely go to school by bus.5. It is no longer necessary these days for women to spend hours of drudgery in the kitchen.6. He got to the meeting in time only because someone had given him a lift.7. I will not give up halfway for anything.8. He had no sooner begun to speak than I sensed that something was wrong.9. He did not come to our school at any time during his long stay in Shanghai.10. I only realized what trouble he was in when I heard his voice trembling.11. He had scarcely got to the office when his boss wanted to see him.12. Jimmy not only passed the exam but got good marks for all the courses he had taken.13You can improve your spoken English only by practice.14She seldom speaks with foreigners.15 The little boy had no sooner seen me than he ran off.16I realized that I was wrong only then.17I’ve never taught such a clever student as he.18He could scarcely concentrate on his work because others kept disturbing him.V. Combine each group of sentences into one:A. Combine each group of sentences into one containing a suitable non-finite clause:1. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.2. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before.3. I don’t like to cross the field. I k new that the bull was bad tempered.4. Mrs. Wilson suddenly felt dizzy. She sat down quickly.5. I had worked hard all day. I was ready for bed by eight o’clock.6. He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper.7. I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn’t like to go any further without a light.8. The castle was burnt in the sixteenth century. It was never built.9. At the station, we were met by a man. He was carrying a copy of the Times.10. He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job.11. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed.12. The men were working on the site. They were in some danger.13I saw him. He was running for the bus.14He sat there. He was watching the men at work.15Tom felt tired. He went to bed at once.16He used chopsticks. He ate his dinner.17I stood at the gate. I was waiting for his arrival.18We had not got a reply from them. We became quite worried.B. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using proper subordinators:1. I saw a film yesterday. The film was dull.2. The students were trapped in a cave. One of them has already been brought out.3. She spoke French rapidly. I couldn’t und erstand her.4. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.5. He had a sore throat. He had spoken for three hours.6Illness kept him away from school. He didn’t get the prize. (because)7You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon. (unless)8His mother waited up. He came home. (until)9I graduated from high school. I have been studying at the university. (since)10I came to the United States. I had studied English in my own country. (before)11He passed the examination. He had been prevented by illness from studying. (although)VI.Correct errors in the following sentences:1. I can tell you a much more funnier story than that.2. Dick’s behaviour is more courteous than Bob.3. Mary’s nicer of the four girls in the family.4. Both Mary will do it and her husb will do it too.5. You can either write a thesis or a short essay on the subject.6. He not only likes the girl, but the family too.7. Mr Jones is principal of the school, moreover he is an expert in translation.8. For I have never met him, I can’t tell you what he looks like.9. So that he awakened his mother, John slammed the door.10. Let’s start as arranged, although it rain tomorrow.11. He is as a good worker as John.12. He is more an efficient worker than John.13. She told us to read the text carefully, and that we should write a short review of it.14. Give him an inch, or he’ll take a mile.15. The teacher is very strict with us, simply since he wants us to make rapid progress.16. Just take a look at that fellow, so you’ll get sick.17. I think Mary is nicer of the two.18. George did work more than anyone else.19. The students are not only organizing social activities, but also are interested in political questions.20. He can neither sing nor he can compose.21. Because all the shops have closed, it must be very late now.22. I often take a shower, even althogh I prefer a bath.23. This room is larger than that one three times.24. He looked as more nervous as a brick wall.25. Either he needs some rest or some cold drink.26. Both Pauline and her husband did not want to attend the meeting.27. I have least experience in teaching than he.28. She is more friendly and diligent than any girl in her class.29. His English is as good as his brother.30. Mary sings best than any daughters in the family.31. Her sister is three years elder than she.32.He skates not so well as Tom.33.Qinghua University is one of the biggest university in China.34. The hot weather here started more later this year than last year.35. Tim runs fastest of we all.36. They will make a farther investigation on the life of the panda.37.The much you practice speaking English, the much fluently you will be able to speak it.38.Of all these machine tools you have seen, this one is more useful.VII.Translate the following into English:1.这是一个难以解答的问题。
现代汉语 语法2
请思考：形容词重叠后的语音和语义变化。
Inter网上的短信:
好朋友简简单单，好同学朴朴实实； 好情谊清清爽爽，好缘份久久长长。 3、从句法功能看
形容词在句子里经常做谓语、定语、状语、补语。
形容词不能带宾语，即不能做动语。 请思考：形容词能不能做主语和宾语？ 不能？ 能？
例 廉洁是人民公仆的本色。 例 他感到十分惊奇。
动词4
能愿动词modal verb (助动词) 能愿动词是表示可能、意愿和必要的动词。 2、能愿动词有哪些？ 表示可能：可、可以、能、能够、会 表示必要：应、该、应该、应当、要、得(děi) 表示意愿：愿、愿意、肯、敢、值得 3、能愿动词的语法特征
①在句子里常作状语 他[愿意]去西部地区。 ②它还可以作谓语或谓语中心 他愿意。 ③能愿动词不能用在名词前面，不能重叠、不能 带助词“着、了、过”。
依据句法功能标准,首先将词分为实词和虚词两类: 能够充当句子成分、有词汇意义和语法意义的词是实词; 不能够充当句子成分、只语法意义的词是虚词。
二 实词 Substantive
（一）名词 noun
1.什么是名词?
