现在完成时语法详细讲解

英语现在完成时语法详细讲解与配套习题
一、现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。

其构成：have (has) +过去分词。

规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表，需要同学记忆。

现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下：
肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.
否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.
He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.
疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t.
Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.
二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。

标志词词义用法位置already 已经肯定句句中或句末ever 曾经疑问句、肯定句句中never 从未，从来不陈述句，不和not 连用句中(ever)since 自从肯定、疑问、否定句中
for 后接一段时间肯定、疑问、否定句中
just 刚刚，正好肯定句句中
yet 还疑问句、否定句末recently 最近肯定、否定、疑问句句末once, twice, a few times 几次肯定、疑问句末
在过去的一段时间里肯定、疑问、否定句末during/over /in
the past/last + 一段时间
It’s the first time I …这是我第一次…肯定句前
用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

常与just（刚刚），already （已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice （两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past （last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。

※副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .
②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问
某人过去的经历。

Have you ever been to the farm？
④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.
⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。

时间状语有：
①for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。

②since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.
③since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.
④since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。

如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?
英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，
receive等。

这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。

He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）
※但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.
（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。

He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow / lend→keep, buy→have, finish / end→be over,
arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there,
begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed,die→be d ead ,
leave→be away（from）, go to school→be in school / be a student,
getup→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know,
lose→be lost,become→be, return / come back / get back→be back,
join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier,
receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold,
begin to study→study,
他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:
He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.
He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
It is three years since he joined the army.
Three years has passed since he joined the army.
四、现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
have been to 和have gone to的区别
have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：
He has been to the USA three times.
他到美国去过三次。

（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”）
have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如：
--Where's your mother? --你妈妈在哪？
--She has gone to the hospital. --她去医院了。

五、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?
一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.
（1）一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。

如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）
I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）
The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）
（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。

现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等
典型例题】
1. — Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks nice. Is it new?
— No, I ____ it for two years.
A. had
B. have had
C. bought
D. have bought
2. His grandfather _____ for over two years.
A. has died
B. has been dead
C. has dead
D. died
3.Uncle Li can speak English very well because he _____ England for 5 years.
A. has gone to
B. has been to
C. has come to
D. has been in
4. — Where is Mr. Zhang? — He _____ London.
A. has been to
B. has been
C. has gone
D. has gone to
5. — _____ to the United States? — No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
A. Have you been
B. Have you gone
C. Did you go
D. Will you go
6. I haven’t seen you _____ last Friday.
A. for
B. since
C. from
D. on
7. —John, you ____ the computer game for two hours. It’s bad for your eyes. Stop, please!
— OK, Mum.
A. played
B. have played
C. were playing
D. play
8.I won’t go to the concert because I _____ my ticket.
A. lost
B. don’t lose
C. have lost
D. will lost
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense:
1. It （rain）for a week.
2. I don’t know this woman. I（meet, never）her.
3.－Let’s go to the cinema.－No, I （see, already）the film.
4. We （finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute?
5. John （come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute.
6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he （be）there ten times.
7. －Where’s John? －He just （go）to the teachers’ office.
8. She （study）English since she was ten. She （begin）to study English when she was ten.
9. Jim isn’t here. He（go）to the library. He （go）there an hour ago.
10. He （travel, never）on a train in her life.。