新视野大学英语第二册Unit 1

Uint 1
Section A. Time-Conscious Americans
Introduction: This is an expository essay. The author explains a social phenomenon in the U.S. ----Americans are time-conscious. He presents why and how Americans save time carefully by using examples and cause-effect analysis. In some paragraphs, the author’s statement is presented at the beginning and supported with specific details, and then the reason is given briefly. The article can be divided into 3 parts:
Part 1 (Para 1-2) Americans save time carefully and treat it as if it were real – a precious resource. Part 2 (Para 3-7 ) Why & how Americans work hard at the task of saving time.
Part 3 (Para 8) It is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem or fulfill a job with speed in the U.S.
I. New words
1. budget ①n. 预算，拨款
搭配：balance one’s budget 平衡预算
within / below budget 低于预算
a family budget 家庭预算
②v.(for)做预算，盘算，安排
e.g.: He budgeted for buying a house
③a. 便宜的，合算的
e.g.: a budget dress 便宜的服装
④budgetary (budget + ary) a. 预算上的
2. acute ①灵敏的，敏感的
e.g.: Dogs have an acute sense of smell.
②严重的，剧烈的
搭配：acute pain 剧痛
an acute lack of water 严重缺水
③acuteness n. 敏锐
④辨析：acute, sharp, keen
acute指五官，感觉，智力的敏锐
sharp有刃的，锋利的，也指思想敏锐，语言尖锐
e.g.: a sharp knife 一把锋锐的小刀
a sharp tongue 刮嘴
keen锋利的，敏锐的与sharp与acute的意思相同还可表示热心的、着迷的
3. replace ①vt. 把…放回原处，取代
e.g.. She replaced the book on the shel
f.
②vt. 取代，替代(take the place of)
e.g.: He has replaced Mr. Brown as President.
他取代布朗先生当了董事长。

③辩析：substitute, replace
[动词]substitute A for B = replace B with/by A
[名词]substitute of A for B = replacement of B by/with A
e.g.: She substituted honey for sugar.
She replaced sugar with honey.
她用蜂蜜替代糖。

4. abrupt ①a. 突然的，意外的
e.g.: The meeting came to an abrupt end
an abrupt change of policy 突然改变政策
②a. （举止、言谈等）粗鲁的，鲁莽的
e.g.: When l asked her about her new job, she was quite abrupt with me.
[辩析]abrupt. Rude
(1) rude 指别人态度粗鲁，缺乏必要的礼貌用语，称呼或温和的态度等；
(2) abrupt 则侧重指由于过于突然或缺乏事先考虑而表现出来的不够礼貌。

5. brief ①n. 摘要
in brief (to be brief) = in short; in as few words as possible 简要言之
the news in brief 新闻提要
②v. 向…做简介
③a. 简洁的，短暂的
e.g.: His explanation was brief and to the point
他的说明既简洁又切题。

④briefly ad 简单地说
brevity n. 简短
briefcase n. 文件箱，公文包
6. opening ①a. 初始的opening words/remarks 开场白
②n. 开始；职位，空缺
e.g.: the opening of a book, speech, film, etc
书（讲语或电影的开头）
There are few openings in publishing for new graduates
出版社能为新毕业的大学生提供的空缺职位极少。

7. interact n. 交流；相互作用（影响）；合作
inter(…之面) + action(作用)→interaction
human – computer interactirn 人机对话，人机交流
搭配：interaction with
e.g.: Increased interaction between the police and forces world improve the rate of solving crimes.
警民之间加强合作，将有助于提高破案率。

interact v.
interact with / against 相互作用；互动
8. convention h. 会议，惯例；公约；习俗。

-al. adj.
搭配：an international convention 一项国际协定（惯例）
according to the convention 照惯例
a conventional greeting 客套的问候
e.g.: It’s the convention for men to wear suits on formal occasions.
男子在正式场合穿西装是一种惯例。

9. leisure n. 空闲，悠闲
搭配：at leisure 有空，闲暇时，从容地
at one’s leisure 当某人空闲时
e.g.: They are seldom at leisure 他们很少有闲暇的时候
I’ll take the report home and read i t at my leisure.
我要把报告带回家，有空时读。