名词是表示人或者事物等的词。
表示人的：专有的：鲁迅、雷锋、亚辛、孔子 普通的：工人、农民、干部、学生、教师 表事物的：具体的：山、桥、火车、飞船、宇宙、太阳 抽象的：思想、情操、道德、品质 集体的：纸张、车辆、人类、词汇 不可数的：水、油、（度量衡单位） 表时间的：春天、今天、星期三、三月、现在、将来 表处所的：专有的：北京、上海、美国、伊拉克、东院 普通的：车站、码头、教室、礼堂 表方向位置的：上、下、前边、后面、以东、之后
《基础英语语法（二）》复习资料
《基础英语语法（二）》复习资料《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料1I．Multiple Choice1. ——What do you think has happened to Jack? ——I’ve no idea. I________ from him for a longtime.IIA. didn’t hearB. don’t hearC. haven’t heardD. hadn’t heard2. I can't afford as _________________________ car as this one.A. expensive aB. an expensiveC. a more expensiveD. a most expensive3. One of the men held the view ________ the book said was right.A. thatB. what thatC. that whatD. whether4. —Wasn’t it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now?—_________________________.A. I didn’t know he wasB. Yes, it wasC. No, he wasn’tD.Yes, he did5. We produce 5,000 pairs of sports shoes every month, 75% ________ are sold abroad.A. which ofB. of whichC. of themD. of that6. ——Where are you going for your holiday?——I haven’t decided yet. I go to English.A. canB. mayC. mustD. ought to7. It was _________________________ he said _________________________ disappointed me.A. what; thatB. that; thatC. what; whatD. that; what8. ——Linda, are you going to Barbara’s wedding party tomorrow? —— Of course, I ________if ________A. am, shall be invitedB. shall, being invitedC. will, I’ll be invitedD. am, I am invited9. The house rent is expensive. I’ve got about half the spaceI had at home and I’m paying________here.A. as three times muchB. as much three timesC. much as three timesD. three times as much10. We must not ________ this kind of trick!A. fall inB. fall downC. fall toD. fall for11. They left the door open _________________________ to hear the baby.A.so as for meB. so that meC. in order for meD. and for me12. As a result of this hard work, he was admitted into ________ famous university.A. aB. theC. anD. 不填II Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initialletter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The teacher favoured my applying for a scholarship. His opinion is f_________.2.There are plenty of apples. The harvest has been p________this year.3.Graduation from the university was a moment of great importance. It was a m______ occasion.4.The stolen jewelry was valued at a thousand dollars. It was extremely v_______.5.Andy was always deep in thought. He was a very t ________ boy.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.Most people prefer ______(spend) money to _______(earn) it.2.Sorry, we do n’t allow ________(smoke) in the lecture room.3.This problem demands ______(look into).4.The doctor advised _______(take) exercise.5.I resented ______(be) unjustly accused.III. True OR False1. What made you to think like that? （）2. I want to know that:Has John been here? （）3. I was in last night （）4. Do you have anything more to say? （）5. 4000--- fourty hundred （）6. 174301---a hundred and seventy-four thousand,three hundred and one （）7. Did you say you had been waiting for us? （）8. Two and four made six. （）9. This is a date we are all proud of that （）10. Whom so you wish to speak to? （）Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1. Whether they will come or not doesn’t matter very much.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. You seem to have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4. (The man treated his wife viciously.)A: The man treated his children viciously.B: No. ___________________________________________5. (She has been studying French only for three months.)A: She has been studying French for years.B: No. __________________1.(Tom went to London on Tuesday.)A: Tom went to New York on Tuesday.B: No. _________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Running out of the house, a bike knocked me over.答案I．Multiple Choice1-5 CACBB 6-10 BADDD 11-15 CACCA 16-20CCCACⅡ.Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. favourable2. plentiful3. momentous4.valuable5.thoughtfulPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. spending, earning2. smoking3.to be looked into4. taking5. beingⅢ. True OR False1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFTⅣ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It doesn't matter very much whether they will come or not.2.It is quite likely that he will let you down.3.It seems they you have taken a dislike to him.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was his wife that the man treated viciously.5.It is only for three months that she has been studying French.6.It was to London that Tom went on Tuesday.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7.When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8.When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10.Running out of the house, I was knocked over by a bike.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料2I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.The flood was a disaster. The loss of the crops was d______.2.You’re always forgetting your assignment. You’re a ver y f_______ person.3.Don’t place your life in danger. Driving a car when you are tired can be d_______.4. A President’s power is very strong. He is the most p_______ Executive in the nation.5.The country had many mountains. It was very m________.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. A child can’t learn _____ (spell) without ________(be) helped..2.I don’t regret _______(tell) her what I thought, even if it upset her.3.She began_____(understand) what he really wanted.4.She always forgetting_____(give) me my letters.5.I dread _____(think) what will happen to her tomorrow.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions: Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.The Victorians had become addicted to speed and they wanted to go ever faster. Time was money and efficiency became (1)____ important. Although divisions of labor had been (2)____ by Adam Smith and illustrated by a pin factory in The Wealth of Nations in 1776, (3)____ could now become fully realized. This specialization of labor was in (4)____ contrast to the rural means of production, in (5)____ the family was the means of production, consumption and socialization.(6)____ greater speed came a greater need for industries and businesses to make more and make it quicker. Steam made this (7)____ and changed working life forever (8)____ were the days when work was (9)____ by natural forces: steam engines were servant (10)____ neither season nor sunshine. Factories had foremen and life became correspondingly more (11)____. The clocking-on machine was (12)____ in 1885 and time and motion studies to increase efficiency would be introduced only (13)____ twenty years later. (14)____ it was not all bad news. Agricultural incomes depended on variable harvests and weather. Factories provided (15)____ and predictable income, but long hours.Working life was becoming increasingly regulated, and the working (16)____ was reorganized to promote ever-greater efficiency. The old (17)____ St. Monday - when no work was done━was(18)____, work stopped around midday on Saturday and did not resume (19)____ Monday morning.A new division between “work” and “leisure” emerged, and this new block of weekend leisure time coincided with thedevelopment of spectator sports like cricket and football, and the (20)____ of music hall entertainment for the new working classes.1.increasingly B. surprisingly C. slowly D. obviously2.contributed B. informed C. spread D. conceived3.he B. it C. these D. those4.clear B. marked C. apparent D. firm5.that B. what C. where D. which6.Upon B. Over C. With D. For7.possible B. practical C. worthwhile D. useful8.Passed B. Lost C. Gone D. Missed9.defined B. controlled C. limited D. dictated10.over B. on C. by D. to11.standard B. controlled C. difficult D. dreadful12.designed B. created C. invented D. bought13.some B. certain C. these D. those14.For B. But C. Consequently D. Accordingly15.safe B. good C. continuous D. secure16.week B. period C. pattern D. practice17.culture B. behaviour C. custom D. habit18.repair B. compensate C. mend D. moderate19.before B. until C. on D. after20.raise B. increase C. trend D. presentⅢ. Combine each pair of simp le sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Illness kept him away from school. He didn’t get the prize.2. I lost my pen somewhere. The auditorium might be the place.3. You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. He came out of the Conference Room. Reporterssurrounded him.5. A German is coming to see me. I made his acquaintance in Hamburg last year.Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→ It is possible that the Joneses will come to the par ty as well.1. You were so kind to invite us.2. He is quite likely to let you down.3. To be here with you this evening is a great pleasure.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicate d in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He has painted the window green.)A: He has painted the window white.B: No. ______________________________5.(He is determined to pass the test.)A: He is determined to buy a new car.B: No. __________________________________6.(He will be flying to Moscow.)A: He will be travelling in China.B: No. ____________________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7. When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8. When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occ ur red to me.10. Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. disastrous2. forgetful3. dangerous4. powerful5. mountainousPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.spelling, being2. telling3. to understand4. to give5. to thinkⅡ. Cloze.1-5. ADBBD 6-10.CACDD 11-15.BCABD 16-20.ACCBAⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1. Because illness kept him away from school, he didn’t get the prize.2. The auditorium might be the place where I lost my pen.3. Unless you promise to behave yourself, you shall not go to the party this afternoon.4. When/As he came out of the Conference Room, he was surrounded by reporters.5. A German whose acquaintance I made in Hamburg last year is coming to see me.Ⅳ. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1. It was so kind of you to invite us.2. It is quite likely that he will let you down.3. It is a great pleasure to be here with you this evening .Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It is green that he has painted the windows.5.What he is determined to do is to pass the test.6.What he will be doing is flying to Moscow.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10. As she was w ondering where to go, an advertisement caught her eye.《基础英语语法》（二）复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Fill in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to the context. The initial letter of the word has been given in each sentence.1.I’ve been reading a mystery story. Many m______ events took place in it.2.I doubt if you will get your parents’ approval. I’m very d________.3.I wish I could agree with you, but it is difficult to be a______ when you are so stubborn.4.The guard was given a medal for his courage in the face of danger. He was a ____ soldier.5.Give me all the details. I need a d_____ description of your experiment.Part B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1.It’s silly _____(risk) ______ (get) your feet wet.2.I hate _______(mention) it, but you owe me some money.3.I wish he would stop _____(pretend) to be an expert on Byzantine Art.4.Training to be a singer means ____(practise) at least two hours every day.5.They encouraged _____(learn) English by radio and television.Ⅱ. Cloze.Directions:Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it (1) ______ not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (2) ______ the workers in governmentoffices who (3) ______ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (4) ______ taxation, we pay for things that we need just (5) ______ we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But (6) ______ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about (7) ______ taxation should be arranged.In most countries, a direct tax on (8) ___________, which is called income tax, (9) ______. It is arranged in such (10) ______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (11) ______ as the taxpayer's income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people (12) ______ as high as ninety-five percent!