Bad debts - Wikispaces
关于金融危机的英文词汇
次贷危机相关词汇1、次级贷款Subprime mortgage crisis次贷危机也可以用Subprime crisis表示，也可以简略为Subprime, mortgage 是指抵押贷款，与mortgage 相对应的另一个词En-mortgage最近使用频率也很高，如Ex-mortgage broker是指推销抵押贷款的中间人。
2、可调整利率贷款项目Option ARMsARM是adjustable rate mortgage缩写，指可调整利率贷款，美国之所以出现次贷危机，就是由于Option ARMs过于“发达”，使得房地产泡沫越吹越大，最终造成不可避免的金融危机。
3、房地产泡沫real estate bubble房地产泡沫The Housing Bubble房地产泡沫破灭the housing bubble busting，经济衰退economic declining经济危机economic crisis市场疲软market weak注意foreclosure这个词，是指贷方lender没有能力给付月供，银行收回用于出售的房产。
4、信用危机credit risk道德风险Moral Hazard系统风险Systemic Risk信用保险Credit Insurance5、部分金融机构和政府部门中英文对照Lehman Brothers 雷曼兄弟公司Countrywide 美国国家金融服务公司Bear stearns 世界顶级投资银行贝尔斯登AIG 美国国际集团Fed 美国联邦储备委员会住房抵押贷款证券mortgage backed securities 证券和交易委员会Securities and Exchange Commission次贷危机Subprime mortgage crisis美国房地产泡沫US housing bubble流动性liquidity无法偿还房贷和丧失抵押赎回权home-loan defaults and foreclosures发放次贷的出贷方subprime lenders借贷打包证券和银行持有的投资组合loans packaged into securities and held in bank portfolios可调整的贷款利率adjustable-rate mortgages（ARM) 贷款欺诈fraudulent loans信用危机credit risk证券化securitization住房抵押贷款证券mortgage-backed securities（MBS) 抵押债务collateralized debt obligations（CDO) 机构投资者institutional investors杠杆操作leveraged manipulation贬值devaluation市值管理Market Capitalization Management Adjustable-rate Mortgage 可调利率抵押贷款Collateralized Debt Obligation 债务抵押债券Credit Crunch 信用危机Discount Rate and Discount Window贴现率和贴现窗口Equity 资产净值Fed Funds Rate 联邦基金利率Foreclosure 止赎权Investment Bank 投资银行Liquidity 流动性Monoline Insurance 单一险种保险Mora Hazard 道德风险Mortgage-backed Security 抵押担保证券Prepayment Penalty 提前还款罚金Rating Agencies 评级机构Reset 利率重设Risk Premium 风险溢价Securitization 证券化Structured Investment Vehicle 结构化投资工具Systemic Risk 系统风险Term Securities Lending Facility 定期证券借贷工具Transparency 透明度Speculation 投机collateral 抵押品Standard & Poor's 标准普尔Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac 房利美和房地美（两大联邦住宅贷款抵押公司）dot-com bubble 网络泡沫Securities and Exchange Commission证券和交易委员会其它金融词汇rating agency 评级机构credit trading 信用secondary listing 第二上市primary market 一级市场secondary market 二级市场financing 融资intermediary 中介机构capital market 资本市场monetary market 货币市场liquidity 流通性hedge fund 对冲基金real estate 房地产share 股票valuation 股价equity market 股市shareholder 股东macroeconomic 宏观经济take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌bourse 证交所corporate champion 龙头企业pension fund 养老基金government bond 政府债券budget 预算deficit 赤字mongey-loser 亏损企业traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司transparency 透明度intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动option 期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利bad debt 坏帐a store of value 保值forward exchange 期货交易pickup in rice 物价上涨inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇quote 报价contract 合同domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率venture capital 风险资本(VC)job machine 就业市场consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购on the hook 被套住housing bubble房贷泡沫bubble economy泡沫经济underwriter 保险商valuation 股价government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄帐户equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌mongey-loser 亏损企业inventory 存货traded company,trading enterprise 上市公司stakeholder 利益相关者transparency 透明度market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则damage-contral machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假帐regulatory system 监管体系portfolio 投资组合money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动diversification 多元化real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏帐macroeconomic 宏观经济fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债current-account 经常项目pickup in rice 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreigh exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易swap transaction 调期交易quote 报价settlment and delivery 交割buying rate 买入价selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par 平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quoation method 直接报价法indirect quoation method 间接报价法dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parent company 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering) 新股首发；首次公开发行job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值golbal corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆Federal Reserve 美联储financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开,liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价。
大连市第二十四中学2022-2023学年度高考适应性测试(一)英语试题
绝密★使用前大连市第二十四中学2022-2023学年度高考适应性测试（一）高三英语考生注意：1.本试卷共150分,考试时间120分钟。
分两部分，67小题，共10页2.请将各题答案填写在答题卡上。
3.本试卷主要考试内容：高考全部内容第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What does the man study at Harvard?A．French.B．Physics.C．Medicine.2．Why does the man call Olivia?A．To invite her to a party. B．To cancel an appointment. C．To ask about the homework. 3．How does Jack feel now?A．Confident.B．Discouraged.C．Pleased.4．What does the woman suggest the man do?A．Take a break.B．Study hard.C．Change his methods. 5．What does Steven usually do on Saturday?A．Go swimming.B．Take a walk.C．Ride a bike.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
“美国国债危机”热词 中英对照
聚焦美国国债危机北京时间8月3日凌晨，奥巴马发表声明，签署了刚刚在美国参议院通过的提高债务上限和削减赤字的方案。
此时，离违约期限的最后一刻只有几个小时。
government bonds 政府债券debt ceiling crisis 债务限额危机raise the debt limit 提高借债上限reduce the deficit/deficit cutting 削减赤字budget deficit 预算赤字federal deficit 联邦赤字tax breaks 税收减免/税额优惠entitlement reform and tax reform 津贴改革和税收改革consumer confidence 消费者信心business confidence 企业信心the debt talks/debate 债务（限额）谈判debt default 债务违约debt ceiling 债务上限，债务最高限额borrowing limit 借款限额brinkmanship 边缘政策borrowing capacity 借贷能力balanced budget 预算平衡reserve requirement ratio 存款准备金率stock market 股票市场Debt Ceiling Bill 债务上限法案tax code 税法budget act 预算法案annual domestic spending 年度国内开支abrupt deficit cut 减赤过急fiscal credibility 财政信用special deductions 特殊扣减bipartisan committee 两党委员会congressional committee process 国会委员会程序reserve currency 储备货币financing cost 融资成本degrade 评级下调一场关于“全球货币体系改革”的大讨论近日在北京展开。
美国经济大萧条英文介绍讲述
Economic crisisIn October 24, 1929, American black Thursday, crazy stock trend suddenly appeared in the New York stock exchange, trading a total of nearly 13000000 shares of stock, beyond more than 10 times of the normal daily trading volume. In financial speculation and bubble economy, the soared stock price now moved so that it can not keep up with the speed of price quotes. With many people in bankruptcy with a mountain of debt, even 8 people killing themselves on the day because of Dutch act of debt, the financial panic started. However, this was the largest , the longest, and the worst start of economic crisis in the history of capitalism. In the following four years, the capitalist world sank into the global crisis economically, socially and politically , has been a huge impact, precarious.On the Black Thursday, at 12 o’clock noon, a number of Wall Street financial giants in the Morgan Foundation Office held an emergency meeting, deciding to raise money to save the market. Two days later, the situation temporarily stabilized. But on 28th, Monday, with the wind coming again, 9,250,000 stocks sprung out such as the flood and the financial giants finally were unable to resist with wealth exhaustion, and they issued a statement at night: give up the rescue and panic is unstoppable to come. The next day, Tuesday, at 10 o’clock in the morning, with the stock market opening and the Gong ringing, large amounts of stock was thrown out, even at any price, but not many people wanted to buy with the chaotic scene. At the beginning of stock opening, 3000000 shares were thrown out, reaching more than 8000000 shares two hours later, and more than 12,000,000 stocks closed at one thirty. when shares reached16,410,000 , the stock market finally collapsed and the stock marketfell by12.82%. Hundreds of billions of dollars instantly became nothing and economic crisis has opened a prelude. Later on, the stock continually plunged with stock index 100 points in 1926, 145 points in November 1929 , 102 points in December 1930, and falling to 54 points in December 1931. Until 1933, the situation was extremely serious, even falling to 34 points in June, finally the index had lost 5/6. Nearly one hundred billion U.S. assets burst miraculously disappeared such as soap bubbles. From September in 1929 to January 1933, thirty kinds of stocks fell by 82.8%, from the average of $364.9 to $62.7. In the meanwhile, 20 kinds of railway stock from an average of $180 per share to $28.1, decreasing by 84.4%.The crisis heavily hit the United States firstly, thousands of factories and banks collapsed. There were 26400 companies and 934 banks broken In 1930. In 1931, 28300 companies and 1440 banks failed; In 1932, 31300 companies and 1453 banks failed; In 1933, 20300 companies and 1783 banks also failed. People rushed into banks in a panic to draw a large number of deposits, which caused a great loss of gold reserves as well as capital output sharply decreased nearly being stopped..In early 1933, all banks in the United States were out of business basically . Finance was just the nerve center of modern economy,and its paralysis inevitably led to the entire national economic havoc and the economy in the United States almost collapses, which resulted in continuous decline in America's GDP. In 1929, GDP was $103.1 billion, $55.6 billion in 1933. During the past three years GDP has decreased by half. Ten years later, it went back to $99.6 billion in 1940.What is more , industrial production of USA in July 1932, has fallen to the bottom, contrast in May 1925, plummeted 55.6%, steel fell by nearly 80%, fell by 87% in the machine tool manufacturing, auto industry has declined by 95%.With the economic crisis leading to a large number of unemployed people, people's life became seriously poor and the unemployed in the United States had more than 400 in 1930 to 8 million people in 1931, breaking through the ten million mark in 1932. In 1933, the most serious unemployment went up to 17million, which means nearly a third of the workers in the United States. From October 1930 to March 1931, there were 223000 people out of work among 690,000 workers and 5,000 households losing their homes within only 6 days just were unable to pay the mortgage. The unemployed fully in urban and rural, cold, hunger, and homeless, have been admitted to the Hoover cottage made of wood, sheet metal or paper boxes and so on. The humble dwelling were called Hoover cottage, because when Hoover once was run for President of the United States, he had promised the workers that they could have the chicken to eat and cars to drive.Once in America, about 34,000,000 people had no income, accounting for 28% of the total population, and even a large number of schools went bust. In 1932, only New York, at one time, had more than 30 students out of school and millions of people relied on charity with fear and despair throughout the crisis. This is so called the history of the great tragedy of America.In the early twentieth century, there were a variety of latent crisis factors in America economic prosperity such as large gap between the rich and the poor, wealth is concentrated in a few rich people, so that the majority of people in lower class lacked purchasing power because of poverty. In 1929, the rich in USA, accounting for 5% of the population of the country, had a personal collection of 1/3. At thesame time, the poor households with the annual income of less than $2000 were up to 60% of the whole families. In addition, the number of the pre-crisis unemployment reached about 2,000,000. Another important factor is the rampant speculation, such as speculation frenzy of the stock and real estate , forming the bubble economy. The New York Stock Exchange listed shares increased to from 443,000,000 shares in January 1925 to more than 1,000,000,000 shares of stock in October 1929 , with the face value higher with 3 to 20 times, some even up to 50 times. The the doubled prices and a serious departure from the actual value, the stock eventually fell off a serious cliff on the Black Thursday in 1929.书中横卧着整个过去的灵魂——卡莱尔人的影响短暂而微弱，书的影响则广泛而深远——普希金人离开了书，如同离开空气一样不能生活——科洛廖夫书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉——库法耶夫书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者———史美尔斯书籍便是这种改造灵魂的工具。
