洋泾浜英语
晚清洋泾浜英语及其影响史
晚清洋泾浜英语及其影响史在晚清时期，中国面临着西方列强的侵略和文化的冲击，这使得洋泾浜英语在这一时期应运而生。
洋泾浜英语是一种混合了中英两种语言元素的变体，它在当时的通商口岸和外交场合被广泛使用，对中国近代史产生了深远的影响。
洋泾浜英语的产生与发展主要与晚清时期的中西交流与贸易有关。
19世纪中叶以后，随着西方列强打开中国大门，中西方的交流与贸易日益频繁。
然而，由于语言沟通的障碍，这种交流往往需要进行多次翻译，效率十分低下。
为了解决这一问题，洋泾浜英语应运而生。
洋泾浜英语最初形成于上海的洋泾浜一带，因此得名。
它采用中英文混合的方式，以英文的语法和词汇为基础，融入中文的某些元素，形成了独特的话语体系。
这种语言在当时的通商口岸和外交场合被广泛使用，使得中西方的交流变得更加便捷。
洋泾浜英语在晚清时期的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：社会方面：洋泾浜英语的出现打破了社会等级制度，使得平民百姓也有机会接触并学习西方文化。
它促进了中西文化的交流与融合，为中国近代文化的发展奠定了基础。
政治方面：洋泾浜英语在中西方外交舞台上扮演了重要角色。
它使得中国与西方列强之间的沟通变得更加顺畅，有利于缓解紧张局势，为中国在国际事务中的外交斡旋发挥了积极作用。
经济方面：洋泾浜英语在当时的通商口岸被广泛使用，推动了中外贸易的发展。
它为中外商人提供了一种共同的语言，使得贸易活动更加便捷，对当时的经济发展起到了积极的推动作用。
洋泾浜英语还对现代英语产生了影响。
一些洋泾浜英语的词汇和表达方式被融入现代英语中，成为了中西方文化交流的见证。
例如，“Long time no see”（好久不见）这一表达方式就是源自洋泾浜英语，现在已经成为现代英语中的常用短语。
随着时代的变迁，洋泾浜英语已经逐渐退出了历史舞台。
然而，作为一种独特的历史文化遗产，我们应该对其进行适当的保护和传承。
加强对洋泾浜英语的研究：通过深入挖掘历史资料，对洋泾浜英语进行系统性的研究，以便更好地理解其历史背景、形成过程以及影响。
上海方言
门槛精MONKEY，英语“猴子”加上汉语词根“精”，猴子精，引申为聪明的、精明的，构成典型的洋泾浜英语。
其构词法得基本规则，就是英语读音的中文译名，再加上一个汉语词根。
其它与此均可依次类推。
赤佬CHEAT，欺骗，和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语。
小（老）开小（老）KITE，大小“骗子”之意，以后引申为对有钱人的泛称。
戆大GANDER，傻瓜，呆鹅，糊涂虫，引申为受骗者，现被北方人读作“港都”。
混枪势“混CHANCE”，CHANCE，机会，混枪势就是混机会，也引申为浑水摸鱼，等等。
发嗲“发DEAR”，DEAR，亲爱的，可爱的，引申为娇柔的，撒娇的，媚态万千的。
轧朋友"GET朋友"，GET，搞，得到。
搞女人，结交异性。
“轧”是一个普遍运用的动词，可以进行各种自由组合，如“轧闹猛”（凑热闹）。
拉三LASSIE，少女，情侣，引申为妓女、卖淫者或生活不检点的青年女子。
慕客MUG，流氓，引申为嫖客。
大班大BANKER，大银行家，引申为大老板、富豪。
退灶私"退JUICE"，JUICE为油水和钱财，“退JUICE”的本义，是流氓退还敲诈得来的油水与钱财，后引申为丢脸、失面子。
克拉COLOUR，色彩，引申为时髦的、衣着光鲜的，现仅由于形容上海老小资――“老克拉”（又记为“老克腊”）接（划）领子"接LEADS"，LEADS，LEAD的复数形式，意为提示，暗示，线索。
接LEAD，即得到暗示或暗示（“划”为上海方言，意为给出、抛出）。
着台型（衣）着DASHING，DASHING本义指穿着打扮很漂亮，后引申为出风头、自我表现，自我炫耀等。
落佻ROTTER，英国俚语，指无赖、下流胚、可恶的人、讨厌的家伙，名词。
后转为形容词，意为无赖的、无耻的、下流的、卑鄙的。
噱头SHIT，大便、胡说、谎言、大话，蹩脚的商品或表演，引申为吸引观众的低级趣味的表演，引顾客上当的骗局，以及各种华而不实、哗众取宠、引人发笑的手段。
中国洋泾浜英语最早的语词集
《中国洋泾浜英语最早的语词集》中国洋泾浜英语，作为一种独特的语言现象，起源于19世纪中叶，它是中西方文化交流的产物。
在这份语词集中，我们可以追溯到最早的洋泾浜英语词汇，这些词汇不仅见证了历史，还反映了当时的社会风貌。
1. “Long time no see”（好久不见）这句洋泾浜英语已成为国际通用语，它简洁、生动地表达了人们重逢时的喜悦。
在中国洋泾浜英语的早期语词中，这句话便已出现。
2. “Kung fu”（功夫）功夫是中华民族的传统文化瑰宝，通过洋泾浜英语传播到世界各地。
这个词汇最早出现在洋泾浜英语语词集中，代表着中国武术的魅力。
3. “Typhoon”（台风）台风是影响我国沿海地区的一种自然灾害。
在洋泾浜英语中，这个词被用来描述这种强大的风暴，成为国际通用的气象术语。
4. “ Silk ”（丝绸）丝绸是中国的传统特产，自古以来便是我国对外贸易的重要商品。
在洋泾浜英语语词集中，丝绸一词承载着中华民族的智慧和勤劳。
5. “Cha”（茶）茶文化是中华民族的瑰宝，通过洋泾浜英语，茶这一词汇传遍全球。
在这份最早的语词集中，茶字已经具备了世界性的影响力。
这些词汇仅是中国洋泾浜英语语词集的一小部分，但它们却为我们揭示了早期中外文化交流的脉络，让我们更加珍惜和传承这份独特的语言遗产。
《中国洋泾浜英语最早的语词集》6. “Shanghai”（上海）在洋泾浜英语中，“Shanghai”不仅仅是一个地名，它还象征着繁华、现代化和国际大都市。
这个词汇在语词集中的出现，反映了上海在当时世界舞台上的地位。
7. “Fung shui”（风水）风水是中国传统文化的一部分，它影响着人们的建筑、居住和生活方式。
洋泾浜英语中的“Fung shui”一词，将这一东方智慧传播到世界各地，成为人们追求和谐生活的指南。
8. “Dim sum”（点心）点心是中华美食的一大特色，洋泾浜英语中的“Dim sum”一词，让这种美食走进了国际视野。
上海方言
上海方言门槛精MONKEY，英语“猴子”加上汉语词根“精”，猴子精，引申为聪明的、精明的，构成典型的洋泾浜英语。
其构词法得基本规则，就是英语读音的中文译名，再加上一个汉语词根。
其它与此均可依次类推。
赤佬CHEAT，欺骗，和中文“佬”的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语。
小（老）开小（老）KITE，大小“骗子”之意，以后引申为对有钱人的泛称。
戆大GANDER，傻瓜，呆鹅，糊涂虫，引申为受骗者，现被北方人读作“港都”。
混枪势“混CHANCE”，CHANCE，机会，混枪势就是混机会，也引申为浑水摸鱼，等等。
发嗲“发DEAR”，DEAR，亲爱的，可爱的，引申为娇柔的，撒娇的，媚态万千的。
轧朋友"GET朋友"，GET，搞，得到。
搞女人，结交异性。
“轧”是一个普遍运用的动词，可以进行各种自由组合，如“轧闹猛”（凑热闹）。
拉三LASSIE，少女，情侣，引申为妓女、卖淫者或生活不检点的青年女子。
慕客MUG，流氓，引申为嫖客。
大班大BANKER，大银行家，引申为大老板、富豪。
退灶私"退JUICE"，JUICE为油水和钱财，“退JUICE”的本义，是流氓退还敲诈得来的油水与钱财，后引申为丢脸、失面子。
克拉COLOUR，色彩，引申为时髦的、衣着光鲜的，现仅由于形容上海老小资――“老克拉”（又记为“老克腊”）接（划）领子"接LEADS"，LEADS，LEAD的复数形式，意为提示，暗示，线索。
接LEAD，即得到暗示或暗示（“划”为上海方言，意为给出、抛出）。
着台型（衣）着DASHING，DASHING本义指穿着打扮很漂亮，后引申为出风头、自我表现，自我炫耀等。
落佻ROTTER，英国俚语，指无赖、下流胚、可恶的人、讨厌的家伙，名词。
后转为形容词，意为无赖的、无耻的、下流的、卑鄙的。
噱头SHIT，大便、胡说、谎言、大话，蹩脚的商品或表演，引申为吸引观众的低级趣味的表演，引顾客上当的骗局，以及各种华而不实、哗众取宠、引人发笑的手段。
洋泾浜英语
洋泾浜英语是19世纪中外商人使用的混杂语言，只有口头形式，没有统一的书面形式，变体很多。
它是英语与上海话结合的产物，并且在一定程度上受宁波话与粤语的影响。
其语法不符合英语习惯，语音受汉语影响。
该语言流行于当时的上海洋泾浜周边地区，故由此得名。