10. assess vt. 估价，估计
assessment n. 估价，评价
self-assessment 自我评价
e.g.: He is so lazy that it’s difficult to assess his ability.
他懒得很，很难对他的能力作出评估。

It is too early to assess the effects the new law.
要评价新法令的效果，现在还为时过早。

[辩析]assess, access, excess
assess v. 估价，评估
access n. 接近，入口，通道
excess n. 超时，过量，过剩
11. surroundings (pl.)n. 周围的事物，环境
e.g.: Animals in zoo are not in their natural surroundings.
动物园的动物没有生活在它们的自然环境里。

[辩析]surroundings, environment, circumstances
(1) surroundings 以复数形式出现，指周围具体的，特质性的东西。

(2) environment 不用复数，是环境的复称，指特定的，能对人的发展产生影响的自然环境或生活的环境条件。

(3) circumstances 常为复数形式，强调动作或事情发生的环境或情况。

12. electronic adj. 电子的，和电子设备有关的。

（搭配）an electronic calculator 电子计算器
electronic music 电子音乐
electronic engineer 电子工程师
electronic mail = E-mail 电子邮件
electronics 电子学
electricity 电
13. conduct ①v. 指导，引导，传导（电、热等）
e.g.: The manager conducted his business carefully.
Plastic and rubber won’t conduct electricity, but copper will.
塑料和橡胶不导电，但是铜能导电。

② n. 行为；经营，管理
（搭配）good (bad) conduct 好（坏）品行
under the conduct of …在…引导下
the conduct of state affairs 国事的处理
③派生词conductor 管理人，指挥，售票员
conductive 有传导力的
14. obtain vt. 获得，得到
e.g.: He always manages to obtain what he wants.
他想要的他怎能得到。

Ordinary people will then be able to use the Internet obtain valuable information.
到那时普通老百姓将能使用因特网去获取有用的信息。

辩析：obtain, achieve, get, acquire, gain
obtain 表示经过艰苦努力，得到期望已久的东西。

achieve 指经过努力获得成功等。

get 得到，买到，获得可以用在各个方面，是个常用词。

acquire 多用于通过不断地“学”、“问”等获得“学问、技术”等较抽象的东西。

gain 含义较obtain更进一层，表示付出更大努力才能获得的常译为“赢得”。

15. whereas conj 反之，却，然而（while），引导对比或对立的从句。

e.g.: He was poor, whereas his brother was rather rich.
We thought she did not like us, whereas in fact she was very shy.
我们以为她不喜欢我们，然而事实是因为她很害羞。

16. competent a. 有能力的，能干的，胜任的
搭配辩析：be competent for sth
to do sth
be capable of (doing) sth 有能力做…
be able to do
e.g.: She is competent for the task.
她能胜任这项工作。

He is not competent to look after young children.
他不会照管孩子。

Ⅱ. Phrases & Expressions
1. result in 导致，致使，造成……的结果
-The talks resulted in reducing the nuclear of missiles.
这些会谈的结果导致了导弹数额的减少。

-Our efforts resulted in failure.
我们的努力以失败告终。

2. nothing but 只有，除了……以外什么也不
-I want nothing but the best for my children.
我只想给我的孩子们最好的。

-He is nothing but a liar.
他只不过是个骗子。

Cf. anything but
-He is anything but a liar.
他决不是个骗子。

3. account for ①说明，解释
-He couldn’t account for his a bsence from school.
他不能对自己的旷课做出解释。

②（指数量）占
-The production of raw materials amounts for a considerable proportion of the national economy.
原料生产在国民经济中占相当大的比重。

4. in a rush 匆忙的
-Why is she always in such a rush?
-In modern society, everyone is in a rush.
5. under pressure
-He said that he made his statement to the police wander pressure.
他说他是被迫向警方作此声明的。

6. go with ①与……相配，与……协调，与……和谐
-These shoes don’t go with the dress. 这双鞋子对这身服装不相称。