攻占巴士底狱事件的因果分析(英文)
IntroductionThe Storming of the Bastille is a major event in the course of the French Revolution, an influential historical period in the development of modern civilization, politics, and political ideology. While it is occasionally considered to be the beginning of the revolution, the storming is certainly not a shortcut for explaining the cause of the revolution and is neither itself a sufficient ignitor. Nevertheless, the storming is considerably significant given that its causes reflect the long-term causes of the entire revolution or facilitate the revolution, and that its immediate consequence directs the following revolution.Europe in the eighteenth centuryPolitically, Europe in the eighteenth century saw a continuation of absolute monarchy with an occasional incorporation of Enlightened ideals witnessed in some but not many states. The Enlightened ideas were accepted the most by three prominent examples, i.e. Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).1But except for these figures, most European monarchs at the time preserved traditional absolutism, with the British yet as another exception due to the existence of a relatively strong parliament.2Philip V of Spain (r. 1700-1746) and Gustavus III of Sweden (r. 1771-1792) were both strong monarchs who refused to let go their power.3And so was Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715), arguably the most important figure in the rise of the French absolutism. Louis’s deeds would play important roles in later causing the1Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization: Since 1300. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012, 532.2Ibid, 533.3Ibid, 543.French Revolution.The international political environment in Europe at the time was not delightful. Many wars broke out and the struggle for the “balance of power” proved to be extremely hard.4The force struggles during the period included the North American version of the Seven Years’ War, i.e. the French and Indian War, which resulted in France’s significant loss of North American territories to the British.5This factor essentially contributed to France’s participation in supporting the American Revolution against the British.Economically, Europe did experience a general growth and prosperity (mainly witnessed in Britain, Portugal, and other significant oversea trading powers),6but since it was not significant in France, this aspect is hereby not considered. On the contrary, the French economy prior to the revolution was stagnant and dangerous, making it arguably the most important factor in explaining why the revolution started at that particular time.Rise of the French absolutismAbsolutism in France saw its zenith during the reign of Louis XIV, though the very person who laid the foundation had been Cardinal Richelieu,7Louis XIII’s minister, who eliminated the political and military rights of the Huguenots, developed a system of spies to crush aristocratic conspiracies, and trained Cardinal Mazarin as his successor who would help Louis XIV in the early years of his reign.8Upon Cardinal Mazarin’s death, Louis became the sole ruler of France. Eager for glory, he created the majestic Palace of Versailles; by issuing4See note 3.5Ibid, 545.6Ibid, 547.7Ibid, 444-445.8Ibid, 445.the Edict of Fontainebleau, Louis further achieved religious uniformity.9He also waged several wars against nearby states to gain territories, which resulted in huge expenditures,10 eventually proven to be a disastrous cause of the French Revolution.The BastilleThe Bastille has been a medieval fortress and, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a French state prison where political troublemakers and spies were kept.11 Originally, in the fourteenth century when it was first built, it was meant to be a bastide, or fortification, to protect around Paris against English attack.12Later, the name Bastille corrupted from bastide.13In either case, the structure symbolized strong central power of the monarchy, that is, “the King’s absolute and arbitrary power.”14Though Cardinal Richelieu started using it as a prison and since then the Bastille had been holding considerable amount of prisoners as well as prohibited books and government documents,15by the time prior to the revolution, “the high cost of maintaining [the Bastille] prompted talk of demolition in 1784”16and Louis XVI indeed seriously considered the decision. Unfortunate for him as an indecisive king was that the Parisians tore down the building before Louis ever had a chance.9Ibid, 446-447.10Ibid, 447.11"Bastille." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. January 20, 2016. Accessed May 22, 2016. /topic/Bastille.12"French Revolutionaries Storm Bastille." . Accessed May 22, 2016./this-day-in-history/french-revolutionaries-storm-bastille.13See note 11.14"Storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789." Bastille Day. July 1, 2015. Accessed May 22, 2016. /history/Storming-Of-The-Bastille-July-14-1789.15See note 11.16Ibid.An overview of the French RevolutionAs mentioned before, the most immediate cause of the revolution may be attributed to economic downfall, which was evidenced in the monarchical authority nearly collapsing into bankruptcy, accompanied by “a colossal hailstorm [sweeping] across northern France and [destroying] most of the ripening harvest.”17As a result, the people grew increasingly dissatisfied with the monarchy’s inability to prevent them from poverty and starvation. The authority’s bankruptcy also largely attributed to the wars France had fought in early eighteenth century, including the French and Indian War, since wars consumed tremendous wealth. This intense economic downturn happened right before the revolution (within 2 years) and inevitably contributed to the public sentiment.Besides the immediate cause, the French people had long been dissatisfied with the old regime, the social order characterized by the Estates-General, including three Estates, which were the clergy, the nobility, and everybody else. The first two Estates enjoyed excessive privileges and together exploited the third. The Estates-General itself functioned similar to a parliament—representatives of the three Estates gathered and discussed legislative issues. However, the Estates-General met only when the king called and it had never been called ever since the reign of Louis XIV, which was over a hundred years ago.Under the economic pressure, Louis had no choice but to call the Estates-General, hoping to raise taxes. Of course, it was no use—the first and second Estates were not willing to be taxed, while the third practically had nothing to be taxed. The disagreement at the17Doyle, William. The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: New York, 2001.meeting led to the establishment of the National Assembly, initially created by most of the representatives of the third Estates, who left the meeting of the Estates-General and swore a Tennis Court Oath, promising to construct a constitution for France.18At the meantime, the king strengthened the force around Paris, and it was rumored that the king would destroy the National Assembly by force. There came the Storming of the Bastille, which will be further discussed later.At this point, the bloodiness of the revolution started, followed by the Reign of Terror and subsequent extremely cruel revolutionary struggles, ended with Napoleon in power.Causes of the Storming of the BastilleSeveral factors contributed together to the occurrence of this event.The National AssemblyThe revolutionary Parisians saw to it that the National Assembly would be an effective medium to overthrow the old regime and refine the monarchy. At the time of the storming, the National Assembly was in the process of drafting the constitution they promised to come up with. The National Assembly did also to some extent support potential revolt of the Parisians. Under this exchange, the Parisians considered the National Assembly as a legal justification of their riots, including the storming.Moreover, because of this belief, anything standing in the way of the National Assembly would also be considered a threat to the revolutionary Parisians. This became why18Ibid.Louis’s decision to “[surround] Paris with troops”19appeared so offensive that the Parisians were ignited to take actions.20The dismissal of Jacques NeckerJacques Necker was the French minister of finance at the time the revolution broke out. He was quite open-minded to reforms and had already tried moderate reforms in the early years of his ministry.21When the Estates-General met in 1789, Necker also proposed social and constitutional reforms but was ignored; he also suggested “liberal concessions to the National Assembly,” but was then overtly dismissed by the court and forced to resign.22 This angered the Parisians dramatically since Necker was very popular among people at the time and people probably saw to it that Necker would be able to bring about constructive reforms and thus save the people both economically and socially.Acquiring munitionsAnother important purpose of storming the Bastille, from the Parisians’ perspective, was probably to acquire munitions, i.e. gunpowder stored in the Bastille.23In fact, prior to the storming, the revolutionaries had already been collecting weapons and preparing for taking actions, i.e. future riots, while they encountered the problem of lack of gunpowder.19See note 12.20Platon, Mircea. "July 2014: Storming the Bastille (July 14, 1789)." Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Accessed May 22, 2016./milestones/july-2014-storming-bastille.21Goodwin, Albert. "Jacques Necker." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. February 24, 2016. Accessed May 22, 2016. /biography/Jacques-Necker.22Ibid.23"Why Was the Storming of the Bastille Important." History on the Net. November 24, 2014. Accessed May 22, 2016. /ask/why-was-the-storming-of-the-bastille-important. Also see note 20.Previously, the monarchy and the national force stored a considerable amount of weapons and gunpowder in the Hotel des Invalides,24or the Paris Arsenal,25a relatively weakly defended place. Prior to the Parisians robbing the Hotel on the night of July 13, the national force transferred most of the gunpowder, i.e. 250 barrels,26into the Bastille,27a relatively safer place. Thus, when the revolutionaries stormed the Hotel and acquired a significant amount of weapons,28i.e. “approximately 3,000 firearms and five canons,” they were unable to get enough gunpowder and the weapons were utterly useless, which forced them to storm the Bastille.Immediate Consequence of the Storming of the BastillePsychology of the monarchyThe terrible outcome of the storming forced Louis’s concessions. The revolutionary force seized control of Paris and forced Louis to accept a constitutional government.29The event also directed the King’s attention to the ongoing revolution, that is, “he had to take the force of the revolution into account,”30since the King otherwise seemed to believe that the people were not ready to make a real difference, as evidenced in that when Louis received the news the next day and asked “is this a revolt?” he was answered “no sire, this is a24See note 20.25Ibid.26See note 12.27See note 20.28Ibid.29See note 12.30Jaures, Jean. "The Consequences of the Taking of the Bastille." . Accessed May 22, 2016. https:///archive/jaures/1901/history/bastille.htm.Psychology of the revolutionariesThe revolutionaries considered the event as a significant victory. This is reasonable. On one hand, their purpose was not merely to free the prisoners, but also to acquire munitions and probably to draw the King’s attention, in both cases the storming being a success. On the other hand, since the Bastille was considered a symbol for royal and absolute power, the tearing down of the building inevitably symbolized the fall of absolute monarchy.Moreover, the victory of the storming built up the morale of the revolutionaries. This is very important considering that the revolution as a whole started to escalate rapidly ever since the storming, which means that the people from then on were getting more determined. To make the matter worse for the monarchy, the victory of the storming was in fact largely attributed to the support of the army force—initially, the governor at the Bastille, Marquis Bernard-Rene de Launay, suggested negotiations in order to win time and wait for support from the outside; however, the “rescue team” came and turned its back on Launay, fighting not against but together with the mob; with “their canons and their professional soldier skills,” the revolutionaries managed to easily win the event.32In this way, the revolutionaries believed that they were gaining increasing support. Thus boosted the morale.31See note 14.32Ibid.Under the complicated circumstance of economic downturn, political instability, and social backwardness, the French Revolution broke out as one of the most influential revolutions in history. The Storming of the Bastille, an early-stage local event in the revolution, nevertheless played an important role in summing up the causes of the revolution and boosting the revolutionary tide. The causes of this single event may include the influence of the National Assembly, the dismissal of the French minister of finance, Jacques Necker, and the demand for munitions. The event may then result immediately in a shift in both the psychology of the monarchy and that of the revolutionaries. It marks a flash point of the revolution.。
金融危机英语词汇
金融危机英语词汇（一）1. panic: 惊慌，惊慌。
动词是to panick2.seized-up：卡壳的，大病的 c.f. Look beyond the stock markets, especially at the seized-up money markets, and there is little to see except bank failures, emergency rescues and high anxiety in the credit markets.3.to bail out, bailout ：救市4.subprime ：次贷6.credit crisis ：信贷危机7.volatility 颠簸8.tumble; fall sharply and suddenly.9.crash: 崩盘10.plunge: 跳水11.loss: 损失12.sell-off ：抛盘： a sale of a relatively large number of assets (stocks or bonds or commodities) at a low price typically done to dispose of them rather than as normal trade13.rescue ：援救14.Speculation among traders ：交易者之间的谋利15.crush： to make someone lose all hope, confidence etc 击溃16. tumult ： a state of commotion and noise and confusion骚乱17.fearful investors ：惊慌的投资者18.the frantic pace：飞快19.Great Depression： 1929 年经济危机20.under strain : 处于困境21.a bleak view of the future ：对前程持消极的见解22.mortgage debt ：抵押债务23.slump ：a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality24.recession ：衰败25.disaster：灾害26.hapless：倒运的27.vulnerable: ： susceptible to attack .c.f .Paulson's comments showed how vulnerable the market is, and howit can shoot up or down in minutes.28.liquidity ：偿债能力，流动性29.solvency ：偿付能力30.hoard cash：揽现31. ad hoc: often improvised or impromptu特定,特意,暂时32 hedge: any technique designed to reduce or eliminate financial risk; for example, taking two positions that will offset each other if prices change 期货，套期保值33meltdown ：冷清，完全倒台34.turmoil ：动乱35.rally ：大升36.Exacerbate: make worse. c.f. The worries on the Street have been exacerbated by the spread of the U.S. credit problems overse37.Precipitous: extremely steep.38.short-term Treasuries : 短期国债39.credit crunch: 信用收缩（使用频次最高的词汇之一）40.bloodbath: 大屠戮41.plummet ：直线降落42. catastrophe：灾害43:free fall: 直线降落44:to hit a new low in .... years (months) ，达到 ....年（月）的新底45.economic recession：经济衰败46.to surge: 急速上升47.to rebounce: 反弹48.sharp gains: 强烈上升49.to dump shares: 抛盘50:volatility: 易变状态 ;51:hedge fund: 套利基金；避险基金52.crumble: v. 崩溃 ,弄碎 ,减亡53.be scrambling to do something: to move hurriedly to take measures. ( 常用词汇，中国人常常不会使用）54.emerging markets ：新兴市场，比如金砖四国55.downturn ：下行56.rate cut：利率下调57.dysfunctional ： impaired in function; especially of a bodily system or organ58.stimulus ：刺激（方案）59.current-account ：that part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments60.magic recipes：灵丹灵药61.binge：狂闹62.non-performing loan: 不良贷款63.to falter: 步履困难64.to paralyse:使瘫痪65.to nosedive: 直线下跌66.solace：抚慰，宽慰67.gloom: a feeling of great sadness and lack of hope金融危机英语词汇（二）financial turmoil/meltdown金融危机Federal Reserve 美联储real estate 房地产share 股票valuation 股价equity market股市shareholder 股东macroeconomic 宏观经济go under\bankrupt 破产take a nosedive （股市）大跌tumble 下跌bourse 证交所corporate champion 龙头公司pension fund 养老基金government bond 政府债券budget 估算deficit赤字mongey-loser 损失公司traded company, trading enterprise 上市公司transparency 透明度intellectual property知识产权opportunistic practice谋利行为entrepreneur 公司家cook the book做假帐money-market 短期资本市场capital-market长久资本市场volatility颠簸option 期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利bad debt 坏帐a store of value 保值forward exchange 期货交易pickup in rice物价上升inflation通货膨胀deflation 通货收缩tighter credit收缩信贷monetary policy钱币政策foreign exchange 外汇quote 报价contract 合同domestic currency 本币floating rate浮动利率venture capital 风险资本 (VC)job machine 就业市场global corporation跨国公司consolidation吞并leverage 杠杆bankruptcy申请破产bailout 救援take over 收买on the hook 被套住金融英语词汇（一）division of labor劳动分工commodity money商品钱币legal tender 法定钱币fiat money法定通货a medium of exchange 互换媒介legal sanction 法律制裁face value 面值liquid assets 流动财产illiquid assets非流动财产the liquidity scale流动性指标real estate 不动产checking accounts, demand deposit, checkable deposit 活期存款time deposit 按期存款negotiable order of withdrawal accounts大额可转让提款单money market mutual funds钱币市场相助基金repurchase agreements 回购协议certificate of deposits存单bond 债券stock 股票travelers ’ checks旅游支票small-denomination time deposits large-denomination time deposits 小额按期存款大额按期存款bank overnight repurchase agreements 银行隔夜回购协议bank long-term repurchase agreements 银行长久回购协议thrift institutions存款机构financial institution金融机构commercial banks 商业银行a means of payment 支付手段a store of value 储蓄手段a standard of value 价值标准英语金融英语词汇（二）reserve 贮备note 单据discount 贴现circulate 流通central bank 中央银行the Federal Reserve System 联邦贮备系统credit union信用合作社paper currency 纸币credit creation 信用创建branch banking 银行分行制unit banking单调银行制out of circulation退出流通capital stock 股本at par 以票面价值计electronic banking电子银行banking holding company公司银行the gold standard 金本位the Federal Reserve Board 联邦贮备委员会the stock market crash 股市风暴reserve ratio 准备金比率deficit损失roll展期wholesale 批发default 不履约auction 拍卖collateralize担保markup 价钱的涨幅dealer 交易员broker 经纪人pension funds 养老基金face amount 面值commercial paper 商业单据banker's acceptance 银行承兑汇票Fed fund 联邦基金Eurodollar欧洲美元treasury bills 国库券floating-rate浮动比率fixed-rate固定比率default risk拖欠风险credit rating信用级别tax collection税收money market 钱币市场capital market 资本市场original maturity原始到期限期surplus funds 剩余基金。
路透社金融词汇中英