(13) ______ countries with taxation nearly (14) ______ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties.” Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (15) ______ really have to pay the duties, in the (16)___________ of higher prices. In some countries, (17) ______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (18) ______ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (19) ______ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (20) ______, as the rich pay it.1. A. can B. may C. could D. would2. A. nor B. neither C. never D. not3. A. look into B. look over C. look after D. look through4. A. In accordance with B. By means of C. With reference toD. On account of5. A. as well as B. as good as C. as such as D. as much as6. A. if B. when C. though D. as7. A. when B.how C.why D.which8. A. persons B. sectors C. communities D. classes9. A. remains B. stays C. exists D. happens10.A. form B. way C. measure D. method11.A. quicker B. speedier C. more D. larger12.A. grows up B. increases up C. goes up D. lifts up13.A. But B. Consequently C. Similarly D. And14.A. periodically B. almost C. often D. always15.A. which B. who C. what D. whom16.A. manner B. form C. means D. way17.A. either B. also C. too D. often18.A. lent B. saved C. borrowed D. collected19.A. alike B. like C. as D. for20.A. heavier B. fairer C. finer D. betterⅢ. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.He didn’t get up early enough. He missed the train.2.Any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work. None of them aretoo difficult for us.3.The Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors. The Johnsons went and visited them atthe first opportunity.4.You can go out. You promise to be back before eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly. The students can understand well.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.Example: Possibly the Joneses will come to the party as well.→It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.1.I think a good idea would be to get up a petition.2.Getting the car on the boat was rather complicated.3.He clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.Example: (the machine needs repairing.)A: The house needs repairing.B: No. It is the machine that needs repairing.4.(He could not repair the machine.)A: He could not repair the house.B: No. ___________________________________5.(John bought the car from Henry.)A: John bought the car from Smith.B: No. ____________________________6.(At the station we were met by a man carrying a copy of The Times.)A: At the station we were met by a woman carrying an umbrella.B: No. _____________________________Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.Example: Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel.→Walking in the fields, Tom was bitten in the heel by a snake.7.When carrying a gun, it should never be pointed at anyone.8.When depressed, a new hat will make a woman feel happier.9.Sitting in the dentist’s chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me.10.Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room.答案I．Fill in the blanks according to the requirements give below.Part A: Find in each blank with an appropriate adjective according to context.1. mysterious2. doubtful3. agreeable4. courageous5. detailedPart B: Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing participle or the infinitive.1. to risk, getting2. to mention3. pretending4. practising5. to learnⅡ. Cloze.1—5 DACBD 6—10 CBACB 11—15 DCADB 16—20 BCDBBIII. Combine each pair of simple sentences into one sentence, using subordination.1.Because he didn't get up early enough, he missed the train.2.As any of these problems can be solved by ordinary intelligence and hard work, none of themare too difficult for us.3.Curious about their new neighbors, the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity./Because the Johnsons were curious about their new neighbors, they went and visited them at the first opportunity.4.You can go out, as/so long as you promise to be backbefore eleven.5.The