2019年雅思阅读模拟真题：Solar-panel fold failureword版本 (1页)
2019雅思阅读考试真题(19)
2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands.The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena ofirritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed"neuroglia". They are characterized by short processes that have special relationships to neurons, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The comparable cells in the peripheral nervous system are termed "neurilemmal" cells.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The parts of a neuron(B) The structure of animals' nerve(C) The nervous system of vertebrates(D) The development of the brain2. According to the passage , the nerve cord of vertebrates is(A) large(B) hollow(C) primitive(D) embryological3. The author implies that a careful investigation of a biological structure in an embryo may(A) Improved research of the same structure in other species(B) A better understanding of the fully developed structure(C) Discovering ways in which poor development can be corrected(D) A method by which scientists can document the various stages of development4. The two main parts of the central nervous system are the brain and the(A) sensory endings(B) cranial nerve(C) spinal cord(D) peripheral nerves5. All of the following are described as being controlled by the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT(A) connective tissue(B) cardiac muscle(C) glandular activity(D) smooth muscle6. In what lines does the author identify certain characteristic of nerve cells?(A) lines 1-2(B) lines 9-12(C) lines 12-14(D) lines 16-18CBBCA D。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(11)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment onthe market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable peopleto stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemicalagent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achievethe same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such asinfection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie： a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：示意图题(3)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：示意图题(3)A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itAAccording to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire,the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendarsto co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles： thesolar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.BBefore the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuousthan the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised,the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.CCenturies before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.DIn order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around theMediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.EThe advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it wasnaturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count： Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.FThe earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descendingweight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels ofthe timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, butthe pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.GTo address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like aship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor- standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.HToday, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(4)
2019年雅思考试阅读模拟试题：段落标题(1)Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesAVolcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption—cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava—is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floorhas a basement of volcanic basalt.Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they arealso thought to have made the world's first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every yearthey add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smokingaway for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth：enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world's atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.BGeologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack—like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly 'flow' like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents,is powerful enough to fracture the 'eggshell' of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.CThese zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow： vast bubbles of magma—molten rock from the mantle—inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes—as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa—the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes,like the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates—the plates which make up the earth's crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific 'ring of fire' where there have been the most violent explosions—Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen's in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.DBut volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests faded, after snowin June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(12)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：段落标题(2) The Problem of Scarce ResourcesSection AThe problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community's total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.Section BWhat is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were 'limits to growth'. The newconsciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the 'invisible hand' of economic progress would provide.Section CHowever, at exactly the same time as this newrealisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies： that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.Section DAlthough the language of 'rights' sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United Statesto the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). Itis also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognised as a 'public good', rather than a 'private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it：'The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of healthis one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.' As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.Section EJust at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern aboutthe distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly peopleare now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDPin 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US thecurrent figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDR.)As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources.。
