托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation at the information desk in the library. Librarian: Hi. Can I help you? Student: Where do I go, besides the computers, to look for books on New Zealand? Librarian: OK. You mean you don’t want to use the computer? Student: Well, I haven’t had any luck on the computers here. Librarian: OK. I mean the reason I am asking is you pretty much have to go to the computer to find out where a book is. But I can help you find it on the computer if you like. Student: That would be great. I just spent half an hour and I couldn’t find anything. Librarian: I know how you feel. When I first started working here, I couldn’t find anything either. So you are looking for information on New Zealand, is that right? Student: Yes. Librarian: Is it like travel information that you are looking for? Student: Uh… No. Actually what I am looking for is information on a volcano in New Zealand. Librarian: Oh. OK. Because I know a travel agency that specializes in tours in New Zealand and Australia. Student: Oh. I’d love to go. I heard it’s beautiful. Librarian: Yeah. Student: Maybe someday. Librarian: Yup. OK. Let’s see … OK. If you want to search the library holdings and don’t know the author’s name or the exact title of the book or an article, you have to set up a keyword search.It is a special function. Then you can just type insome keywords and let the computer do the search. Student: I see. Librarian: OK. Oh, how about if we search for volcanoes and New Zealand. Student: Sounds good. Librarian: It’s for a geology class? Student: Mhmm. Librarian: Ha! You must be from Professor Simpson’s class. Student: No. Librarian: Oh. Well, he is a volcano expert, so I thought he might be teaching your class. Student: No, I’ve heard he is really good though. Librarian: Yeah. That’s what everyone says. Do you know the name of the volcano? Student: Mount Ruapehu. Librarian: Can you spell that? Student: Sure. It is R-U-A-P-E-H-U. Librarian: OK. Mount Ruapehu. Let’s see. So are you a geology major? Student: Hem. Hardly. Librarian: Let me guess, you have to take a science course and you don’t want to have to deal with biology, chemistry or physics. Student: Exactly. But it’s actually turned out to be a pretty interesting class. Librarian: Well, that’s good. Um… does it have to be a book? Or could you use a journal article? Student: Mhmm… no, either one would be fine. Librarian: OK. Well, here’s a journal article. Let me check to see if we have。
tpo27托福范文
托福TPO27指的是什么呢？1。
原句讲了两个重点，一是人口估计不准，二是U这个地方的居民能自给自足。
A选项的前半正确，但后半句说不依靠农业明显是错的，不选；B说不确定是否能feed，跟原文相反，不选；C选项不但因果关系有问题，而且原因说不能feed他们自己，也与原文相反，不选；正确答案D，重点说的是能support他们自己，尽管没有说人口估计不准，但原文的转折重点体现在后半句，所以正确答案是D 2。
surpass超过，不懂的可以拆分，至少有pass，应该与超过有关，而选项中与超过有关的只有B，就算不认识也可以通过前缀ex-表明XX之外，说明与“过”有关。
A在XXX之前，C挑战D比XX持久都不沾边儿 3。
EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的permanent settlement做关键词定位至第二句，A正确，不选；B的self-sufficient自给自足作为形容词很难在原文中找到，但第一题简化句子题的那个句子中有这个信息，所以这个选项正确，不选；C的other larger settlement没讲，错，选；D选项同样出现在句子简化题的句子当中，正确，不选4。
intact未受破坏的，完整的，所以正确答案是C的undamaged。
原词in前缀表示否定，tact表示接触，碰。
代入原文，原文讲由于一些不明的原因，很多bowl被抛弃了，仍然是XXX状态，在整个近东地区发现了若干只，A没卖出去D没画上都不沾边，B没使用代入是说得通的，但原词没有unused的意思，不能选 5。
以beveled-rim bowls和专有名词做关键词定位至第五句，原句讲早期的一个考古学遗址上发现了这个style，特别具有这一过程的特点，被称为beveled-rim bowl，但仅凭此句无法选出答案，于是向下，下一句说由于是用mold做的，因此只有数目不多的standard size，所以正确答案是D。
B说形状和装饰变化很大，C说各具特色，这都不是mold能够完成的，因此与D相反，都错；A的discard原文有讲到，但原文也明确说不知道什么原因，所以unpopular错 6。
托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第271篇TemperatureRegulationinTurtles（答案文章最后）Temperature Regulation in TurtlesWhile turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with ahome range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (whichare mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.1►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones andshell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.2►While turtle species vary widely in size and habitat, all must control their body temperatures for essential functions. Turtles can achieve a considerable degree of stability in body temperature by regulating their exchange of heat energy with the environment. Turtles exposing themselves to the sun on a log in a pond are a familiar sight in many parts of the world, because few pond turtles are large enough to maintain body temperatures higher than the temperature of the water surrounding them. Emerging from the water to bask is the only way most pond turtles can raise their body temperatures to speed digestion, growth, and the production of eggs. In addition, basking may help aquatic turtles to rid themselves of algae and leeches. Exposure to ultraviolet light may activate vitamin , which is involved in controlling calcium deposition in their bones and shell. few turtles spend quite a lot of time in trees; these turtles have small shells that allow considerable freedom of movement for limbs. The big-headed turtle from Southeast sia lives in fast-flowing streams at high altitudes and is said to climb on rocks and trees to bask. In North merica musk turtles bask on overhanging branches and drop into the water when they are disturbed.3►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range wi th individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.4►Small terrestrial turtles, such as box turtles and small species of tortoises, can thermoregulate by moving between sunlight and shade. Small tortoises warm and cool quite rapidly, and they appear to behave very much like other small reptiles in selecting suitable microclimates for thermoregulation. Familiarity with a home range may assist this type of thermoregulation. study conducted in Italy compared the thermoregulation of Hermann’s tortoises living in their own home range with individuals that were brought to the study site and tested before they had learned their way around. The resident tortoises warmed faster and maintained more stable shell temperatures than did the strangers.5►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.6►Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult. Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump ofgrass. Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object – a tree, for example. Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to a seasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.7►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of bloodvessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.8►Marine turtles are large enough to achieve a considerable degree of endothermy (the maintenance of a relatively stable body temperature by internal means). body temperature of 37 was recorded from a green turtle swimming in water that was 20. The leatherback turtle is the largest living turtle; adults weigh up to 1000 kilograms. Leatherbacks range far from warm equatorial regions and in the summer can be found off the coasts of New England and Nova Scotia in water as cool as 8 to 15. ody temperatures of these turtles appear to be 18 or more above water temperatures, and a countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels in the flippers may contribute to retaining heat produced by muscular activity.9Turtles are unusual among reptiles in having a substantial number of species that reach large body sizes. The giant tortoises of ldabra toll, which weigh 60 kilograms or more, allow their body temperatures to rise to 32 to 33 on sunny days and cool to 28 to 30 overnight. lthough large body size slows the rate of heating and cooling, it can make temperature regulation more difficult.⬛Small turtles can find shade beside a bush or even a clump of grass.⬛Giant tortoises, however, need a bigger object –a tree, for example. ⬛Thus, in open, sunny habitats overheating can be a problem for giant tortoises. ⬛The difficulty is particularly acute for some tortoises on Grande Terre, an island in the Indian Ocean. uring the rainy season some of the turtles on the island move from the center of the island to the coast. This movement has direct benefits, because the migrant turtles gain access to aseasonal flush of plant growth on the coast. The extra food allows migrant females to lay more eggs than females that remain inland. There are risks to migrating, however, because shade is scarce on the coast and the rainy season is the hottest time of the year. Tortoises on the coast must limit their activity to the vicinity of patches of shade, which may be no more than a single tree in the midst of a grassy plain. s the day grows hotter, tortoises try to get into the deepest shade, and the biggest individuals do this most successfully. s the big tortoises (which are mostly males) into the shade, they force smaller individuals (mostly females) out into the sunlight, and some of these tortoises die of overheating.10。
TPO-27 Reading 1解析
正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干是scholars assume that后边的部分，即“学者们认为Uruk 城的居民能够通过城市周边的农业生产自给自足”，对应D项的表述。
Q2正确答案：B解析：surpassing，超过、越过；近义词是exceeding。
根据词汇所在句意可知Uruk城的大小远远超过其它的定居地，所以曾是地区的中心，是真正的城市。
Q3正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A项对应第2句后半句an enormous escalation in the area；B项对应倒数第2句中的were able to support themselves from the agricultural production；D项对应倒数第2句中的of the filed surrounding the city; 排除法选C，Uruk 是当时最大的settlement (far surpassing that of other settlements)，而不是“更大的之一”。
Q4正确答案：C解析：intact，完整的，完好无损的，未受损的；近义词是undamaged。
Q5正确答案：D解析：第二段中介绍beveled-rim时说“It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”，后半句说明这种碗是按照较少的几个型号生产的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，B项对应第2句的内容，but a small segment…started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks，正确；该段并没有提及从事非农业的专业人士有更高的社会地位，A错误；该段第4句说这种碗是“这种碗是alized ，utilitarian ，C错误。
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1在整个阅读的过程中，每篇文章的阅读时间规定为是20分钟。
当然，除了文章外还有答题，对于很多人来说，这个时间还是非常紧张的。
以下是网的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 1，供大家备考。
By the mid-nieenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had bee possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, hadbeen invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nieenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The monsense notion thatthe best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the icethat performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nieenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for anefficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up therapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his petitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nieenth century2. Aording to the passage , when did the word "icebox" bee part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nieenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early mercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. Aording to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigeratedfreight cars(B) The lack of a work for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. Aording to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) pletely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly suessful10. Aording to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets。
新托福TPO27阅读原文及译文(二)