由于该语言已经退出历史舞台，现在“洋泾浜英语”一般被认为与中式英语具有相同的含义，但事实上它只是中式英语的一个代表，且在一定程度上具有更为特殊的历史意义。
目录1 名称2 演变3 学习4 影响4.1 音译词4.2 音译加意译4.3 有引申意义的5 参考资料6 参见[编辑] 名称主条目：洋泾浜洋泾浜是上海的一条小河流，与黄浦江相连，从今延安东路渡口西向流至今西藏南路[1]。
在19世纪中叶，英国、法国相继在上海设立租界区，洋泾浜正是英法租界的界河。
租界设置后，大量的商业机构出现在小河两岸，洋泾浜也因此成为上海对外贸易的一条重要的河流。
由于中外商人语言交流不便，“洋泾浜英语”便在这种历史条件下诞生了。
[2][编辑] 演变最初的洋泾浜英语多为英语和粤语的混合体，这是由于香港、澳门、广州的洋行纷纷在上海开设分支机构，一些广东地区的职员纷纷进入上海，在与英国商人的沟通中，逐步形成了最初的洋泾浜英语。
[3]随后，上海的其他籍商人为了获取直接与外商交流的机会，纷纷学习英语。
而此时，宁波商人也大量涌入上海，出版商看准商机，出版了《英话注解》[4]，该手册使用汉字对英语进行注音，由于该书六位作者全是宁波人，因此使用的汉字发音为宁波方言。
因此洋泾浜英语逐渐变为英语、上海话、宁波话的混合形式为标准，各种出版物也越来越多，成为当时被广泛使用的中英商业语言。
中华人民共和国成立后，洋泾浜英语由于使用环境的缺失，逐渐被人所摒弃。
改革开放后，上海的对外贸易重新被重视，而此时，人民的英语水平也日益提高，“洋泾浜英语”逐渐成为形容英语不标准的贬义词。
[5][编辑] 学习洋泾浜英语的著名教材当属下段手册，该手册应使用宁波方言朗读，汉字只是用来注音，短短的几句话中涵盖了英语的常用词汇。
晚清洋泾浜英语特征分析
摘要在当今经济全球化背景下，国际间交流日趋频繁。
英语作为一种世界交际语言发挥着越来越重要的作用。
英语在刚传入中国时被称为洋泾浜英语。
它作为一种中英交际语言产生于17世纪的广州。
洋泾浜英语在中国曾经存在了三个世纪之久，在近代对外贸易、外交和文化接触中扮演了重要的角色。
因此，有必要对洋泾浜英语的起源和发展进行回顾，并对洋泾浜英语和标准英语在语音、词汇以及语法方面的差异分析，归纳出洋泾浜英语的特点，以期有助于学界更好地了解在特定历史条件下洋泾浜英语的特点及其对当时中外交流所产生深远影响。
关键词：洋泾浜英语；特征；影响ABSTRACTIn the current background of economic globalization, international exchanges and cooperation between nations become more and more frequent. As a global language, English plays an important role. Pidgin English was a modified form of English developed in the 17th century as a trade language or lingua franca, which was used by foreigners and Chinese in the coastal ports. It has existed in China for almost three hundred years, making contribution to external trade, diplomacy and cultural communication. On the basis of tracing the origin and background of Pidgin English, the paper focused on the analysis of the differences between Standard English and Pidgin English on pronunciation, vocabulary and the grammar, and sum up the characteristics of Pidgin English with an aim of illustrating the significance and function of Pidgin English under that special circumstance.Key words：Pidgin English; characteristics; influencesContents1.Introduction (1)2.Background of Pidgin English (2)2.1 The origin of Pidgin English (2)2.2 The development of Pidgin English (3)3.The Characteristics of Pidgin English (5)3.1 Pronunciation (5)3.2 Grammar (7)3.3 V ocabulary (10)4. The Status and Influence of Pidgin English (12)Acknowledgements (14)References (15)1. IntroductionWith the development of science and technology, English has become one of the most important and useful languages in the world, and we should not ignore the importance of it.English is widely used in the whole world and some countries even have formed its unique English with its local color. When English was first introduced to China in the late Qing dynasty, we call it Pidgin English. Pidgin English has its distinctive characteristics and played an extremely important role at that time. But the study at home and abroad almost emphasize on the history and the evolution of it .They haven’t done much systematically research on it. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of Pidgin English with an aim of promoting readers’understanding of it.This paper consists of three parts. The first one is about the history and the origin of Pidgin English. The second part is to compare the differences between Standard English and Pidgin English in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and clarify the characteristics of Pidgin English. The third part is to conclude the influence and functions of Pidgin English in order to give readers a systematical angle of Pidgin English.2. Background of Pidgin EnglishPidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. Expertly speaking, Pidgin is a contact language.Pidgin English came into being when