青岛大学2016年《642基础英语》考研专业课真题试卷
2016年研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二)
2016研究生入学统一考试试题及答案解析(英语二)Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled forvarious__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。
青岛大学 英语研究生真题 622 基础英语(2)
青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语（2）（共13页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效I. Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions:choose one of the four answers that best completes the sentence.1.Loving and hating New York becomes a matter of _______mood, often in the same day.A.a mbiguousB.o bscureC.a lternatingD.c onverting2.Benjamin Franklin _______learning the printer’s tradeat an early age.A.s et aboutB.s et offC.s et onD.s et up3.At a press conference after the award ceremony, the18-year-old girl spoke in a barely _______ voice.A.i denticalB.a udibleC.o ptionalD.l egible4.When trapped in drifting sands, do not struggle, or youwill be _______ in deeper.A.a bsorbedB.p hishedC.h eavedD.s ucked5.Ms. Shon’s _______ will explain the new payrollprocedures this Friday at noon in Room 211.A.a ccessoryB.s upplementC.a ddendumD.a ssistant6.Many previous all-male occupations _______ to women inthe 1960’s and 1970’s.A.h ave openedB.w ere openedC.h aving been openedD.a re opened7.He did not want to _______ any plans she might have inview.A.h old backB.c hange intoC.m ake upD.i nterfere with8.Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with hisresearch work that he felt _______ lonely.A.n othing butB.a nything butC.a ll butD.e verything but9.Prof. Lee’s book will show you _______ can be used inother contexts.A.t hat you have observedB.t hat how you have observedC.h ow that you have observedD.h ow what you have observed10.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of thecontract, and now he has to _______ the consequence.A.a nswer forB.r un intoC.a bide byD.s tep into11._______ I have notified everyon e of tomorrow’spresentation, I’m sure who will attend.A.B ecauseB.E itherC.C onsequentlyD.A lthough12.The national phone company announced that its planto _______ rates on long-distance call is too expensive.A.s lantB.s litC.s weepD.s lash13.Mr. Vigriolo _______ his lecture with a humorousremark.A.r ecededB.s ecededC.p recededD.c onceded14.Most fruit and vegetable prices were reduced to movehigh inventories of _______ product.A.p erishableB.s alesC.i mportD.m arketing15.The success of good _______ is proof that the handcan be quicker than the eye.A.i deasB.r eflexesC.a rgumentsD.m agicians16.It can be said without exaggeration that no part ofthe United States is not easily accessible by car, by train, or by air, and _______ by all the three of them.A.m ore often thanB.m ore often than notC.n o more often thanD.l ess often than17.The exhibition at the Science and Technology Center_______ such endangered animals as the giant panda and the Siberian tiger and describes the work being done to protect them.A.d etectsB.e xploitsC.f eaturesD.d emonstrates18.Some companies have introduced flexible workingtime with less emphasis on pressure________.A.t han more on efficiencyB.a nd more efficiencyC.a nd more on efficiencyD.t han efficiency19.There are five flights going to Chicago every day.I don’t care which one we take. We can take _______fits in to your schedule.A.w hichever oneB.s uch oneC.t he same oneD.w hat one20.The uncertain economy has made the stock market very_______.A.v olatileB.p rofitingC.e xplodingD.d etrimentalII. Cloze (15 points)Directions: There are fifteen blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Traffic is a perennial problem in Hong Kong. Over the years many suggestions have been (1) _______ to ease transport difficulties. These include from constructing wider roads and an underground railway system to staggering hours for schools to open and close. Once official report pressed (2) _______ for working hours to be spaced out to (3) _______ congestion at (4) _______ periods. In England and other countries this system is called staggering working hours because many business centers use it. It is (5) _______ that greater working efficiency can be achieved, employees are happier because they can arrange (6) _______personal working hours, buses and trains can be dispatched at suitable (7) _______, and so on. The idea of (8) _______ working days follows on from staggering hours.Land in Hong Kong is extremely expensive, yet (9) _______ and large offices are empty at weekends and mostevenings, too. This appears to be a waste of valuable assets and seems (10) _______in a place noted for its business (11) _______. (12) _______, Saturday and Sunday working is not easy. Church-going and family needs can’t be ignored, but it should be remembered that many already work at (13) _______ hours. Nurses, firemen, doctors, pilots, TV stars, (14) _______, have to come to grips with the problems. It seems reasonable to assume that others could do the same. In fact they might find some (15) _______ in having a day or two off during the week.1. A. raised B. made sure C. given off D. put down2. A. correctly B. immediately C. sympatheticallyD. strongly3. A. deteriorate B. relieve C. improve Dcirculate4. A. peak B. top C. summit D. height5. A. claim B. exclaimed C. reclaimed D.acclaimed6. A. awkward B. cumbersome C. convenient D.burdensome7. A. intervals B. sessions C. periods D.intermission8. A. variable B. varied C. variety D. various9. A. over B. every C. on D. by10. A. feasible B. acceptable C. incredible D.favorable11. A. sense B. sensibility C. sensation D.sensitivity12. A. Hence B. Moreover C. Naturally D.Subsequently13. A. irregular B. so C. too D. regular14. A. in general B. on the contrary C. to call thetruth D. to name only a few15. A. disadvantages B. advantages C. privilegesD. prioritiesIII. Error Correction (10 points)Directions:the passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in a right way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the lineFor a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/ ” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petroland the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horribly. Everybody knows that the nicest men (1) ________become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again,to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’sseat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exceptional to (2)________the rule. Perhaps the situation calls on a ‘Be Kind to (3) ________Other Drivers’ campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It took the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers (4) ______to resisting the temptation to revenge when subjected to (5) ________uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politenessgoes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring.A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an action of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of (6) ________good will and tolerance so necessary in modern trafficconditions.But such acknowledgement of politeness is all too rare today.Many drivers nowadays don’t ev en seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.Therefore, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous.(7) ________Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allowa car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following up (8) ________traffic, when a few second later the road would be clear anyway; (9) ________or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the pathof oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The samegoes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever andwhenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways arenot covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me itwould help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into trafficstreams once at time without causing the total blockages that (10) ________give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t evenlearn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadmanship.Years ago the experts warned us that the car-owner-ship explosionwould demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is hightime for all of us to take this message to heart.IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Passage 1Once upon a time, in the country of Half Mad , which was cut off from the western end of Europe in prehistoric times to prevent the inhabitants from injuring any but themselves, the King fell ill.As he had always been well spoken of, and had established very kindly relations with his subjects , his illness caused a great increase of worries about his family.All the married women saw in the Queen a wife anxious about her husband, with a sick-bed to provide for. All the men saw in the King a fellow-man suffering as they themselves had suffered or might at any moment have to suffer. For sickness is a great Leveller, and consequently a great breeder of sympathy, unlike that Impostor Death, who gives a pompous eminence to even the humblest.And thus, with sympaythy added to loyalty, the nation was in such a state of concern about the King as had never before arisen within living memory. Naturally , the case being one of dangerous illness , it was to the doctors that the nation turned for help and reassurance.1. According the passage（A）the inhabitants injured themselves.(B) the inhabitants injured the others .(C) the inhabitants injured none of the others.(D) the inhabitants injured everybody.2. What can we infer from the passage?(A)All of the people in the country loved the king.(B)All of the people in the country disliked the king.(C)All of the people in the country hated the king.(D)All of the people in the country had a prejudice against the king.3.According to the passage(A) sickness is a great lover..(B) sickness is a great enemy.. (C) sickness is a great friend..(D) sickness is a great equalitarian.4. Which statement of the following is true?(A)The Queen was worried about her husband’s health.(B)The Queen was worried about her husband’s fortune.(C)The Queen was worried about her husband’s reputation.(D)The Queen was worried about her husband’s political power.5. From the text we can infer(A)the people were not sympathetic and loyal.(B)the people were sympathetic and disloyal.(C)the people were neither sympathetic nor loyal.(D)the people were sympathetic and loyal.Passage 2Now in the country of the Half Mad the doctors had long before this taken the place of the medieval church. There was a law that when a man was ill he must on pain of punishment send for his parish priest; but this law had been so long disregarded that only a few specialists in church history knew of its existence. Its place had been taken by a law that when there was sickness in the house the doctor must be sent for, and that if the doctor said that any part of a sick child’s body must be cut out its parents must have that done at once whether they approved or not, or else be haled before a magistrate and heavily fined, or should the child have died, committed for trial for having killed it.To such powers as this were added extraordinary privileges. For instance, doctors were licensed to commit murder with impunity, provided they did it either by in such a manner that the victim did not die until he or shehad been put to bed. Not only was no inquest held and no indictment brought against the doctor, but he was actually paid for his labor, and sometimes invited to the funeral.6. Now in the country of the Half Mad(A) the doctors had long before this got rid of the medieval church.(B) the doctors had long before this replaced the medieval church.(C) the doctors had long before this disliked the medieval church.(D) the doctors had long before this respected the medieval church.7. According to the passage(A) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body freely.(B) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body with the permissions of the sick child.(C) the doctor could cut out any part of a sick child’s body with its parents’ permissions .(D) the doctor could not cut out any part of a sick child’s body with its parents’ permissions .8. The doctor(A) was actually paid for his labor, and sometimes invited to the funeral.(B) got nothing for his labor, but sometimes invited to the funeral.(C) got nothing for his labor, but never invited to the funeral.(D) was just invited to the funeral.9. The doctor(A) enjoyed no priviledge.(B) enjoyed much priviledge.(C) enjoyed little priviledge.(D) was poor.10.What did the doctor often do?(A)He often killed the sick.(B) He often visited the sick.(C)He often helped the sick.(D) He often cursed the sick.Passage3“In his mode of delineating natural objects Shakespeare is curiously opposed to Milton. The latter ，who was still by temperament ，and a school master by trade，selects a beautiful object ， put it straight out before him and his readers， and accumulates upon it all the learned imagery of a thousand years：Shakespeare glances at it and says something of his own ：it is not our intention to say that， as a describer of the external world ， Milton is inferior； in set description we rather think that he was the better. We only wish to contrast the mode in which the delineation is effected. One is like an artist who dashes off any number of picturesque sketches at any moment； the other like a man who has lived at Rome and has undergone a through training ，and by deliberate and conscious effort， after a long study of the best masters， reduces a few great pictures.”11. In his mode of delineating natural objects(A) Shakespeare is againnst Milton.