专业英语八级(作文)模拟试卷72(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级（作文）模拟试卷72(题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. summarize briefly the main opinion of the article; 2. give your comment. How Income Disparities Affect Your Friendships When people with money are friends with people of modest means the disparities don’t typically end with the bank accounts. One person in the friendship often feels less comfortable than the other, and it tends to be the one with less money—the friend who can’t afford to join the group at the restaurant or go on the weekend trip, the one whose share may be paid for by the others. “It doesn’t disturb the rich ones to pay,”says Horst Heidbrink, a psychology lecturer at the distance-learning University of Hagen. “The rich person thinks they’re being caring. But the poorer person feels under pressure to be particularly nice.”But a lack of balance puts pressure on many friendships. Aristotelian ethics would suggest dealing with the imbalance with increased devotion by the friend with less. Friendship expert Horst Heidbrink says he wouldn’t recommend this, but his research has shown him that the give and take between friends has to be balanced. Friendships between rich and poor people are not as unusual as one might think. In a recent study by the Bremen-based Allensbach Institute, 1,624 people of different ages were asked about their friendships. Forty-four percent of respondents said they had friends who were considerably better off than they were. And 41% said they were friends with people who were considerably less well off than they were. And yet that old saying to the effect that money issues can put an end to friendship still holds for many. According to the study, friends helped each other out with moving house and renovation work, offered an ear when needed and doled out advice. But only 10% ever accepted significant loans from their richer friends. “Many people believe that borrowing money would weigh the friendship down,” Heidbrink says. “Most people would rather go to their parents because family relationships don’t depend on symmetry as much as friendships do.” Nevertheless, he says, “A good friendship can also withstand a credit.”Although friendships between men and women are vulnerable because they are defined by different activities. With their male friends, men play sports, for example, while women and their girlfriends often just talk when they get together. “That’s where it gets harder to leave out financial situations, and there’s more comparing,”says Heidbrink. On the other hand, when two guys play soccer together, it’s not an issue if one returns to a villa and the other to a low-rent apartment “What counts is trust,” Heidbrink says. When trust isn’t justified—when a friend refuses to help or betrays confidences—then friendships fall apart. They don’t fall apart because one person has a lot of money in the bank and the other doesn’t. If the less well-off don’t suffer from jealousy or envy, and the better-off don’t take it too much to heart if their best friend can’t join them on that spa trip, there’s a good chance of a successful friendship.
正确答案：Money Don’t Make True Friends Go Money makes the mare go, and money also makes friends come and go. According to the passage above, financial disparity, to a certain extent, affects friendship, as the less rich person would
feel pressured. However, as mentioned by the friendship expert Heidbrink in the passage, firmness of a friendship depends crucially on trust, rather than financial equality. I share the same idea with Heidbrink that a successful friendship goes along with multi-trust and understanding. It is not incomprehensible at all to say that there can be a sense of insecurity and worthlessness if you associate with someone making more money, and consequently the friendship between the two will be unavoidably undermined, but friendship involves compromise, patience, and support. If the friendship is really worth it to them, people should be willing to make the necessary compromises to keep it alive. When differences in wealth spur tension in a friendship, it’s important for both parties to examine their feelings about money, success, and the root of any negative sentiments. For example, if one is overcome with jealousy over a friend’s wealth, it’s important to get real with oneself. Jealousy should be turned into something positive, which can help one see what one wants for oneself. As for the newly affluent people, they should not feel guilty about the changes in their station in life. Back in ancient times, Aristotle defined three kinds of friendship. The first two are utility and pleasure. But it is the third—based on friends sincerely wanting what’s best for each other—that stands the best chance of longevity. Besides financial disparity, there are many personal circumstances can affect a friendship—death, divorce, business failure, legal trouble—and solid relationships, like friendship, should withstand all the changes and disparities.
解析：材料主要针对经济差距对友谊的影响进行论述。

大致为三部分内容。

前三段通过研究数据说明经济差距的确会影响友谊，指出在朋友之间的交往中，经济条件较差的一方会感到有压力(under pressure)。

在最近一项研究中，很多受访者认为钱的问题可以导致友谊的终结。

第四、五段具体分析金钱对友谊的影响。

第四段说明人们往往会通过聆听(offered all ear)和提建议(doled out advice)帮助朋友，而避免钱财往来，因为很多人相信借钱会影响友谊(weigh the friendship down)。