新托福TPO27阅读原文(二)：The Formation of Volcanic IslandsTPO27-2：The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates”that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust an d Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. Then as theplate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot”as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.TPO27-2译文：火山岛的形成地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的“构造板块”严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
托福阅读推理题
➢The author of the passage implies that . . .
2. 做题方法
2 做题方法
Ⅹ 错误选项：与文章主要观点矛盾或原文无出处 ✓ 正确选项：能在文章中找到依据
2.1 真题演练一
TPO27-PASSAGE1 ： Paragraph 2: The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople . Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.
3. 推理题练习
讲义：p100-107
1.出题原则 2.错误选项特点 3.推理能力
总结：如何做推断题
找依据—找出处—排除矛盾
2. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings? ○They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago. ○They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago. ○They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago. ○They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
tpo27阅读第一篇答案
tpo27阅读第一篇答案tpo27阅读第一篇试题1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they knowthe citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas justoutside of Uruk were large enough to feed the citys population.C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farmsprovided food to the people in Uruk.D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from productgrown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.proceeding.B.exceeding.C.challenging.D.outlasting.3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement atUruk EXCEPTA.It was a permanent settlement.B.It was self-sufficient.C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unsold.B.unused.C.undamaged.D.unpainted.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rimbowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.C.They were each individually styled.D.They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft production inthe Uruk period?A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged inagricultural production.B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production afterthe fourth millennium?A.It had an important commercial value.B.It existed but was not well organized.C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8.The word “interpreted” in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.documented.B.debated.C.displayed.D.understood.9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?A.To contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.D.To contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.10.The word “legible” in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to。
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：Sarah Hi, Bob.Bob Hi, Sarah.Sarah How is your history paper coming?Bob Not so great.Sarah Why? What happened? I thought you were almost finished last night.Bob Well, the paper is written, but it is not typed yet.Sarah Didn’t you have time?Bob No. Because all the computers at the computer center are taken. I have no choice, just wait, wait and wait. And it is due this afternoon. I don’t know what I’m gonna do.Sarah The same thing happened to me a few weeks ago on an economics project. Every time I went to the center, all the computers were being used. And I have a lot of graphs and charts that had to be done on the computer. Because I have to finish my homework on time, I ended up doing them by hand.Bob There are so few computers for all the students here.Sarah Yes, I agree.Bob And they are always breaking down too.Sarah I know. But another problem is that they close so early. Around 9:30.Bob I know. I came back last night at about 9:15 thinking the crowd might have thinned up by then. A guy at the door told me they were going to close in a few minutes. I couldn’t believe it!Sarah We should try to do something about this.Bob I’ll go along with you on this point.Sarah Why don’t we write a letter to the campus newspaper about that problem?Bob I think we should write directly to the dean. You know, we could explain the problem and make an official request that the school add more computers and that the computer rooms stay open longer.Sarah Maybe it would be a good idea to get other students’ signatures. I am sure a lot of others feel the same way we do. And that would carry more weight.Bob That is true. Do you want to get together to write the letter tonight?Sarah Sure. But I have a study group meeting at 7:30.Bob OK. Let’s meet earlier in the dining hall at 6:30. It shouldn’t take us long to write. We can start collecting signatures tomorrow at lunch.Sarah See you then. Good luck with your paper.Bob See you.Narrator Listen to a conversation between two students. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．What problem does the man have?A．He found the computer center closed early.B．He has not finished his paper yet.C．He had to stay up late typing his paper.D．His computer is not workin正确答案：B解析：本题为要点题，要求考生通过理解分散在听力材料中的关键词汇、词组和事实，对所获取的信息进行综合分析，从而确定听力材料的要点。
