英汉语言差异之一综合语 vs 分析语 Synthetic vs Analytic

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英汉语言差异之一综合语vs 分析语Synthetic vs Analytic
Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary定义
“A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.”
”An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.
综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。

分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序以及虚词来表达语法关系。

现代英语是从古代英语发展出来的,仍然保留着综合语的某些特征,但是也具有分析语的特点:有形态变化,但不象典型的综合语那么复杂;词序比汉语灵活,但相对固定;虚词很多,用的也相当频繁。

现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式(hereditary inflections),相对固定的词序以及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系,因此属综合-分析语(synthetic-analytic language)。

形态变化,词序和虚词是表达语法意义的三大手段。

这些语法手段在英汉语言中都具有不同的特征。

此外,英语采用拼音文字,句有语调intonation;汉字绝大多数为形声字,字有声调tone。

英汉表达方法的差异与这些因素均有密切的关系。

英语(词语)有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化。

英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定。

英汉都有大量虚词,但是各有特点。

英语是语调语言,汉语是声调语言。

英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化。

参见课本P36-40
构词形态,英语中词有非常丰富的形态变化,即大量的词缀变化affixation,前缀prefix,后缀suffix 。

汉语中词缀的数量规模都是非常有限的,你熟知几个呢?Eg,care 变化出来多少词?
rapid 呢?
请你举例几个-gate 为后缀的英语词汇?此后缀如何得来的呢?
Eg. 1. During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.
2.我到昨天就已经后悔没有听她的劝告了。

3,据说此书已经译成了多种语言。

汉语中有限的助词:

着,了,过
的,得,地
二英语词序比较灵活,汉语词序相对固定。

形态变化与词序有密切的关系,形态变化越多的语言,(句意越是不受词序的限制),词序越灵活。

拉丁语言是最典型的。

即使词语换了位置,因为每个词语本身已经带有鲜明的语法标志,语意不改变。

如,Amor vincit omnia。

=Omnia vincit amor。

(爱能征服一切。

)汉语能够倒过来吗?倒过来意思不变吗?
(德语)Ich liebe dich。

=Dich liebe ich。

(我爱你。


1,英汉句子的主要成分如主语,谓语,宾语或表语的词序基本相同。

一般就是,英汉句子的顺序都是:主-谓-宾。

但是,与汉语相比较,英语词序倒置的情况比较多。

例如:
Interrogative inversion 疑问倒装
What in the world do you mean?
Imperative inversion命令倒装
Come on, everybody!
Exclamatory inversion感叹倒装
What a beautiful voice you have!
Linking inversion衔接倒装
Such are the rewards that crown virtue.
Negative inversion否定倒装
Not a finger did I lay on him.
英语词序能够如此灵活倒装,是因为:形态变化和运用丰富的连接词。

英语形态变化规则中要求词语之间保持语法关系一致(grammatical concord),词语之间前后呼应,就容易灵活安排。

汉语缺乏形态变化,少用或者不用连接词语,词序就相对固定。

汉语词语之间没有语法一致的关系,只能按照表意的需要排列词序。

Eg
He had to quit the position and went in exile, having been deprived of his power.
2 汉语的定语一般在名词的前面,而英语的定语在许多情况下可以通过形态变化或者借助连接词语置于名词的前后,位置比较灵活:例如
一个很重要的问题
一个可以辩论的题目
以空前的速度
英语的修饰词和被修饰词有时借助形态变化或连接词还可以互相转化,从而改变其修饰关系,汉语则往往不能有类似的转化:
他说的话并没有前后矛盾之处。

There is no inconsistency in what he said.
There in nothing inconsistent in what he said.
她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。

英汉的定语一般都紧挨着名词,但是英语的定语有时可以远离名词,借助语法关系前后一致的原则,中间插入一些别的词语,如果不仔细分析就容易误译。

Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and men and women at work in the fields.
至今仍然保存着许多速写,画的是坐在路旁的农民和在田里劳作的男男女女。

汉语没有形态变化,少用或不用关联词,没有定语从句,名词之前的定语也不宜很长。

英语借助形态变化,丰富的关联词和其他连接手段,定语可以前置,后置,后置的短语和从句可以很长。

翻译英语定语的时候,根于原文和汉语的习惯灵活处理。

即使是英语的单词定语,也可以改变位置,或者转换成汉语的谓语或其他成分。

例如
Keith: A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.
She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.
She was an intelligent attractive and somewhat tempera-mental daughter of a well-o-do doctor in HADDINGTON.
基思:一个讨饭的,身材矮小,面色苍黄,衣衫褴褛,瘸腿,满脸胡子。