teacher must speak clearly so that the students can understand well. /In order to let thestudents understand well, the teacher must speak clearly.IV. Rewrite the following sentences according to the requirements.Part A: Rephrase the following sentences using anticipatory it.1.It would be a good idea to get up a petition./ I think it a good idea to get up a petition.2.It was rather complicated getting the car on the boat.3.It was clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Part B: Contradict the preceding statement with a cleft or pseudo-cleft sentence according to the “fact” indicated in brackets.4.It was the machine that he could not repair.5.It was from Henry that John bought the car.6.It was by a man carrying a copy of The Times that we were met at the station.Part C: Rewrite the following sentences in such a way as to avoid the dangling participle constructions.7. When carrying a gun, you should never point it at anyone.8. When a woman is depressed, a new hat will make her feel happier.9. Sitting in the dentist’s chair, I suddenly thought of an idea.10. Barking furiously, the dog was led out of the room.。
自考英语二语法
自考英语二语法自考英语二语法重要知识点汇总整理自考英语语法八大时态重点梳理1. 一般现在时概念: 表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
常和always , often , usually , sometimes , every day 等表时间的状语连用。
如：（1）I go to school every day . 我每天都去学校。
(表经常)（2）He is always like that . 他总是那样。
(表状态)构成：（1）主语+ be (am / are / is ) +……（2）主语+ 实义动词/三单动词+ ……2.一般过去时概念:（1）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常和表示过去的时间状语连用. 如: yesterday , last week , in 1998 , two days ago等。
如: I went to a movie yesterday. 我昨天去看了一场电影。
（2）也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
如: He always went to work by bike last week.构成：（1）主语+ be (was / were ) +……（2）主语+ 实义动词过去式+……3. 现在进行时概念: 表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。
如:He is singing.They are watching TV now.构成: 主语+ 助动词be(am/are/is) + 动词-ing形式构成.4. 过去进行时概念: 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作. 这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外,一般用时间状语来表示。
如:（1）—What were you doing?—I was jumping.（2）—What was the boy doing when the UFO arrived?—He was sleeping.构成: 主语+ 助动词be(was/were) + 动词-ing形式构成.5. 一般将来时概念: 表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow, next week, next year, in the future等。
现代汉语第五章语法之二短语
他们精神抖擞地出发了。 精神抖擞——状语 他头也不回地冲了出去。 头也不回——状语 他紧张得话都说不出来了。 话都说不出来——补语 他不敢出面作证说明他心里有顾虑。 他不敢出面作证——主语 他心里有顾虑——宾语 同其他类型的短语相比较，主谓短语直接成分之间的 关系比较松散，主语与谓语之间可以有停顿，也可加 上相应的语气词。例如： 白雪皑皑的喜马拉雅山，巍然屹立在西藏南侧 那时候的学生啊，都喜欢朗诵徐志摩的诗歌
短语结构类——动宾短语
结构内部两个成分之间有支配与被支配关系。 如： 去北京 买一本 写小说 站着一个人 吃惯了食堂 关心集体 踢前锋 寻找幸福的起点
主语和谓语是相对应的句子成分， 述语和宾语是相对应的句子成分， 主语和宾语之间没有直接的联系。
短语结构类——偏正结构
短语分类
一、短语的结构类 主谓短语 动宾短语 偏正短语 中补短语 联合短语（基本短语）
连谓短语 兼语短语 同位短语 方位短语 量词短语 介词短语 助词短语 二、短语的功能类 名词性短语 谓词性短语
三、根据单独成句的能力
可以将短语分为自由短语和粘着短语。 自由短语加上相应的语调或语气词后可以单独成 句。 例如： 明天星期天。 运转正常。 鲁迅先生的小说•狂人日记‣。 推开大门走进去。 粘着短语不能单独成句。 例如： 被大家 把脏水 所见
结构内部两个成分之间有修饰和被修饰的关系 例如： Ａ、高尚的情操 崇高理想 南国风光 春天般的温暖 他的到来 老人的孤独 这部著作的出版 Ａ组是“定语＋中心语”（即为“定中关系”）， 定中短语的中心语一般是词性成分，例如名词、代词、 数词、定中短语、名词性联合短语等。 有时谓词性成分也可以充当中心语， 例如：“经济的振兴”、“智力的开发”、“框框的束 缚”、“满腹的怨恨”。
日语二级语法汇总(二)
日语一级、二级语法汇总（二）七、逆接、让步1、名词の/用言连体形+くせに／くせして（虽然……，但是……）2、动词连用形（第一连用形）+つつ／つつも（一边……一边……，尽管……却……）3、动词连体形+ものの／とはいうものの（虽然……，但是……）4、用言连体形/名词+にもかかわらず（虽然……，但是……）5、用言连体形/名词+にしても（即使……也）6、用言连体形/名词+にしろ／にせよ（即使……也）7、用言终止形/名词+といっても（虽说……）8、名词+だからといって／からとて（虽说……）用言终止形+からといって／からとて（虽说……）9、名词+といえども（虽说……）10、用言终止形/名词+とはいえ（虽然……，但是……）11、动词连用形（第一连用形）/名词+ながらも（虽然……，但是……）12、用言连体形/名词+ところを（正……时）13、用言连体形+ものを（……，可是）14、用言终止形/名词+とおもいきゃ／かとおもいきゃ（原以为……却……）八、假定条件、确定条件1、动词连用形（第一连用形）+さえすれば名词+さえ用言假定形+ば形容词词干+くさえあれば形容动词词干+でさえあれば（只要……就……）2、用言终止形+としたら／とすると／とすれば（如果……的话）3、～ないことには（如果不……的话）4、动词连体形+ものなら（如果能……）5、动词意志形+ないかぎり（只要不……）6、～う（よう）ものなら（如果要……的话）7、～たら最後／たが最後（如果……就会……）名词+をぬきにしては（如果去掉……）8、动词连用形（第一连用形）/名词+なくしては（如果没有……）9、用言终止形/名词+とあれば／とあっては（要是……的话）九、否定、部分否定+（1）否定1、用言连体形/名词な+わけがない（不可能……，不会……）2、用言连体形/名词な+はずがない（不可能……，不会……）3、动词连用形+っこない（不可能……，不会……）4、用言连体形+ものか（决不……）5、用言连体形/动词性名词+どころではなく／どころではない（不是……的时候）6、用言连体形+ことなく（不……）7、用言连体形+なしに（没有……）名词+ことなしに（没有……）8、用言连体形+までもなく／までもない／までのこともない（用不着……）（2）部分否定1、用言终止形+というものではない／というものでもない（并非……）2、用言连体形+わけではない（并非……）3、～ないことはない／ないこともない（不是不……，确实……）4、用言连体形+ことは同一用言连体形+が（……是……，但