it was needed during times of population upheaval. It arises when people of many language backgrounds engage in extensive trading or forced labour, often in coastal areas near major seaports [1]197.Pidgin English is a means of communication that has grown up among people who do not share a common language but want to talk to each other, usually for doing trade.Such languages typically have a limited vocabulary, a mixed, sometimes reduced grammatical structure, and a narrow range of functions, compared to the languages from which they derive [2]9.It is used only as a ―contact language‖ in circumstances where communication would not otherwise be possible. Pidgin English was used in the western Pacific, in western Africa, and in the Caribbean region.2.1 The Origin of Pidgin EnglishPidgin English originated during the first locally-regulated phase of trade between the Chinese and English since the late seventeenth century. It found a stable form in and around Canton for about a century (1748-1842), and was thereafter disseminated further up the Chinese coast during the nineteenth century, and beyond by the Chinese Diaspora to the Pacific and even the United States (1842-1890). The birth of Pidgin English was inevitable [3]10. First of all, Britain and America were the main countries traded with the Qing government and the Chinese people before the Opium War. The situation proved that the creation of the Canton English was adequately prepared with the English language environment. Secondly, the late Qing Dynasty adopted Religion Prohibition Policy in 1723, which prohibited the Chinese people to teach the foreigners Chinese and the foreigners to teach the Chinese people their languages. Those who dared to teach foreigners the language of the ―Celestial Empire‖were all criticized as traitors. Although the local officials on occasion imprisoned the Chinese people for teaching their language to foreigners, and evenexecuted some, the Qing government had no clear regulations concerning the ban of imitation or study of the foreign language by the Chinese people. That is to say, the creation of Pidgin English did not violate the rules made by the government.Besides, this kind of mixture of languages was not that easily understood by the officials, who helped the development of trade, particularly the smuggling of opium. Thirdly, the difficulty of learning Chinese by foreigners accelerated the birth of Pidgin English. For foreigners,“It is too hard to remember the Chinese characters, and it is almost impossible to remember so many symbols which seemed meaningless. Besides, the understanding of one phrase would cost a lot of time with little achievement.‖[4]121. Lastly, the economic profits brought by trade caused the creation of Pidgin English directly. Different from the reluctance of the foreigne rs’ learning Chinese, the Chinese people actively imitated and learned English out of their curiosity toward the foreigners who were from the place ―far away from China‖. Because there were no schools or places like schools where they could learn English, those Chinese who were willing to learn English had to ―take advantages of every chance, like lingering around the official organizations, shops or some other places where foreigners often stay.