托福TPO27综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed. First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age. Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Unfortunately, the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date. Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.First, about the Gulf Stream. Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America, but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere, in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example. Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder, it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.Second, the volcanoes theory. It's true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere the result can be a cooler climate. But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time, for example, dramatically colorful Sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white. But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age. So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures.Third, about forestson farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide. There just was not enough time for this effect to work. The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly, which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to fed the growing population. As a result, we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long¡ªterm global cooling of the climate.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, the author claims that the cause of the Little Ice Age was due to three main reasons. The lecturer, however, reputes the writer¡¯s opinion one by one with strong arguments. Firstly, the passage argues that the Gulf Stream formed in the previous warm period was responsible for the appearance of the unexpected Little Ice Age. Yet, the speaker argues that the so-called Gulf Stream only contributed to the cooling weather in Northern hemisphere while Little Ice Age took place all over the world. Thus, global Little Ice Age cannot be Next, according to the reading material, dust and sulfur gas caused by volcanic eruptions would block sunlight, and resulted in Little Ice Age. he lecturer, however, holds that volcanic eruptions should have led to other visual phenomena than cooling weather, like colorful sunsets or grey snow. But unfortunately none of them were reported. Once taken this into consideration, volcanic eruptions seems not strong enough to release the large amounts of dusts needed to lower global temperatures. Last but not least, the writer states that the substantial decrease in human population may cause the unusual Little Ice Age. Again the speaker argues.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage proposes 3 possible causes of little ice age, but all the explanations are refuted by the professor in the lecture. F irst, according to the reading passage, the disruption of Gulf Stream may have caused the little ice age. However, in the lecture, the professor argues that the disruption can only effect Europe and North America. But the ice age also effected south hemisphere like New Zealand and South Africa. Since the disruption cannot explain why it get cooler in south hemisphere, it cannot fully explain the little ice age. S econd, the professor also refutes the reading passage that volcano caused the ice age. As the professor puts, large amount of dust produced by volcano would have produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at that time, such as colorful sunsets. Since there are no reports of such visual effects at the time, the volcanic eruptions during that period were not strong enough to cause ice age. Third, contrary to the reading that due to human population decrease, the growth of forest trees contributed to little ice age by removing carbon dioxide, the professor points out that there is not enough time for this effect to work. The professor argues that the human population grew back quickly to the previous level and lots of trees were cut down for the crops to feed the growing population. Therefore, there is not enough time for the forest to。
托福TPO27综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO27综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！TPO27 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingThe little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it waslower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.ListeningUnfortunately，the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date．Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age．First，about the Gulf Stream．Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America，but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere，in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example．Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder，it cannot explain the Little Ice Age．Second．the volcanoes theory．1t’s true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere．the result can be a cooler climate．But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time．For example．Dramatically colorful Sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white．But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age．So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures．Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide．There just was not enough time for this effect to work．The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly，which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population．As a result，we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long—term global cooling of the climate．由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。
27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析2月27日的托福阅读考试虽已结束，但随之而来的3月份的考试马上就要开始，不知道参加这次考试的诸位是否做好迎战准备了呢?为了给诸位备考生出一份力，小编特意准备了2016年2月27日的托福阅读真题及解析，希望可以对大家有所帮助!更多托福阅读机经，尽在天道教育!托福真题回顾是记录每次考试的路标，每次的托福考试都会有题目是重复之前考试的原题，所以，大家可以通过分析考过的题目，来提高自己的托福成绩。
2月27日的托福阅读考试结束了，小编准备了当天的托福阅读真题。
正在备考的大家快来看一下。
希望接下来的托福阅读机经可以帮到大家!第一篇：印刷术的发展Printing的发展源于两方面：paper production和manuscripts。
造纸术由中国经阿拉伯传到欧洲。
纸张的制造含有更大的价值，却也使得纸张更加便宜。
后面讲了纸张制作的方法，之后讲了这个技术传到了德国，法兰克福成为一个有名的book fair。
活字印刷术对知识传播与交流发挥着重要的作用。
第二篇：海洋和大气的形成地球的atmosphere和ocean的形成原因，内外两部分因素：outgassing(诸如火山喷发)和岩石遇热后流出的水分;彗星撞击地球带来的物质。
第一段主要是引题，之前地球基本是液体，后来慢慢固化。