2019年8月10日雅思阅读考试真题及解析
2019年8月10日雅思阅读考试真题及解析上周六完成了最新一期的雅思考试，那么大家对自己的考试分数有没有信心呢？和来一起看看2019年8月10日雅思阅读考试真题及解析。
一、考题解析P1 芭蕾P2 潮汐能P3 IT公司选址二、名师点评1. 本次考试难度整体简单。
2. 整体分析：涉及发展史类（P1）、科学类（P2）、商业类（P3）本场考试题型整体偏细节题型，配对题行较少，第一篇共两个题型（判断和填空），定位明显，逻辑清晰，简单易懂；第二篇文章为旧题，话题比较陌生，好在题型定位明显，并无太大理解障碍；第三篇为新题，，共两个题型，说明性质文体，但话题不够熟悉，行文方式学术化较强，难度略高。
3. 主要题型：本次考试配对题型比例较低，主要出现在第二篇中，细节题偏多，尤其是判断与填空题型占主要，故对考生来说，要求快速定位能力。
4. 文章分析：第一篇文章主要介绍芭蕾舞的发展历程；第二篇文章讲述科学家利用海洋潮汐，为人类提供能量来源，例如发电等；第三篇介绍IT公司选择公司地址时需要考虑的因素；5. 部分答案及参考文章：Passage 1：题型：判断6+填空 7Until 1689，ballet in Russia was nonexistent. The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West. It wasn＇t until the rise of Peter the Great that Russiansociety opened up to the West. St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow’s isolationism. Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces. His vision was to challenge the west. Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment，but as a “standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized-an idealized way of behaving. The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians，but to create a cultivated and new Russian people.Empress Anna，（1730 –1740）was devoted to ostentatious amusements （balls， fireworks， tableaux）， and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of Jean-Baptiste Landé as dancing-master in the military academy she had founded in 1731 for sons of the nobility. In 1738， he became ballet master and head of the new ballet school， launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia， and winning the patronage of elite families.France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg （1801-1831），Jules Perrot（1848-1859）and Arthur Saint-Léon （1859-69）.In the early 19th century， the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket. A seating section called a rayok，or ＇paradise gallery＇， consisted of simple wooden benches. This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet， because tickets in this section were inexpensive.One author describes the Imperial ballet as “unlike that of any other country in the world…the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state-supported theatres. The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar， and all the dancers were， in a sense， Imperial servants.In the theatre，the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and，out of respect，after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed. Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern： first，the ballerina bowed to the tsar’s box， then to that of the theater director， and finally to the general public1. T2. F3. NG4. T5. T6. F7. theater8. win worldwide popularity9. dance and dress10. ？11. successful publication12. director13. comic技巧分析：本文并未出现配对题型，考生应尽可能利用定位法找出答案，细节题型同时出现，考生可以根据顺序原则快速定位答案范围，同时留意三个题型间的关系，如处在中间的判断题，可以根据单选的最后一题出现的位置向后找，可以提高效率；做选择题时需要注意巧妙利用排除法，找出最合适的答案；最后需要注意多选题答案一般涉及文章一部分，根据其出现的位置，可以从文章结尾向前找答案，节省时间。
2019年7月20日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年7月20日雅思阅读考试真题及答案最近的雅思考试难度越来越大，真题是大家主要参考的内容，那么7月20号的考试是怎样的呢？今天就跟着一起来看看2019年7月20日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
P1 Solving an Arctic Mystery 北极科考船（2014.10.25旧题）文章主旨：对北极科考船失踪事件的调查。
包含判断7，填空6参考答案：判断1-4：1. TRUE2. NOT GIVEN3. FALSE4. FALSE5. NOT GIVEN6. FALSE7.TRUE填空8-13：8. geology9. sonar10. manufactured11.water12.engines13.stories参考原文：TORONTO （AP）- One of two British explorer ships that disappeared in the Arctic more 160 years ago has been found，Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced Tuesday. The HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were last seen in the late 1840s. Canada announced in 2008 that it would search for the ships ledby British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin.Harper， speaking in Ottawa， said it remains unclear which ship has been found，but images show there＇s enough information to confirm it＇s one of the pair.Franklin and 128 hand-picked officers and men vanished on an expedition begun in 1845 to find the fabled Northwest Passage. Franklin＇s disappearance prompted one of history＇s largest and longest rescue searches， from 1848 to 1859， which resulted in the passage＇s discovery.The route runs from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Arctic archipelago. European explorers sought the passage as a shorter route to Asia， but found it rendered inhospitable by ice and weather.＂This is truly a historic moment for Canada，＂ said Harper，who was beaming， uncharacteristically. ＂This has been a great Canadian story and mystery and the subject of scientists，historians，writers and singers so I think we really have an important day in mapping the history of our country.＂Harper＇s government began searching for Franklin＇s ships as it looked to assert Canada＇s sovereignty over the Northwest Passage，where melting Arctic ice has unlocked the very shipping route Franklin was after.The original search for the ships helped open up parts of the Canadian Arctic for discovery back in the 1850s. Harper said the ship was found Sunday using a remotely operated underwater vehicle. The discovery comes shortly after a team of archeologists found a tiny fragment from the Franklin expedition. Searchers discovered an iron fitting that once helped support a boat from one of the doomed expedition＇s ships in the King William Island search area.Franklin＇s vessels are among the most sought-after prizes in marine archaeology. Harper said the discovery would shed light on what happened to Franklin＇s crew.Tantalizing traces have been found over the years，including the bodies of three crewmen discovered in the 1980s.The bodies of two English seamen - John Hartnell， 25， and Royal Marine William Braine， 33 - were exhumed in 1986. An expedition uncovered the perfectly preserved remains of a petty officer， John Torrington， 20， in an ice-filled coffin in 1984.Experts believe the ships were lost