(B) Shakespeare is for Milton.(C) Shakespeare dislikes Milton.(D) Shakespeare is quite different from Milton.12. Milton was(A) humous by temperament.(B) lovable by temperament.(C) hot by temperament.(D) quiet by temperament.13. As a describer of the external world，Milton is(A) superior.(B) a failure.(C)) is poor.(D) inferior.14. Milton lived(A) at Rome.(B) in Britain.(C) in Italy.(D) in Germony.15. According to the passage(A) Milton is more gifted than Shakespeare.(B) Shakespeare is more gifted than Milton.(C) Milton is more knowledgeable than Shakespeare.(D) Milton is more serious than Shakespeare. Passage 4A history of the criticism of George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) would reveal that there has never been a consensus about the ultimate value of his dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions. He is generally considered to be the greatest playwright of the English-speaking world in the twentieth century, yet detractors insist that his "drama of ideas" led to a theatrical dead end and that the ideas themselves belong to an age, not to all time. Shaw began writing in the 1870s and continued writing to the end of his long life. His first novel was written in 1879; his last play was written more than 70 years later, in 1950. Few literary figures of the twentieth century have attracted more critical attention.16. Critics completely agreed with(A) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(B) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(C) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his opinions.(D) the ultimate value of Bernard Shaw’s dramatic work or about the efficacy of his theories.17. Bernard Shaw was well known for(A) his novels.(B) his poems.(C) his essays.(D) his plays.18. Bernard Shaw’s "drama of ideas", according to thedetractors,(A) led to a theatrical dead end.(B) led to a good theatrical end.(C) led to no theatrical end.(D) were poor.19.How many literary figures of the twentieth century haveattracted more critical attention than Bernard Shaw?(A) A few.(B)Many.(C)Not A few(D) Few20. Shaw wrote for(A) pleasue.(B) a while.(C) nothing.(D) almost his whole life.V. Translation (25 points)Directions: translate the following Chinese text into English微弱的曙光终于出现了，困乏的漫漫长夜到了尽头。
青岛大学2016年《915英语基础综合》考研专业课真题试卷
8. ______ means that a conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. A. Calculability C. Non-detachability B. Cancellability D. Non-conventionality
9. According to ______, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user. A. Roman Jacobson C. Kenneth Pike B. Leonard Bloomfield D. Noam Chomsky
10. Which of the following sentences includes a metonymy? A. By this hour the volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down. B. The kettle boils. C. Lands belong to the king. D. They have a fleet of fifty sails. 11. W. D. Howells called __________ the Lincoln of our literature. A. Mark Twain C. Nathanial Hawthorne B. Ernest Hemingway D. William Faulkner
642基础英语
青岛大学2013年硕士研究生入学试题科目代码：____642642642______科目名称：基础英语(1)(共11页)请写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效P ART I VOCABULARY VOCABULARYANDAND STRUCTURE （40points ）A.Choose one of the four answers that best completes each sentence.1.With the divergence between the two sides apparently widening,analysts said they considered the likelihood of a merger between the two corporations to be _____.A.deterioratingB.substantialC.coincidentalD.legitimate2.The younger members of the company resented the domineering and ______manner of the office manager.A.prudentB.imperiousC.objectiveD.convivial3.The systems analyst hesitated to talk to strangers about her highly specialized work,fearing it was too ______for people uninitiated in computer field to understand.A.intriguingB.derivativeC.attributiveD.esoteric4.That the brain physically changes when stimulated,instead of remaining _____from infancy to death,as previously thought,was Doctor Marian Diamond’s first,and perhaps most far-reaching discovery.A.sensoryB.staticC.vigorousD.fluid5.Precision of wording is necessary in good writing;by choosing words that exactly convey the desired meaning,one can avoid ______.plexityB.duplicityC.ambiguityD.lucidity6.Perhaps because he feels ______by an excess of parental restrictions and rules,at adolescence the repress child may break out dramatically.A.confinedB.nurturedC.fascinatedD.liberated7.One by one,she ______almost all of her supporters until,at the end,only a handful of her closest allies really wanted her to stay in office.A.alienatedB.promotedC.representedD.exaggerated8.Muskoxen survived in isolated arctic habitats,but in the nineteenth century,they declined rapidly even there,their numbers _____by the armed enthusiasm of explorers ,whalers,fur traders,and Eskimo.A.swelledB.devastatedC.underestimatedD.calculated9.Irony can,after a fashion,become a mode of escape:to laugh at theterrors of life is in some sense to______them.A.overstateB.evadeC.revitalizeD.license10.In view of the interrelationships among a number of the AfricanAmerican leaders treated in this anthology,there is inevitably a certain amount of______among some of the essays presented here.A.inaccuracyB.exaggerationC.objectivityD.overlapping11.Abida quickly realized that the director was extremely______,she andthe other cast members could never anticipate how he would respond.A.negativeB.boringC.unpredictableD.courageous12.Excelling in her academic studies,Yuki earned a number of______andawards.A.proposalsB.vindicationsC.honorsD.reprimands13.Please don't______too much on the painful memories.Everything willbe all right.A.hesitateB.retainC.lingerD.dwell14.The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it containsso many__________references.A.obscureB.acuteC.notableD.objective15.As one of the youngest professors in the university,Miss King is certainly onthe________of a brilliant career.A.thresholdB.edgeC.porchD.course16.With prices________so much,it is difficult for the school to plan a budget.A.vibratingB.swingingC.fluctuatingD.fluttering17.Often such arguments have the effect of______rather than clarifying the issuesinvolved.A.blockingB.obscuringC.tacklingD.prejudicing18.The political future of the president is now hanging by a________.A.threadB.cordC.stringD.rope19.On the______of the moment,he decided he would go to Australia for hisholiday.A.impatienceB.spurC.incentiveD.initiative20.For a particular reason,he wanted the information to be treatedas______.A.assuredB.reservedC.intimateD.confidential21.Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error,happy accidents,______andpersistencein spite of mistakes.A.controlsB.hunchesC.deductionsD.calculations22.Advances in health care have lengthened life spans,lowered infantmortality rates,and thus________the overpopulation problem.A.eliminatedB.aggravatedC.minimizedD.distorted23.The battle of Lexington was not,as most of us have been taught,a_____rising of individual farmers,but was instead a tightly organized, well planned event.A.spontaneousB.cautionaryC.coordinatedD.premeditated24.American culture now stigmatizes,and sometimes even heavily_______behaviorthat was once taken for granted:overt racism,cigarette smoking the use of sexualstereotypes.A.penalizesB.advocatesC.ignoresD.advertises25.Contrary to the antiquated idea that the eighteenth century was a _________Island of elegant assurance,evidence reveals that life for most people was filledwith uncertainty and insecurity.A.tranquilB.clannishC.decliningD.recognized26.He open quoted"reason over passion"as maxim in the longstandingdivision among Canada's English-speaking majority and the French descendedminority concentrated in his home province of Quebec,A.adjustingB.reconcilingC.conqueringD.consolidating27.Despite her compassionate nature,the new nominee to the Supreme Court wassingle-minded and uncompromising in her strict______the letter of the law.A.dismissal ofB.deviation fromC.adherence toD.resistanceagainst28.Her is always a source of irritation:she never uses a single wordwhen shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A.verbosityB.simplicityC.cogencyD.rhetoric29.He was success,painting not for the sake of fame or monetaryreward,but for the sheer love of art.A.indifferent toB.destined forC.jaded byD.enamored of30.If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue to dominate the publishing market,the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingness to________popular tastes.A.struggle againstB.cater toC.admireD.floutB.Choose the set of words that,when inserted in the sentence,best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.31.The newspaper’s editorial section regularly publishes the_____of thosereaders who are knowledgeable enough about an issue to_____their points powerfully and articulately.A.suggestions…dismissB.analyses…subvertC.opinions…argueD.experiments…consider32.Flannery O’Connor was_____as a writer of_____talent early in hercareer,receiving high praise for her short stories while she was still a student.A.criticized…littleB.challenged…famousC.condemned…amazingD.recognized…considerable33.Ellen respect Gary’s qualities of broad-mindedness and humanism;shecannot,however,______them with his______support of a political creed that seems to oppose precisely those qualities.A.reconcile…dogmatic B undermine…waveringC.acknowledge…superficialD.assuage…logical34.The ambitious politician promoted the tax cut not so much for theircitizens’____as for his own______.A.reception…guaranteeB.welfare…reputationC.disbelief…goodnessD.prosperity…downfall35.The tranquil story recounted by Ezra Jack Keats in The Snowy Day____the calm presence of the book’s illustrations,both____the silence of a snow-covered landscape.A.captures…disruptB.masks...betrayC.mirrors…evokeD.violates…embody36.Unfortunately,in developing countries rapid economic growth often____the overexploitation of natural resources and_____distribution of wealth.A.halts…indiscriminateB.holds off…inadequateC.leads to…inequitableD.continue…evenhanded37.Unlike W.E.B.Dubois,who was_____of the vocational emphasis inblackeducation,Booker T.Washington favored______the limited funds available for educating blacks to programs that prepared people for practical jobs.A.critical…restrictingB.aware…confiningC.suspicious…denyingD.protective…allotting38.To take a______attitude,looking down upon others as one’s inferiors,often is to_____any chance of favorable relations with themA.promising…negateB.modest…reduceC.benign…denyD.patronizing...eliminate39.The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin,which effectively_____the unfairnesstoward black people,was a major influence in_____the anti-slaverymovement.A.portrayed…strengtheningB.attacked…pacifyingC.viewed…appraisingD.exposed…condemning40.Even critics who do not_____Robin Williams’interpretation of thepart_____him as an inventive comic actor who has made a serious attempt to come to terms with one of the most challenging roles of our time.A.dissent from…dismissB.agree with…denounceB.concur with…acknowledge D.recognize…excludePART II PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION(10 Points)The following passage contains TEN errors.Each line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line. Influenced by view of some twentieth-century feminists that 1._______women’s position within the family is one of the central factors determined women’s social position,some historians contend that2._______nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and,hence,less importantas,for example,the moral reform movement or domestic feminism3._______—two nineteenth-century movements which women struggled 4._______for more power and autonomy within the family.True,by emphasizing these struggles,such historians have broadened the convention view5._______of nineteenth-century feminism,so they do a historical disservice to6._______suffragism.Nineteenth-century feminists and anti-feminists likely7._______perceived the suffragists’demand for enfranchisement(选举权，参政权)as the most radical element in women’s protection,in part because8._______suffragists were demanding for power that was not based on the9._______institution of the family,women’s traditional sphere.When evaluated10._______nineteenth-century feminism as a social force, contemporary historiansshould consider the perceptions of actual participants in the historical events. PART I II READING COMPREHENSION(30Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1In eighteenth-century France and England,reformers rallied aroundegalitarian ideals,but few reformers advocated higher education for women. Although the public decried women’s lack of education,it did not encourage learning for its own sake for women.In spite of the general prejudice against learned women,there was one place where women could exhibit their erudition:the literary salon.Many writers have defined the women’s role in the salon as that of an intelligent hostess,but the salon had more than