第五段说明男性之间和女性之间的友谊受到金钱的影响也不同。

男性朋友之间的活动一般是体育运动(play sports)，较少涉及到双方的经济水平。

而女性聚在一起时往往会闲聊，而经济情况则是不可避免的话题(harder to leave out financial situations)。

友谊就更容易受到经济条件差距的影响。

最后一段明确指出“信任”(trust)才是友谊得以稳固的关键。

开篇：总结材料提到的经济差距和友谊的关系，点出话题——经济差距会影响友谊，但“信任”才是友谊的关键。

主体：亮出自己的观点：同意文章的论点，并就此展开论述。

指出友谊需要包容、妥协、相互支持，如果是真正的友谊，即使经济差距造成双方关系紧张，也能够克服。

结尾：总结全文，引用名言作支撑，并重申尽管经济差距会影响友谊，但是真正的友谊可以超越这样的差距。

知识模块：作文
2．So far, only 14 countries in the world have laws on the books specifically giving homosexual couples the right to adopt children. A few other countries, like Finland and Iceland, allow one partner in a same-sex union to adopt the other’s biological child. The majority of countries in the world, though, have laws specifically prohibiting adoption by same-sex couples. The following are viewpoints on whether homosexual couples should have adoption rights. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the
opinions; 2. give your comment.James Madison from the UK There are still many ways for homosexuals to become parents. Some of them are able to pay for a surrogate; some may have a natural child from a previous (heterosexual) relationship and then raise the child with a homosexual partner. These kids deserve the security of two legally recognized parents. If being raised by same-sex parents is really that harmful, why would the law allow two gay people to raise a child together as parents but refuse to legally recognize them as such?He Yong from China The focus of this debate should not be on gay rights, but on what is in the best interest of the adopted child. The adoption process’ goal is to find the most suitable parents for that child, not to resolve other social inequalities and injustices. Being raised in a traditional family, by a mother and father, is the best environment for a child. Studies have shown that children who are raised by homosexual couples can have problems with substance abuse, violence and “at risk” behaviour. Therefore the government has the obligation to try to provide the child with that environment.Lisa Belkin from Finland Children raised by gay or lesbian couples will find it more difficult to learn appropriate gender roles in the absence of male or female role-models. Although not an exact match single parents provide a similar case where there has not been someone of the other gender as a role model. Although the evidence is not nearly as conclusive as is often claimed, there have been many studies that have shown that two parents from different genders is beneficial to the child in its development Similarly it is often claimed that boys develop negative attitudes to study because there are very few male teachers in primary schools.John Schwartz from Germany Getting married and raising a family is considered in most societies one of the most important and fulfilling experiences one can aspire to. It is so important that it is considered a human right (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights states “Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.”) It is considered so important for people to be able to become parents that some governments (the UK, for example) fund fertility treatments for couples who are reproductively challenged, and a majority of the population supports that policy. But members of the homosexual community are stopped from pursuing this human right by repressive and discriminatory laws.Benedict Carey from Canada Discrimination is the practice of treating people differently based not on individual merit but on their membership to a certain group. The adoption bans are a clear example. Rather than assessing same-sex couples individually, it is simply assumed that they would all make bad parents because they are gay or lesbian, while straight couples are assessed based on their individual merit. This breaches the fundamental right of all people to be treated equally under the law and it should be stopped.
正确答案：No Parental Sexual Bias on the Adoptions of Children Considerable public controversy continues to surround the adoptions of children by homosexual couples. Although forbidden in many countries, such adoptions have become legal in other jurisdictions. Some criticize that lesbian and gay parents play a negative role in the development of the adopted children. However, some hold that those homosexual couples should be respected and share the equal rights to adopt the
kids. In this article, I argue that for purposes of adoption, sexual orientation of parents should be considered irrelevant. The bias on this minority group should be eliminated. Currently, many scientific researches in this area have drawn a conclusion that offspring of lesbian and gay parents do not differ in terms of their gender identity, sex role behaviour or sexual orientation. And they are developing in positive directions. Therefore, the sexual orientation of parents is not a key factor of children’s healthy development. According to some reports, part of young people from homosexual families find themselves joyful and comfortable and are easily accepted by their peers. The reasons lie in that many homosexual couples are harmonious and devoted to the children’s welfare. In addition, they exhibit more parenting awareness skills. Actually, many exiting studies have revealed that the young generation brought up by the heterosexual parents who lack of relationship quality and parenting skills will usually suffer from the behavioural, psychological, intellectual and emotional problems. There is no factual basis for claims that the adoption of children by homosexual parents is negative and harmful to children. On the contrary, based on research findings, those children of homosexual families develop as successfully as the children of heterosexual parents. In the best interests of the adopted children from the homosexual families, those with discrimination on the homosexual community should learn how to respect and understand them so as to create a harmonious social environment for all the children.
解析：材料给出来自不同国家的五个人关于同性恋家庭领养孩子的讨论与评价。