路透社金融词汇(中英对照)α值Alpha《美国破产法》第七章Chapter 7《美国破产法》第十一章Chapter 113A 等级Triple A Rated3A 等级(最高信用评级) AAAJ-曲线J-CurveVega 值Vegaβ值Betaθ值Thetaλ值Lambda阿拉伯石油输出国组织OAPEC阿历山大过滤器Alexander's Filter阿姆斯特丹ARA艾略特波浪理论Elliott Wave Theory安特卫普地区ARA按比例偿债基金Pro Rata Sinking Fund按揭证券MBS按面值At Par按市价调整Mark to Market肮脏浮动汇率制Dirty Float澳大利亚普通股价指数All Ordinaries八国集团G8巴黎俱乐部Paris Club巴黎期权交易市场MONEP巴黎银行同业拆借利率Pibor巴黎证券交易所业务委员会COB巴塞尔委员会Basel Committee巴塞尔资本协议Basel Rules or Basel Accord 白武士White Knight摆动指标Oscillator包销Underwriting保本点Break-even Point保本型基金Principal Guaranteed Fund 保管Custody保管人Depository保护主义Protectionism保留意见账目Qualified Accounts保险精算师Actuary保证金Margin保证金交易Margin Trading保证金账户Margin Account报价Quotation报价驱动Quote Driven北美自由贸易协定NAFTA备兑认股权证Covered Warrant备用信贷Back-up Facility背对背贷款Back-to-back Loans倍数Multiples被动式管理Passive Management 被冻结的资产Frozen Assets本地生产总值GDP本国收益率Native Yield本金Principal本票Promissory Note逼仓Squeeze比率分析Ratio Analysis必要收益率Required Return避风港货币Safe Haven Currency 避险Hedging边际成本Marginal Cost变动保证金Variation Margin变动率ROC变动速度ROC变化率Rate of Change标的Underlying标价货币Quoted Currency标普/国际金融公司指数S&P/IFCI标普公司S&P标准差Standard Deviation标准普尔500 股指S&P500标准普尔评级公司Standard & Poor's表达认购意愿Indications of Interest 表决权信托Voting Trust表决权信托凭证VTC表外项目Off Balance Sheet表现费Performance Fees别人的钱OPM并购M&A并股Reverse Stock Split波动率Volatility波动性Volatility波动性分析Volatility Analysis波动性指数Volatility Index波动远期Range Forward波林格区间Bollinger Bands不偿还债务Default不带任何权利Ex-All不带应计利息Flat不抵押保证Negative Pledge不兑现纸币Fiat Money不记名股票Bearer Shares不加权或加权的指数Unweighted/Weighted Indices 不可抗力Force Majeure不可商议的Non-negotiable不可转让的Non-negotiable不良贷款Non-performing Loan不相配Mismatch不需进一步确认的指令Firm Order不做多头亦不做空头Flat布莱克—斯科尔斯模型Black & Scholes Model布雷迪债券Brady Bonds布雷顿森林协定Bretton Woods Agreement部分还本Paydown部分缴款Partly Paid财阀Chaebol财务长CFO财务总监CFO财政年度Financial Year财政收支Fiscal Balance财政政策Fiscal Policy采购经理人指数PMI参与权益Participation参与证书Participation Certificate仓位T aking a Position差价合约Contract for Difference掺水股Watered Stock产能利用率Capacity Utilization产业分析师Sectoral Analysts产业或区域型基金Sector Fund尝试在底部买进Bottom Fishing常规收益率曲线Normal Yield Curve常规债券Vanilla Bond偿付能力Solvency Margin偿付能力比率Solvency Ratio偿还Redemption偿债比率Debt Service Ratio偿债次序Ranking偿债基金Sinking Fund偿债净额Paydown场外交易市场Kerb Market场外交易市场报价表Pink Sheets场外市场OTC超额配股权Greenshoe Option超额认购Oversubscribed超国家金融机构Supranational超级蒙太奇交易显示系统SuperMontage超买Overbought超卖Oversold超前交易Front Running超值股票股息Enhanced Scrip Dividend撤销前有效的指令Good Till Cancelled沉没成本Sunk Costs成本加保费CIF成本加运费价格 C and F成交Done成交额Turnover成交了Mine成交量Trading Volume成交量加权平均价VWAP成交量净额法On Balance Volume承兑行Acceptance House承诺费Commitment Fee承销Underwriting承销商Underwriter承约费Commitment Fee程式交易Program Trading持仓费Carrying Charge持仓头寸Open Position持平Flat持续经营Going Concern持续联系结算(CLS)银行CLS Bank赤字Deficit赤字财政Deficit Financing冲销Write Off筹备七国集团峰会的政府高官Sherpas出口促进计划Export Enhancement Programme出口配额Export Quota出售后回租Sale and Leaseback 初步公开招股说明书Red Herring初步估计Early Estimates初步预测Early Estimates初级产品Commodity初级金属Primary Metals初级市场Primary Markets初级市场交易商Primary Dealer初始保证金Initial Margin除净Ex-All除权/无权获得认股权证Ex-Rights除权/无权获得认股权证Ex-Rights除息Ex-Dividend除息价格Clean Price储备Reserves储备货币Reserve Currency 储蓄率Savings Rate处理能力Throughput触发价格Trigger Price触及市价单MIT触价指令MIT触碰生效期权Trigger Option触碰失效的期权Knockout Option传闻中的预估Whisper Estimates 船舶抵押贷款Bottomry船上交货价格FOB船只总载重量DWT创业基金Venture Capital垂直价差Vertical Spread次级金属Secondary Metals 次级债务Subordinated Debt 次日T/N促销品Kicker存款Deposits存款单CD存款证CD存托凭证Depository Receipts 错配Mismatch错配式票据Mismatch Note大额交易Block Trading大量抛售Bear Raid大数Big Figure大型跨国银行Money Centre Bank大宗商品Commodity呆账Bad Debt代理人账户Nominee Account代理银行Agent Bank贷款安排费Facility Fee贷款损失准备金Loan Loss Provisions贷款息差Lending Margin丹麦的股份有限公司A/S担保Hypothecation担保品Collateral单位信托Unit Trust单一报价Choice Price单一股票期货Simple Stock Future当冲客Day Traders当地交货价Loco当期收益率Current Yield当期证券Current Issue当前票面利率Current Coupon当日交易者Day Traders当日之内Intraday当事人Principal倒挂的收益率曲线Inverted Yield Curve倒挂收益率曲线Inverse Yield Curve倒价Backwardation到岸价格CIF到期价值Maturity value到期前所剩时间Current Maturity到期日Expiry Date到期收益率YTM道德劝说Moral Suasion道琼斯工业指数DJIA道琼斯欧洲STOXX50 指数Euro STOXX道氏理论Dow Theory得尔塔套期保值Delta Hedging得尔塔值Delta德国DAX 30 种股价指数DAX 30德国Hermes 信用保险公司Hermes德国巴登符腾堡州银行Landesbank Baden-Wüttemberg (LBBW) 德国德意志联邦银行Bundesbank德国抵押债券Pfandbriefe德国长期公债Bunds德国证券集中保管银行Kassenverein德国政府债券Schatz德国中期公债Bundesobligationen (BOBL) 登记日Record Date等级Grades低价股票Penny Stocks低收费经纪商Discount Brokerage迪拜原油Dubai Crude敌意收购Hostile Bid抵押Hypothecation抵押贷款担保证券CMO抵押品Collateral递升卖出Scaleup第一通知日First Notice Day点Point点数图Point and Figure Chart点子Pip电子交易Screen Trading电子商务E-commerce电子通讯网络ECN店头市场OTC店头市场基金OTC Fund掉期Swap跌价抛售Selloff跌深反弹Dead Cat Bounce跌停板Limit Down蝶式买卖Butterfly Spread蝶状价差Butterfly Spread盯市Mark to Market订单积压Backlog定点期权Binary Option定量分析Quantitative Analysis定盘Fix定期存款Fixed-term Deposit定期存款单Term CD定期回购Term Repo定值过低Undervalued东京工业品交易所TOCOM东京国际金融期货交易所TIFFE东京证券交易所TSE东盟ASEAN东南亚国家联盟Association of South East Asian Nations 动产中介公司SIM动量指标Momentum Indicator动用贷款Drawdown动用资本Capital Employed毒丸行动Poison Pill独立发行的认股权证Naked Warrant短期的远期外汇或存款Short Dated Forwards短期借贷额度Swing Line短期借款Short-term Borrowing短期票据Short Bill对冲Hedging对冲或投机石油交易Paper Barrel对冲基金Hedge Fund对手风险Counterparty Risk对应账簿Matched Book兑现货Against Actuals多边投资担保机构MIGA多哈回合Doha Round多数法则Majority Rule多数股权Majority Interest多头Bull多头对冲Long Hedge多头市场Bull Market多元化投资Diversification多种选择融资安排MOFs俄罗斯国库券GKO额外的卖点Bells and Whistles恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation二度衰退Double Dip二级金属Secondary Metals二级市场Secondary Market二级销售Secondary Offering二级资本Tier Two二十四国集团G24二项式期权定价模型Binomial Model二择一委托OCO发行股票筹资Equity Financing发行红股Free Issue发行红利股Bonus Issue发行价Issue Price发行前交易W/I发行前交易市场Grey Market (Gray Market)发行日Issue Date发行章程Prospectus发起人Sponsor法比荷交易所联盟Euronext法定贬值Devaluation法定存款准备金率Reserve Requirements法国CAC-40 股价指数CAC-40法国补偿动产行业公司SICOVAM法国财政部的可替代债券OAT法国国际期货及期权交易所MATIF法国国家统计暨经济研究所INSEE法国国库券BTF法国两或五年期公债BTAN法郎区Franc Zone反弹Rally反垄断法Anti-trust Laws反收购Greenmail反收购毒药Poison Pill反托拉斯法Anti-trust Laws反向操作投资人Contrarian反向股票分割Reverse Stock Split反向买现卖期交易Reverse Cash and Carry Trade 反向收购Reverse T akeover反转Reversal反转日Reversal Day泛美开发银行IADB泛欧交易所Euronext防火墙Chinese Wall防御性股票Defensive Stock房利美FNMA房屋抵押贷款协会Building Society非标准交易日期Broken Date非法交易链Daisy Chain非法经纪公司Bucket Shop非经常性项目Extraordinary Item非竞争投标拍卖Non-competitive Bid Auction 非上市股票Unlisted Stock非指标债券Off-the-Run Issue非中介化Disintermediation非洲发展新伙伴计划NEPAD非洲开发银行AFDB非注册股票Letter Stock非足额即撤销指令FOK非足额即撤销指令FOK费波纳奇数字序列Fibonacci Numbers费城证券交易所PHLX分拆Spin Off分割式资本投资信托公司Split Capital Investment分轨股票Tracking Share分离式认股权证Detachable Warrant分期偿还Amortization分期付款购买Hire Purchase分散风险Diversification分析人士Analyst分析师Analyst粉饰账目的日子Window Dressing Dates份额Tranche丰厚的离职金Golden Handshake丰厚的签约金Golden Hello风险Exposure风险承受程度Exposure风险逆转Risk Reversal风险溢价Risk Premium风险与收益的关系Risk-Return Relationship风险资本Venture Capital封闭式基金Closed-end Fund峰顶/高点Peaks浮动汇率制Floating Exchange Rates浮动利率票据FRN浮动利率债券Floating Rate Bond浮动利率债务Floating Debt浮息票据FRN付息日Pay Date负利差Negative Carry负商誉Negative Goodwill负债Liabilities负债权益比率Debt附带条件的托管Escrow附各项权利Cum All附认股权的债券Warrant Bonds附属保险公司Captive Insurance Company 附息Interest Bearing附有股息Cum Dividend复合期权Compound Option复利Compound Interest复利式年增长率CAGR复利增长Compounding富时100 指数FTSE 100富时Eurotop 300 股价指数FTSE Eurotop 300伽玛值Gamma概念性债券Notional Bonds甘恩Gann干预Intervention干预区间Intervention Band杠杆比率Gearing杠杆式收购LBO高点/峰顶Peaks高点低点开盘收盘四价格High Low Open Close (HLOC) 高点反转Top Reversal高科技股High Tech Stock高速缓冲存储器Cache高现金收益的产品或业务Cash Cow隔拆资金O/N Funds隔日交易Bed and Breakfast Deal隔夜O/N隔夜持仓额度O/N Limit隔夜钱O/N Funds工业生产Industrial Production公共部门净借款PSNB公积金Reserves公开发行价格POP公开发售Offer for Sale公开发售价POP公开喊价Open Outcry公开交易的基金Publicly Traded Fund公开配售Public Placement公开认购Offer for Subscription公开市场操作Open Market Operations公募Public Placement公认会计原则GAAP公司Cia公司财务Corporate Finance公司交易商Corporate Dealer公司结算方式Corporate Settlement公司融资Corporate Finance公司施放信号Signalling公用事业Utilities公债National Debt公众有限公司Plc共同行动Acting in Concert共同基金Mutual Fund共同农业政策CAP供给学派经济学Supply-side Economics供给与需求Supply/Demand购股勒索Greenmail购买基金Purchase Fund购买力平价PPP沽出备兑期权Covered Call Writing谷物Cereals股本Equity股本融资Equity Financing股本收益率Return on Equity股东Shareholder股东价值Shareholder value股东名册Share Register股东权益Shareholders’Equity股东权益收益率ROE股东特别大会EGM股东资金Shareholders’Funds股份公司AB股份公司或有限责任公司AS股份两合公司KGaA股份有限公司Kft股价的相对强弱Relative Strength股利Dividend股票Equity股票代号Ticker Symbol股票分割Stock Split股票风险溢价Equity Risk Premium股票股息Stock Dividend股票国际销售International Share Offering 股票合并Negative Stock Split股票红利Stock Dividend股票回购Share Repurchase股票价格平均数Stock Average股票交易显示带Ticker T ape股票借贷Stock Lending股票经纪人Stock Broker股票期权Equity Options股票认购权发行Rights Issue股票升水Share Premium股票贴水Share Discount股票邀标定价法Book Building股票指数Stock Index股票指数基金Stock Index Fund股票指数期货Stock Index Future股票指数期权Stock Index Option股票自由流通量Free Float股权Equity股权互换Equity Swap股权信托Voting Trust股息Dividend股息保障倍数Dividend Cover股息截止过户前买进、除息后卖出Dividend Stripping股息派发比率Payout Ratio股息收益率Dividend Yield股息贴现模型DDM股息宣布日Declaration Date股灾Crash固定/浮动利率混合型债券Fixed固定成本Fixed Costs固定汇率Peg固定汇率制Fixed Exchange Rate固定价格邀投Fixed Price Offer固定利率支付方Payer of Fixed固定收入债务工具Fixed Income固定资本Fixed Capital固定资产Fixed Assets寡头垄断Oligopoly挂钩汇率Peg挂牌Flotation关联公司Affiliate关贸总协定GATT关税与贸易总协定General Agreement on T ariffs and Trade 官方允许的汇率波动区间Trading Band管理层收购MBO广场协议Plaza Agreement广泛性风险Systemic Risk规格说明Specifications规模经济Economies of Scale规模效益Economies of Scale贵金属Precious Metals国际财团Consortium国际复兴开发银行IBRD国际互换和衍生产品协会ISDA国际会计准则理事会IASB国际货币基金组织IMF国际货币基金组织的贷款条件Conditionality国际货币市场IMM国际结算系统Clearstream国际金融公司IFC国际金融机构Supranational国际咖啡组织ICO国际开发协会IDA国际可可组织ICCO国际劳工组织ILO国际能源机构IEA国际清算银行BIS国际商会ICC国际商品协定Commodity Agreement国际石油交易所IPE国际收支Balance of Payments国际糖组织International Sugar Organization 国际投资争端解决中心ICSID国际外汇交易商协会ACI国际小麦理事会International Wheat Council国际证券市场协会ISMA国际证券委员会组织IOSCO国家风险Country Risk国家计划State Planning国库券Bill国民生产总值GNP国民账户National Accounts国内生产总值GDP国内生产总值价格平减指数GDP Deflator国内最终销售Domestic Final Sales国有化Nationalization国债National Debt过度频密的买卖Churning过渡性贷款Bridging含息Cum Dividend含息价Dirty Price韩国综合企业财团Chaebol行号代名Street Name行使价Strike Price行使价格Exercise Price行使价可重设的期权Moving Strike Option行使权利Exercise行业股指Sector Index行政总裁CEO合并Merger合并套利Merger Arbitrage合并资产负债表Consolidated Balance Sheet 合成金融工具Synthetic合格交割Good Delivery合格票据Eligible Bills合理价值Fair value合约等级Contract Grades合约月份Contract Month合作公司Ste Cve河底摸鱼Bottom Fishing荷兰式拍卖Dutch Auction核定资本Authorized Capital核心资本Core Capital褐皮书Beige Book黑市经济Black Market Economy恒生指数Hang Seng Index横向波动Flat红利Dividend红皮书Red Book宏观经济学Macro-economics哄抬股价的炒作行为Pump and Dump后进先出法LIFO后勤部门Back Office后台业务部Back Office互换Swap互换价差Swap Spread互换期权Swaption互联网服务供应商Internet Service Provider, ISP 互联网域名与网址管理机构ICANN华尔街Wall Street华尔街炼油商Wall Street Refiner华尔街石油交易商Wall Street Refiner坏账Bad Debt坏账准备Provision for Bad Debts环比年率Annualized Rate环球银行金融电信协会SWIFT环球银行金融电信协会电码SWIFT Codes缓冲库存Buffer Stock换取现货Against Actuals黄金降落伞Golden Parachute黄牛Scalpers黄色报价带Yellow Strip回本期Payback Period回购Buy Back回购利率Repo Rate回购市场Repo Market回购协议Repo回顾式期权Lookback Option汇率定盘Currency Fixings汇率风险Currency Risk汇票Bill of Exchange会计年度Financial Year会议委员会Conference Board混合经济Mixed Economy混合式期权Combined Option混合型互换Cocktail Swap活期存款Sight Money活期远汇Forward Option伙同方Concert Party或有负债Contingent Liability或有期权Contingent Option货币Money货币贬值Depreciation货币掉期Currency Swap货币供应量Money Supply货币互换Currency Swap货币回笼额Corto货币交易限额Currency Limit货币局制度Currency Board货币市场Money Market货币市场基础Money Market Basis货币学派Monetarism货币政策Monetary Policy货币政策委员会Monetary Policy Committee货币主义Monetarism获利回吐Profit-taking机构经纪Prime Broker机构投资者Institutional Investors机会成本Opportunity Cost鸡尾酒式互换Cocktail Swap积极型基金管理Active Fund Management 基本金属Base Metals基本面分析Fundamental Analysis基差Basis基差风险Basis Risk基差交易Basis Trading基点Basis Point基金Fund基金经理Fund Manager基金收费Load基年Base Year基准Benchmark基准货币Base Currency基准日Base Date级差Basis即期/次日S/N即期汇票Sight Draft集资Equity Financing集资章程Prospectus几何平均数Geometric average挤油交易Churning计划经济Planned Economy计量经济学Econometrics计算机病毒Virus计息Interest Bearing记录持有人Holder of Record记名证券Registered Form记账证券Book-entry securities技术分析Technical Analysis季节性调整Seasonal Adjustment绩优股Blue Chip Stock加按Equity Withdrawal加曼柯尔哈根模型Garman