‖ Gradually, more and more Chinese people began to know a little English and started doing business with the foreigners via Pidgin English. Doubtlessly, Pidgin English was looked down upon by the foreigners, because at the very beginning, the foreigners were called devils and their language was called devilish language(鬼话). But for the abundant profits obtained from trading with Chinese people, the foreigners accepted and even began to actively learn Pidgin English soon.2.2 The Development of Pidgin EnglishPidgin English continued until the end of the eighteenth century. In 1796, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty banned the opium trade, at which point the English turned to smuggling. In1840, a second attempt was made to ban opium, which led to the Opium War and the Nan King Treaty of 1842, forcing China to open its door. The focus of contact shifted from Canton to the northern port cities and to Hong Kong. As the monopoly of the Hong Kong merchants broke down, contacts began to proliferate between aspiring Chinese entrepreneurs and the quickly increasing number of foreigners in south China. The habit of resorting to Pidgin English was carried into new sites of trade where the status and practice of the language changed.As speakers of Standard English began entering the Chinese community from the late nineteenth century onward, Pidgin English became increasingly associated with the servants of foreigners, and was deprecated. Eventually, Pidgin English was conveyed first as far north along the coast as Shanghai and Tianjin, British traders taking their Cantonese servants with them as China was forced open to trade. After economic conditions worsened throughout the nineteenth century, there was a large Cantonese Diaspora to California, Hawaii, Australia and Singapore.Pidgin English reached its peak in the 1880s, and there were still a large number of people using this kind of English during 30s~40s in the 20th century. A number of trends emerged in foreign language teaching after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Up until the 1990s, Chinese education would experience a roller-coaster ride of changing policy directives, most dictated by the prevailing political winds [3]15.With the increasing popularity of English in China, more and more scholars became interested in the issue concerning English used by the Chinese people in China.3. The Characteristics of Pidgin EnglishPidgin or Yang Jing(洋泾)in Chinese was originally a river north of Shanghai city in the Qing Dynasty, which became the borderline between foreign lease domain and Chinese domain after the Opium War. People usually called the place from the south of French lease domain to Xiao Dongmen Pidgin, in which trade wharf was located. Shanghai people living around that place began to communicate with foreigners via English with Shanghai dialects.Pidgin English was marked with the English pronunciation of Chinese regional dialects. In order to quickly learn and know English, the Chinese people in different port cities began to label the pronunciation of English with their own dialects.After English-speaking westerners came into China, they had to deal with Chinese people, but how could they carry out successful communications? Body language must be one of feasible ways at the beginning, however, only communication through body language was far from enough, people needed to talk. Out of curiosity and economic benefits, Chinese people began to imitate the way of westerners’ speaking English.3.1 Pronunciation3.1.1 Consonant and VowelsPidgin English possessed the typical pronunciation features.It is very difficult for the Cantonese to exactly pronounce English words with polysyllables by their monosyllabic Canton dialect. Those Canton English adult speakers could not exactly pronounce the English words with three or four syllables, especially when several consonants are combined in a word. Their English became fallen apart the moment they began to speak, and