其中，第二和第三个人持反对意见，他们认为该话题关注的重点在于被领养儿童的最大利益(the best interest of the adopted child)，政府应当保障孩子最佳的成长环境(best environment)，即在传统的家庭(traditional family)中成长；由于某一性别榜样的缺失，同性恋家庭不利于孩子的性别角色(gender roles)认同。

其他三个人则重点强调组建家庭是人的基本权利(a human right)，该禁令的依据不是个人品德(not on individual merit)，而是仅凭成员构成(membership)，这是赤裸裸的歧视。

他们理应在社会中获得平等权，即应同其他群体一样获得领养儿童的权利。

开篇：从两方面概括社会对同性恋家庭收养儿童的褒贬看法，并提出个人看法：允许同性恋家庭领养儿童。

主体：引用个案以及材料的观点，阐明父母的性别取向并不是培养孩子的决定因素，科学的培养方法以及父母的爱心才是关键所在。

结尾：总结全文，社会不应对同性恋家庭持有偏见，对于他们领养的儿童应该包容和爱护，为孩子成长提供和谐的社会环境。

知识模块：作文
3．China’s top legislature has recently implemented an amendment to the Advertising Law that states minors under the age of 10 should not be advertising endorsers. According to the amendment, companies that use children under this age as spokespersons in advertisements will be fined. The following are opinions on whether it is proper to use children as endorsers. Read them carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the arguments on both sides; 2. give your comment.Ye Qingcheng (Beijing Times) Despite various bans on child actors and actresses, they are always popular with the public because of their cuteness. Childhood, however, is supposed to be a period of
time when children play and learn, and even if they are talented in acting, their talent should not be overused. Otherwise, they may end up paying for this lost time when they grow up. In this sense, a ban on children’s commercial endorsements really aims to protect minors from being negatively impacted by commercial activities. When a child has gained fame by acting in movies or in televised entertainment programs, he or she will be able to capitalize on his or her reputation. A short commercial on TV can bring in a huge amount of money. Too much entertainment engagement may be more than a child can bear, psychologically and physically, but a hefty paycheck looks attractive to the child’s family. In most cases, these child stars will be overly consumed. The proposed endorsement ban does not totally forbid children to act in commercials. They are banned only from playing the lead role and speaking for a certain product in their own names. Striking a balance between happy childhood and the demands of being a child star is a delicate balancing act for parents and advertising agencies. We do hope that we can protect child stars’ growing years while the audience can still enjoy their excellent performances.Bian Guanghun (Yanzhao Metropolis Daily) Generally speaking, children under the age of 10 possess only a simple understanding of social events. However, when they become advertising endorsers, they have to face events beyond their cognitive capacity. In most cases, they don’t actually know how the products they speak for are used. They say and do what the businesses pay them to say and do. Therefore, it’s quite doubtful whether the products these child stars speak for are reliable or not. Some companies using child endorsers intend to mislead these endorsers’ peers. The products may not be as good as are exaggerated in advertisements. These businesses hope their products will impress other children when they see child stars are using them. They will then ask their parents to buy this or that product for them.Ye Zhusheng (The Beijing News) Endorsing an advertisement does not necessarily violate minors’ rights and interests. It’s thus improper to forbid all such commercial activities among children. The minors and their parents should be given the right to decide whether to do the job after fully analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of being an advertising endorser. Otherwise, instead of protecting minors’ interests, the law will restrict their freedom and rights. Meanwhile, endorsements are usually conducted by celebrities. When it is stipulated by law that minors under the age of 10 should not be chosen as advertising endorsers, we don’t know whether only well-known child stars are forbidden or ordinary children under this age are also in the category. Therefore, in the process of implementation, there might be some specific problems.
正确答案：Children Speak Loader Than Adults Sometimes Advertising is one of the most important channels to show consumers new products and services in the market Hiring a spokesperson, especially celebrities, for a product will no doubt add to its fame and popularity. However, China has recently banned minors under the age of 10 from being advertising endorsers, which has triggered widespread attention of the media. This legislation has aroused discussion among the public. Some believe that it protects children from the allurement of money and fame. The legislation also gains support from those who hold that children under 10 are too
small to tell the quality of the goods they advertise for, adding the possibility of fraud advertising. But the opponents argue that the decision is a restriction on minors’ rights and freedom as minors and their parents should have the right to decide whether to endorse an ad or not. I believe that it is not a good idea to ban children under 10 years old from being spokesman. Firstly, allowing children shooting advertisements does not necessarily lead to the child’s and the family’s obsession into money and fame, in the same vein, banning minors from advertisements do not necessarily guarantee favorable conditions free from the lure of money and fame. Instead of imposing a ban, the key lies in finding a way to strike a balance and avoid over consume the talents of the children. Just think about the children actors and actresses in TV series and films. I believe a proper arrangement can be found in advertisement industry as well. Secondly, children’s commercial endorsements are more persuasive in advertising products that are designed for children, such as children’s drinks, clothes and toys. It is hard to imagine how many parents would buy a dress for their 7-year-old daughter just by watching an adult telling you how beautiful it will look like. In conclusion, I believe children spokesmen have their advantages in promoting certain products and they should not be banned from shooting ads under proper guidance.
解析：题目提到中国近日的一项修正案明确禁止10岁以下的儿童代言广告。