in 1848 after they became locked in the ice near King William Island and that the crews abandoned them in a hopeless bid to reach safety.The search for an Arctic passage to Asia frustrated explorers for centuries，beginning with John Cabot＇s voyage in 1497. Eventually it became clear that a passage did exist， but was too far north for practical use. Cabot， the Italian-British explorer，died in 1498 while trying to find it and the shortcut eluded other famous explorers including Henry Hudson and Francis Drake. No sea crossing was successful until Roald Amundsen of Norway completed his trip from 1903-1906.P2 蜂王（英文标题待补充）文章主旨：待补充参考答案：待补充参考原文：待补充P3 Nature works for Nature Works™PLA新型塑料（2017.10.14旧题）文章主旨：对一种新型塑料的特性的介绍参考答案：判断27-30：27. B28. C29. F30. A填空（流程图）31-34：31. starch32. fermentation33. condensation34. polymer单选35-38：35. B36. C37. A38. D单选39-40：39. A40. C参考原文：AA dozen years ago，scientists at Cargill got the idea of converting lactic acid made from corn into plastic while examining possible new uses for materials produced from corn wet milling processes. In the past，several efforts had been made to develop plastics from lactic acid，but with limited success. Achieving this technological breakthrough didn’t come easily， but in time the efforts did succeed. A fermentation and distillation process using com was designed to create a polymersuitable for a broad variety of applications.BAs an agricultural based firm， Cargill had taken this product as far as it could by 1997. The company needed a partner with access to plastics markets and polymerization capabilities， and began discussions with The Dow Chemical Company. The next step was the formation of the joint venture that created Cargill Dow LLC. Cargill Dow’s product is the world’s first commercially available plastic made from annually renewable resources such as com：Nature Works™ PLA is a family of packaging polymers （carbon-based molecules）made from non-petroleum based resources.Ingeo is a family of polymers for fibers made in a similar manner.CBy applying their unique technology to the processing of natural plant sugars，Cargill Dow has created a more environmentally friendly material that reaches the consumer in clothes，cups，packaging and other products. While Cargill Dow is a stand-alone business，it continues to leverage the agricultural processing， manufacturing and polymer expertise of the two parent companies in order to bring the best possible products to market.DThe basic raw materials for PLA are carbon dioxide and water. Growing plants， like com take these building blocks from the atmosphere and the soil. They are combined in the plant to make carbohydrates （sucrose and starch） through a process driven by photosynthesis. The process for making Nature Works PLA begins when a renewable resource such as corn is milled，separating starch from the raw material. Unrefined dextrose， inturn， is processed from the starch.ECargill Dow turns the unrefined dextrose into lactic acid using a fermentation process similar to that used by beer and wine producers. This is the same lactic acid that is used as a food additive and is found in muscle tissue in the human body. Through a special condensation process，a lactide is formed. This lactide is purified through vacuum distillation and becomes a polymer （the base for NatureWorks PLA） that is ready for use through a solvent-free melt process. Development of this new technology allows the company to “harvest” the carbon that living plants remove from the air through photosynthesis. Carbon is stored in plant starches，which can be broken down into natural plant sugars. The carbon and other elements in these natural sugars are then used to make NatureWorks PLA.FNature Works PLA fits all disposal systems and is fully compostable in commercial composting facilities. With the proper infrastructure， products made from this polymer can be recycled back to a monomer and re-used as a polymer. Thus， at the end of its life cycle， a product made from Nature Works PLA can be broken down into its simplest parts so that no sign of it remains.GPLA is now actively competing with traditional materials in packaging and fiber applications throughout the world； based on the technology’s success and promise，Cargill Dow is quickly becoming a premier player in the polymers market. This new polymer now competes head-on with petroleum-based materials like polyester. A wide range of products that vary inmolecular weight and crystallinity can be produced，and the blend of physical properties of PLA makes it suited for a broad range of fiber and packaging applications. Fiber and non-woven applications include clothing，fiberfill，blankets and wipes. Packaging applications include packaging films and food and beverage containers.HAs Nature Works PLA polymers are more oil- and grease-resistant and provide a better flavor and aroma barrier than existing petroleum-based polymers，grocery retailers are increasingly using this packaging for their fresh foods. As companies begin to explore this family of polymers，more potential applications are being identified. For example，PLA possess two properties that are particularly useful for drape fabrics and window furnishings. Their resistance to ultraviolet light is particularly appealing as this reduces the amount of fading in such fabrics， and their refractive index is low， which means fabrics constructed from these polymers can be made with deep colors without requiring large amounts of dye. In addition， sportswear makers have been drawn to the product as it has an inherent ability to take moisture away from the skin and when blended with cotton and wool， the result is garments that are lighter and better at absorbing moisture.IPLA combines inexpensive large-scale fermentation with chemical processing to produce a value-added polymer product that improves the environment as well. The source material for PLA is a natural sugar found in plants such as com and using such renewable feedstock presents several environmental benefits. As an alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers，theproduction of PLA uses 20%-50% less fossil fuel and releases a lower amount of greenhouse gasses than comparable petroleumbased plastic；carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed when the feedstock is grown and is returned to the earth when the polymer is degraded. Because the company is using raw materials that can be regenerated year after year， it is both cost competitive and environmentally responsible.。