Kohlhagen Model 加密Encryption加权Weighting加权或不加权的指数Weighted加权平均票面利率Weighted Average Coupon 加权平均期限Weighted Average Maturity 加权平均资本成本WACC加权值Weighting夹层融资Mezzanine Finance价差Basis价差赌注Spread Betting价差交易Spread Trading价差巨大Wide Opening价格触发点In strike价格高低分析Rich Cheap Analysis价格过高Overvalued价格偏低Undervalued价格趋势分离Broadening价格通道Price Channel价格折返率Retracement价格指标Price Indicators价量指数PVI价值被低估Undervalued减记Write Down减少投资Disinvestment减少资本支出Disinvestment减值Write Down简单移动平均数Simple Moving Average简明扼要的商务方案Elevator Pitch建立头寸T aking a Position建设—经营—移交方式(BOT 方式) BOT将公司资产拆卖Asset Stripping将军债券Shogun Bond降低信用评级Downgrade降价Markdown交叉汇率Cross Rate交叉盘交易Cross交割价格Delivery Price交割日Prompt Date交换现货Exchange for Cash交货价Delivery Price交投清淡Thin Market交易部门Front Office交易成本Transaction Costs交易大厅Floor交易费用Transaction Fees交易岗Trading Post交易回合Round Turn交易结算室Back Office交易量Trading Volume交易区间Trading Range交易圈Pit交易日后一天结算T+1交易商Dealer交易商持仓报告Commitments of Traders 交易商之间的经纪人IDB交易实物Exchange for Physical交易所交割结算价EDSP交易所交易基金ETF交易头寸限额Position Limit交易席位Seat交易限额Deal Limit较现货价贴水Around Par接管人Receiver接受获分配的证券T akedown接受收购要约Tender结构性赤字Structural Deficit结构性调整Structural Adjustment结清头寸Closing a Position结算Settlement结算风险Settlement Risk结算价格Settlement Price结算日Settlement Date结算所Clearing House结算系统Clearing System结算银行Clearing Bank介绍上市Introduction界限期权Barrier Option借记卡Debit Card借款新安排NAB借款需要额Borrowing Requirement 借款总安排GAB借款总协定GAB金本位制Gold Standard金边证券Gilt-edged金股Golden Share金融市场协会FMA金融稳定论坛FSF金融衍生产品Derivatives金融衍生工具Derivatives金融中介化Financial Intermediation金融中介活动Financial Intermediation金融中心Financial Centre金手铐Golden Handcuffs金银条Bullion金字塔骗局Pyramid Scheme紧缩银根Squeeze尽职调查Due Diligence Process禁运Embargo经常项目Current Account经常性获利Current Earnings经常账户Current Account经合组织OECD经纪公司Brokerage经纪行Trading House经纪人Broker经纪人佣金Brokerage经纪商Broker经济ECONOMY经济合作暨发展组织Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment经济衰退Recession经济增加值EVA经济指标Economic Indicators经济周期Business Cycle经济周期活动指标Activity Indicators经济作物Cash Crop经团联Keidanren经营风险Business Risk经营现金流Operating Cash Flow精算师Actuary景气判断指数IFO景气循环Business Cycle景气循环股Cyclical Stocks净额Net净额法Netting净交易Net Transaction净利Bottom Line净利润Net Profit净头寸Net Position净现金流量Net Cash Flow净现值NPV净资产Net Assets净资产收益率RONA竞价投标Book Building竞争性标售Competitive Bid Auction就业人口Payrolls菊花链交易Daisy Chain矩形价格形态Rectangle巨无霸汉堡包指数Big Mac Index决定不派股息Pass a Dividend卡特尔Cartel开放式基金Open-end Fund凯恩斯经济学Keynesian Economics凯利指标Kairi看跌Bearish看多Bullish看空Bearish看涨Bullish看涨期权Call可变成本Variable Costs可变动资本额股份有限公司SA de CV可变利率Variable Rate可变资本投资公司SICAV可分配的利润Attributable Profit可互换的Fungible可交割等级Tenderable Grades可交换的债券Exchangeable Bonds可卖回的Puttable可商议的Negotiable可提前赎回的Callable可替代的Fungible可展期的债券Extendible Bond可转换优先股Convertible Preference Share 可转换债券Convertible Bond可转换债券套利Convertible Arbitrage可转让的Negotiable可转让证券集合投资事业UCITS空壳公司Shell Company空头Bear空头回补Short covering空头卖出Short-selling空头平仓Short covering空头市场Bear Market空头套期保值Short Hedge空头头寸Short Position空头陷阱Bear Trap控股公司Holding Company扣押权Lien库存Inventory跨国公司Multinational跨国货币结算风险Cross Currency Settlement Risk 跨国石油公司Majors跨境Cross Border跨期买卖Horizontal Spread跨市场上市Cross Listing跨式期权组合Straddle快取记忆体Cache宽限期Grace Period款货分付Free Delivery扩大贷款额度Enlarged Access垃圾债券Junk Bonds拉弗曲线Laffer Curve拉高出货Pump and Dump蓝筹股Blue Chip Stock蓝天法Blue Sky Laws劳埃德Lloyd's劳动股份有限公司SAL劳动力市场Labour Market劳合社Lloyd's勒式组合Strangle类股Market Sector类股指数Sector Index累积投票法Cumulative Method累积优先股Cumulative Preferred Stock累计投标Book Building离岸基金Offshore Fund离岸价格FOB黎明突袭Dawn Raid历史波动性Historical Volatility历史成本Historical Cost利差Cost of Carry利克斯银行Riksbank利率Interest Rate利率风险Interest Rate Risk利率互换Interest Rate Swap利率上下限期权Collar利率上限期权Cap利率下限期权Floor利率项圈期权Collar利润Profit利润率Profit Margin利润再投资Ploughed Back利息偿付倍数Interest Cover利息再投资债券Multiplier Bond例行结算Regular Way Settlement连带违约条款Cross Default Clauses联邦银行Buba联贷Syndicated Loan联合国开发计划署UNDP联合国拉丁美洲及加勒比海经济委员会ECLAC联合国粮农组织FAO联合国粮食和农业组织Food and Agriculture Organization联合国贸易和发展会议United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment联合国欧洲经济委员会UNECE联合融资Co-financing联系汇率Peg联营公司Associated Company廉价股Penny Stocks廉价债券Distressed Debt两合公司KG裂解价差Crack Spread零成本期权策略Zero Cost Option零售价格指数Retail Price Index零碎交易Odd Lot Trade零息利率互换Zero Coupon Swap零息债券Zero Coupon Bond零息债券收益率曲线Zero Coupon Yield Curve领头羊Bellwether领先指标Leading Indicators另类投资市场AIM留存收益Retained Earnings留置权Lien流动比率CURRENT RATIO流动负债Current Liabilities流动性Liquidity流动性风险Liquidity Risk流动性余裕Liquidity Margin流动资产Current Assets流动资金Liquidity流量Throughput龙头Bellwether龙债券Dragon Bonds垄断Monopoly伦敦城City伦敦国际金融期货期权交易所LIFFE伦敦结算所London Clearing House 伦敦金融区City伦敦金属交易所LME伦敦金银市场协会LBMA伦敦俱乐部London Club伦敦银行同业拆借利率Libor伦敦银行同业借入利率Libid伦敦银行同业中间利率Limean伦敦证券交易所LSE伦敦证券交易所电子交易系统SETS伦敦证券与衍生工具交易所OMLX罗素3000 指数Russell 3000裸头寸Naked Position履约Exercise履约价Strike Price履约价格Exercise Price绿地投资Greenfield Investment 绿函Greenmail绿色汇率Green Rates绿靴条款Greenshoe Option马城条约Maastricht Treaty马城条约标准Maastricht Criteria马来西亚国家银行Bank Negara Malaysia 马斯特里赫特条约Maastricht Treaty买断Outright Purchases买方出价Bid买方过剩市场Bid Market买方有权不接受延后还本的债券Exit bond买卖方报价Bid-Ask Quote买卖权平价Put-Call Parity买入对冲Long Hedge买现卖期交易Cash and Carry Trade麦考利存续期Macauley duration卖出持有标的看涨期权Covered Call Writing卖方Sell-side卖方报价Ask卖方过剩市场Offer Market卖空Short-selling卖空者Bear卖权Put毛利Gross Profit贸易壁垒Trade Barrier贸易差额Balance of Trade贸易收支差额Balance of Trade贸易数据Trade Figures每股盈余Earnings Per Share每股账面净值BVPS每日价格涨跌限幅Daily Price Limit每日桶数Barrels per Day每日限价Daily Price Limit每一用户平均收入ARPU每张认股权证可认购股票数的比率Shares Per Warrant Ratio美国财务会计准则委员会FASB美国参议院财政委员会Senate Finance Committee美国存管信托公司Depository Trust Corporation美国供应管理协会ISM美国国库券US Treasury Bill美国国库券与欧洲美元期货之价差TED Spread美国国税局IRS美国经济咨商会Conference Board美国联邦储备体系Federal Reserve System美国联邦储备委员会Federal Reserve Board美国联邦存款保险公司FDIC美国联邦公开市场委员会FOMC美国联邦国民抵押贷款协会FNMA美国联邦能源监管委员会FERC美国联邦住房抵押贷款公司Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation美国农产品出口补贴方案Export Enhancement Programme美国农业部USDA美国全国采购管理协会NAPM美国全国证券交易商协会NASD美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价系统National Association of Securities Dealers'Automated Quotations美国商品期货交易委员会Commodities Futures Trading Commission 美国商品期货交易委员会(CFTC) CFTC美国审计局General Accounting Office美国石油学会API美国石油学会重力指标API Gravity美国通膨保值公债TIPS美国预托证券ADR美国债市的标准计息方法US Street Method美国证交会SEC美国证券集中保管结算公司DTCC美国证券交易委员会SEC美国政府国民抵押贷款协会Ginnie Mae美国政府长期债券US Treasury Bond美国政府中期债券US Treasury Note美联储Fed美式期权American Option美元化Dollarization猛犬债券Bulldog Bond猛涨Run Up免费发行Free Issue免费认股权Nil Paid Rights免税红利Franked dividends免佣金No-load面值Face value民营化/私有化Privatization民营化/私有化Privatization名义本金Notional Principal名义利率Nominal Interest Rates名义上的Nominal名义性债券Notional Bonds明日T/N摩擦性失业Frictional Unemployment摩根士丹利资本国际指数MSCI Indices末行数字Bottom Line母公司Holding Company穆迪信贷评级Moody's纳斯达克NASDAQ纳斯达克综合股价指数NASDAQ Composite南方共同市场MERCOSUR内部回报率Internal Rate of Return内插法Interpolation内幕交易Insider Dealing内推法Interpolation内在价值Intrinsic value能量分析On Balance Volume逆回购协议Reverse Repurchase Agreement逆经济周期而动的股票Counter-cyclical Stock逆时针价量图Counter Clockwise年报Annual Report年度报告Annual Report年度股东大会AGM年金Annuity年率Annual Rate年增长率Annualized Rate年终股息Final Dividend牛市Bull Market牛市的Bullish纽约咖啡、糖及可可交易所Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange 纽约期货交易所NYBOT纽约商品交易所COMEX纽约商业期货交易所New York Mercantile Exchange纽约证交所Big Board纽约证券交易所NYSE挪威合伙公司的简称ANS挪威上市公司的简称ASA欧盟EU欧盟经济财政部长会议ECOFIN欧盟统计局Eurostat欧米加Omega欧佩克OPEC欧式期权European Option欧央行ECB欧元区Euroland欧元银行同业拆息Euribor欧元银行同业隔夜拆息Eonia欧洲存款Eurodeposits欧洲贷款Eurocredits欧洲复兴开发银行EBRD欧洲汇率机制ERM欧洲货币Eurocurrency欧洲货币机构EMI欧洲货币体系EMS欧洲结算系统Euroclear欧洲经济货币联盟EMU欧洲美元Eurodollar欧洲期货期权交易所EUREX欧洲市场Euromarkets欧洲投资银行EIB欧洲信贷Eurocredits欧洲债券Eurobond欧洲中期债券EMTN欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA爬行钉住汇率制Crawling Peg拍卖Auction派发指标Accumulation派息率Payout Ratio盘购Acquisition盘后交易After-hours Dealing 盘前交易Pre-market Trading 盘整Backing and Filling 盘整期Consolidation Phase 庞氏骗局Ponzi Scheme泡沫Bubble配售Placing批发Wholesale票据Bill票据承兑商行Acceptance House 票据发行便利NIF票面利率Coupon撇账Write Off平仓Closing a Position平仓成本Cost to Close平等待遇Pari Passu平行贷款Parallel Loans平衡预算Balanced Budget平滑异同移动平均线MACD平价At Par平价债券Par Bond平均价格期权Average Price平均值Mean屏幕交易Screen Trading破产Bankruptcy破产保护Chapter 11破产保护企业融资DIP Financing蒲式耳Bushel普氏Platts普通股Common Stock普通股本Ordinary Share Capital 普通合股公司SC普通合伙公司SNC普通提款权ODR七国集团G7七十七国集团G77期货的最近月合约Nearbys期货合约Futures期货交易所公开喊价区Futures Pit期货经纪商Commission Merchant 期货升水Contango期货转换现货交易Exchange for Physical 期末股息Final Dividend期末价值Terminal value期末整还式贷款Balloon Loan期票Promissory Note期权Option期权策略Option Strategies期权持有者Option Holder期权费Option Premium期权价内（实值）状态In the Money期权价外状态Out of the Money期权价值随时间过去而下跌Time Decay期权卖方Option Writer期权平值状态At the Money期权系列Option Series期权组合Combined Option旗形态/三角旗形态Flags企业对企业电子商务B2B企业分拆Demerger企业分割Demerger企业集团Conglomerate企业价值EV企业区Enterprise Zone企业融资Corporate Finance启用贷款Drawdown起息日Dated Date契约Covenant牵头经理费Praecipuum前台业务部Front Office前线部门Front Office前置定价法Backpricing欠发达国家LDC抢帽子式交易商Scalpers抢先交易Front Running清算所Clearing House清算系统Clearing System清算银行Clearing Bank趋势反转Trend Reversal趋势轨道Channel Lines趋势连续性Continuation趋势线Trendline趋同Convergence曲线Curve圈售Circling权利股发行Scrip Issue权利金Option Premium权重Weighting全价Dirty Price全面摊薄每股盈余Fully Diluted EPS全球预托凭证GDR全权管理账户Discretionary Account 全数包销Bought Deal全数完成或作废单FOK劝导Moral Suasion券款对付DVP缺乏流动性Illiquid缺口Gap缺口操作Gapping确定的委托Firm Order燃料油Fuel Oil让产易股Spin Off热门股票Hot Stock人均国内生产总值GDP per Head认购不足Undersubscribed认购期权Call认股权发行Rights Issue认股权证Warrant日/桶Barrels per Day日本大阪证券交易所OSE日本国际合作银行JBIC日本进出口银行EX-IM Bank of Japan 日本经济团体联合会Keidanren日本央行短观调查报告T ankan日本邮政省简易保险局Kampo日本债券回购市场Gensaki Market日本政府公债JGB日本综合商社Sogo Shosha日交易限制Intraday Limit日经225 指数Nikkei 225日历价差Calendar Spread日历套利Calendar Spread融券Stock Lending融券保证金账户Short Margin Account 软贷款Soft Loan软性商品Softs瑞士期权和金融期货交易所SOFFEX瑞士市场指数SMI萨尔巴尼斯—奥斯利法Sarbanes-Oxley Act 三格转向Three Box Reversal 三国集团G3三角旗形态Pennants三角形Triangles三十国国际财经事务顾问团G30三巫日Triple Witching三巫同时显灵(日) Triple Witching三约同时到期(日) Triple Witching三重顶/三重底Triple Top/Bottom散布图Scatter Chart散点图Scatter Chart丧失转换价值的可转换证券Busted Convertible商人银行Merchant Bank商业汇票Trade Bill商业票据CP商业银行Commercial Banks商誉Goodwill上升趋势/下跌趋势Uptrend/Downtrend 上市Flotation上市公告Listing Particulars上市公司OYJ上市股票Listed Stock上市交易基金ETF上市前推介Pre-marketing上市要求Listing Requirements 上游产业Upstream上涨生效期权Up and In上涨失效期权Up and Out烧钱Burn烧钱率Cash Burn少数股东权益Minority Interest申报交易商Reporting Dealer申请了破产保护的公司DIP审计Audit审计师Auditors审计员Auditors升级Upgrade升水Around Par升值Revaluation生产者物价指数PPI，Producer Price Index 失败的振荡Failure Swing失业Unemployment十国集团G10十亿Yard石油下游产业Downstream时间价值Time value时间序列Time Series实际的Real实际汇率Effective Exchange Rate实际控制Working Control实际利率Real Interest Rates实际收益率Real Yield实缴股本Paid-up Capital实时数据Real-time Data实收资本Paid-up Capital实物交割之通知Tender实物商品市场Terminal Market实物石油Wet Barrels实质利率Real Interest Rates实质收益率Real Yield世界贸易组织WTO世界银行World Bank市场板块Market Sector市场风险Market Risk市场风险Market Risk市场经济Market Economy市场平均预估Consensus Estimates市场趋势Market Trend市场正常交易规模Normal Market Size市价单Market Order市价指令Market Order市盈率P/E Ratio市盈增长比率Price Earnings Growth Ratio 市盈增长比率(PEG 值) PEG Ratio市帐率Price To Book Ratio市政债券Municipal Bond市值Capitalization市值加权指数Capitalization-weighted Index 市值帐面值比率Price To Book Ratio收购Acquisition收购出价T akeover Bid收购要约Tender Offer收集Accumulation收入Income收入政策Incomes Policy收益股Income Stock收益率Rate of Return收益率差额Yield Gap收益率曲线Yield Curve收益率缺口Yield Gap首次付息First Coupon首次公开招股IPO首期短期息票Short First Coupon首席财务官CFO首席执行官CEO受托人Depository授权Mandate授权买卖账户Discretionary Account授权书Proxy赎回Redemption赎回认股权证Redemption Warrant赎回收益率Redemption Yield赎回值可变动的债券Variable Redemption Bond数量招标Fixed Price Offer双底衰退Double Dip双价制Dual Pricing双巫日Double Witching双巫同时显灵(日) Double Witching双向市场Two-way Market双约同时到期(日) Double Witching。