然后说海洋和大气层可能是一起形成的，但是有反驳观点说温度太高。
后来又说整个水的循环大概一百万年循环一次，地下水其实比海洋水要多。
最后一段说的是会有地下水慢慢出来变成海洋水，但是科学家并不知道到底地下水有没有循环过。
第三篇：大型动物的灭绝动物灭绝率高有两个可能的因素：第一点说可能是因为气候的变化，但是有反驳说有的动物都能迁徙到适合的地方，为什么有的就没走呢?举了一个例子;第二点说可能是人类的捕杀，但是有证据表明人类比较少啊居住也很分散，而且大多证据都是小型动物没有大型动物，也举了个例子。
最后一段就是比较经典的说其实可能两种因素都有，综合考虑可能是共同作用的结果。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East原文：【1】Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.【2】The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standardsizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.【3】A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.【4】Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or claylumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.题目：1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA.proceeding.B.exceeding.C.challenging.D.outlasting.3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPTA.It was a permanent settlement.B.It was self-sufficient.C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unsold.B.unused.C.undamaged.D.unpainted.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.C.They were each individually styled.D.They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft productionin the Uruk period?A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?A.It had an important commercial value.B.It existed but was not well organized.C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8.The word “interpreted”in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.documented.B.debated.C.displayed.D.understood.9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?A.T o contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.D.T o contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.10.The word “legible”in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.printableB.enjoyableC.recognizableD.available11.Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?A.They were designed more for home than for legal use.B.They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.C.They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.D.They were the first example of carved seals.12.According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasA.Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carving.B.Its architecturally complex monuments.C.Its invention of stamp seals carved from stone.D.Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■【A】This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■【B】When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■【C】The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■【D】From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancientMesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first cityin human history.A.A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.B.The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.C.The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.D.Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.E.Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.F.The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.答案：1.找到句子主谓宾，主语是scholars，谓语assume，宾语是从句说“当地住民可以自给自足……”根据这些信息去对照选项，很容易得到D。
TPO 26 阅读+答案+译文+解析
TPO 26Energy and the Industrial RevolutionPARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.参考答案PARAGRAPH 1For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy orto power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.1、Why does the author provide the information that "Great Britain had large amounts of coal"? To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth centuryTo explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century BritainTo indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuelTo explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century2、What was "the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?Water and wind could not be used efficiently.There was no efficient way to power machinery.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.PARAGRAPH 2In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a 1 variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steampower to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain's most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the M consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from theever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.3、Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt's steam engine?The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by BritainIncreased mechanizationMore possibilities for mill locationSmaller mills4、The phrase "apparent in" in the passage is closest in meaning toclearly seen inaid inassociated withfollowed By5、According to paragraph 2, what was Britain's most important export by 1850?Raw cottonCotton clothSteam-powered pumpsCoal6、The word "consequent" in the passage is closest in meaning toresultingencouragingwell documentedimmediate7、What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.It illustrates why historians have assigned igreat importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.PARAGRAPH 3The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.8、According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry?It helped make wood into charcoal.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.9、According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the iron industry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT:Steam-driven bellows were used to prHlice raw iron.By the 1850s Britain was the world's largest producer of iron.