2019年11月02日雅思考试真题回忆+答案
2019 年 11 月 02 日雅思考试真题机经内容回忆:The talk is about an analysis of business mode. 导师和学生一起讨论关于公司管理的论文。
答案回忆:匹配21-25 题干为5 种分析方法，然后选这些方法所对应的特征（business tool 的运用）List of ChoicesA.save business time and effortB.offer visual help or guideC.not suitable for their studyD.take long timeE.are difficult to useF.are applicable to companies in any size21.PEST method --- C（听力录音中提到 economic; have little use to their study; virtually）22.Drill down analysis --- E（听力录音中提到 hard to apply）23.Pareto analysis --- D（听力录音中提到 take ages,同义替换 take long time）24.PMI method --- A（听力录音中提到 easy to use, they provide visual data）25.SWOT method --- F单选26-3026.What is most useful in future for manufacturing factories in students’ opinion? 答案选BA.regulation of the reputation of companyB.experience of staff and employeesC.… major competitors27. What is tutor suggestion of manufacturing factories’ strengths? 答案选BB. oversea expansion opportunities28. Which one impresses the tutor to the greatest extent? 答案选BB.the new legal legislationC.find out new skills to the equipment29. 男的认为the most difficult part in the investigation is? 答案选CC. differences between practice and theory 理论和实践的区别30.What should the tutor improve this students’ report? 答案选AA.give a final recommendationB.report in a clear structureC.add more detailed information（答案仅供参考）Section FourVersion 场景题型旧V08405 大学毕业生就业情况调查填空 10 题内容回忆:This lecture is mainly about a survey of graduates’ employment.答案回忆:填空31-40Sentence Completion:31.Interviewees from which subject: business management32.Two research methods: email questionnaires (given) and phone interviews Which part is most satisfied?2019 年 11 月 02 日雅思阅读机经考题回忆——来自环球教育雅思考试院 & 环球教育深圳学校 俞秉欣老师Passage One新旧情况 题材 题目 题型旧 V12233人文艺术 Russia Ballet 俄罗斯芭蕾（戏剧发展史）判断 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 6 题 表格填空 7 题文章大意：全文按照时间和人物顺序安排。
2019雅思阅读考试试卷真题 4页
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itAAccording to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire,the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendarsto co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles： thesolar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.BBefore the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuousthan the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised,the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.CCenturies before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.DIn order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around theMediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.EThe advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it wasnaturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count： Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.FThe earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descendingweight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels ofthe timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, butthe pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.GTo address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like aship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor- standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.HToday, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(7)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1) BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named'Bakelite,’was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting'： like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors—immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such astortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, asa young chemistry student inBelgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, butrather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) wereinitially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced：including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicalswithout joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammoniaand formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby 'setting' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The objectcould not be designed so that it was locked into the mouldand therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that themolten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial： thick walls took longer to cool and harden, .afactor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain inits early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials expansion—‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchengoods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of thepreplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despise and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums,societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.。
2019年雅思阅读理解精选试题及答案汇总10道题
2019年雅思阅读理解精选试题及答案卷面总分：100分答题时间：50分钟试卷题量：10题一、问答题（共10题，共100分）1.Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warne d of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key:抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman:开展览会的人, 出风头的人物3. unassuming:谦逊的, 不夸耀的, 不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off pe rson’s back:不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate:受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed:不再担忧，不被打扰Questions 1-7Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.正确答案：1. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A “… the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunesmusic-store.”2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A “…At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.”3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Parag raph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in” customers.”5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. “Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.”9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.”10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn’t it l ead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.”11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.”13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.”14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”2.new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses findthem a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s i mmune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to puta polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. Forsafety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminatingside-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.Questions 10-13Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic thanthe ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers正确答案：1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)导读：本文2019年雅思阅读模拟试题(3)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。