a social function for women.It was an informal university,too,where women exchanged ideas with educated persons,read their own works and heard those of others,and received and gave criticism.In the1750’s,when salons were firmly established in France,some English women,who called themselves“Bluestocking,”followed the example of the salonnieres(French salon hostesses)and formed their own salons.Most Bluestockings did not wish to mirror the salonnieres;they simply desired to adapt a proven formula to their own purpos e—the elevation of women’s status through moral and intellectual training. Differences in social orientation and background can account perhaps for differences in the nature of French and English salons.The French salon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exalted courtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplishments.The English Bluestockings, originating from a more modest back ground,emphasized learning and work over pleasure.Accustomed to the regimented life of court circles, salonnieres tended toward formality in their salons.The English women, though somewhat puritanical,were more casual in their approach.At first,the Bluestockings did imitate the salonnieres by including men in their circles.However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.In an atmosphere of mutual support,the Bluestockings went beyond the salon experience.They traveled,studied,worked,wrote for publication,and by their activities challenged the stereotype of the passive women.Although the salonnieres were aware of sexual inequality,the narrow boundaries of their world kept their intellectual pursuits within conventional limits.Many salonnieres,in fact,camouflaged their nontraditional activities behind the role of hostess and deferred to men in public.Though the Bluestockings were trailblazers when compared with the salonnieres,they were not feminists.They were too traditional,too hemmed in by their generation to demand social and political rights.Nonetheless,intheir desire for education,their championing of unity among women,the Bluestockings began the process of questioning women’s role in society.1.Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?A.The establishment of literary salons was a response to reformers’demands for social rights for women.B.Literary salons were originally intended to be a meeting ground forintellectuals of both sexes,but eventually became social gatheringswith little educational value.C.In England,as in France,the general prejudice against highereducation for women limited women’s function in literary salons toa primarily social one.D.For women,who did not have access to higher education as men did,literary salons provided an alternate route to learning and achallenge to some of society’s basic assumptions about women.2.According to the passage,a significant distinction between thesalonnieres and Bluestockings was in the way each group regarded which of the following?A.The value of acquiring knowledge.B.The role of pleasure in the activities of the literary salon.C.The desirability of a complete break with social traditions.D.The inclusion of women of different backgrounds in the salons.3.The author refers to differences in social background betweensalonnieres andBluestockings in order to do which of the following?A.Criticize the view that their choices of activities were significantlyinfluenced by male salon members.B.Discuss the reasons why literary salons in France were establishedbefore those in England.C.Question the importance of the Bluestockings in shaping publicattitudes toward educated women.D.Explain the differences in atmosphere and style in their salons.4.Which of the following statements is most compatible with theprinciples of the salonnieres as described in the passage?A.Women should aspire to be not only educated but independent aswell.B.The duty of the educated women is to provide an active politicalmodel for less educated women.C.Devotion to pleasure and art is justified in itself.D.Men should be excluded from groups of women’s rights supporters.5.The passage suggests that the Bluestockings might have had a moresignificant impact on society if it had not been for which of thefollowing?petitiveness among their salons.B.Their emphasis on individualism.C.Their acceptance of the French salon as a model for their ownsalons.D.Their unwillingness to defy aggressively the conventions of theirage.Passage2In1923,the innovative Russian filmmaker Dziga Vertov described filmmaking as a process that leads viewers toward a“fresh perception of the world.”Vertov’s description of filmmaking should apply to films on the subject of art.Yet films on art have not a powerful and pervasive effect on the way we see.Publications on art flourish,but these books and articles do not necessarily succeed in teaching us to see more deeply or more clearly.Much writing in art history advances the discourse in the field but is unlikely to inform the eye of one unfamiliar with its polemics(fierce arguments).Films, however,with their capacity to present material visually and to reach a broader audience,have the potential to enhance visual literacy(the ability to indentify the details that characterize a particular style)more effectively than publications can.Unfortunately,few of the hundred or so films on art that are made each year in the United States are broadcast nationally on prime time television.The fact that films on art are rarely seen on prime time television may be due not only to limitations on distribution but also to the shortcomings of many such films.Some of these shortcomings can be attributed to the failure of art historians and filmmakers to collaborate closely enough when making films on art.These professionals are able,within their respective disciplines, to increase our awareness of visual forms.For close collaboration occur, professionals in each discipline need to recognize that films on art can be both educational and entertaining,but this will require compromise on both sides.A filmmaker who is creating a film about the work of an artist should not follow the standards set by rock videos and advertising.Filmmakersneed to resist the impulse to move the camera quickly from detail for fear of boring the viewer,to frame the image for the sake of drama alone,to add music for fear of silence.Filmmakers are aware that an art object demands concentration and,at the same time,are concerned that is may not be compelling enough—and so they hope to provide relief by interposing“real”scenes that bear only a tangential relationship to the subject.But a work of art needs to be explored on its own terms.On the other hand,art historians need to trust that one can indicate and analyze,not solely with words,but also by directing the viewer’s gaze.The specialized written language of art history needs to be relinquished or at least tempered for the screen.Only an effective collaboration between filmmakers and art historians can create films that will enhance viewers’perceptions of art.6.The passage suggests that a filmmaker desiring to enhance viewer’sperceptions of art should do which of the following?A.Rely on the precise language of art history when developing scriptsfor films on art.B.Rely on dramatic narrative and music to set a film’s tone and style.C.Recognize that a work of art by itself can be compelling enough tohold a viewer’s attention.D.Depend more strongly on narration instead of camera movements toguide the viewer’s gaze.7.The author of the passage refers to Vertov in the first paragraph mostprobably in order toA.provide an example of how films can be used to influenceperceptions.B.present evidence to support the argument that films have been usedsuccessfully to influence viewers’perceptions.C.introduce the notion that film can influence how viewers see.D.contrast a traditional view of the uses of film with a more modernview.8.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?A.An observation about an unsatisfactory situation is offered,thereasons for the situation are discussed,and then ways to change it are suggested.B.Two opinions regarding a controversial phenomenon are contrasted,supporting evidence for each is presented,and then the two opinions are reconciled.C.Criticism of a point of view is discussed,the criticism is answered,and then the criticism is applied to another point of view.D.A point of view is described,evidence supporting the view isprovided,and then a summary is presented.9.The passage is primarily concerned withA.discussing why film’s potential as a medium for presenting art togeneral public has not been fully realized and how film might be made more effective in this regard.B.discussing the shortcomings of films on art and the technologicalinnovations required to increase the impact of film on visual literacy.C.discussing the advantages and the disadvantages of using films ratherthan publications to present works of art to the general public.D.presenting information to support the view that films on art mustfocus more on education and less on entertainment in order to increase visual literacy.10.The author would most likely agree with which of the followingstatements about film and visual literacy?A.Reading a publication about a work of art and then seeing a filmabout the same work is the most effective way to develop visual literacy.B.An increase in a viewer’s awareness of visual forms will also lead toan increased attention span.C.Film has a great but not fully exploited capacity to increase viewer’sawareness of visual forms.D.A film that focuses on the details of a work of art will hinder thedevelopment of visual literacy.Passage3“I want to criticize the social system,and to show it at work,at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the“poetic”novelist concerned with examining states of reverie(dreamy thought)and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist a satirist and critic as well as a visionary:literary critics’cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels,Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped(or deformed)by their social environments,how historical forces impinge on people’s lives,how class,wealth,and gender help to determine people’s fates.Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a historical time.Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art.The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical.Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes,she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest,unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs.(Her Writer’s Diary notes:“the only honest people are the artists,”whereas“these social reformers and philanthropists…harbor…discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”).Woolf detested what she called“preaching”in fiction,too, and criticized novelist wrence(among others)for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary,since for her,fiction is a contemplative,not an active art.She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues;it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them.As a moralist,Woolf works by indirection,subtly undermining officially accepted mores,mocking,suggesting,calling into question,rather than asserting,advocating,bearing witness:hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer.As she put it in The Common Reader,“It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote;and yet,as we read him,we are absorbing morality at every pore.”Like Chaucer,Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge,to know her society root and branch—a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic(fierce argument).11.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?A.Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia WoolfB.Virginia Woolf:Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-CenturyNovelC.Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key toUnderstand Virginia Woolf’s NovelsD.Virginia Woolf’s Novels:Critical Reflections on the Individual andon Society12.It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary modelbecause she believed thatA.Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a wholeas well ason individual characters.B.Chaucer was an honest and forthright author,whereas novelist likewrence did not sincerely wish to change society.C.Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society thanwith calling its accepted mores into question.D.Chaucer’s writing was greatly,if subtly,effective in influencing themoral attitudes of his readers.13.It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolfrealistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that sheA.was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel tobe the most realistic of literary genres.B.was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or hercharacter and actions.C.needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in orderto support the arguments she advanced in them.D.wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were writtenin an ambiguous and inexact style.14.The author implies that a major element of the satirist’s art is thesatirist’sA.insistence on the helplessness of individuals against the social forcesthat seek to determine an individual’s fate.B.cynical disbelief that visionaries can either enlighten or improvetheir societies.C.refusal to indulge in polemic(fierce argument)when presentingsocial mores to readers for their scrutiny.D.fundamental assumption that some ambiguity must remain in a workof art in order for it to reflect society and social mores accurately.15.The passage supplies information for answering which of the followingquestions?A.Have literary critics ignored the social criticism inherent in theworks of Chekhov and Chaucer?B.Does the author believe that Woolf is solely an introspective andvisionary novelist?C.What are the social causes with which Woolf shows herself to besympathetic in her writings?D.Does Woolf attribute more power to social environment or tohistorical forces as shapers of a personal life?ION FROM ENGLISH INTO C HINESE(30P ART I V T RANSLATRANSLATIONPoints)Four months before the Election Day,five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the1984presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o’clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted.Even so,the men kept the door shut and the drapes carefully drawn.The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting.Their aim was to devise a strategy that would guarantee Ronald Reagan’s resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.It should have been easy.These were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ones to the Republican Party,men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country.The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable,with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace,and the nation’s economy,a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession.Furthermore,the campaign itself was lavishly financed,with plenty of money for a topflight staff,travel,and television commercials.And,most important,their candidate was Ronald Reagan,a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills.Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John.F.Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America—a nation of renewed military strength,individual initiative,and smaller federal government.PART V WRITING(40Points)。
青岛大学2020年642 基础英语考试大纲
专业硕士入学考试大纲
考试科目代码及名称：642 基础英语
一、考试要求
本考试旨在检查学生英语语言基本功和英语语言综合运用能力。
二、考试内容
1. 考生具备词汇和语法的运用能力，对所学词汇和词组的多种词性及词义搭配，易混词的区别及难词的认知能力；
2. 考生能够运用语法、词汇、结构等语言知识识别短文内的错误并提出改正的方法；
3. 考生具有语篇层次上的综合理解能力、获取信息的能力、概括与推理判断的能力，快速阅读及语言的实际运用能力。
能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论，政治和书评，既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节。
能读懂一般历史传记及文学作品，既能理解其字面意义又能理解其隐含意义。
能分析文章的思想观点，通篇布局，语言技巧及修辞手法。
4. 考生能够运用恰当的翻译方法和技巧翻译中外报刊杂志上的有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述以及一般文学作品的节选；译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。
5. 考生能够根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的说明文或议论文，做到语言通顺，用词得体，结构合理，文体恰当，具有逻辑性和说服力。
三、试卷结构（题型分值）
1.本科目满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
2.题型结构
（1）词汇语法选择题：10分
（2）改错题: 10分
（3）阅读理解题：50分
（4）英汉翻译题：40分
（5）写作题：40分
四、参考书目
《高级英语》（1、2册）（第3版），张汉熙、王立礼编，外研社，2017年
《现代大学英语》（1-4册）（第2版），杨立民主编，外研社，2012年。
2016年硕士研究生考试专业学位英语二真题及答案word版
2016年硕士研究生入学统一考试专业学位英语二Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A., B, C. or D. on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points) Happy people work differently. They ‟re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggest that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too. Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper 2 2 , , , firms firms firms in in in happy happy happy places places places spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D R&D R&D (research (research (research and and and development development development ). ). ). That That That‟‟s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future. The The researchers researchers researchers wanted wanted wanted to to to know know know if if if the the the 4 4 4 and and and inclination inclination inclination for for for risk-taking risk-taking risk-taking that that that come come come with with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities ‟ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. 7 7 enough, enough, enough, firms firms firms‟‟investment investment and and and R&D R&D R&D intensity intensity intensity were were were correlated correlated correlated with with with the the the happiness happiness happiness of of of the the area area in in in which which which they they they were were were 8 . 8 . But But is is is it it it really really really happiness happiness happiness that that that‟‟s s linked linked linked to to to investment, investment, investment, or or or could could something something else else else about about about happier happier happier cities cities cities 9 9 9 why why why firms firms firms there there there spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D? R&D? R&D? To To To find find find out, out, out, the the researchers researchers controlled controlled controlled for for for various various various 10 10 10 that that that might might might make make make firms firms firms more more more likely likely likely to to to invest invest invest ––like like size, size, industry, industry, and and and sales sales sales ––and and for for for indicators indicators indicators that that that a a a place place place was was was 11 11 11 to to to live live live in, in, in, like like like growth growth growth in in in wages wages wages or or population. population. The The The link link link between between between happiness happiness happiness and and and investment. investment. investment. Generally Generally 12 even even after after after accounting accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which which the the the authors authors authors 13 13 13 to to to “less “less “less codified codified codified decision decision decision making making making process”process”and and the the the possible possible possible presence presence presence of of “younger “younger and and and less less 14 14 managers managers managers who who who are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to be be be influenced influenced influenced by by by sentiment.” sentiment.” sentiment.” The The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more more in in in places places places where where where most most most people people people are are are relatively relatively relatively happy, happy, happy, rather rather rather than than than in in in places places places with with with happiness happiness inequality. 17 this doesn ‟t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It ‟s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment sentiment would would would help help help 19 19 19 how how how executives executives executives think think think about about about the the the future. future. future. “It “It “It surely surely surely seems seems seems plausible plausible plausible that that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1 A. why B. where C. how D. when 2 A. In return B. In particular C. In contrast D. In conclusion 3 A. sufficient B. famous C. perfect D. necessary 4 A. individuation B. modernism C. optimism D. realism 5 A. echo B. miss C. spoil D. change 6 A. imagined B. measured C. invented D. assumed 7 A. SureB. OddC. UnfortunateD. Often8 A. advertisedB. dividedC. overtaxedD. headquartered9 A. explain B. overstateC. summarizeD. emphasize10 A. stages B. factors C. levels D. methods 11 A. desirable B. sociable C. reputable D. reliable 12 A. resumed B. held C. emerged D. broke 13 A. attribute B. assign C. transfer D. compare 14 A. serious B. civilized C. ambitious D. experienced 15 A. thus B. instead C. also D. never 16 A. rapidly B. regularly C. directly D. equally 17 A. After B. Until C. While D. Since 18 A. arrives B. jumps C. hints D. strikes 19 A. shapeB. rediscoverC. simplifyD. share 20 A. pray for B. lean towards C. give awayD. send out【参考答案】1. C. how 2. B. In particular 3. D. necessary 4. C. optimism 5. D. change 6. B. measured 7. A. Sure 8. D. headquartered 9. A. explain 10. B. factors 11. A. desirable 12. C. emerged 13. A. attribute 14. D. experienced 15. A. thus 16. D. equally 17. C. While 18. C. hints 19. A. shape 20. B. lean towards Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Direction: Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 It It‟‟s s true true true that that that high-school high-school high-school coding coding coding classes classes classes aren aren aren‟‟t t essential essential essential for for for learning learning learning computer computer computer science science science in in college. college. Students Students Students without without without experience experience experience can can can catch catch catch up up up after after after a a a few few few introductory introductory introductory courses, courses, courses, said said said Tom Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon ‟s School of Computer Science. However, However, Cortina Cortina Cortina said, said, said, early early early exposure exposure exposure is is is beneficial. beneficial. beneficial. When When When younger younger younger kids kids kids learn learn learn computer computer science, they learn that it ‟s s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It ‟s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said. Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away. The The Flatiron Flatiron Flatiron School, School, School, where where where people people people pay pay pay to to to learn learn learn programming, programming, programming, started started started as as as one one one of of of the the the many many coding boot camps that that‟‟s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers high-schoolers get get get the the the same same same curriculum, curriculum, curriculum, but but “we we try try try to to to gear gear gear lessons lessons lessons toward toward toward things things things they they they‟‟re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood. The students in the Flatiron class probably won‟t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails ” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn – how how to to to think think think logically logically logically through through through a a a problem problem problem and and and organize organize organize the the the results results – apply apply to to to any any any coding coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina. Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes –for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better. 21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______ A. complete future job training B. remold the way of thinking C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production 【答案】B 22. In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________ A. experience B. interest C. career prospects D. academic backgrounds 【答案】B 23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________ A. help students learn other computer languages B .have to be upgraded when new technologies come C .need improving when students look for jobs D. enable students to make big quick money 【答案】A 24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______ A. bring forth innovative computer technologies B. stay longer in the information technology industry C. become better prepared for the digitalized world D. compete with a future army of programmers 【答案】C 25. The word “coax ”(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________ A. persuade B. Frighten C. Misguide D. challenge 【答案】A Text 2 Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands —once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species …historic range. The The crash crash crash was was was a a a major major major reason reason reason the the the U.S. U.S. U.S. Fish Fish Fish and and and Wildlife Wildlife Wildlife Service Service Service (USFWS) (USFWS) (USFWS) decided decided decided to to formally list the bird as threatened. “ The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ,” said USFWS USFWS Director Director Director Daniel Daniel Daniel Ashe. Ashe. Ashe. Some Some Some environmentalists, environmentalists, environmentalists, however, however, however, were were were disappointed. disappointed. disappointed. They They They had had pushed pushed the the the agency agency agency to to to designate designate designate the the the bird bird bird as as as ““endangered,endangered,”” a a status status status that that that gives gives gives federal federal federal officials officials greater greater regulatory regulatory regulatory power power power to to to crack crack crack down down down on on on threats threats threats .But .But .But Ashe Ashe Ashe and and and others others others argued argued argued that that that the the the”” threatened threatened”” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations collaborations with with with western western western state state state governments, governments, governments, which which which are are are often often often uneasy uneasy uneasy with with with federal federal federal action. action. action. and and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken ‟s habitat. Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that that unintentionally unintentionally unintentionally kill, kill, kill, harm, harm, harm, or or or disturb disturb disturb the the the bird, bird, bird, as as as long long long as as as they they they had had had signed signed signed a a a range range —wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used used to to to compensate compensate compensate landowners landowners landowners who who who set set set aside aside aside habitat habitat habitat , , , USFWS USFWS USFWS also also also set set set an an an interim interim interim goal goal goal of of restoring restoring prairie prairie prairie chicken chicken chicken populations populations populations to to to an an an annual annual annual average average average of of of 67,000 67,000 67,000 birds birds birds over over over the the the next next next 10 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (W AFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states ” remain in the driver driver‟‟s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said. Not Not everyone everyone everyone buys buys buys the the the win-win win-win win-win rhetoric. rhetoric. rhetoric. Some Some Some Congress Congress Congress members members members are are are trying trying trying to to to block block block the the plan, plan, and and and at at at least least least a a a dozen dozen dozen industry industry industry groups, groups, groups, four four four states, states, states, and and and three three three environmental environmental environmental groups groups groups are are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn ‟t go far enough. “The federal government is is giving giving giving responsibility responsibility responsibility for for for managing managing managing the the the bird bird bird to to to the the the same same same industries industries industries that that that are are are pushing pushing pushing it it it to to extinction, ” says biologist Jay Lininger. 26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____. A. its drastically decreased population B. the underestimate of the grassland acreage C. a desperate appeal from some biologists D. the insistence of private landowners 【答案】A 27. The “threatened threatened”” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____. A. was a give-in to governmental pressure B. would involve fewer agencies in action C. granted less federal regulatory power D. went against conservation policies 【答案】D 28. 28. It It It can can can be be be learned learned learned from from from Paragraph3 Paragraph3 Paragraph3 that that that unintentional unintentional unintentional harm-doers harm-doers harm-doers will will will not not not be be be prosecuted prosecuted prosecuted if if they_____. A. agree to pay a sum for compensation B. volunteer to set up an equally big habitat C. offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job D. promise to raise funds for USFWS operations 【答案】A 29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is______. A. the federal government B. the wildlife agencies C. the landowners D. the states 【答案】D 30. Jay Lininger would most likely support_______. A. industry groups B. the win-win rhetoric C. environmental groups D. the plan under challenge 【答案】B ？A ？Text 3 That That everyone everyone everyone‟‟s s too too too busy busy busy these these these days days days is is is a a a clich clich é. . But But But one one one specific specific specific complaint complaint complaint is is is made made especially mournfully ： There There‟‟s never any time to read. What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don ‘t seem sufficient. The web ‟s full of articles offering tips on making time to read:” Give up TV ” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes minutes doesn doesn doesn‟‟t t work. work. work. Sit Sit Sit down down down to to to read read read and and and the the the flywheel flywheel flywheel of of of work-related work-related work-related thoughts thoughts thoughts keeps keeps spinning-or spinning-or else else else you you you‟‟re re so so so exhausted exhausted exhausted that that that a a a challenging challenging challenging book book book‟‟s s the the the last last last thing thing thing you you you need. need. need. The The modern modern mind, mind, mind, Tim Tim Tim Parks, Parks, Parks, a a a novelist novelist novelist and and and critic, critic, critic, writes, writes, writes, ““is is overwhelmingly overwhelmingly overwhelmingly inclined inclined inclined toward toward communication …It It is is is not not not simply simply simply that that that one one one is is is interrupted; interrupted; interrupted; it it it is is is that that that one one one is is is actually actually actually inclined inclined inclined to to interruption.interruption.”” Deep Deep reading reading reading requires requires requires not not not just just just time, time, time, but but but a a a special special special kind kind kind of of of time time time which which which can can can‟‟t t be be obtained merely by becoming more efficient. In fact, “becoming more efficient ” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be be maximized maximized maximized means means means you you you approach approach approach it it it instrumentally, instrumentally, instrumentally, judging judging judging any any any given given given moment moment moment as as as well well well spent spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, godlessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you ‟ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The The future future future comes comes comes at at at us us us like like like empty empty empty bottles bottles bottles along along along an an an unstoppable unstoppable unstoppable and and and nearly nearly nearly infinite infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book. So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You‟d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time ‟s flow ” into “soul time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, books, or on or on single-purpose single-purpose e-readers. e-readers. e-readers. ““Carry Carry a a a book book book with with with you you you at at at all all all times times times”” can can actually actually actually work, work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no no longer longer longer feels feels feels as as as if if if you you you‟‟re re ““making making time time time to to to read,read,read,”” but but just just just reading, reading, reading, and and and making making making time time time for for everything else. 31. The usual time-management techniques don ‟t work because . A. what they can offer does not ease the modern mind B. what challenging books demand is repetitive reading C. what people often forget is carrying a book with them D. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed 【答案】D 32. The “empty bottles ” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to . A. update their to-do lists B. make passing time fulfilling C. carry their plans through D. pursue carefree reading 【答案】B 33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps . A. encourage the efficiency mind-set B. develop online reading habits C. promote ritualistic reading D. achieve immersive reading 【答案】D 34. “Carry a book with you at all times ”can work if . A. reading becomes your primary business of the day B. all the daily business has been promptly dealt with C. you are able to drop back to business after reading D. time can be evenly split for reading and business 【答案】A 35. The best title for this text could be . A. How to Enjoy Easy Reading B. How to Find Time to Read C. How to Set Reading Goals D. How to Read Extensively 【答案】B Text 4 Against Against a a a backdrop backdrop backdrop of of of drastic drastic drastic changes changes changes in in in economy economy economy and and and population population population structure, structure, structure, younger younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found. Across Across generational generational generational lines, lines, lines, Americans Americans Americans continue continue continue to to to prize prize prize many many many of of of the the the same same same traditional traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. oung Y oung people people people who who who are are are still still still getting getting getting started started started in in in life life life were were were more more more likely likely likely than than than older older older adults adults adults to to prioritize prioritize personal personal personal fulfillment fulfillment fulfillment in in in their their their work, work, work, to to to believe believe believe they they they will will will advance advance advance their their their careers careers careers most most most by by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found. From From career career career to to to community community community and and and family, family, family, these these these contrasts contrasts contrasts suggest suggest suggest that that that in in in the the the aftermath aftermath aftermath of of of the the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While While younger younger younger people people people are are are somewhat somewhat somewhat more more more optimistic optimistic optimistic than than than their their their elders elders elders about about about the the the prospects prospects prospects for for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life ” face face a a a tougher tougher tougher a a a good-paying good-paying good-paying job, job, job, starting starting starting a a a family, family, family, managing managing managing debt, debt, debt, and and and finding finding finding affordable affordable housing. Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can‟t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college college when when when he he he was was was young.young.“I I still still still grew grew grew up up up in in in an an an upper upper upper middle-class middle-class middle-class home home home with with with parents parents parents who who didn didn‟‟t have college degrees,”Schneider said.” I don ‟t think people are capable of that anymore.”36、One cross-generation mark of a successful life is . A. trying out different lifestyles B. having a family with children C. working beyond retirement age D. setting up a profitable business 【答案】B 37、It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to . A. favor a slower life pace B. hold an occupation longer C. attach importance to pre-marital finance D. give priority to childcare outside the home 【答案】C 38、The priorities and expectations defined by the young will . A. become increasingly clear B. focus on materialistic issues C. depend largely on political preferences D. reach almost all aspects of American life 【答案】D 39、Both young and old agree that . A. good-paying jobs are less available B. the old made more life achievements C. housing loans today are easy to obtain D. getting established is harder for the young 【答案】D 40、Which of the following is true about Schneider? A. He found a dream job after graduating from college B. His parents believe working steadily is a must for success C. His parents‟ good life has little to do with a college degree D. He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging 【答案】C Part B Directions ：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points) A. Be silly B. Have fun C. Ask for help D. Express your emotions. E. Don‟t overthink it F. Be easily pleased G. Notice things Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age. (1) As adults, it seems that we‟re constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don ‟t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it ‟s time to learn a few lessons from them. 41_____________________. (2) (2) What What What does does does a a a child child child do do do when when when he he he‟‟s s sad? sad? sad? He He He cries. cries. cries. When When When he he he‟‟s s angry? angry? angry? He He He shouts. shouts. shouts. Scared? Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don ‟t dictate our behaviors, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process process too too too far far far and and and end end end up up up suppressing suppressing suppressing emotions, emotions, emotions, especially especially especially negative negative negative ones. ones. ones. That That That‟‟s s about about about as as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on. 。
2016青岛科技大学2016基础英语考研真题
13. Animal cruelty is a _______act punishable by law in every state, but in recent years, there has been increasing recognition of the link between animal cruelty and violence to other humans as well.
11. “To ensure the narrators' thoughts and languages flowed smoothly, I avoided any questions suggestive of my own opinion.” the writer says. His book won support from a host of ________writers and veteran journalists.
The homeless make up a growing percentage ofAmerica’s population. ___1___ homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly ___2___. To help homeless people toward independence, the federal government must support job training programs, ___3___ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.