the foreigners who were not familiar with Cantonese pronunciation could not understand at all. For example, the numbers from one to twenty were pronounced in Pidgin English as wun, too, te-le, faw, fi, sik-she,sum-wun,oot,ni,teng,lum-wun,te-lup,ta-teng,faw-teng,fi-teng,sik-she-teng,sm-wun-teng,oot-teng,ni-teng,tune-te. The pronunciation of the word January became che-na-wi-le, stove turned into sze-taw,west wind became wi-sze-wum, and buffalo was pronounced like pe-fu-law. It could be said inflexion is the main typical feature of Canton English[3]83. In Pidgin English, some English words ended with t, ch, k, d,etc, were pronounced with some added sounds. For example, ―want‖became wantchee when said by the Cantonese, ―catch‖ became catchee, ―tank‖ became tankee,―make‖ became makee, and ―send‖ turned into sendee, etc. Besides, there are no consonants like v, d, r, s, t in the Canton dialect, so the above consonants were replaced by b, t, l, s, z. Respectively, such as ―very‖ was pronounced like velly, and ―have‖ was replaced by hab[5]. Based on the book The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One, two main linguistic features could be summarized. One is the mixture of voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. The method of learning English in The Chinese and English V ocabulary was to label polysyllabic English words with monosyllabic Chinese pronunciations. (There are 32 phonemes in the court language, while 46 basic phonemes in English.) For example, ―k‖and ―g‖were labelled with Chinese pronunciation“Ji”(及),like“pock”as“Bo Ji”(薄及),“big”as“Bi Ji”(必及),etc.“s”,“z”,“ts”and“ds”were all labelled as“Shi”(士),like“peace”as“Bi Shi”(必士),“fields”as“Fei Li De Shi”(非力的士),etc.“p”and“b”were altered into “Bi”(必), like“hope”as“He Bi”(荷必),“bomb,pump”as“Bang Bi”(邦必),etc.The other is inflexion. For example,“th”was pronounced as“Te”(特),like“cloth”as “Ge LuoTe”(各罗特),etc.“sh”was pronounced as“Shi”(示/失),like“fish”as “Fei Shi”(非示),“ash”as“A Shi”(阿失),etc [6]. Because of the difference of dialects, the pronunciation of English in the third stage was featured by labelling with respective port cities’ dialects. During that period, the system of Chinese Pinyin had not been unified yet, so the Chinese labelling alterations of 26 English letters were different. For example, in the book The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One “a(啊),b(彼),c(西),d(地),e(衣),f(富),g(治),h(嘻),i(唉),j(这),k(其),l(啦),m(米), n(呢),o(啊或恶),p(被),q(旧),r(耳),s(士),t(体),u(友),v(非),w(武),x(刻士),y(外),z(洗)”were based on the court language. During the Tong Zhi(同治)perio，“a(灰),b(弥),c(西),d(哩),e(伊),f(阿夫),g(臬),h(阿池),i(爱),j(遮),k(格),l(阿耳),m(阿吾),n(温),o(阿),p(必),q(鸠),r(阿),s(阿时),t(低),u(呦),v(威),w(那不留),x(阿慈),y(歪),z(直)”were labelled according to Shanghai dialect. While during the period of Dao Guang(道光),“a(挨),b(碑),c(思),d(地),e(依),f(鸭符),g(芝),h(咽住),i(矮),j(遮),k(咖),l(挨儿),m(奄),n(燕),o(轲),p(丕),q(翘),r(鸦),s(挨时),t(梯),u(要),v(非),w(嗒布如),x(鸟时),y(威),z(思)”followed Cantonese[7]24.Generally speaking, the method of pronunciation of Pidgin English completely followed the rule of labelling English words with Chinese alteration.3.1.2 StressAnother phonetic feature of Pidgin English which differs from that of various other varieties of English is stress or syllabic prominence. In some varieties English, notably Standard English, there is a considerable difference between the stress on the most stressed syllable and that at the least, stresses one so that a word like company may appear to have only two syllables, with primary stress on the first, viz.Standard English Pidgin Englishce-le-bra-tion ce-le-bra-tioncom-mu-ni-ca-tion com-mu-ni-ca-tionincrease(verb)increase (verb&noun)increase(noun)comment(verb) comment(verb&noun)comment(noun)faculty facultycolleague colleagueCharacter CharacterEconomic Economicstréet lamp street lámpréal estate real estáteWhíte House White Hóuse3.2 GrammarPidgin may contain significant grammatical features of two or more language. Nevertheless, Pidgin seems to lack complicate grammar system, when compared with the standard languages related. It is simplified[8]185.Some of the syntactic features of Pidgin English which will be discussed below can be considered as diagnostic features for this speech variety, however, some shows that they, or rather the degree to which they are realized, are also markers for different sub varieties of Pidgin English[9]13. And between the Pidgin English and the Standard English, the grammar structure also plays a dispensable role, because we can find the differences obviously from many points, just as the following.3.2.1 Past tense markingIn Standard British English, verbs are marked for past tense in a number of ways, d/t, vowel change, change of verb form altogether as in go---went. There are four verb categories.(1)Vowel change: break, tear, and come.(2)Vowel+ d: try, play(3)Consonant + ed: depend, start, like(4)Consonant +d/t: pass, look.3.2.2 Third person singularIn Pidgin English, it is very common that no marking of verbs in the present tense for third person singular.For example, My mum, she come from China many years ago. In this sentence, it had deleted the letter s.This radio sound good. This food taste delicious. My brother wash his hair.But in Standard English, those sentences, we should use the third person singular marker, because, if we do not use this marker, the sentences are wrong.However, in Pidgin English, from the above sentences, we only can prove that the Pidgin English has no third person singular. And it is really so common that we can not say that those sentences are wrong.3.2.3 The verb “be”In Pidgin English, the verb to be is, not always be realized where it would appear in Standard English in the copula function. It is also not always realized as an auxiliary in construction such as ―She is shopping.‖The types of construction of the verb:(a)Pre-AdjectiveStandard EnglishThis car is very nice.Pidgin EnglishThis car— very nice.(b)Pre- PredicateStandard EnglishMy mother is a teacher.Pidgin EnglishMy mother— a teacher.(c)Pre- LocativeStandard EnglishMy friend is in England.Pidgin EnglishMy friend— in England.(d)Pre-v-ingStandard EnglishHe is studying.Pidgin EnglishHe –studying.And just by the examples those have been listed above, we can find that the deletion of the ―be‖ is really an obvious characteristic.3.2.4 The omissionThe omission could include the omission of articles and demonstratives the third person present tense, the mark of noun plural and so on. As a general rule, it can be said that in Standard British English most count nouns may be preceded by either a definite or indefinite article, such as the jug, a jug, whereas most non-count nouns may be preceded by a definite article only, for example, the furniture, but not a furniture. However, it is very noticeable in Pidgin English [10]7. For example, Maybe you better have microphone a bi(t) closer. I don’(t) have ticket. You have eraser or not?Pidgin EnglishThis food taste wonderful.Standard EnglishThis food tastes wonderful.It is hardly surprising that the plural affixation is quite often absent from nouns in Pidgin English, such as, how many bottle? My house got two bedroom.3.2.5 Positive tag question after positive statementsSuch as, they never study, is it?You check out now, is it?In Standard