This reading test contains 10 questions. You should spend about 20 minuteson this task. To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with penand paper.Read the passage below and answer questions 1-10.What you need to know about Culture ShockMost people who move to a foreign country or culture may experience aperiod of time when they feel very homesick and have a lot of stress anddifficulty functioning in the new culture. This feeling is often called ‘cultureshock’ and it is important to understand and learn how to cope with cultureshock if you are to adapt successfully to your new home’s culture.First of all, it’s important to know that culture shock is normal. Everyonein a new situation will go through some form of culture shock, and the extent ofwhich they do is determined by factors such as the difference between cultures,the degree to which someone is anxious to adapt to a new culture and thefamiliarity that person has to the new culture. If you go, for example, to aculture that is far different from your own, you’re likely to experience cultureshock more sharply than those who move to a new culture knowing the language andthe behavioural norms of the new culture.There are four general stages of cultural adjustment, and it is importantthat you are aware of these stages and can recognise which stage you are in andwhen so that you will understand why you feel the way you do and that anydifficulties you are experience are temporary, a process youare going throughrather than a constant situation.The first stage is usually referred to as the excitement stage or the‘honeymoon’ sta ge. Upon arriving in a new environment, you’ll be interested inthe new culture, everything will seem exciting, everyone will seem friendly andhelpful and you’ll be overwhelmed with impressions. During this stage you aremerely soaking up the new landscape, taking in these impressions passively, andat this stage you have little meaningful experience of the culture.But it isn’t long before the honeymoon stage dissolves into the secondstage –sometimes called the withdrawal stage. The excitement you felt beforechanges to frustration as you find it difficult to cope with the problems thatarise. It seems that everything is difficult, the language is hard to learn,people are unusual and unpredictable, friends are hard to make, and simplethings like shopping and going to the bank are challenges. It is at this stagethat you are likely to feel anxious and homesick, and you will probably findyourself complaining about the new culture or country. This is the stage whichis referred to as ‘culture shock’.Culture shock is only temporary, and at some point, if you are one of thosewho manage to stick it out, you’ll transition into the third stage of culturaladjustment, the ‘recovery’ stage. At this point, you’ll have a routine, andyou’ll feel more confiden t functioning in the new culture. You’ll start to feelless isolated as you start to understand and accept the way things are done andthe way people behave in your new environment. Customs and traditions areclearer and easier to understand. At this stage, you’ll dealwith new challengeswith humour rather than anxiety.The last stage is the ‘home’ or ‘stability’ stage – this is the point whenpeople start to feel at home in the new culture. At this stage, you’ll functionwell in the new culture, adopt certain features and behaviours from your newhome, and prefer certain aspects of the new culture to your own culture.There is, in a sense, a fifth stage to this process. If you decide toreturn home after a long period in a new culture, you may experience what iscalled ‘reverse culture shock’. This means that you may find aspects of your ownculture ‘foreign’ because you are so used to the new culture that you have spentso long adjusting to. Reverse culture shock is usually pretty mild – you maynotice things about your home culture that you had never noticed before, andsome of the ways people do things may seem odd. Reverse culture shock rarelylasts for very long.QuestionsDo the following statements agree with the information given in thearticle?In boxes 1-10 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1) Some people will find the process of adapting to a new country easierthan others.2) Knowing about these four stages will help people adjust to a new culturemore quickly.3) People can ease culture shock by learning about the language and customsbefore they go to the new culture.4) Culture shock is another name for cultural adjustment.5) The first stage is usually the shortest.6) In the first stage, people will have a very positive impression of thenew culture.7) Many people will leave the new culture while they are in the secondstage.8) By the third stage, people do not experience any more problems with thenew culture.9) In the fourth stage, people speak new language fluently.10) Reverse culture shock is as difficult to deal with as cultureshock.参考答案Answers1) TRUE2) NOT GIVEN3) TRUE4) FALSE5) NOT GIVEN6) TRUE7) NOT GIVEN8) FALSE9) NOT GIVEN10) FALSE。