越狱第一季英语笔记 词句细节
越狱第一季英语笔记词句细节（适合初级）看到Peter转了几个越狱的英语笔记贴，觉得我这个PBNo158不转几个过来不行啊！下面是我在Sina网的博客看到的，转过来与大家分享！越狱第一季第一集A1．Tattoo.文身。
2．There’s a good chance ofthat.差不多。
3．“Mom”, girlfriend’s initials.Initial.首字母。
4．Full set of sleeves.一整套。
5．Vault.金库6．Branchmanager.部门经理。
分行长。
7．Lincoln Burrows’ Final Appeal DeniedExecution will proceed as Scheduled.报纸上的字。
Appeal.上诉。
Execution.死刑。
Proceed.继续做。
8．Governor’s Daughter Wins HumanitarianAw ard. She is attempting to lobby local and state government repsto bring the programs back.仍是报纸上的字。
Humanitarian.人道主义。
Lobby.游说（使某议案通过。
Rep.代表，发言人，全写为representative.9．Life Sentence for Mob Boss Abruzzi.报纸上的。
Life sentence.终身监禁。
Mob.黑手党。
10．D.B. Cooper Myth StillAlive Despite Conviction.报纸上的。
Conviction.深信。
不太确定整句该怎么翻。
11．Insulin.胰岛素。
PUGNAc….我觉得是抵抗胰岛素的一种药物，不知道学名叫什么，请指点。
12．Siren.警报器。
13．A plea of “No Contest”Plea.辩解。
1. Bad debts, provision for doubtful debts and bad debts recovered
1.Bad debts, provision for doubtful debts and bad debtsrecoveredDifference between Bad debts Account and Provision for doubtful debts Account: -Bad debts account: The expense account is used when a debt is believed to be irrecoverable and is written off.Provision for doubful debts acount: This account is used only for estimates of the amount of the debtors remaining at the year end after the bad debts have been written off that are likely to finish up as bad debts. (This account is also known as the ‘provision for bad debts acount’).1.1. Example2003£Jan 1 Opening balance Debtor – Alan 30,000Debtor – John3,000 June 2 Debts owing by John is written off 3,000 Aug 3 Received cheque from Alan3,000Dec 31 Estimated 2% of Alan’s debts will eventually prove to be bad 2004 Apr 5 Received cheque from Alan5,000 Aug 8 John settled his debt which was written off in previous year 3,000Dec 31Estimated 2% of A lan’s debt will eventually prove to be badSales LedgerGeneral LedgerProfit and Loss Account (extract) for the year ended 31 December 2003££Gross Profit xxxx Less: Expenses:Bad debts 3,000Provision for doubtful debts 540 3,540Net Profit xxxxBalance Sheet (extract) as at 31 December 2003££Current AssetDebtor 27,000Less: Provision for doubtful debts (540) 26,460 Profit and Loss Account (extract) for the year ended 31 December 2004££Gross Profit xxxx Add:Bad debts recovered 3,000Reduction in provision for doubtful debts 100 3,100 Net Profit xxxx Balance Sheet (extract) as at 31 December 2004££Current AssetDebtor 22,000Less: Provision for doubtful debts (440) 21,560Provision for cash discounts on debtorsExampleYear ended Debtors Provision for Provision for cash31 December doubtful debts discounts allowed££%20X3 4,000 200 220X4 5,000 350 220X5 4,750 250 2Jan 1 Balance b/d 90Profit and Loss Account (extracts) for the year ended 31 December£Gross profits (20X3, 20X4, 20X5) xxx Less: Expenses(20X3) Provision for cash discounts on debtors (76)(20X4) Increase in provision for cash discountson debtors (17) Add: (20X5) Reduction in provision for cash discountson debtors 3 Balance Sheet (extracts) as at 31 December£££20X3 Debtors 4,000 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 200Provision for cash discountson debtors 76____(276)_____3,724 20X4 Debtors 5,000 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 350Provision for cash discountson debtors 93____(443)_____4,557 20X5 Debtors 4,750 Less: Provision for doubtful debts 250Provision for cash discountson debtors 90____(340)_____4,410。
古希腊神话之奥德修斯(下)
Notes to the Story of Odysseus (下):00:10 Blocking his way are bloodthirsty monsters,00:13 enchanting seductresses,00:15 treacherous seas and angry gods.阻碍奥德修斯归家的有嗜血的怪兽、迷人的海妖、暗藏危险的大海，还有那愤怒的神灵。
00:29 To us it is myth,00:31 but to the ancients it was reality00:34 and perhaps even a blueprint for one of the Christian gospels.对于我们这是一个神话，而对于古人这却是现实，也许甚至还是基督教福音书的源泉。
01:38 As Odysseus battles danger on the high seas,01:41 his wife, Penelope, anxiously awaits his return01:44 and wonders if she has become a sailor's widow.01:48 Meanwhile, a rogue's gallery of suitors is knocking at her door,01:52 pressuring her to forget her husband and marry again.就在奥德修斯与大海上的种种危险搏斗的时候，他的妻子，珀涅罗珀，焦急的等待着他的归来，她很想知道自己是否已经成了寡妇。
与此同时，一群无耻的求婚者正在骚扰她的家门，他们企图让她忘记她的丈夫，择人另嫁。
04:46 Poseidon, one of the most powerful gods,04:49 has this personal antipathy to Odysseus.波塞冬，最强大的神祇之一，对奥德修斯十分反感。
坏账准备（Baddebtprovision）
坏账准备（Bad debt provision）F97Overview of bad debt reservesBad debt provision refers to the receivable (including accounts receivable, other receivables, etc.) of an enterprise, and is a reserve account. Enterprises accounting for bad debt losses, with allowance for. The allowance for enterprises, the end of each period to estimate the loss of bad debts, set up "bad debts" account. The allowance law refers to the use of certain methods to (at least at the end of each year) to estimate the loss of bad debts, bad debts and prepare for the expenses of the current period. In the event of a bad debt, a method for directly reducing the provision for the provision of bad debts and selling the corresponding accounts receivable balance at the same time.Catalogbasic featureDifferences in accounting treatment and tax handling of bad debt preparationOn the audit of bad debtsIncome tax treatment for bad debt reservesProvision for bad debts for other receivablesbasic featureThe high development of commercial credit is one of the important characteristics of market economy. The development of commercial credit will inevitably lead to bad debts at the same time as the increase of sales income.Bad debts refer to the very small amount of receivables that an enterprise cannot recover or recover.Bad debt losses are caused by bad debts.[Edit] the difference between bad debt preparation, accounting treatment and tax treatmentThe purpose of accounting system is to provide real and complete financial information for the users of accounting information, and the purpose of tax law is to ensure the fiscal revenue of the country, and use tax lever to carry out macro regulation. Because of the different purposes, the principles that follow are necessarily different. Differences in purpose lead to differences in accounting and tax laws for handling bad debt reserves. The author makes a comparison between the accounting treatment and the tax treatment of the bad debt reserve from the aspects of the method of calculation, the scope of the calculation, the amount of the provision and the proportion of the amount of the bad debts.First, the provision for bad debt preparationAccording to the provisions of the "enterprise accountingsystem": enterprise bad debt accounting should use the allowance for bad debts, the provision method determined by the enterprises themselves, according to the percentage of balance, aging analysis, percentage of credit law provision for bad debts, can also according to the customer don't determine the provision for bad debts.And the "enterprise income tax deduction method" Guoshuifa No. [2000]84 (hereinafter referred to as the "measures") and "on the implementation of" enterprise accounting system "to be clear on the income tax issues notice" Document No. [2003]45 (hereinafter referred to as the "notice" provisions): pre tax deduction of bad debt losses allow corporate income tax principle must abide by the principle of deductible real event, enterprise provision should be according to the percentage of accounts receivable balance at the end of the year, in addition to the accounts receivable balance at the end of 5 per thousand of the extraction of the provision for bad debts, according to enterprise accounting system and other provisions of the bad debt reserves of more than national tax regulations, shall not be deducted before enterprise income.Two, the scope of the provision for bad debtAccording to the enterprise accounting system, the possible loss of enterprise receivables should be prepared for bad debts, including accounts receivable and other receivables. The notes receivable themselves are not allowed to be prepared for bad debts. When the recoverability of notes receivable is uncertain, they should be transferred to the accounts receivable to prepare for the provision for bad debts. In general,prepayments shall not be provision for bad debts, if there is conclusive evidence that prepayment is incompatible with the nature of prepayment, or because the suppl。
Bad Debts and Provisions