English, we will take those sentences as wrong sentences. Because, according to the grammar structure, they are really wrong, however, in Pidgin English, they are right.3.2.6 AspectAspect relates to the way in which an action or state is regarded, whether something has completed or whether it was or it is in progress, such as already, used to, usually and would.Take already for example, I have already been working for four years.Pidgin English, I work about four years.Use toWe consider use(d) to as a marker or Habitual Aspect, either past or present, which is frequently found in mesolectal, basilectal, or informal Singapore English.1. All Europeans use to go there. (It is common for Europeans to visit the spot)2. Sometime, we use to speak in Mandarin. (This is our practice now)UsuallyThis is another characteristic of Pidgin English which must be mentioned here in conjunction with Habitual Aspect is usually. This is partly because it is frequently stressed on the third syllable usually, with or without an additional secondary stress on the first ùsûɑllý, whereas in Standard English it is stressed on the first Úsûɑllÿ.From the examples, the meaning and the pronunciation of the words are very unique.3.3 Vocabulary3.3.1 The variable vocabularyThe vocabulary of English-based Pidgin mainly originates from English, but it has been given new meaning after being reconstructed. It is given new meaning without changing its form.It is said the quantity of English vocabulary has reached more than one million.It is doubtless that the English words were not that many during the 18th or the 19th century. In Pidgin English, there was only about 3,000 words, most of which were only used when doing business [3]276. The vocabulary of Pidgin English was confined to the ones used mainly for the names of trading goods and the prices, daily greetings and bargains, etc. From the data available, there were about four hundred words commonly used in Canton English [11]180. There were about 1,000words in thebook The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One, about 500 words, phrases and dialogues were concerned with trades, and the others were the daily used words, phrases and dialogues[8]180. Besides, there are two features of Canton English to which attention is worth paying. First, some words were originated from the Macao Portuguese, for example, the English word ―great‖ was considered being created from the corresponding Portuguese word ―grande‖[3]278.Second, some words of Pidgin English were created by Chinese folk ―linguists‖ .An American writer Hunter, who had compiled Canton Fangui Lu(《广东番鬼录》),thought that two words with pure Chinese origin should be paid attention to. One is the word ―chop‖, which meant a kind of document originally, was widely used in Pidgin English. For example, ―chop‖could be used to refer to the billing list of a shop owner, or notice from the government, and cargo could be replaced by chop-boat, etc. The other word is “chow-chow‖, which was widely used as well. The word could be used to describe something worthless, and also could be used to describe something marvellous [12]21. The lexical features of pidgin are also associated with two or more standard languages.