2019雅思阅读考试真题(9)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：示意图题(3)A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itAAccording to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire,the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendarsto co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles： thesolar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.BBefore the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuousthan the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised,the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.CCenturies before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.DIn order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around theMediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.EThe advent of the mechanical clock meant that although it could be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it wasnaturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count： Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.FThe earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descendingweight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels ofthe timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, butthe pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.GTo address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like aship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floor- standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.HToday, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.。
2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案昨天刚刚结束了最新一期的雅思考试，大家有没有被难倒呢？接下来就跟着来看一看2019年9月28日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage1：希腊硬币Greek coinage参考答案：1. 希腊coin早在3000年就出现了=F2. T3. Sparta地区侵略Athens并强制Athens用他们的货币=F4. Great coins在整个欧洲流传=F5. Persian 入侵了Lydia并且使用人家的硬币=T6. 用硬币上的头像来奖励做出杰出贡献的人=NG7. mint8. stamps9. anvil10. reserve dies11. 希腊硬币的重量至少=0.15g12. 硬币的图案=the king的头像13. 希腊被波斯征服之前的花纹是lion and doil14. coin 在雅典被称为 owlPassage2：悉尼交通标识Street markers in SydneyPassage3： Musical Maladies参考答案：A. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects，and as a neuroscientist specializing in auditory learning and memory， I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia，the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him>C. The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the enormous and rapidly growing body of work>complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.＂He also stresses the importance of the simple art of observation＂ and the richness of the human context. He wants to combine observation and description with the latest in technology，” he says，and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks，who has been practicing neurology for 40 years，is torn between the old-fashioned path of observation and the new-fangled， high-tech approach： He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter，but his heart lies with the former.D. The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases，most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part I，Haunted by Music，＂begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria， a nonmusical，middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music， which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music， which arose spontaneously in his mind in a torrent of notes. How could this happen？Was I the cause psychological？（He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.） Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex？Electro-encephalography （EEG） showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s，just after his trauma and subsequent conversion to music. There are now more sensitive tests，but Cicoria has declined to undergo them；he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame！E. Part II，“A Range of Musicality，” covers a wider variety of topics，but unfortunately， some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example， chapter 13， which is five pages long，merely notes that the blind often have better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Cha pter 8 is about “ amusia，” an inability to hear sounds as music，and “dysharmonia，”a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony， with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific dissociations are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.F. To Sacks＇s credit， part III，＂Memory， Movement and Music，＂brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how ＂melodic intonation therapy＂is being used to help expressive aphasic patients （those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident）>G. To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior，Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For>appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.H. It＇s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However， Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observationsthat he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example， he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension， such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody， indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localization of all mental functions， this was a missed educational opportunity.I. Another conclusion>patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications，which ＂damp down＂the excitability of the brain in general；their effectiveness varies widely.J. Finally， in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have ＂normal＂ EEG results. Although Sacks recognizes the existence of new technologies， among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test， he does not call for their use. In fact， although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients， he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book＇s preface，in which Sacks expresses fear that the simple art of observation may be lost＂ if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches， though， and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.27-30：B C A A31-36：YES NG NO NG YES NO37-40：F B A D。
2019-雅思阅读模拟试题(四)(附答案)-范文word版 (1页)
2019-雅思阅读模拟试题（四）(附答案)-范文word版本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思阅读模拟试题（四）(附答案)A . Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit from any situation . Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision - making is rational . But that contradicts growing evidence that decision - making draws on the emotionseven when reason is clearly involved .B . The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense . For situations met frequently in the past ， such as obtaining food and mates ， and confronting or fleeing from threats ， the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome . Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes ，evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases . But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity ?C . One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein ， an economist at Carnegie Mellon University ， in Pittsburgh . In particular ， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision - making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt . To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists ， Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ， to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy .。