B AD D EBTSIt is a fact of ordinary business that not all 'Sundry Debtors' can be collected. Some of the debts may never be collected because the debtors are either dead, bankrupt, cannot be traced, or are unable to pay. The amount of debts that are definitely known to be irrecoverable must be written off as bad debts. Bad debts are regarded as an expense in earning the revenue of that accounting period and must be debited to the Profit and Loss Account on Balance Day.P ROVISION FOR B AD AND D OUBTFUL D EBTSThe amount of debts which is definitely irrecoverable will be written off as bad debts during the accounting period when it is thought to be irrecoverable. In addition to this, it is very likely that a certain amount of the total Sundry Debtors arising out of the current period's business activities may go bad. But exactly how much of these debts is irrecoverable and from whom will only be known for sure in the subsequent accounting period. So the firm must make a provision for debts that are likely to go bad, and charge it as an expense against the current period's revenue. This is because of two reasons:1.Any bad debts related to the debtors that are a result from the current period's credit sales is definitely an operating cost ofthat period and therefore, must be matched against the current period's sales revenue. This is in line with the matching principle. If the business waits until it knows for sure which debtor will definitely be irrecoverable and then charge it as a bad debt in that period, it may not be able to adhere strictly to the matching concept. Say, a trade debtor of $400 arising out of a credit sale in December 1997 is definitely found to be irrecoverable in March 1998. Suppose the business only charges this as a bad debt in 1998, what has happened is that whilst the sales revenue of $400 was reported in 1997, the cost of the bad debts expense arising out of that sale was only charged as an expense in 1998. There was therefore no matching of revenue with the expense incurred to earn it. To ensure that the expense is recorded in the same year that the salesrevenue is recognized, the business should make a provision for doubtful debts at the end of every accounting period and charge it as an expense in that period.2.Once the provision for bad debts is calculated and entered into the accounts, the year-end Balance Sheet will show the totaldebtors less the total provision for bad debts up to that date. This will be the approximate net amount that the business expects to collect - a mere conservative and accurate measure of its net asset 'Debtors'. This is in line with the principle of conservatism.An expense of this nature which cannot be calculated accurately at the moment is called a provision.P ROVISION FOR D ISCOUNT A LLOWED (D ISCOUNT ON D EBTORS)Some debtors may pay promptly and take advantage of any cash discount offered. So the business must make a provision for this discount allowed on Sundry Debtors in anticipation of this reduction from total receipts of cash from its debtors.There are two reasons for making the Provision for Discount Allowed:1.There is the need to record an item of expense in the same period that the related revenue is recognized. In other words,the matching principle has to be applied. Cash discount given to trade debtors who pay their bills promptly is considered an operating cost of selling goods sold on credit and should be charged as an expense in the same period that the sales is recognized. Say, a credit sale of $500 was made on 28 December 1997. Suppose the customer only settled his bill in 6January 1998 after deducting $20 cash discount. If this cash discount was only recognized and recorded as an expense in January 1998, then we realize that while the sales was recognized and recorded in as a revenue in 1997, the related expense to earn that sale, the cash discount, was only recorded in 1998 and charged as an expense against the revenue earned in 1998. This is contrary to the matching principle. Thus, to overcome this weakness, we make a Provision for Discounts Allowed based on the total net debtors (Debtors less Provision for Bad Debts) at the end of 1997 and charge it as an expense for 1997.2.When the total debtors in the year-end Balance Sheet is shown less Provision for Bad Debts as well as less Provision forDiscount Allowed, we will have a more conservative and truer estimate of total debtors. This is in line with the principle of conservatism which recognizes all anticipated, though unrealized, losses.The Provision for Discount Allowed is always carried forward to the next accounting period as a current liability.The Provision for Discount on Debtors is an expense and must be debited to the Profit and Loss Account on Balance Day. To complete the double entry, the Provision for Discount Allowed Account is credited. The Provision for Discount Allowed must also be deducted from the net amount of total Sundry Debtors, (i.e. Sundry Debtors less Provision for Bad Debts), otherwise, the amount of Sundry Debtors in the Balance Sheet will be overstated.Exactly how much is set aside as a Provision for Discount on Debtors will depend on the past experience of the business. Normally, it is calculated as a percentage of the net outstanding debtors.Provision for Bad or Doubtful Debts, and Provision for Discount Allowed are made because of the need to: ∙match expenses in the same year that the revenue is recognized (matching principle);∙show a more conservative and true figure for the net assets 'Debtors' in the Balance Sheet (principle of conservatism).S UMMARY∙Bad Debts -i.To write of bad debts - debit Bad Debts Account, and credit Debtor Account.ii.To transfer bad debts for the year to the Profit and Loss Account - credit Bad Debts Account, and debit Profit and Loss Account.∙Recovery of Bad Debts -i.To bring into books recovery of bad debts - debit Cash Book, and credit Recovery of Bad Debts Account.ii.To transfer recovery of bad debts for the year to the Profit and Loss Account - debit Recovery of Bad Debts Account, and credit Profit and Loss Account.∙Provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts / Provision for Discount Allowed -i.To create the provision - debit Profit and Loss Account, and credit the Provision Account (with the amount ofprovision for the year).ii.To increase the provision - debit Profit and Loss Account, and credit the Provision Account (with the amount of increase in the provision for the year).iii.To decrease the provision - debit the Provision Account, and credit Profit and Loss Account (with the amount of decrease in the provision for the year).iv.How details are shown in Balance Sheet -Provision for Bad or Doubtful Debts, and Provision for Discount Allowed are made because of the need to -i.match expenses in the same year that the revenue is recognized (matching principle);ii.show a more conservative and true figure for the net asset 'Debtors' in the Balance Sheet (principle of conservatism).。
17800430_“黑匣”慈善让美国富豪趋之若鹜
“黑匣”慈善让美国富豪趋之若鹜The New Philanthropy Tool捐赠者顾问基金是目前美国慈善捐赠领域掀起的一种新风潮，它已经实实在在改变了传统慈善机构的版图。
在这种模式下，捐赠者不再直接捐出巨额资产，而可以更直接地监督慈善行为效果，持续修正捐赠策略。
文 Fred所谓捐赠者顾问基金（Donor-Advised Fund），就是让捐赠资金继续保留在个人账户里，但可以享受免税的投资。
开设DAF账户之后，捐赠者可以继续决定自己的投资策略，直到确定将捐赠给哪家慈善机构。
在过去六年来，全美DAF管理的资金总数猛增了280%，已经超过了850亿美元。
把慈善支配权利握在手中？传统的慈善捐赠，由捐赠者将大笔资金直接交由慈善机构统筹管理，无论是直接用于慈善用途，还是暂时进行投资，或是如何投资，都由非营利组织决定，从法律上捐赠者对于捐赠资产已经没有支配权。
后来，更多巨富慈善家族设立私人慈善基金，一大目的就是直接掌控各种慈善活动，保证捐赠资金可以用于最符合家族精神的用途。
DAF则是私人慈善基金会的最新演化。
DAF账户的运营方，不仅负责资产托管，同时还会根据捐赠者意图，筛选合适的慈善机构，持续跟踪慈善捐赠的效用。
捐赠者可以根据各项回馈信息，随时调整捐赠策略。
也就是说，捐赠者拥有了充分的主动权，还能节省私人基金会不菲的人事开支。
在欧美各国具有很大影响力的慈善救助机构救世军（Salvation Army）是DAF捐赠方式的明显受惠者之一。
他们正通过DAF直接联系到更多的大捐赠者，介绍日常救助工作，赢取捐赠者的认同。
当然，并不是每个人都喜欢这种方式。
批评者认为，DAF大幅缩减了直接流入慈善机构的金流，让这些非营利机构在规划日常开支时，面临更多不确定因素，募集捐赠压力进一步提升。
而且，这也让像是富达投资（Fidelity）和嘉信理财（Charles Schwab）这样的DAF管理业者，对于慈善机构有了更多的影响力。
l ACC 2201 Prov Bad debts AUG 2012
∙Explain the nature of bad debts, provisions, and provisions for doubtful debts.∙Distinguish between the specific and general provisions for doubtful debts.∙Show how the entries for bad debts and provisions for doubtful debts in journal, income statement and balance sheet.∙Prepare the final accounts from a trial balance making the required adjustment for bad debts and doubtful debts.BAD DEBTSBad debts arise when a trade debtor is unable (or unwilling) to pay the amount owedin respect of goods sold on credit. These are also known as irrecoverable debts.A debt may be irrecoverable because the debtor cannot be traced, is not worth taking to Court, or has been declared bankrupt (and the ‘final dividend’ in bankruptcy received).These debts can no longer be regarded as asset and it must be removed from the balance sheet. (Written off). Bad debts are treated as expense in the income statements.Journal entriesBad debts account DebitDebtors account Credit(To write off bad debts from the debtors account)Income Statement DebitBad debts account Credit(To transfer the bad debts account to profit and loss account as expenses)Page 1 of 8Recoveries of bad debtsOption 11.Debtors account DebitBad debts recovered account Credit(reinstate the debt)2.Cash/bank DebitDebtors account Credit(payment received from debtors in settlement of the debt)OR Option 2Cash at bank DebitRecoveries of Bad debts account Credit(Receipts from debtors that were already written off as bad debts)Record in Income StatementIncome - Recoveries from Bad Debts accountExpenses - Bad Debts expensesTHE NATURE OF A PROVISIONA provision is the setting aside of income to meet a known or highly probable future liability or loss, the amount and/or timing of which cannot be ascertained exactly, and is thus an estimate.Page 2 of 8LEDGER ENTRIES FOR A PROVISION FOR BAD DEBTSSteps in determining provision1.To Calculate the NET DEBTORS amount(Debtors – additional bad debts given in adjustment)2.BALANCE SHEET - current year provisionNet debtors X rate of provision3.STATEMENT OF INCOME– the difference between current yearprovision (Step 2) and last year provision.Current year provision RMLess Last year provision RM(Increase) / Decrease RMThe difference between the two provisions is shown in the Income Statementas followsIf increase = expensesIf decrease = incomeAccounting entries for Doubtful debtsTo create or increase a provision:Income statement (expenses) DebitProvision for bad debts CreditDecrease in provision:Provision for bad debts DebitIncome Statement (income) CreditThe current year provision for bad debts is deducted from trade debtors in the balance sheet.Page 3 of 8Current assetsDebtors (net of bad debts) XLess Provision for bad debts (current year) XXSpecific ProvisionSteps in determining General provision if Specific Provision is given1.To Calculate the net debtors amount(Debtors – additional bad debts - specific provision)2.To Calculate the General provisionNet debtors X rate of provisionThe total current year provision is the sum of General provision and Specific Provision.3.To Record in Income StatementCurrent year provision RMLess Last year provision RM(Increase) / Decrease RMNo change in the accounting entriesEstimating provision for bad debts(a)Based on Percentage of sales-Net of sales x rate of provision(b)Based on Ageing of Accounts-Individual accounts receivables are analyzed according to the length of time they have owed by the customers.E.g. 1 –30 days 0.1%31-60 days 1%61-90 days 10%Page 4 of 8Question 1Ken silk started trading 1 February 2010. Figures relating to business’ bad debts are as followsYear end 31 January Closing debtorbefore write-offsBad debts tobe written offProvision fordoubtful debts2011 $ 246 900 0 2 %2012 326 900 4 300 2 %2013 295 000 3 600 2 %Required:(a)Prepare the Provision for doubtful debts account for all the 3 years(b)Show the Income statement extract and Balance sheet extract for the 3years.Question 2J. Blane commenced business on 1 January 2010 and prepares her financial statements to 31 December each year. For the year ended 31 December. For the ended 31 December 2010, bad debts written off amounted to RM 1400. It was also found necessary to create provision for doubtful debt of RM 2600.In 2011, debts amounting to RM 2200 proved to be bad and were written off. J Sweeny whose debt of RM 210 was written off as bad debts in 2010, settled her account in full on 30 November 2011. As at 31 December 2007 total debts outstanding were RM 92,000. It was decided to bring the provision up to 4% of this figure on that date.In 2012, RM 3800 was written off during the year, and another recovery of RM 320 was made in respect of debts written off in 2010. As at 31 December 2012 total debts outstanding were RM 72,000. The provision for doubtful debt is to be 5% to of this figure.Required:Prepare the accounts for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012-Bad debts account-Bad debts recovered account-Provision for bad debts-Extract from Balance sheet.Page 5 of 8Question 3The following is the trial balance of Nimca as at 31 December 2012:DR CRRM RM Capital 40,000Cash 300Delivery van, at cost 20,000Drawings 10,600Stock at 1 Jan 2012 700Office Expenses 12,100Provision for bad debts (1/1/2012) 1,200Purchases 65,000Sales 95,000Trade Creditors 5,000Bad debts expenses 500Trade Debtors 32,000_______ _______141,200 141,200====== ====== Additional information:(a)Stock at 31 December 2012 was valued at RM8,000.