②同是发生，伴随，是……的结果
-Money does not always go with happiness.
钱不一定幸福。

7. work at 工作，从事于，钻研
-She works hard at keeping herself fit.
她努力保持身体健康。

-You will never become good at tennis, unless you work at it.
除非你下功夫，否则你将打不好网球。

8. save for ①储蓄，储存
-I’ll save some money for later use.
我存些钱以备用。

-Save your strength for the hard work you’ll have to do later.
留着点劲，你一会儿还得干重活。

②除……以外
-The curtained stage was empty saving for a few pieces of furniture.
落下帷幕的舞台上空荡荡的，除几件家具外什么也没有。

9. at hand ①正考虑的
The question was not related to the matter at hard.
这个问题与正在考虑的事情无关。

10. in person 亲自，亲身
-You had better go and speak to him in person.
你最好还是亲自去跟他说。

11. due to 由于，因为
-The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.
-Due to the rain, the game was put off.
12. be worthy of 值得的，配得上的
-He is not worthy of her.
他配不上她。

-That is very worthy of our attention.
那件事很值得我们注意。

Ⅲ. Sentences:
1. … no one stands still. (L1)
Meaning: No one keeps motionless, everyone moves and advances.
（美国没有人会停止不前）
一些表示动词，如“stand”、“sit”、“lie”等可用作系动词，后接形容词做主语补足语。

e.g.: -The house has stood empty for months.
-She stood there calm and quiet, waiting for their decision.
-The valley lay peaceful in the sun.
2. We are slaves to nothing but clock. (L5)
Meaning: We are only under the control of time.
只有时间才能支配我们。

slave to sth 生活方法受……支配的人
a slave to drink 金钱的奴隶
a slave to money 酒鬼
3. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, amount for it; we also charge for it. (L6-7) Meaning: We deal with time in various ways as if time were something of real value.
本句中的“it”均指时间，作者是在宾语it(time)前连续用几个动作动词来说明时间是“some thing real”，是现实生活中最重要的东西。

kill time 消磨时间
e.g.: My flight has delayed, so l killed two hours by reading a book.
charge for 要价
e.g.:-How much do you charge for mending shoes?
-We charge $2oo for a single room one night.
4. We want every minute to count.
Meaning: We want every minute to be put into good use (since it is precious).
Count vi 有价值，有重要性的
e.g.: -Every penny counts.
-Her opinion counts because of her experience.
5. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk; much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on golf course while they develop a sense of trust. (L27-29)
extended a 延长的，长时间的
small talk light conversation on unimportant or non-serious subjects.
轻松的闲聊。

much less and even less likely; still less 更不用说。

(much less引导句子要倒装)
-The old man can hardly walk, much less run.
-I couldn’t agree to such proceedings, much less could I participate in such proceedings.
6. We communicate rapidly through faxes, phone calls or emails rather than through personal contacts, which… (L33-34)
1）rather than 胜于，而不足
-He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction.
他宁愿辞职也不参与这种欺诈行为。

-He rather than you is responsible for the loss.
是他而不是你，要对这损失负责。

（rather than 连接两个主语时，谓语动词和第一个主语一致）。

2）非限定性定语从句which…take longer修饰personal contacts, 从句中包含两个状语：though pleasant; especially given our traffic-filled streets.
3）given (prep. ) taking into account 考虑到……
-Given her interest in children/Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
-G iven their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.
7. Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes eyes as if …（L49-50）
1）in one’s eyes 在……看来
-In her father’s eyes she can do nothing wrong.
-The expert is always right in the eyes of everybody.
2）as if 引导的从句中用了虚拟语气，用过去时表现在，即the task were insignificant.
8. Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to “get it moving”.
①the more …, the more… 越……，越……
②get sth/sb, doing(sth) 使某人/某事做……
-Can you get the old car going again?
-It’s not hard to get the boy talking; the problem is stopping him.
Section B Culture shock
Introduction: This expository article begins with a rhetorical question to arouse the reader s’ interest. Then the essential stages (the honeymoon, the hostility, the recovery, the adjustment) tell the readers the process of culture shock adjustment. Finally, the writer gives some suggestions on
how to adjust to a new culture.
Part 1(Para 1) Studying in a different country is a new experience, but there are also some challenges.
Part 2 (Para 2-7) the four essential stages of culture-shock adjustment
Part 3 (Para 8) Conclusion: learning about other cultures and how to adjust to the culture shock are helpful.
Ⅰ. New words
1. desirable 令人向往的；值得有的；合意的
desire v.n.→desirable （事物）值得向往的
desirous （人）渴望的
e.g.: Success is desirable to me. 成功是我所渴望的。