材料给出三个人对于“能否让儿童做广告代言”的看法。

前两个人支持这一政策，而最后一个人则持反对意见。

前两个人之所以反对儿童做广告代言，主要有以下两方面的理由。

对儿童自身而言，首先，童年本该是孩子学习和玩耍的时光，他们的天赋不该被过度消耗(their talent should not be overused)；其次，太多的广告机会超出孩子的身心承受能力。

使他们筋疲力尽(overly consumed)；最后，儿童代言可能会使孩子遭受商业活动的不良影响(negatively impacted by commercial activities)。

对社会而言，由于很多广告超出儿童的认知能力(beyond their cognitive capacity)，他们只是听任商家的要求，而没有独立的辨识能力，因此儿童代言的产品是否值得信赖(reliable or not)有待证实。

而且，儿童代言往往会误导其同龄孩子(mislead these endorsers’peers)。

反对这一禁令的人则认为，儿童和家长可以权衡利弊，他们有权决定是否参与代言(given the right to decide)，而这一禁令限制了他们的自由和权利(restrict their freedom and rights)。

而且，禁令没有明确指明对象是有名气的小孩，还是包括普通孩子，因此实施(implementation)也存在问题。

开篇：从广告的作用着笔，引出中国近日颁布的禁止10岁以下儿童代言的法律，由此引出文章的话题——能否让儿童做广告代言。

主体：概括材料中的正反观点；提出自己的看法——不该禁止儿童代言，并从两方面阐释原因。

1．广告界可以从影视界学习，找到合理的安排。

2．儿童代言某些产品更有优势。

结尾：总结全文，重申儿童代言的合理性。

知识模块：作文
4．There is undeniably a great deal of advertising currently which is aimed at children from toddlers to teenagers, promoting not only toys and sweets but also products such as food, drink, music, films and clothing. Increasingly this practice is coming under attack from parents’organizations, politicians and pressure groups in many countries. Some countries have currently imposed national restrictions. The
following are opinions on the advertising towards children. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions; 2. give your comment.James Rouse, lawmaker in the US Advertising specifically to children is unethical because they have little or no money of their own and have to persuade their parents to buy the products for them. Rather than advertising directly to parents, companies use this campaign that leads to hostility between parents and children. They rely on pester power to make adults spend money they don’t have on things they don’t want to buy, and which their children may well only play with for a few hours for example. Advertising which presents products to children as “must-have” is also socially divisive, making children whose parents cannot afford them appear inferior, and creating feelings of frustration and inadequacy, as well as leading families into debt.Natasha Smith, British journalist Advertising has no magical power to create unnatural desires for material possessions, Children who persistently nag are simply badly brought up. Poor parenting and undisciplined children cannot be solved by banning advertising, as children have many influences upon them which can stimulate their desires for toys, particularly their friends. It is also untrue that children have no spending power of their own; many children receive pocket money, and teenagers are often able to earn a little themselves. Learning to manage money is also an important part of growing up, advertisements help assist children to not only choose what they would like but also motivates them to save and subsequently to learn the true value of money.Robert Quinn, parent of a ten-year-old son, Australia Advertising aimed at children brings negative social consequences, as much of it is for food and drinks that are very unhealthy. It is estimated that in the US over $10 billion is spent annually advertising fast food towards children. Encouraging children to consume so much fatty, sugary and salty food is unethical because it creates obese, unhealthy youngsters, with bad eating habits that will be with them for life. Society also has to pay a high price in terms of the extra medical care such children will eventually require, so the government has a direct interest in preventing