2019年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题与答案解析.doc
2019 年雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology ： solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they havenot needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea-- draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras.An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply anappropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect isAlex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enoughto change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cyclesa second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80 ℃. At 85 ℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curiousphysical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source.Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in NorthCarolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by10 ℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A.AppleB.IBMC.IntelD.Alex MischenkoE.Ali ShakouriF.Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to makesure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with theinformation given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6.Paraelectric materials can generate a currentwhen electrodes are attached to them.7.Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8.Doubling the frequency of logical operations insidea microprocessor doubles the heat output.9.IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10.Which method of disposing heat in computersmay have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor 抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systemsof subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3 ： ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5 ：The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8 ： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃ .4. ESee Paragraph 8：Ali Shakouri, of the University ofCalifornia, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller 梥 o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9 ： To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchangetakes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2：...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change ： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what thoseapplications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5 ： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9 ： In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6：Tweaking the processor's heatsinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shiftingfrom single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1 ：Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3 ： Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7 ： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9 ： The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案
2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的雅思考试圆满结束，那么考试的真题和答案是怎样的呢？来跟着看一看2019年9月12日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
Reading Passage 1Title：印第安文明古迹Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析对于文化类的考察，放在第一篇的位置相对而言，对于考生而言还是比较友好的，尤其是针对古迹一类的词汇，学生相对而言应该还是比较熟悉的，类似于Relic这样的生词，考前应该完全熟悉并且做到心中有数。
具体可参考文章：C13——TEST3 Passage3 Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilisation？Reading Passage 2Title：人类和人工智能的结合在太空探索中的应用Question types：待补充文章内容回顾待补充题型难度及技巧分析本篇文章相对而言还是比较简单的，在文章的理解上面首先就不是很难，其次在文章当中一直会重复出现AI等平时常见的生词，因此对于学生做题在信心上面也是很有帮助的，对待这篇文章，最重要的就是要做到定定心心。
但是把握好时间。
具体可参考文章：C9——TEST1 Passage2 Is anybody out there？Reading Passage 3Title：科技爆炸带来的负面影响Question types：待补充文章内容回顾具体可参考这一篇类似的文章：Alexander Henderson （1831-1913）Born in Scotland， Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855 and became a well-known landscape photographer.Alexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful grandfather，also called Alexander，had founded the family business，and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh， it owned Press Estate， 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle， the large mansion on the northern edge of the property，and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area， playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh，Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career，he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855， however， he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around theyear 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish- Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association＇s first meeting，which was held in Notman＇s studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship， their styles of photography were quite e Notman＇s landscapes were noted for their bold realism，Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images， showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication had limited circulation （only seven copies have ever been found）， and was called Canadian Views and contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson＇s early work.In 1866， he gave up his business to open a photographic studio，advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes，houses，and markets are alive with human activity，and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land， cutting ice on a river， or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for these types of scenes and othershe took depicting the lumber trade， steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts， and catering to this market， Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting，framing， or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad，in London，Edinburgh，Dublin，Paris，New York， and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario， in Canada， documenting the major cities of the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche， du Lievre， and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year， while in the lower St Lawrence River region， he took some photographs of the construction of the lntercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec， Montreal， Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 hewent west along the Canadian Pacific Railway （CPR） as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia， where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west，photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897，when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913， his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada，Ottawa，and the McCord Museum of Canadian History， Montreal.题型难度及技巧分析这篇文章在三篇文章当中看上去和第二篇文章有点类似，但是从雅思真题的这篇文章来看，第二篇文章更加偏向于科技而不是强调人工智能。