(b)At 31 December 2012 an amount of RM400 was outstanding fortelephone expenses and rates had been prepaid by RM500.(c)Additional bad debts to be written off at RM1,500.(d)Provide provision for bad debts at 3 % of the remaining debtors.Required:Prepare the Income statement and Balance Sheet for the year to 31 December 2012.Question 4Following is the Trial Balance of Santana Enterprises as at 31 May 2012DEBIT CREDIT Sales and Purchases 286,500 384,180 Returns 10,500 7,800 Stock 1 June 2011 29,400Carriage inwards 14,700Discounts 2,400 3,800 Wages and salaries 29,100Printing, stationery and postages 14,400Telephone 9,600Page 6 of 8Mortgage Loan 25,000 Goodwill 30,000Investment - short term 12,000Loan - repayable in 6 months 15,000 Heat and Light 7,000Bad debts expenses 6,300Advertising 9,300Custom duties 500Rental revenue 5,000 Traveling expenses 6,780Sales commission 15,300Premises 104,400Equipment 24,600Vehicles 36,300Cash in hand 3,300Bank overdraft 10,200 Debtors and creditors 78,600 61,500 Capital 246,900 Drawings 27,000Carriage outward 1,400759,380 759,380(a) Stock on hand 31 May 2012 was valued at RM 78700.(b) Heat and light amounting to RM 4,900 was consumed but not accounted for.c) Prepaid printing amounted to RM 2 860 and postages still owing RM 1680.(d) It was discovered after the preparation of the Trial balance that a bad debtof RM 1600 was deemed irrecoverable.(e) A provision for bad debt of 3 % of debtors to be provided.Prepare the Income statement and the Balance sheet as at 31 May 2012.Question 5The following is the trial balance of W.Smith as at 31 December 2012Debit Credit Capital 45,214 Drawings 9,502Purchases and Sales 389,072 527,350 Wages and Salaries 33,440Rent and rates 9,860Insurance 4,142Bad debts 1,884Page 7 of 8Provision for bad debts 3,702 Debtors and creditors 72,300 34,308 Cash in hand 2,816Cash at bank 334Stock 82,124Motor vehicles 7,200Loan (repayable 1 June 2013) 2,100612,674 612,674 You are provided with the following additional information:(a)Stock at 31 December 2012 has been valued at RM 97,356.(b)The annual rent of the premises is RM 6,400, payable half-yearly in advanceon 31 March and 30 September each year.(c)Insurance expenses for the year 2012 should be RM 6,384.(d)Wages and salaries to be accrued amount to RM 5,280.(e)It has been agreed that a further debts of RM 1,420 is uncollectible and theprovision for the year is estimated at 5 % of the remaining debtors. Required:Prepare the income statement for the year ended 31 December 2012 and a balance sheet as at that date.Page 8 of 8。
bebadfor的同义词
be bad for的同义词be bad for释义：对 ... 有害; 对 ... 不利。
那么be bad for的同义词是什么你知道吗，以下是店铺为大家整理了be bad for的同义词和例句，以供大家参考。
be bad for的同义词be harmful toto the detriment ofbe bad for的同义词例句Smoking can be harmful to your health.吸烟对身体有害。
Fruit juices can be harmful to children's teeth.果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。
This can be harmful to your health if ingested.这东西若被吃下去对你的健康可能有害。
Fatty food will be harmful to you.太油的食物对你没好处。
Reading in a dim light can be harmful to the eyes.在暗淡的灯光下看书会对眼睛有害。
Both smoking and drinking are harmful to health.抽烟和喝酒都对健康有害。
be bad for的英语例句I wish I did not have to waste my Sunday go to a wedding ... but it'd be bad for business not to go.我不想出席婚礼牺牲星期天 ... 但不去对生意往来又不好。
A surfeit of rich food is bad for you.多吃油腻食物对身体有害。
Not studying will be to your disadvantage.不学习将对你不利。
Too much greasy food isn't good for you.太油腻的食物对你不利。
次级和ALT-A按揭贷款 资产毒垃圾
次级和ALT-A按揭贷款资产毒垃圾银行家的胃口永远难以满足, 当大部分普通人的房地产按揭贷款资源开发殆尽后, 他们又将眼光盯上了一些根本不合格的人。
这就是美国600万贫困或信誉不好的穷人和新移民。
美国的按揭贷款市场大致可以分为三个层次:优质贷款市场(Prime Market)“ALT-A”贷款市场次级贷款市场(Subprime Market)。
优质贷款市场面向信用等级高(信用分数在660分以上)，收入稳定可靠，债务负担合理的优良客户，这些人主要是选用最为传统的30年或15年固定利率按揭贷款。
次级市场是指信用分数低于620分，收入证明缺失，负债较重的人。
而“ALT-A”贷款市场则是介于二者之间的庞大灰色地带，它既包括信用分数在620到660之间的主流阶层，又包括分数高于660的高信用度客户中的相当一部分人。
次级市场总规模大致在1.3万亿美元左右, 其中有近半数的人没有固定收入的凭证，这些人的总贷款额在5000-6000亿美元之间。
显然，这是一个高风险的市场，其回报率也较高，它的按揭贷款利率大约比基准利率高2-3%。
次级市场的贷款公司更加“拥有创新精神”，它们大胆推出各种新的贷款产品。
比较有名的是：无本金贷款(Interest OnlyLoan)，3年可调整利率贷款(ARM，Adjustable Rate Mortgage)，5年可调整利率贷款，与7年可调整利率贷款, 选择性可调整利率贷款(OptionARMs)等。
这些贷款的共同特点就是，在还款的开头几年，每月按揭支付很低且固定，等到一定时间之后，还款压力徒增。
这些新产品深受追捧的主要原因有二：一是人们认为房地产会永远上涨，至少在他们认为的“合理”的时间段内会如此，只要他们能及时将房子出手，风险是“可控”的；二是想当然地认为房地产上涨的速度会快于利息负担的增加。
老友记-口语积累-第二季第十二集
《老友记》-口语积累-第二季第十二集
原剧摘录，非常地道的日常英语口语表达。
attitude problem：态度问题
off to：去哪
原句：Ooh, where are you off to, Travelin' Jake?
schedule performers：安排演出
原句：Anyway, I schedule performers for the childrens libraries around the city. exact opposite：完全相反
原句：Well, she looks the exact opposite of that.
grown-ups：大人/成人
原句：I'm used to playing for grown-ups.
a break-in：一场打劫
few months back：几个月前
inside job：内贼干的
原句：There was a break-in, few months back, inside job.
bad publicity：坏名誉
原句：They don't want the bad publicity.
cover-up：掩饰
原句：It's all a great big cover-up.他们掩饰得密不透风
entertainment field：娱乐圈
原句：Your monkey found a new career, in the entertainment field.
belief system：信仰
there goes my whole belief system：我的信仰就是这样被推翻了的。
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Example
Dr
Sales
Mr Farnish Account
£ 50 Bad debts
Cr
£ 50
Dr Sales
Mr Goldstone Account £ 240 Cash Bad debts
Cr £ 200 40 Cr £ 90
Dr Dr Mr Farnish Mr Goldstone
Profit & Loss Allowances for doubtful debt
£
Dr
Allowance for doubtful debts
£ 200
Cr
Dr
£
£
Cr
Profit & loss 200
Example
A business started on 1 January 2007 and its financial year end is 31
Homework – 1. finish bad debt work book
2. Draw a bad debt poster on the last 2 pages in
the bad debt work book explaining the process of
bad debts. Use page 285-294 to help you. Tuesday
On 31 December 2009, the schedule of remaining debtors, amounting in total to £ 26,000, is examined and it is decided to make a provision for doubtful debts of 2%. 1. Show the bad debts account and the provision for doubtful debts account 2. The charge to the profit & loss account 3. The relevant extracts from the balance sheet
Income statement (extract) Sales: COGS Gross Profit Expenses: Bad debts Allowance for doubtful debts ... ... Net Profit
Statement of financial position (extract) Fixed Assets: Current Assets: Debtors - £15,000
December. A table of debtors, the bad debts written off and the
estimated doubtful debts at the rate of 2% of debtors at the end of each year, as well as the double entry accounts are below.
less allowance for doubtful debt (£500)
£14,500 Liabilities Capital employed
Question 2 A business had always made an allowance for doubtful debt at the rate of 2% of accounts receivable. On 1 January 2011 the amount for this brought forward from the previous year was £300. During the year to 31 December 2011 the bad debts written-off amounted to £700 On 31 December the accounts receivable balance was £17,000 and the usual allowance for doubtful debt was made (2%) You are required to show: •The dab debts account for the year ended 31 December 2011 •The allowance for doubtful debts account for the year •Extract from the income statement •Extract from the statement of financial position. Bad debts a/c Allowance for doubtful 1 bal c/d 340 Dec 31 P&L 40 340 340
Bad debts Account £ 50 40 90 Cr Profit & Loss a/c
Provision for bad debts
It is impossible to determine with absolute accuracy how much the value of bad debts will be. In order to arrive at a figure of doubtful debts, a business must first consider that some debtors will never be able to pay whilst other might be able to pay a some of the debt. A doubtful debt = not sure if the debt can be repaid A bad debt = the debt will not be repaid Some businesses make an ‘aging schedule’ showing how long the debts have been owing. The longer the debt has been owed the more likely these debts will be turned in to ‘bad debts’ Period debt owing £ % doubtful Allowance
See worksheet
Assessment 1
Hart & Partners started a business on January 1 2009. During its first year of trading the following debts were found to be bad and the business decided to write them off as bad: May 16 July 31 Nov 9 Bayley Carter Roche £550 £223 £467
1-4 weeks
5-7 weeks 8-10 weeks 10-15 weeks
5,000
3,000 800 200
1
3 4 5
50
90 32 10
Example
At 31 December 2011, the accounts receivable figure after deducting bad debts was £ 10,000. it is estimated that 2% of the debts (£ 200) will eventually prove to be bad debts and it is decided to make a provision for these.
Bad debts a/c
May 31 S.Gill & Son 600 Sep 30 H.Black Ltd 400 Nov 30 A.Thom 200 1,200 1,200 Dec 31 P&L 1,200
Allowance for doubtful debts a/c
Dec 31 P&L 500
Assessment 2
Date
2007 2008 2009 2010
Total debtors
7000 8000 6000 7000
Profit & Loss
Dr / Cr
Final figure for Balance sheet
The table shows the figure for debtors appearing in a trader’s books. The provision for doubtful debt is to be 1% of debtors. Complete the table indicating the amount to be debited or credited to the profit & loss accounts for the final year ended and the amount for the final figure of debtors to appear in the balance sheet on each date.
Bad debts
Explanation
If a business finds it impossible to collect debt then the debt should be ‘written off’ as a bad debt. A bad debt is therefore an expense for the business. MP Ltd sold goods costing £ 50 to Mr Farnish. Unfortunately Mr Farnish is experiencing financial difficulties and is unable to pay his debt. MP Ltd also sold goods costing £ 240 to Mr Goldstone. Mr Goldstone paid £ 200, but is unable to pay the remaining £ 40. Using white boards, show the affects of these bad debts on the three accounts