advertisements which contribute to this problem.James O’Barr, entrepreneur from the UK Children naturally like foods that are rich in fats, proteins and sugar, they give them the energy they need to play energetically and grow healthily. It is true that eating only such foods is bad for people, but this is a problem of bad parenting rather than the fault of advertising. To suggest that the eating habits, good or bad, stay with children throughout the rest of their lives is ridiculous, when children become adults they will for better or for worse make their own decisions. Also if advertising to children were banned then governments would not be able to use this means of promoting healthy eating, road safety, hygiene, and other socially useful messages.
正确答案：Advertising to Children Should Be Regulated Recently, the number of advertising aiming directly at children rather than their parents is increasing. Whether the practice of this advertising should be restrained has aroused a heated discussion. Supporters insist that this advertising is immoral because it manipulates children to persuade their parents into spending money on undesired
goods, which might generate hostility on parent-children relationship and create frustration for those who cannot afford the products. Government should interfere as advertising on unhealthy diets may bring unhealthy consequences to youngsters and foster lifelong bad eating habits. However, defenders blame bad parenting for children’s inappropriate reaction to the advertising. They claim that advertising can help children learn to manage money and also promote healthy and useful information. Regarding the nature of children and the need to protect them, I believe advertising directly to children should be regulated. To start with, children usually lack life experience and therefore are not as capable of resisting temptation as adults. Ads makers could take advantage of this and incite them to force money out of their parents’wallets. It would be helpful if there were regulations on wording of the advertising, such as limiting the use of advocated phrases and exaggerated expressions. Secondly, instructions should be put on advertisements of products like fast food or sugary drinks to protect children from overeating junk food. For example, suggestions on daily intake of the product and guidance on enjoying the food while maintaining a healthy diet should be shown on the screen or poster. Moreover, requesting ads makers to pay extra fee on advertising to children may also assist in putting the number in control. In short, with effective control on the content, proper guidance on the use of the products and higher cost on advertising production, negative effects of advertising aiming at children can be minimized.
解析：材料给出了四段关于针对儿童的广告的评价，指出了其优缺点。

第一、三段分别从个人和社会两方面指出针对儿童的广告的弊端。

从个人的角度看，针对儿童的广告利用没有消费能力的孩子劝服其父母购买产品，是不道德的(unethical)，这将导致亲子关系恶化(hostility between parents and children)；从社会的角度看，那些无力承担的家长将产生自卑感(appear inferior)，甚至带来家庭债务(leading families into debt)，导致社会矛盾(socially divisive)；而且，这类广告会引导孩子形成不健康的饮食方式，带来消极的社会影响(negative social consequences)，社会最终也必须为这些孩子承担额外的医疗服务(extra medical care)。

第二、四段则持支持意见。

首先指出儿童并非都是没有支付能力的群体，许多孩子都有零花钱(pocket money)，青少年还能自己赚钱；其次这类广告有助于孩子学习理财技能(manage money)；最后将问题的来源归结于失败的家庭教育(bad parenting)，而不是针对儿童的广告。

开篇：从两方面概括材料对针对儿童的广告的正反观点。

主体：提出个人观点：鉴于儿童的天性与保护儿童的需要，针对儿童的广告应该被合理管制。

并从三方面提出建议。

1．规范广告的措辞。

2．增加进食指引与健康饮食方式的宣传。

3．进行额外收费。

结尾：总结全文，说明合理控制广告内容、正确引导儿童使用产品和提高广告制作成本可以降低针对儿童的广告的危害。

知识模块：作文。