I am desirous of success. 我渴望成功。

2. fascinating a. 有极大吸引力的，迷人的。

fascinate v. 使……着迷
a fascinating voice 迷人的声音
a fascinating story 迷人的故事
3. spite n. 不管，不顾，尽管
搭配：in spite of 不管，不顾
In spite of all his efforts, he failed
辩析：in spite of, despite, although (though), re.g.ardless of.
①despite = in spite of 故不能再与of连用
②in spite of + 名词= despite + 名词= although + 从句
③re.g.ardless of = without considering or taking notice of
e.g.: The plane took off in spite of / despite the bad weather.
(= although the weather was bad.)
The plane will take off, re.g.ard less of the weather.
(= no matter whether the weather is good or bad)
4. clash n. （金属等）撞击[原义]；冲突，不协调（喻义）
vi. 冲突；不一致；较锋
搭配：clash with 与……冲突/不协调
a clash of ……的冲突
a clash between …… （之间）的不协调
辩析：crash, clash, crush
①crash 指因附下或猛冲而碎地碰撞。

②clash 指金属制品等撞击。

③crush 指压碎、碾碎、压坏。

5. ending ①n. 结尾，结局
②末梢
辩析：end, ending
end 用作名词指时间或动作、事件的末尾、结尾。

ending 用末表示故事、小说、电影、戏剧等的结尾、结局。

e.g.:[正]she likes to read novels with happy endings.
[误]she likes to read novel with happy ends.
6. moreover ad. 再者，此外；而且
与besides, in addition, furthermore 等词近义，用于承上启上。

e.g.: she is very beautiful; moreover, she is considerate.
7. cope vi (with) ①抗衡→②对付，应付。

Cope with problems/difficulties 解决问题，克服困难。

8. isolate vt. 使孤立，使隔绝
be isolated from 脱离，隔离
be isolated by 被……隔绝
isolate sth from … 把……和……隔离开来
isolation n.
9. reject vt. 拒绝，不接受；抛弃，丢弃。

reject v. 拒绝→′r eject n.不合格产品
refuse n. 拒绝→′refuse n.废物，垃圾
rejection n. 拒绝，抛弃
10. appreciate vt. 欣赏；理解；意识到；感激
辩析：appreciate, enjoy;
两者都表示“欣赏”，appreciate 指事物有深刻了解，鉴赏；
enjoy 仅指从中得到乐趣。

e.g. -You’ll appreciate his novels better if you read his autobiography.
-I greatly appreciate your help.
注：appreciate 不可以以“人”为宾语
11. furthermore ad. 此外，还有
与in addition, moreover, besides 同义
e.g.: The house isn’t big enough for us; furthermore, it is too far from the town.Ⅱ. Phrases and Expressions
1. adjust to 使适应
-The body quickly adjusts to changes in temperature.
-They have difficulty in adjusting to colle.g.e life.
2. in the stage 在……阶段，在……时期
-The children are in the rebellious stage now.
3. separate from 使分离，分开
-England is separated from France by the Channel.
4. prevent from 阻止，防止
-Their prompt action prevented the fire from spreading.
5. deal with ①对付，应付，处理
-Deal with a man as he deals with you .
以其人之道还治其人。

辩析：cope with, deal with
①deal with “应付”、“对付”只是采取行动对付某人或某事，并不考虑能否成功，而cope with 则有“有效或成功地应付或对付”（deal successfully/effectively with）
②deal with 后面可以接人也可接物作宾语，而cope with 通常不能用人做宾语。

6. come to 谈到（某一点），达到某状态
-Jane knows nothing about geography, but when it comes to chemistry, she is an expert.
7. recover from 从……恢复到正常状态
-We haven’t yet recovered from the shoc k.
8. go through 从头到尾看；查遍；通过，完成（某阶段）
-she went through the company’s accounts, looking for evidence of fraud.
-I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.
-The poor girl has gone through such a lot since her parents died.
11。