……）5、～ないものでもない／ないでもない（也不是不……）十、强调（1）1、名词+さえ／でさえ（连……，甚至……）2、名词+として～ない（就连……也不……）3、数量词+たりとも～ない（就连……也不……）4、用言终止形/名词+といえども（虽说……也……）5、名词+すら／ですら（连……都……）6、动词连体形/名词+だに（连……都……）7、动词连体形/名词+くらい／ぐらい（一点点……，……之类的）8、名词+など／なんか／なんて（……之类的）9、名词+こそ（……才，……正是）10、动词连体形/名词+まで／までして（就连……也）11、数量词+からある／からの（多达……）12、名词+にして（到了……时候就……）13、名词+あっての名词+（有……才有……）14、形容动词词干+極まる／極まりない（极其……）15、动词性名词+の至りだ（无比……，非常……）十一、倾向、状态、样子（1）倾向、状态1、动词连用形/名词+がちだ（经常……，总是……，容易……，往往……）2、动词连用形/名词+っぽい（表示有这种倾向，不译）3、动词连用形/名词+気味（有点……）4、动词连用形/名词+だらけ（满是……）5、动词连用形/名词+きらいがある（总爱……）6、名词+まみれ（满是……）7、名词+ずくめ（全是……）8、名词+めく（像……的样子）（2）样子1、用言连体形+ほど（……得令人……）2、用言连体形+ぐらい（与……一样）3、用言连体形+かのように／かのようだ（就好像……似的）4、形容词词干/形容动词词干/动词连用形+げ（表示带有某种样子）5、名词+ごとく／如き（像……这样的）6、用言连体形+ともなく／ともなしに（不经意间……）7、动词连用形+ つ同一动词被动连用形+つ（表示被动交替进行）8、动词未然形+んばかりに／んばかりの／んばかりだ（眼看就要……）9、动词终止形/名词+とばかりに十二、判断的立场、评价的视点（1）判断的立场1、动词连用形/名词+にとって（对于……来说）2、名词+として（作为……）3、动词连体形/名词+上で／上／上の（在……上，在……时，在……方面）4、名词+からいえば／からいうと／からいって（从……来看）5、名词/用言连体形+からみれば／からみると／からみて（从……来看）6、名词/用言连体形+からすれば／からすると／からして（从……来看）7、名词+にしたら／にすれば／にしてみれば（作为……来说）8、名词+なりに／なりの（与……相应的）（2）评价的视点1、动词连体形/名词+わりに（は）（虽然……但是……）2、名词+にしては（就……而言）3、名词+向きに／向きの／向きだ（朝……，面对……，适合于……）4、名词+ともなると／ともなれば（一旦成为……）5、名词+とあろうものが（身为……还……）6、名词+たるものが（作为……）7、名词+にあるまじきだ（……不应该有）名词+にあるまじきことだ（……是不应该有的行为）十三、基准1、用言连体形/名词+とおり（に）（正如……，按照……）名词+通り（正如……，按照……）2、名词+に沿って／に沿う（沿着……，按照……）3、名词+に基ずく／に基づいて／に基づいた（根据……，基于……）4、名词+をもとにする／をもとに（在……基础上）5、名词+の下で／の下に（在……下）6、名词+を中心に（して）／を中心として（围绕着……，以……为中心）7、名词+にする／にして／にした（把……当做……）十四、起点、终点、界限、范围1、名词+をはじめとして／をはじめとする（以……为首）2、名词+からして（就从……来看）动词连体形+ことからして（就从……来看）3、名词+から名词にかけて（从……到……）4、名词+にわたって／にわたり（在……范围内，整个……）5、用言连体形/名词+だけ（只是……，就是……）6、名词+を皮切りにして／を皮切りとして（以……为开端）7、名词+を切っ掛けに／を契機に（以……为契机）8、名词+から名词にいたるまで（从……到……都）9、名词+を限りに（以……为限）10、名词+をもって／をもちまして（以……作为……）11、用言终止形/名词+というところだ（差不多……）十五、不可能、可能、困难、容易1、动词连用形（第一连用形）+がたい（难以……，不能……）2、用言连体形+わけにはいかない（不能……，不可……）3、动词连用形（第一连用形）+かねる（难以……，不能……）4、动词连用形（第一连用形）+ようがない（没办法……）5、动词连用形（第一连用形）+得る（能……）动词连用形（第一连用形）+得ない（不能……）6、动词意志形+う（よう）にも～ない（即使想……也不能……）7、动词连体形/动词性名词+にたくない（不难……）8、动词连体形+に足る（值得……）9、用言连体形/名词+に耐える（值得……，耐……）十六、目的、手段、媒介（1）目的1、用言连体形/名词の+ように（为了……）2、用言连体形/名词の+ために（为了……）3、用言连体形+べく（为了……）4、动词未然形+んがために（为了……）（2）手段、媒介1、名词+によって（根据……，通过……）2、名词+を通じて（通过……）3、名词+を持って（用……来……）十七、进行、相关关系（1）进行1、用言连体形/名词+一方だ（越来越……，一个劲儿地……）2、用言连体形+ばかりだ／ばかり／ばかりで（越发……，一直……）3、动词连用形（第一连用形）+つつある（正在……）（2）相关关系1、用言假定形+ ば同一用言连体形+ほど（越……越……）2、动词连体形+につれて（随着……，伴随……）3、动词连体形/名词+にしたがって（按照……，根据……，伴随……）4、名词+とともに（和……一起）动词连体形+とともに（随着……）5、动词连体形/名词+にともなって（伴随……）。
英语二语法(课堂笔记)
*背单词：带入句子，语境背诵法BBC音标教学视频长元音（共20个）单元音长元音：/ɑ://ɔ:/ /ɜ:/ /i:/ /u:/短元音：/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/双元音：/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ 辅音（28个）清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/轻辅音/ʃ/ /h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/浊辅音/ʒ/ /r/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/半元音/j/ /w/边音/l/句子成分主谓宾定状补表同句法目的句子分类简单句（5）结构并列句复合句状语从句一、构词法1、派生词：前缀决定意思,后缀决定词性。
2、合成词：多个词在一起，可以理解其几个词的意思总和3、转化词：词形不变，词性变（在句子中的词性不同）二、*词性（五六大题）：共10个；我要代表世界（介）告诉你，行（形）动要名副其实，速（数）度要连贯（冠）有序。
感叹词啊！！！！！（一）、名词（n）1、名词的数（可数n而言）单-复（黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿）规则变化不规则变化（1）内部元音变化的名词：foot-feet goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice Policewoman-policewomen tooth-teeth（2）单复数形式相同的词：deer-deer grouse-grouse plaice-plaice salmon-salmontrout-trout sheep-sheep craft-craft Chinese-Chinese Swiss-Swiss 2、名词的格’s/s’属格=adj= n’s+n 意思是……的，形容词修饰名词of属格A of B 结构，翻译为（B的A）作宾语（成分）：置于谓语v（动词）之后的成分作主语，表语？adj n / adj n adj adj n（二）、冠词（art）虚词-不作为成分*定冠词the不定冠词a/an +nthe/a/an+adj +n（book）（三）、代词（pron）1.人称代词2.*物主代词3.反身代词4.*指示代词：指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或物this/that +n单those/these +n复5.相互代词：6.疑问代词：用来提出问的的代词成为疑问代词who/whom/whose/what/which8.不定代词：不指明所代替的名词或形容词。
语言综合运用十七——语法二(词性中)
3、语法特征
（1）副词都能作状语
A、一般作状语，程度副词很、极可作补语。 B、与状语标志“地”的关系:
单音+中心语（不加“地” ） 双音+地+中心语（可加可不加） C、位置: 主+副+谓
（2）有的副词能表多种意思，兼属几类. 我就来。 我就认识他。 他叫我去，我就不去。 学了就用
5、副词与形容词
都可以作状语；一部分是同音同形词。 （1）同形同音异类词：
硬纸—硬说/光头—光说/直/老/怪/好/ 判断标准 中心语不同： 形容词+名词
副词+谓词
副词与形容词的区别
副词
修饰名词
-
作定语、谓语
3、作用
音响效果，如闻其声；修辞作用，如临其境。
（十）叹词
1、意义：表感叹或呼唤、应答的词。 能独立成句或充任独立成分。
咦？还要我来教你？ 哟，还挺厉害啊！
嚯，你小子还真行啊！ 嗨，你好糊涂哇！
嘿！怕什么？
呵呵，他也能考上大学？
唉，要是听你的话多好哇！呸！你胡说八道！
哼，你竟然相信他的话？
哈哈，我终于会开车啦！
二三米 十三四岁 七八十种 十之八九
（六）量词
1、意义：表示计算单位。
2、类型