2019年5月11日托福写作考试真题及答案
真题：综合写作：solar panels in space的作用（太空利用太阳能）独立写作：Some people think that older children should be required to take care of the younger children. Others think that this should be done by parents or other adults. Which one do you prefer？解析：综合写作：阅读：有很大的优点1. 原因一：可以capture更多的太阳能，因为生产出的太阳能比较多，无云层和大气的遮蔽。
2. 原因二：因为无尘，且陨石撞击可以事先追踪避免，所以不会有撞击。
3. 原因三：对环境好，因为对自然环境的危害比较小。
听力：反驳阅读的三个优点，均不成立。
（住在地球更好）1. 一旦档板坏了不方便维修，出问题的概率很大。
2. 粒子太小了，难以捕捉。
且速度很快的话会产生很多热量，不是很protective.3. 会破坏ozone layer，有很多ultraviolet radiation，对人和动物都会造成很大的危害，所以根本不环保。
独立写作：以下是笔者给出的一个参考答案：choose： older children take care题型：利弊分析类话题：家庭教育类，生活类1. Culturally， older children have been entrusted with the role of the care-taker in a family of more than one child. This is because they are often told to take care of their little brothers or sisters by their parents. Adding that they see their parents in the same way， itis plainly easy for them to identify themselves as parents. For example， girls usually like to tell stories to their younger brothers and sisters， or feed them when their mothers are busy with housework. Boys are like superheroes protecting their flesh and blood from any potential danger. So under certain circumstances， older children are good helpers in nurturing.2. Furthermore， learning to nurture their younger family can help them better prepare for their adult life. Today， many children are spoiled and self-centered. Some of them are even indifferent to others. Consequently， they will have hard time socializing with others in future. In this respect， they are supposed to be taught how to be a responsible citizen. Even though they have very limited abilities in terms of taking care of others， this can make them more responsible and more thoughtful people. So this practice provides them an opportunity to grow up， not only grow old.3. Finally， older children also can enhance family relationship. Many working women have trouble keeping a healthy balance between their family and their work. They often complain about their husbands and have been sick and tired of endless housework and baby-sitting. In this situation， older children can be a good helper in a family， who can reduce their mothers’ workload by doing some small things， making a better family atmosphere. This is definitely a positive way to keepfamily members stay together. Moreover， they will harvest good relationship with their younger brothers and sisters.考试预测1.此次考试题目比较侧重科技，环保类（综合写作），难度稍为有点高，尤其是对于细节的把握稍有难度，并且细节比较密集，词汇也较为生僻，要更加注意对于精听的训练，打好听力硬实力！独立写作比较侧重学习生活中的抉择，是属于近期最常考的话题话题，不是特别难，所以想取得较高的分数需要有一些亮点，无论在语言思路还是素材。
2019雅思阅读考试真题（11）
2019雅思阅读考试真题（11）2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(2) The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor.Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment onthe market today has been proved to slow human aging - the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie*yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a'caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable peopleto stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemicalagent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achievethe same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. Various interventions, such asinfection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans - rhesus and squirrel monkeys - have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.calorie： a measure of the energy value of foodThe monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatichormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum life spans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it frombeing processed and thus reduces ATP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction.。
2019年10月13日雅思阅读真题预测
2019年10月13日雅思阅读真题预测
最重点：
第一篇：捕捉蚂蚁、第二篇：英国人对准确拼写的态度、第三篇：新式科技对历史教学的影响、第四篇：法国古堡、第五篇：澳洲
能源、第六篇：乐观与健康、第七篇：蝴蝶的保护色、第八篇：短
信投票、第九篇：地图发展史、第十篇：火星探险、第十一篇：茶的
历史与发展、第十二篇：苏梅克9号慧星、第十三篇：左右手成因、
第十四篇：过山车、第十五篇：失落城市、第十六篇：新手与专家、
第十七篇：性格与人际关系、第十八篇：双胞胎研究、第十九篇：意
大利的虐疾
一般重点：
第一篇：Power and Space、第二篇：录音发展史、第三篇：肥
胖成因、第四篇：挽救鱼鹰、第五篇：鳄鱼第六篇：：从众现象Conformity、第七篇：Rainmaker、第八篇：修建古堡、第九篇：儒艮、第十篇：天才儿童、第十一篇：天赋与练习、、
第十二篇：某种松树、第十三篇：快乐成因、第十四篇：郁金香、第十五篇：鸟类的智慧、第十六篇：学术道德、第十七篇：古苏格兰
乌鸦造窝工具、第十八篇：龙涎香与琥珀、第十九篇：加州森林防火、第二十篇：自然节奏
次重点：
第一篇：学习历史的意义、第二篇：语言对商业的作用、第三篇：B湖研究
第四篇：美国手语、第五篇：体育赛事与兴奋、第六篇：噪音的
影响、第七篇：清洁剂、第八篇：早期人类航海迁徙、第九篇：科幻
小说、第十篇：精益生产、第十一篇：解密记忆力、第十二篇：古头
骨容貌重现、第十三篇：生物多样性、第十四篇：指纹识名画、第十
五篇：植物纯净水、第十六篇：明星员工与企业、第十七篇：生态旅游、第十八篇：提炼饮用水、第十九篇：失败与创新、第二十篇：电子书及数学音乐、第二十一篇：沙丘。
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2019年雅思阅读模拟真题：Solar-panel fold failureword版本
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雅思阅读模拟真题：Solar-panel fold failure
雅思阅读真题模拟练习
本系列的模拟试题在难度、长度、题材、题型方面都与雅思考试近似的练习。
这些练习，均以国外报刊上的文章为素材，按雅思阅读的题型，出题并提
供答案及简单注释。
欢迎大家积极使用。
Solar - panel fold failure may mean extra spacewalk
Fold failure
The retraction of a six - year - old solar array on the International Space Station did not go to plan on Wednesday . Ground controllers left it only partly folded while they consider their options for getting the device pulled back fully . The problem may mean the crew of the space shuttle Discovery has to undertake a
fourth spacewalk .
We dont want to rush into a fix of a problem that just occurred ，says John Curry ， Discoverys lead flight director . As a result ，Thursdays spacewalk to tackle other jobs will proceed as planned ，without a fix to the solar array .
Beginning at 1328 EST on Wednesday ， ground teams and the astronauts inside the ISS attempted to fold one side of the 35- metre P 6 solar array back into a box on the top of the ISS . This needed
to be done so a newer P 4 solar array can freely rotate to track the Sun without colliding with its neighbouring array .
After almost 6.5 hours of trying to get the array to retract and more than 40 remote - control commands sent to the array ， only 13 and a half of the arrays 31 segments were safely folded in the box .。