她心底厚道,为人乐观,性情温柔,待人和蔼,器量又大。

她是哈定顿以为富裕医生的女儿,有才华,又迷人,但有点脾气。

类似几个描写性词汇连用的时候,在英语中多做定语,少作谓语(heavy attribute,small predicate),在汉语中则多作谓语少作定语small attribute,heavy predicate)。

翻译的时候注意此点,译文比较符合表达习惯。

1 英语中常用冠词,不定冠词是英语的一大特点。

汉语中没有冠词,所以可以翻译中省略。

但是注意有无冠词意义相差很大。

Eg.
Out of question
Out of the question
Take the chair
Take a chair
A hundred and one
One hundred and one
Eg
She was with a child.
She was with child.
They are students of our school.
They are the students of our school.
I have lived here for more than a year.
I have lived here for more than one year.
2 汉语有丰富的助词
动态助词-着,了,过
结构助词-的,地,得
语气助词-吗,呢,吧,啊,呀,哪
3 英语常用介词,汉语则少用介词。

英语介词除了单个的以外,还可以构成形式多样的合成介词和成语介词。

数量大,使用相当频繁,是非常鲜明的特点。

汉语的介词大多是从动词“借”来的,严格说,现代汉语中没有真正的介词。

英译汉的时候,英语的介词常常翻译成汉译的动词。

What is he at ?
John voted with the Tories.
He is a man above vulgar interests.
Peter drew his knife on the robber.
It looks as if we are in for a storm
If a man couldn’t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn’t much of a politician,.
千万山区人民终于摆脱了贫困。

他来到我家,请求帮助。

中午,他回家吃饭。

人民拥护他。

这个妇女带着两个女儿到了。

他用左手接球。

你追求什么呢?
这是给你买的礼物。

他有个大家庭,有十个兄弟姐妹。

屈原抱了块石头,投了汨罗江。

一架从昆明起飞的小飞机载着我们,飞跃群山,把我们送到了西双版纳自治州首府景洪。

《英汉汉英翻译教程》Page12-13
He was born in a big family with 10 sisters and brothers.
Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms.
A small plane from Kunming carried us over the mountains to Jinghong, the capital of the Prefecture of Xishuangbanna.
4 英语表示并列或者从属的连词,数目大,使用频繁。

汉语中没有这样的词汇。

Eg
This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.
He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence.
汉语中只有一些副词
Even if you go there it won’t do any good.
去了也是白去的。

We cannot really learn anything until we rid ourselves of complacency.
不克服自满情绪,就无法学习到任何东西。

汉译英的时候,常常要增补连接词:
火车未停,请勿开门。

鸡蛋未孵,勿先数雏。

喝水不忘挖井人。

无事不登三宝殿。

Don’t open the door until the train stops.
Don’t count your chicken before they are hatched.
When you drink water, think of those who drug the well.
I would’t come to if I hadn’t something to ask you .
汉语中没有强大的形态变化,组合语句主要借助词序和虚词。

英语的三大语法手段必须严格遵守,具有强制性。

但是,汉语的虚词用与不用没有多大的区别,不影响句子的完整性。

These problems have been solved.
这些问题已经解决了。

这些问题已经被解决了。

Yesterday he got up very early.
昨天他很早起床。

昨天他很早就起床了。

四英语是语调语言,汉语是声调语言
现代汉语形态变化减少,词序变得固定,又没有类似汉语的语气助词用来表示语气,所以,借助语音表意便成为重要的手段。

语调intonation 重音stress
Falling tone
Rising
Rise-fall
Fall-rise
Level 平调
汉语没有形态变化,词序固定,有语气助词表达各种语气,语音表意还是重要的手段。

语调,轻读,重读
音节匀称,成双成对。

双音节化,四音节化---对偶,对照,对比,排比,反复,重叠(均衡美,节奏美)eg
It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies
coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
MORE
EXCERCISES
1 For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
1譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

2. Saturday morning was come, and all the summer world was bright and refresh, and brimming with life. Here was a song in every heart; and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips. There was cheer in every face, and a spring of the blossoms filled the air. Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above it, was green with vegetation, and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land, dreamy, reposeful, and inviting.- Mark Twain
“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”。

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