2016年考研英语真题及解析全(纯干货)
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence __1__ firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. __2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking __3__ for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the __4__ and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would __5__ the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness __6__ by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__ enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were __8__. But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities __9__ why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various __10__ that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was __11__ to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally __12__ even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors __13__ to “less con fined decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__ managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was __15__ stronger in places where happiness was spread more __16__. Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least __18__ at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help __19__ how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and __20__ R&D more t han the average,” said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send outSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart A:Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instan ce, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” l anguage they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn —how to think logically through a problem and organize the results — apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to ______.[A] complete future job training [B] remodel the way of thinking[C] formulate logical hypotheses [D] perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their ______.[A] experience [B] academic backgrounds[C] career prospects [D] interest23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ______.[A] help students learn other computer languages[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C] need improving when students look for jobs[D] enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______.[A] compete with a future army of programmers[B] stay longer in the information technology industry[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[D] bring forth innovative computer technologies25. The word “coax” (Para.6) is closest in meaning to ______.[A] challenge [B] persuade [C] frighten [D] misguideText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens — a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands —once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species,” Ashe sa id.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far, environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough. “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is ______.[A] its drastically decreased population[B] the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C] a desperate appeal from some biologists[D] the insistence of private landowners27. The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it ______.[A] was a give-in to governmental pressure[B] would involve fewer agencies in action[C] granted less federal regulatory power[D] went against conservation policies28. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they ______.[A] agree to pay a sum for compensation[B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C] offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D] promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is ______.[A] the federal government [B] the wildlife agencies[C] the landowners [D] the states30. Jay Lininger would most likely support ______.[A] industry groups [B] the win-win rhetoric[C] environmental groups [D] the plan under challengeText 3That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There’s never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my experience, using such methods to fre e up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning —or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication… It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.” Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading —useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future come s at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too — providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because ______.[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to ______.[A] update their to-do lists [B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through [D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps ______.[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set [B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading [D] achieve immersive reading34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if ______.[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be ______.[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading [B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals [D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said, “I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to make that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is ______.[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ______.[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ______.[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that ______.[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C] His p arents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.Part B:Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra Subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[1] Be silly[2] Have fun[3] Ask for help[4] Express your emotions[5] Don’t overthink it[6] Be easily pleased[7] Notice thingsAs adults, it seems that we’re constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don’t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than wedo as grownups. Perhaps it’s time to learn a few lessons from them.41. _____________What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he’s angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don’t dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That’s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then——again, like children——move on.42. _____________A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was over joyed, and couldn’t stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will he the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43. ______________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44. ___________The problem with being a grownup is that there’s an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with- work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it’s important th at we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?) -it doesn't matte r, so long as they’re enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you’re on a tight budget.45. __________Having said all of the above, it’s important to add that we shouldn’t try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: “Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.” And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see,and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.Section IV Writing47. Directions:Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulate you, and ask advice on translation. Write him a reply to1) thank him, and2) give your advice.You should write about 100 words on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 point)48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案Section I Use of English1.C2.B3.D4.C5.D6.B7.A8.D9.A10.B11.A12.B13.A14.D15.C16.D17.C18.C19.A20.BSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart A21.B22.D23.A24.C25.B26.A27.C28.A29.D30.C31.D32.B33.D34.A35.B36.B37.C38.D39.D40.CPart B41.C42.E43.A44.B45.DSectionⅢTranslation【参考译文】超市旨在吸引顾客尽可能长时间的停留在店中。
青岛大学622基础英语(2)2016-2017年考研专业课真题试卷
青岛大学2017年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语（2）（共9页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效Part I.Cloze(20points)Directions:there are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Music comes in many forms;most countries have a style of their own.1 the turn of the century when jazz was born,America had no prominent2of its own.No one knows exactly when jazz was3,or by whom.But it began to be4in the early1900s.Jazz is Americas contribution to5music.In contrast to classical music,which6formal European traditions,jazz is spontaneous and free form.It bubbles with energy,7the moods,interests, and emotions of the people.In the1920s jazz8like America,and9 it does today.The10of this music are as interesting as the music11.American Negroes,or blacks,as they are called today,were the jazz12.They were brought to Southern States13slaves.They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long14.When a Negro died his friend and relatives15a procession to carry the body to the cemetery.In New Orleans,a band often accompanied the16.On the way to the cemetery the band played slow,solemn music suited to the occasion.17on the way home the mood changed.Spirits lifted.Death had removed one of their18, but the living were glad to be alive.The band played19music,improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes20at the funeral.This music made everyone want to dance.It was an early form of jazz.1. A.By B.At C.In D.On2. A.music B.song C.melody D.style3. A.discovered B.acted C.invented D.designed4. A.noticed B.found C.listened D.heard5. A.classical B.sacred C.popular D.light6. A.forms B.follows C.approaches D.introduces7. A.expressing B.explaining C.exposing D.illustrating8. A.appeared B.felt C.seemed D.sounded9. A.as B.so C.either D.neither10.A.origins B.originals C.discoveries D.resources11.A.concerned B.itself C.available D.oneself12.A.players B.followers C.fans D.pioneers13.A.for B.as C.with D.by14.A.months B.weeks C.hours D.times15.A.demonstrated posed C.hosted D.formed16.A.demonstration B.procession C.body D.march17.A.Even B.Therefore C.Furthermore D.But18. A.number B.members C.body D.relations19. A.sad B.solemn C.happy D.funeral20. A.whistled B.sung C.presented D.showedPart II.Error Correction(10points)Directions:the passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proofread the passage and correct it in a right way.For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a“∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross out the unnecessary word with a slash“/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Sporting activities are essentially modified forms ofhunting behavior.Viewing biologically,the modern 1.________ footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised huntingpack.His killing weapon has turned into a harmless footballand his prey into a goal-mouth.If his aimis inaccurate and he scores a goal, 2.________ enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey. 3.________ To understand how this transformation hastaken place we must briefly look up at 4.________ our ancient ancestors.They spent over amillion year evolving as co-operative hunters. 5.________ Their very survival depended on successin the hunting-field.Under this pressureTheir whole way of life,even if their bodies 6.________ became radically changed.They became chasers,runners,jumpers,aimers,。
(完整word版)2016年度考研英语一真题与答案解析(2),推荐文档
2016考研英语(一)真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s pa rents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan”building where local people might object. Theconcept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act （FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] uncertainty[B] skepticism[C] approval[D] tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] guarding it against malpractices[B] protecting it from consumers[C] winning trust from consumers.[D] raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A] less controversial[B] more lasting[C] more effective[D] less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] comes across as reliable evidence[B] has an impact on their decision[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper―printing presses, delivery trucks ― isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year ― more than twice as much as a digital ― only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a “ legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numberedparagraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark youranswers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere, like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students withrelevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures Inyour essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)【参考答案】：Section I1-5 BDCAC 6-10 ACCDB 11-15 DDBAC 16-20 DBACASection IIPart A21-25. ADBCA 26-30. ADCDD 31-35. ACDBA 36-40. DABCDPart B41-45. BGDEFPart C46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。
2016考研英语二真题和答案解析[word打印版]
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2015年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with -- or even looking at — a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings — because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please don't approach me."What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy,” We fear we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this anxiety, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”But once we rip off the Band-Aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those sans communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1. [A] ticket [B] permit [C] signal [D] record2. [A] nothing [B] link [C] another [D] much3. [A] beaten [B] guided [C] plugged [D] brought4. [A] message [B] cede [C] notice [D] sign5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from6. [A] misinterpret [B] misapplied [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched7. [A] fired [B] judged [C] replaced [D] delayed8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar9. [A] comfortable [B] anxious [C] confident [D] angry10. [A] attend [B] point [C] take [D] turn11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring12. [A] hurt [B] resist [C] bend [D] decay13. [A] lecture [B] conversation [C] debate [D] negotiation14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up18. [A] In turn [B] In particular [C] In fact [D] In consequence19. [A] unless [B] since [C] if [D] whereas20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rareSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home, ”writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes.“ It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work. ”Another surprise is that findings hold true for bo th those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace a making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what t hey’re supposed to be doing: working, marking money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues-yourfamily-have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home.So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home_____[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement[C] generated more stress than the workplace[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?[A] Childless wives [B] Working mothers[C] Childless husbands [D] Working fathers23.The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____[A] it is difficult for them to leave their office[B] their home is also a place for kicking back[C] there is often much housework left behind[D] they are both bread winners and housewives24.The word“moola”(Line4,Para4)most probably means_____[A] skills [B] energy [C] earnings [D] nutrition25.The home front differs from the workplace in that_____[A] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment[C] household tasks are generally more motivating[D] family labor is often adequately rewardedText 2For years, studies have found that first-generation college students- those who do not have a parent with a college degree- lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first- generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” ab achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students.The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students ( who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students(59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students wit at least one parent with a four-year degree.Their thesis- that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact- was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.Many first- generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher e ducation, learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when collages don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students ’educational experience, many first-generation students lack sight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students’ like them can improve.26. Recruiting more first- generation students has_______[A] reduced their dropout rates [B] narrowed the achievement gap[C] missed its original purpose [D] depressed college students27. The author of the research article are optimistic because_______[A] the problem is solvable [B] their approach is costless[C] the recruiting rate has increased [D] their finding appeal to students28. The study suggests that most first- generation students______[A] study at private universities [B] are from single-parent families[C] are in need of financial support [D] have failed their collage29. The author of the paper believe that first-generation students_______[A] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B] can have a potential influence on other students[C] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_______[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences[D]colleges are partly responsible for the problem in questionText 3Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence.“Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win.”These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out, increase alle giance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations: Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In, wh ose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____[A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic32. “Team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to_______[A] historical incidents [B] gender difference [C] sports culture [D] athletic executives33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to______[A] revive historical terms [B] promote company image[C] foster corporate cooperation [D] strengthen employee loyalty34. It can be inferred that Lean In________[A] voices for working women [B] appeals to passionate workaholics[C] triggers debates among mommies [D] praises motivated employees35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?[A] Managers admire it but avoid it [B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense [C] Companies find it to be fundamental [D] Regular people mock it but accept itText 4Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who repot voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time workis evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession,but it is down by 640,000(7.9percent)from is year ago level.We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is“yes”,they are classified as worked less than 35hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice .They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people ,especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions ,before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.36. Which part of the jobs picture are neglected?[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.[B] The increase of voluntary part-time market.[C] The possibility of full employment.[D] The acceleration of job creation.37. Many people work part-time because they_____.[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs.[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet.[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs.[D] haven’t seen the weakness of the market.38. Involuntary part-time employment is the US_____.[A] is harder to acquire than one year ago.[B] shows a general tendency of decline.[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless.[D] is lower than before the recession.39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance[B] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members[D] full-time employment is still essential for insurance40. The text mainly discusses_______.[A] employment in the US [B] part-timer classification[C] insurance though Medicaid [D] Obamacare’s troublePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list [A]-[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] You are not alone[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life[C] Pave your own unique path[D] Most of your fears are unreal[E] Think about the present moment[F] Experience helps you grow[G] There are many things to be grateful forUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths I’ve learned along the way.41._____________________________Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42_____________________________If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43______________________________Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44________________________________No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45________________________________Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, whe n we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter.想想在一条你非常熟悉的路线上开车是什么感觉。
青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：642基础英语
青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 642 科目名称：基础英语(共12页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (30 points )Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1. Like a credit card in appearance, the smart card contains a microchip that stores digital tokens which can be exchanged for goods, just like ______ cash.A. concreteB. tentativeC. tangibleD. intact2. The Team of England, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to______ themselves for last year’s defeat.A. reviveB. retortC. revenge D remedy3. When Tastuma first came to the US from Japan, he wasn’t sure he could ______ intothe American culture, but after a few months , he felt at home here.A. absorbB. transformC. digest D assimilate4. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation at itsmarket value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued5. The idealized paintings of nature produced in the 18th century are evidence thatmedieval ______ natural settings had been ______and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.A. fear of …exorcisedB. concerns about …regainedC. affection for …surmountedD. disinterest in …alleviated6. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having ________ the conflicting elements of her life.A.affirmedB. highlightedC. reconciledD. confined7. In the 20th century, the discovery of radium _____ the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value ______ that of the rarest gemstone.A. stormed … diminishedB. horrified …approachedC. enflamed… exceededD. conspired… triggered8. Since the 15th century, animals have been used as ____ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.A. benefactorsB. companionsC. surrogatesD. precedents9. Issues of price, place, promotion, and product are _______ conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies.A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many of10. The disagreement over the trade restrictions could seriously _______ relations between the two countries.A. tumbleB. jeopardizeC. manipulateD. intimidate11. New research raises new concerns that altering crops to withstand such treats maypose new risks---from _____the weeds themselves.A. anything butB. other thanC. more thanD. none other than12. In this small village, he found few persons ___ to him and felt quite lonely.A. congenitalB. contentiousC. congenialD. Concurrent13. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ____ afall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. as C but D or14. Bipartisan bills are pending in Congress that would eliminate all travel restrictionsand ______ the embargo.A. freeB. slackenC. unwindD. ease15. Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclearweapons could serve at first to increase that country's ________.A.boldnessB.influenceC. responsibilityD. vulnerability16. Although scientists claim that the seemingly ________ language of their reports ismore precise than the figurative language of fiction, the language of science, like all language, is inherently ________.A.ornamental ... subtleB. unidimensional ... unintelligibleC. symbolic ... complexD. literal ... allusive17. Laws do not ensure social order since laws can always be ________, which makesthem ________ unless the authorities have the will and the power to detect andpunish wrongdoing.A.contested ... provisionalB. circumvented ... antiquatedB.repealed ... vulnerable D. violated ... ineffective18. The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding history;consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of______ factsis______ flawed.A.demographic….intrinsicallyB.ecological…. marginallyC. cultural…..substantivelyD. psychological…philosophically19. By putting billions of dollars into the ailing automaker, the Obama administrationhas placed a huge bet on the effort to revive and _____ the company through the elimination of brands, dealerships and factories.A. streamlineB. strayC. strikeD. strife20. Under the deal, the union’s cost-of-living interests, performance bonuses and someholiday pay will be _____ to offset health-care costs.A. sustainB. retakeC. swabD. suspend21. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.A. secureB. extendC. defendD. possess22. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely toresult in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and _____ energy we have had in the times past.A. exquisiteB. resilientC. copiousD. formidable23. Gaddis is a formidably talented writer whose work has been, unhappily, more likelyto intimidate or his readers than to lure them into his fictional world.A. enticeB. strengthenC. transformD. repel24. Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A. verbosityB. simplicityC. cogencyD. rhetoric25. If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue todominate the publishing market, the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingness to________ popular tastes.A. struggle againstB. cater toC. admireD. flout26. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error, happy accidents, ________ and persistence in spite of mistakes.A. controlsB. hunchesC. deductionsD. calculations27. By putting the entire Woolf archive on a microfilm, the project directors hope tomake the contents of manuscripts more _____ to scholars.A.objectiveB. accessibleC. appealingD. implicit28. Despite the ________ of many of their colleagues, some scholars have begun toemphasize "pop culture" as a key for ________ the myths, hopes, and fears ofcontemporary society.A.antipathy ... entanglingB. discernment ... evaluatingC. skepticism ... decipheringD. pedantry ... reinstating29. The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager,were______ their few and simple desires.A.simultaneous withB. commensurate withC. substantiated byD. ruined by30. Social scientists have established fairly clear-cut ________ that describe theappropriate behavior of children and adults, but there seems to be ________ about what constitutes appropriate behavior for adolescents.A.functions ... rigidityB. estimates ... indirectnessC. norms ... confusionD. regulations ... certaintyPART II PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 Points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.In many states, budget requests by state universities have had tobe scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne bythe students themselves, has gone up. The problem with the governors (1) __________is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality oftheir colleges and universities helps drive the economic enginesof their states. And they are constantly being told by everyone like (2) ___________college administrators to editorial writers that only way to make (3)___________their state universities better is to spend more money.But it was against this backdrop that members of the Association(4)___________came together in this city to discuss issues of common concern, oneis higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges(5)____________centered not on how money could be more effectively directed,but on what to get greater productivity out of a system that has(6)____________become highly inefficient and resistive against change.(7)_____________As a result, the governors will embark a three-year study of (8) _____________higher education system and how to make state colleges anduniversities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy inthe 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of theirdiscussion, the study could produce a push in for higher standards, (9) ___________more efficiency and greater accountability. Pennsylvania GovernorTom Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetingsresolute with the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and (10) ____________possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of newtechnologies and a changing work force.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance , the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-- Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it —old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, “Few have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerkgives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’ s a nation of recyclers—about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner.Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.Such a nation of overachievers —a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organize d countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.”So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark! ”), brokenNonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light t o change, even if it’s 2 a.m. and there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’ t think of themselves as a wait- ing-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people——th at’s how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it)that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-The orderliness of the society doesn’t mea n that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt itsBut there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenshi p, and you shouldn’t feel bad fo r taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.1. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ___ attitude towards their country.A. boastfulB. modestC. deprecating2. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the paA. Fondness of foreign culture.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.3. The author’s reaction to the statemen t by the Ministry of Business and Industry is ___.A. disapprovingB. approving D. doubtful4D. prevents Danes from acknowledg5. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT thatC. the open system helps to tide the couPassage 2Education is an important theme in youth athletics in the US. Young kids, energetic, noisy, uncontrollable, confined to class, yearn for the relative freedom of the football field, the basketball court, the baseball diamond. They long to kick and throw things and tackle each other, and the fields of organized play offer a place in which to act out these impulses. Kids are basically encouraged, after all, to beat each other up in the football field. Yet for all the chaos, adult guidance and supervision are never far off, and time spent on the athletic fields is meant to be productive. Conscientious coaches seek to impart lessons in teamwork, self-sacrifice, competition, gracious winning and losing. Teachers at least want their pupils worn out so they’ll sit still in reading class.By the time children start competing for spots on junior high soccer teams or tennis squads, the kids’ gloves have come off to some extent. The athletic fields become less a place to learn about soft values like teamwork than about hard self-discipline and competition. Competitiveness, after all, is prized highly by Americans, perhaps more so than by other peoples. For a child, being cut from the hockey team or denied a spot on the swimming is a grave disappointment—— and perhaps an opportunity for emotional or spiritual growth.High school basketball or football teams are places where the ethos of competition is given still stronger emphasis. Although high school coaches still consider themselves educators, the sports they oversee are not simple extensions of the classroom. They are important social institutions, for football games bring people together. In much of the US they are events where young people and their elders mingle and see how the community is evolving.For the best players, the progression from little league to junior high to high schoolleads to a scholarship at a famous college and maybe, one day, a shot at the pros. To all appearances, college athletes are student-athletes, an ideal that suggests a balance between the intellectual rigors of the university and the physical rigors of the playing field. The reality is skewed heavily in favor of athletics. One would have difficulty showing that major US college sports are about education. Coaches require far too much of players’ time to be truly concerned with any thing other than performance in sport. Too often, the players they recruit seem to care little about school themselves.This was not always the case. Universities — Princeton, Harvard, Rutgers, Yale —were the birthplaces of American football and baseball; education—the formation of “character” —was an important part of what those coaches and players thought they were achieving. In 1913, when football was almost outlawed in the US, the game’s most prominent figures traveled to Washington and argued successfully that football was an essential part of the campus experience and that the nation would be robbed of its boldest young men, its best potential leaders, if the game were banned.The idea that competitive sports build character, a western tradition dating from ancient Greece, has evidently fallen out of fashion in today’s US. Educators, now prone to see the kind of character shaped by football and basketball in dark light, have challenged the notion that college sports produce interesting people. Prominent athletes, such as boxer Muhammad Ali and basketball star Charles Markley, deliberately distanced themselves from the earlier ideal of the athlete as a model figure. Today’s US athlete is thus content to be an entertainer.Trying to do something socially constructive, like being a role model, will make you seem over-earnest and probably hurt your street credibility.When I was a kid, my heroes played on Saturdays: they were high school players and college athletes. Pro football games, broadcast on Sunday afternoons, were dull and uninspiring by comparison. After all, why would God schedule anything important for Sun day? You’ve got school the next day.Although I certainly couldn’t have articulated it at the time, I think I must already have sensed that throwing a ball or catching passes was a fairly pointless thing to be good at. In the grand scheme, it was a silly preparation for a job. Yet playing sports was not pointless; the point, however, was that you were learning something——a disposition, a certain virtue, a capacity of arduous endeavor——that might be of value when you later embarked upon a productive career as a doctor or a schoolteacher or a businessman. The optimism of those Saturday afternoons was infectious. I still feel that way today.6. Pupils mainly learn ______ on the athletic fields.A. soft valuesB. hard valuesC. value for freedomD. value of equality7. In high school basketball or football teamsA. hard values are less emphasizedB. the sports are separated fromclassrooms.C. the social function of sports is prominent.D. the coaches are less of educators.8. Which of the following is NOT true about college sports?A. The best players may end up getting a scholarship at a famous college.B. College athletes have always cared little about school themselves.C. College sports are more in favor of athletics than education.D. The formation of “character” used to be the goal of coaches and players.9. The author’s attitude toward the notion of “athletes as entertainers” isA. positiveB. neutralC. negativeD. impossible to tell.10. The best title for this passage isA. Education System in the USB. Development of Athletics in the USC. US Education in Youth AthleticsD. Development of Education in the US.Passage 3Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways—from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another.Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of the citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyon e’s solution, everyon e’s conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called “one of the greatest challenges of the coming century.”But it is much more than that. It is , as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promised to reshape them again.“You have a history book written in your genes,” said Spencer Wells. The book he is trying to read goes back to long before the first word was written, and it is a story of migration.Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth.Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story issimple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth.To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planets; the other gave us reasons to use them.Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce that then became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians.In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while the population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35 percent slaves."What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events." Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently.It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replant hope."Its part of our nature, this movement," Miller said, "It's just a fact of the human condition."11. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Migration exerts a great impact on population change.B. Migration contributes to Mankind’s progress.C. Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects.D. Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts.12. What do we know about Spencer Wells from the passage?A. He thought genes can tell where people have come from.B. He wrote a book about the history of genes.C. He read the first history book at Stanford UniversityD. He agreed human migration was from Transcaucasia and central Asia.13. According to Kingsley Davis, migration occurs as a result of the following reasonsEXCEPT ______.A. human adaptabilityB. human evolutionC. cultural differencesD. inter-group inequalities14. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the passage?A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Settlers.D. Colonizers.15. There seems to be a(n) ______ relationship between great events and migration.A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remotePART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (40 Points)What happens to the students who cheat on the two college admissions exam, the SAT and the ACT? Not as much as you might think. It isn’t particularly easy to cheat on these exams, but that doesn’t stop some students from trying. They do it in all the ways you might imagi ne: Copying off someone else’s paper, texting on a cellphone for answers, bringing in cheat sheets, having someone else take the test for them.And some cheat in ways you might not consider: In South Korea, a test prep tutor was investigated for allegedly buying scanned copies of sections of the SAT and then emailing them, with the answers, to South Koreans in Connecticut who were going to take the test 12 hours later. Another SAT tutor in South Korea was arrested for getting students taking the SAT to put test questions into a calculator they were allowed to use, and to hide small blades in their erasers that they used to cut out pages of the test. So, you ask, what happens to students suspected of cheating on the SAT or the ACT?I asked both the College Board, which owns the SA T, and ACT Inc., which owns the ACT, to explain what triggers suspicion of cheating and what happens to students found to be cheating. Ed Co lby, spokesman for the ACT, said he couldn’t tell me exactly how many investigations are conducted each year for security reasons. Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service, which administers the SAT for the College Board, said there are a few thousand questionable test scores each year out of more than 2 million tests. Both said a review of a student’s test could be triggered in one of several ways, including an audit that flags scores that have risen dramatically, or by a tip from outside parties, such as a guidance counselor, college admissions officer or NCAA official.PART V WRITING (40 Points)In most countries, with the widespread of the use of Internet, people have more freedom to choose to work and study at home instead of travelling to work or college. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Write an essay of about 400words, Use specific reasons/examples to support your position on the statement above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。
2016年考研英语(一)真题及参考答案
2016年考研英语(一)真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 withsome disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in that答案：1、 [B] as well as ；2、 [D] decide on3、 [C]arrange4、[A] In theory5、 [C] After6、[A] into7、[C] but8、[C]recite 9、[D] tying10、 [B] passing 11、[D]union12、[D]live13、[B] until14、[A] obtain15、 [C] viewed 16、 [D]whatever17、[B] brought18、[A] divided 19、 [C] showsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that”incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline答案：A22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in答案：D23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse答案：B24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models答案：C25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry答案：AText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off–plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis”equals “concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS答案：A27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed答案：D28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan”building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence答案：B29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas答案：D30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s Britain答案：CText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect”whereby its good deedsPrevious studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance答案：B32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products答案：C33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe答案：D34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation答案：B35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. ”Sometime in the future,”the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper –printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online –only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,”he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year –more than twice as much as a digital –only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation答案：D37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management答案：A38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ”legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated答案：C40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good答案：DPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK 42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.”(It’s OK to43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.答案：41.Decide if the time is right42.Know your goals43.Understand the context44.Work with professionals45.Mark it efficientPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the innersee, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.答案：46、We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy；it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone。
青岛大学基础英语2016年考研真题考研试题硕士研究生入学考试试题
青岛大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：642 科目名称：基础英语(共10页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (20 points)Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1.Environmental groups want more passenger and freight traffic ______ off the road and onto trains.A. movedB. moveC. moving D being moving2. It was the consensus of the party ______ its candidates could easily win the election.A. whenB. thatC. howD. where3. Hydrogen is the ______element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. steadiestB. expendableC. lightestD. fundamental4. The paradoxical aspect of the myths about Demeter, when we consider the predominant image of her as a tranquil and serene goddess, is her ___ search for her daughter.A. extendedB. agitatedC. franticD. comprehensive5 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ____ it helps us to correct our mistakes.A. such thatB. with thatC. so thatD. in that6. The significance of the Magna Carta lies not in its _____ provisions, but in its broader impact: it made the king subject to the law.A. revolutionaryB. specificC. implicitD. controversial7. Democratic Massachusetts Senate candidate, Elizabeth Warrens, self- proclaimed Native American ______ is in question tonight.A. nominationB. cultural insightC. ancestryD. cultural tradition8. Under the guidance of their instructors, the students are building a model boat ____ by steam.A. towedB. pressedC. tossedD. propelled.9.Researchers _____ that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.A. conformB. evaluateC. estimateD. resurrect10. Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factorscontributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is ____: the causes it suggests are more orthodox that ____.A. unique; innovativeB. commonplace; imitativeC. controversial, radicalD. familiar; revisionist11. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation at1。
2014年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语(1)考研真题【圣才出品】
2014年青岛大学外语学院642基础英语（1）考研真题Part One Vocabulary and Structure(25points)Choose the word or the set of words that,when inserted in the sentence,best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1.Known for her_____,Miranda eagerly welcomes anyone into her home.A.cowardiceB.prudenceC.hospitalityD.loyalty2.The ambassador argues that,in diplomacy,there is a subtle but important difference between a country’s showing a willingness to_____and a too-obvious readiness to make_____.A.negotiate;concessionsB.antagonize;friendsB.dominate;inquiriesD.equivocate;denunciation3.Lewis Latimer’s inexpensive method of producing carbon filaments_____the nascent electric industry by making electric lamps commercially_____.A.cheapened;affordableB.transformed;viableC.provoked;improbableD.stimulated;inaccessible4.The prose of Richard Wright’s autobiographical Black Boy(1945)_____,free of stylistic tricks or evasiveness.A.impreciseB.straightforwardC.deficientD.elliptical5.It seemed from the size of the crowd,which was_____,and the resonance of its cheers,which were_____,that the team was experiencing a resurgence of popularity.A.vast;hollowB.unimpressive;mutedC.enormous;deafeningD.negligible;rousing6.Evidence that the universe is expanding_____our perception of the cosmos and thus caused a_____in astronomical thinking.A.advanced;setbackB.altered;revolutionC.reinforced;crisisD.halted;breakthrough7.Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because,although hit_____some problems,it also produced new_____.A.clarified;dataB.eased;interpretationsC.resolved;complicationsD.caused;hypotheses8.It is puzzling to observe that Jones’s novel has recently been criticized for its _____structure,since commentators have traditionally argued that its most obvious_____is its relentlessly rigid,indeed schematic,framework.A.attention to;preoccupationB.speculation about;characteristicC.violation of;contradictionck of;flaw9.With its maverick approach to the subject,Shere Hite’s book has been more widely debated than most;the media throughout the country have brought the author’s_____opinions to the public’s attention.A.controversialB.authoritativeC.popularD.conclusive10.The characterization of historical analysis as a form of fiction is not likely to bereceived_____by either historians or literary critics,who agree that history and fiction deal with_____orders of experience.A.quietly;significantlyB.enthusiastically;shiftingC.passively;unusualD.sympathetically;distinct11.The_____of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution;in turn,the new expansion in literacy,as well as cheaper printing,helped to nurture the _____of popular literature.A.building;mistrustB.reappearance;displayC.emergence;riseD.selection;influence12.Although ancient tools were_____preserved,enough have survived to allow usto demonstrate an occasionally interrupted but generally_____progress through prehistory.A.partially;noticeableB.superficially;necessaryC.rarely;continualD.needlessly;incessant13.Kagan maintains that an infant’s reactions to its first stressful experiences arepart of a natural process of development,not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or_____signs of adolescent anxiety.A.propheticB.normalC.virtualD.monotonous14.In a_____society that worships efficiency,it is difficult for a sensitive andidealistic person to make the kinds of_____decisions that alone spell success as it is defined by such a society.A.rational;well-intentionedB.pragmatic;hardheadedpetitive;evenhandedD.modern;dysfunctional15.Agronomists are increasingly worried about“desertification,”thephenomenon that is turning many of the world’s_____fields and pastures into _____wastelands,unable to support the people living on them.A.fertile;barrenB.productive;bloomingC.arid;thrivingrgest;saturated16.Old beliefs die hard:even when jobs became_____the long-standing fear thatunemployment could return at a moment’s notice_____.A.vacant;perishedB.plentiful;persistedC.protected;subsidedD.available;receded17.Politeness is not a_____attribute of human behavior,but rather a central virtue,one whose very existence is increasingly being_____by the faddish requirement to“speak one’s mind.”A.superficial;threatenedB.pervasive;undercutC.worthless;forestalled。
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2016
10
PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (20 points)
Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
1.Environmental groups want more passenger and freight traffic ______ off the road and onto trains.
A. moved
B. move
C. moving D being moving
2. It was the consensus of the party ______ its candidates could easily win the election.
A. when
B. that
C. how
D. where
3. Hydrogen is the ______element of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
A. steadiest
B. expendable
C. lightest
D. fundamental
4. The paradoxical aspect of the myths about Demeter, when we consider the predominant image of her as a tranquil and serene goddess, is her ___ search for her daughter.
A. extended
B. agitated
C. frantic
D. comprehensive
5 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ____ it helps us to correct our mistakes.
A. such that
B. with that
C. so that
D. in that
6. The significance of the Magna Carta lies not in its _____ provisions, but in its broader impact: it made the king subject to the law.
A. revolutionary
B. specific
C. implicit
D. controversial
7. Democratic Massachusetts Senate candidate, Elizabeth Warrens, self- proclaimed Native American ______ is in question tonight.
A. nomination
B. cultural insight
C. ancestry
D. cultural tradition
8. Under the guidance of their instructors, the students are building a model boat ____ by steam.
A. towed
B. pressed
C. tossed
D. propelled.
9.Researchers _____ that genes may determine the strength of the immune system, which could help explain how an infectious disease could have a hereditary link.
A. conform
B. evaluate
C. estimate
D. resurrect
10. Despite the fact that the book promises a complete rethinking of the factors
contributing to the conflict, the picture that the book paints is ____: the causes it suggests are more orthodox that ____.
A. unique; innovative
B. commonplace; imitative
C. controversial, radical
D. familiar; revisionist
11. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation at
1。