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.PARAGRAPH 4Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in j mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■ However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■ As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■ Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expandcapa city, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■ Also, the availability of jobs in railway Jj construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.10、The word "initiated" in the passage is closest in meaning toanticipatedacceleratedspreadstarted11、Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation? Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.12、The phrase "accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning toin need ofused totired ofencouraged by13、Look at the f our squares [■] that indicatewhere the following sentence could be added to the passage.The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.14、Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.Answer ChoicesA. For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the IndustrialRevolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production. B. The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.C. An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.D. By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.E. Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging marketsrequiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.F. By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.Energy and the Industrial Revolution能源和工业革命——翻译by@英语词汇精华陈鹏飞文章词汇总结☻steam engine蒸汽机;☻iron industry钢铁行业;☻productivity生产力;☻mechanize机械化;☻coal煤☻efficiency效率☻working class工人阶级☻Industrial Revolution工业革命;文章中英文对照For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power Known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts ofcoal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.数年来，历史学家一直试图界定18世纪工业革命中工业、科技、和经济实力崛起的关键因素。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
在后五百年，在乌鲁克城南方附近，被永久居留民占用的地域在大幅度增长。
大部分的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，使其成为了一个真正的中心诚区，并被一些后续的定居点环绕着。
虽然人口估计数通常是不可靠的，但学者们认为乌鲁克居民可以通过日常与周围地区的通勤，得到周围地区产的农业产品以自给自足。
但乌鲁克在整个地区最大，远远超过了其它居民点，这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。
事实上，它是人类历史上的第一个城市。
The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture,even those peopleliving within the city itself.But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center.Within the productivesector,there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople.Early in the Uruk period,theuse of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk,a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this process,the so-called beveled-rim bowl.It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold;hence,in only a limited number ofstandard sizes.For some unknown reason,many were discarded,often still intact,andthousands have been found all over the Near East.The beveled-rim bowl is one of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site.Of importance is the fact that it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts,most likely by specialists in a central location. 绝大部分人依然从事农业活动，甚至包括城市居民。
但由于该城市是区域的中心，其中的一小部分人开始全心从事非农业工作。
生产方面，专业工匠的多样性有了增长。
在乌鲁克时期早期，对未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是专业化大量生产的结果。
在乌鲁克的发现的四千年前早期的Eanna考古遗址中，有一种陶器刻画了这种专业化生产过程的特征，即所谓的斜面边碗。
这种碗相当的浅，是利用模具简单制作的;因此，只有有限的几种大小。
由于一些未知原因，很多被丢弃的碗还是完整的保存下来了，而在近东的各地有上千件出土。
这种碗是最好的判断乌鲁克时期遗址的发现之一。
最重要的是这种碗被大量快速生产，最可能由中心位置的专业工匠制作。
A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods,once made by a familymember as one of many duties,were later made by skilled artisans.Certain images depictgroups of people,most likely women,involved in weaving textiles,an activity we know fromlater third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrallyadministered.Also,a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in asmall area at Uruk.It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes,about 50centimeters deep,all showing burn marks and filled with ashes.This has been interpreted asthe remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and pouredinto molds in the holes.Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here. 多种文件记录说明，曾经作为义务被家庭制作的商品，在后来由熟练技工制作。
一些图画描述了成群的人们，大部分是女人，正在编制纺织品。
这种活动，从其后三千年前出土的文献可知，是当时经济的重要部分，并且已被中央管理。
并且一个专门从事金属制造的工厂可能也已经小区域的在乌鲁克地区开挖。
它包括了一定数量隧道连接着一系列约50厘米深的洞，它们都有燃烧的痕迹，也盛满了灰烬。
这被认定是工厂的遗址，在这里融化的金属从隧道中聚集，然后倒入洞里的模具中。
这里包括一些由专业人士进行的大量生产活动。
Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals.In the lateUruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.),there first appeared a type of object that remainedcharacteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history:the cylinder seal.This was asmall cylinder,usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter,ofshell,bone,faience(a glassy type of stoneware),or various types of stones,on which a scenewas carved into the surface.When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae(round seals),tablets,or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars,or door bolts----the scene wouldappear in relief,easily legible.The technological knowledge needed to carved it was farsuperior to that for stamp seals,which had happened in the early Neolithic period(approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.).From the first appearance of cylinder seals,thecarved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined,indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters.Similarly,the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art,relief,and statuary inthe round,made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced. 产品的本身就说明了它们是由专业技工制作的。