表示人和事物的单位（物量词）。定语 表示行为动作的单位（动量词）。补语
物量词
动量词
专 用
借用
米、克、元、瓦、升（度量衡）
个、只、条、根、件（个体）
次、回、趟、阵 番、遭、下、遍
语文语法知识(二)
谓语：
• 是对句子的主语作陈述的成分，说明主语 是什么或怎么样。 • (1) 大伙都散了(《分马》) • (2) 满树浅黄色的小花， 并不出众(《荔枝 蜜》) • (3)我最不能忘记的 是他的背影(《背影》) • (4)利用物候知识来研究农业生产，已经发 展为一门科学(《大自然的语言》)
• 宾语：是谓语动词的支配成分，表示动作 行为的对象、结果、处所、工具等
• 定语（修饰主语）主语状语谓语补语定语 （修饰宾语）宾语 • 符号：主语 = 谓语 － 宾语 ～定语 （ ）状 语 [ ] 补语 <> • 全体同学都做完了语法作业。
• 补语：是谓语动词的补充说明动作行为的 情况、结果、处所、数量、时间等
• 定语：是句子中名词中心语前头的修饰成 分，表示事物的性质、状态，或限定事物 的领属、质量、数量等 • 状语：是句子中动词或形容词中心语前头 的修饰成分，表示动作行为的方式、状态、 时间、处所或形状的程度等
一般完整的句子成分的排列为：
语文语法知识
（二）句子成分
句子有六个成分：主语陈述对象，说明是谁或什么。
• (1) 大伙都散了(《分马》) • (2) 满树浅黄色的小花， 并不出众(《荔枝 蜜》) • (3)我最不能忘记的 是他的背影(《背影》) • (4)利用物候知识来研究农业生产，已经发 展为一门科学(《大自然的语言》)
专题四语法二短语的类型结构
名词+ 拿<起来>
动 词 红旗飘扬、巨浪翻滚、
名 词 明天星期天
主谓短语 表示陈述与被陈述的关系
结构：名词（代词）+动词（形容词）
主语可以回答谓语“谁”、“什么”；谓语可 以回答主语“怎么样” 。
如： 觉悟提高 阳光灿烂
思想解放 心情舒畅
特殊主谓短语：名词做谓语。
如：今天星期三、 明天国庆节、 他中等身材
动宾短语
动宾之间是支配与被支配、 关涉与被关涉的关系
结构：动词＋宾语
宾语是回答动词“谁”、“什么”、“哪儿”
如： 的敬。畏生命
放下包袱 到北京
丢下它
发展生产 拿起武器
进行斗争 骗取信任 打倒反动派
恢复平静 爱热闹 打
下决心
有幽默感 做游戏
像珍珠
夸奖我 打扫卫生
主谓短语 表示陈述与被陈述的关系
偏正
专题四语法二短语的类型结构
短语的类型
•并列短语 •偏正短语 •动宾短语 •主谓短语 •后补短语
并列短语
1、定义：由两个或两个以上的 名词、动词、形容词或代词并 列组成的短语，词和词之间是 平等的联合，没有轻重主次之 分，这样的短语叫并列短语。
并列短语
词和词之间没有轻重主次 之分，是平等的联合。
悠久（ 主）谓 悠久 （ 偏）正 市场繁荣（主谓） 市场的繁荣（偏正） 我的弟弟（偏正） 我和弟弟（并列） 小说散文（并列）
[独立]思考 [认真地]学习 [完全]相信 [非常]认真
旧语法：“的”是定语的标志；“地”是状语的 标志。 新语法：统一为“的”。
动宾短语
动宾之间是支配与被支配、 关涉与被关涉的关系
1、定义：由动词与后边支配或涉 及的对象组成的短语。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
语法二：非谓语动词
一、概念：
非谓语动词：出现了一个动词，第二个不是谓语的动词即这个动词不做谓语为什么：因为一句话中有且只有一个谓语，出现的第二个动词在没有连词的情况下就不再是谓语了，因此就叫非谓语动词。
二、特征
1、有自己的主语，和主语之间有主动和被动的关系。
和句子的谓语有时间先后关系，可以产生完成式。
2、可以作很多句子成分，但就是不能单独作谓语，这就是它们被称为“非谓语动词”的原因。
三、充当成分
1.作主语：不定式，动名词。
横线位置一般在最前面，谓语紧跟其后。
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
Making mistake is human nature.
To make mistake is human nature.
2．作表语：不定式，动名词。
横线在be动词后；
例：To see is to believe.
3．作宾语：不定式，动名词。
横线紧跟谓语后；
I like to make mistake.
The computer needs repairing
具体动词搭配不定式，动名词还是两者皆有，自己积累记忆
4.定语：不定式，现在分词，过去分词。
横线在名词后；和其修饰的名词存在逻辑主被动关系。
the building to be built next year，不定式表示将来
The building being built now，现在分词表示进行
The building built last year/already，过去分词表示过去或者完成
5．作宾补：不定式，现在分词，过去分词。
放在宾语后；和宾语存在主被动关系。
I asked him to cook meals. 即所有v. + sb. + to do里面的to do都是补语。
I found him smoking in the room.发现他主动抽烟，用现在分词。
I found the building completed 3 years ago. 发现房子被造好，用过去分词。
6．作状语：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，和句子主语存在主被动关系。
1）伴随状语
He stood there, surrounded by people。
He stood there, listening. 动作主动被动决定用现在分词还是过去分词
With + n. + doing/done/to do，主动/被动/将来
2）目的，原因，结果状语：不定式
例：I come here so as to/in order to/to see you. 目的
I am glad to see you. 原因
Only to do 结果
3)．分词前置作状语，及完成式，完成被动式。
例：Having no relatives, she had to make her won living. 现在分词一般式表示主动= Because she had no relatives, …
Surrounded by many people, he couldn’t get out of the room. 过去分词一般式表示被动
= Because he was surrounded by …
Having done this many times before, he finished it in seconds. 现在分词主动完成式表示主动完成
= Because he had done it many times …
Having been taught many times before, he finished it in seconds. 现在分词被动完成式表示被动
= Because he had been taught many times before, …
其他:有一类“be+过去分词+介词”结构，如be interested in, be worried about, be lost in, be dressed in 等，
四、解题方法
关键词：非谓语动词时态和语态的确定。
1、判断成分不同成分划分的关键，分类靠句子横线的变化。
2、区分动作的主被动
3、动作发生时间先后
五、运用
1、done：表被动
2、doing:表主动/表伴随
3、to do:表目的/表将来（v1+V2）
Eg:We have a teacher called Mary.
We have a teacher who is called Mary.
区别done 和be done表被动的区别
Done是非谓语动词，没有自己独立的主语，只是被动关系
Be done是非谓语动词，有自己独立的主语
1、done：表被动
Eg:1.___C_on time,this medicine will be quite effective.
A.Taking
B.Being taken
C.Taken
D.Having taken
2.__D__ time,he will make a first-class tennis player.
A.Having given B To give
C.Giving
D.Given
3.___B_ some officials,Napoleon inspected him army
A.Followed
B.Followed by
C.Being followed
D.Having been followed by
4.___A_ ,the city looks beautiful.
ASeeing from the hill
B.seen form the hill
C.to see from the hill
D.To be seen from the hill
5..___B_ not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A.Reminding
B.Reminded
C.To remind
D.Having Reminded
2、doing:表主动/表伴随
Eg:Tom came into the classroom,and smiled to us.(A and B) Tom came into the classroom,smiling to us.。