英语语法全套复习2
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三、冠词 1 不定冠词 1)a/an的使用要注意根据其后名词的发音,而不是字母。如: The word “unless” begins with a “u” and ends with an “s”. 2)不定冠词表示“一个”人或事物。若强调“一”时, 则用one. I want to buy one copy, not two. 3)不定冠词和少数不可数名词(多为抽象名词)连用时,不表 示“一个”,而是“一种”或“一次”的意思。(不可数名词) 4)带不定冠词的短语。如: make a living in a hurry
3)集合名词的单数形式有时强调的是其个体或成员,这时谓语动 词用复数。常见的集合名词如;army, class, crowd, crew, family, group, public, team, union 等。 4)有些名词形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,其谓语动词用复数。 如:police, people(人们)等。 5)有些名词以-s结尾,但属于单数名词。如: 学科名词:maths, physics, politics等;专有名词:the United States, the United Nations等;还有些不可数名词,如:news等。 6)有些名词只有复数形式。如clothes, glasses(眼镜),trousers等。 这些词均不能和不定冠词和数词连用,但可以和some, (a) few, any, no, many, a lot of 等表示不确切数量的词连用,也可和a pair of, two articles of 等具体单位量词连用。
第一节 名词、代词、数词、冠词
一、名词 1可数名词由单数变复数时,要注意以下规则变化 1)不通过加-s构成的复数名词。如: man---men tooth---teeth woman---women mouse---mice Englishman---Englishmen child---children (但German---Germans) foot---feet phenomenon---phenomena 2)单、复数形式相同的名词。如: deer fish sheep Chinese (中国人) Japanese means (方式) works(工厂) 注意: fish一词为“(一条,两条)鱼”时,其单复数形式相同; 作“鱼的种类”讲时,其复数是在词尾加 –es;但当“鱼 肉”讲时,则为不可数名词。
二、代词 1使用人称代词要注意的几个问题 1)当代词成对地使用或与一个名词搭配使用时,两个部分的句 法功能必须一致。注意下面一句中代词的错误: In the early morning the first thing that both my brother and me did was to go out to run.(×) 2)单数人称代词的排列顺序一般为:二、三、一。复数人称代词 的排序为:一、二、三。名词和人称代词的排序为:先名词, 后人称代词。但you常位于名词前。如: the teacher and us we, you and they you, John and I 其它代词一般排列在人称代词之后。如: he, I and some others 3)人称代词作主语时,如说明主语一般用主格,口语中多用宾格 If I were she(her), I would take your advice. Open the door, please. It’s me.
5.指示代词 that/those可以用来表示前面提到过的东西,避免重复。 The population of China is larger than that of India. The TV sets made in Shanghai are better than those in our city. 如果指代的名词是单数可数名词,可以用The one 替换that。 注意: one/ones 也可用来表示前面提到过的东西。它们和that/those 的 区别是:that/those一般用来指物,定语后置;而one/ones可以 指人也可以指物,定语前置。如: This pen is as expensive as that one. I don’t like the black shoes; I like the white ones.
在强调句中,若强调的是主语就用主格,若强调的是宾语,用 宾格。如: It was they that showed us around the factory. It was us that they showed around the factory. 4)代词应与所代替的那个词在人称和数上取得一致。 I have lost my keys. I cannot remember where I lost it.(×) 2.物主代词 1)形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs my wallet her book The house across the street is hers.(hers=her house) 2)定冠词代替物主代词:(hit, pat, strike, shoot, beat, catch, seize, shake,等表示击、打、拍等动作) The lady patted him on the head kindly. They hit the boy in the face. The policeman caught the thief by the arm.
3. 反身代词 1)反身代词不能作主语,但是可以作主语的同位语。如: She herself is a doctor. 2)注意区分oneself, by oneself和for oneself。 oneself:亲自(做……),相当于in person by oneself:独自(做……),相当于alone for oneself:独立(做……),相当于without being helped 如: You should go to see him yourself. He likes to take a walk by himself. You should work out the problem for yourself. 注意: 多数情况下by oneself和for oneself无明显区别,所以上句中 的 for oneself 也可用by oneself来替换。 3)常用词组: to devote oneself(to+n) to dress oneself to enjoy oneself
6 不定代词 1)each和every each既可以作代词又可以作形容词;而every是形容词,作定语, 不能单独作代词用,但可以和body,one.thing构成复合代词。 另外,each指两者或两者以上的人或物中的每个;而every用来 指三个或三个以上的人或物中的 每个。 2)no one和none No one=nobody只用来指人,后面不跟of结构,是单数。 none既可用来指人又可用来指物,既可用来指可数名词又可用 来指不可数名词。 None of my family smoke/smokes. None of the information is available. 3)部分否定和全部否定 all, both, each,everybody, everything与否定词连用时,只表示部分否 定。如果要表示全部否定,则应该用none, no one, nobody, nothing neither等。
2.不可数名词 多数不可数名词不可和不定冠词连用,但有些不可数名词在表示 “某一种”或“具体某一次”时,可以和不定冠词连用。如: I wish you happiness. The job demands someone with a college education. He has a wide knowledge of Chinese history.
the little hands of Jim’s 吉姆的小手 5)有些名词的所有格表示家宅、商店或其它处所。如: my aunt’s 我婶婶的家 the chemist’s 药房 the tailor’s 裁缝店 the Smith’s 史密斯的家 注意: “姓氏+s”表示“……全家”。如: I visited the Smiths yesterday. the Smiths’表示“史密斯一家的住所”。如: ---Where is Lee ? ---He is at the Smiths’. 4.名词作定语 1)一个名词直接修饰另一个名词,常表示材料、用途或内容等。 gold watch school bus dress shop room number war story 2)有些名词还可以和其它词构成定语的复合结构。如: a three-wheeled car warm-hearted neighbours a six-storeyed building an eight-year-old boy a three-week holiday
2.定冠词 1)定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用,表示一类人或物时,谓 语动词用复数;表抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数。如: the rich the poor the true the false the injured 2)江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡前加定冠词,但海岛和山 峰及湖泊等地理名词前一般不加定冠词。如: the Pacific Ocean the Rocky Mountains the Taiwan Straits Taiwan Island Mount Tai 但是与of连用的这类名词要加定冠词。如 the Island of Taiwan 3)常用词组 in the end by the way on the whole in the morning(afternoon, evening )
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to help oneself(to+n) to make oneself understood/heard to say to oneself to seat oneself to take care of oneself to talk to oneself 4.疑问代词 使用疑问代词What 和which时, 应注意what一般没有 限制范围, 而which则是在一定范围中进行选择。 ---what subject do you like ? ---I like physics, English and history. ---which do you like best ? ---Physics, of course.
3.名词的格 1)当名词是人名或表示有生命的及被视为有生命的东西时多用 ’s格。如: John’s brother Teacher’s Day the children’s palace the elephant’s tusk 注意下列表示法: Mary and Jane’s room 玛丽和简两人共有的房间 Mary’s and Jane’s room 玛丽和简各自的房间 2)表示国家、城市等地方的名词和表示时间、距离、度量及金 钱的名词,虽无生命,但也可用’s表示所有格。如: China’s modern industry a two weeks’ holiday three dollars’ worth of bananas 3) “ of+名词”的结构常用来表示无生命的所有关系。如: the two sides of the road the works of Luxun 4)双重所有格,即“of+名词’s”结构:常用于表示部分概念或带 定的感情色彩。如: a friend of my father’s我父亲的一位朋友