(1)As the ordinary pidgin has a very stock of words, it is sometimes necessary to use this reduplicative pattern to avoid possible confusion or to express certain concepts, e.g., repetition. Consequently, we find pairs like talk(talk) and talktalk (chatter) , dry(dry) and drydry (unpalatable),look(look) and looklook (stare).3.3.2 The phraseThe same phrase in different countries has different meanings.When we meet the problems, we will say we are in hot water. However, in Pidgin English, they will say they are in the soup [13]57.1) Nice shirt! How much you pay?2) How much you earn?3) How many children you got?In the end of the sentence, there are some interjections. Such as,what is it you need hah? This belongs to her ah? Hah? What did you say? Can repeat or not?And in Standard English, we should say, nice shirt! How much did you pay? How much do you earn? How many children have you got? And this is another difference between the Pidgin English and the Standard English. When we have understood these regulations, we will not reckon the Pidgin English is incorrect English anymore.4. The Status and Influence of Pidgin EnglishWith the development of science and technology, the globalization of English is an inevitable tendency. And in some degree the globalization of English is the product of the development of the economy. It is more likely to happen to the development of a greater heterogeneity of English internationally, there will be a widely understood and used verity. And all over the world, China is developing with a high speed, and the position of Pidgin English is also upgrading. Without Pidgin English, the speed of economic globalization may be not so quick.English is the widest used language in the world[14]33. With the military support of the British Empire and the economic support of the United States, English is currently used in more than one hundred countries as the native language, second language or lingua franca. As a result, English is viewed as a world language.Nowadays, the tendency of the globalization of English will inevitably result in the tendency of the regionalizing of English. Regionalized Englishes are shown at various levels of the English language and distinct from each other.However, the world English is neither the English of Britain nor that of American. It has absorbed the nutritious of the national language and culture from all over the world. The world English is the common wealth of the people that speak English. Pidgin English has 3 main characters, such as phonetic, grammars and vocabulary. In Pidgin English, the grammar is very unique as well as the vocabulary. However, because of these features, it makes Pidgin English to be unique English. And from the English that a person speaks, we can know where he comes from [16]134.It is scarcely surprising that the English of a multi-ethnic community such as China should be distinctive, varied, and showing influences from the major speech varieties spoken there. What is perhaps surprising is the amount of system to be observed within Pidgin English and the increasing similarity of Pidgin English as spoken by those of different ethnic background. From a situation in which there was an Indian English, a Malay English and Singapore Chinese English of the numerically predominant group, there has developed a distinctively Pidgin English[17]29.While English is used by more people than any other language in the world, its mother tongue speakers make up only a quarter or a fifth of the total. It means that one’s language is a central element in one’s personal, national, and ethnic identity: itis not easy for the native speaker to come to terms with the variations that occur in non-native speaker use of what the native speaker feels to ―one’s own language‖As the number of English users in the world surges toward more and more numerous, but those for whom it is the mother tongue fall to a fifth or less of this total, as the functions and uses of English by native speaker and non-native speaker alike become ever more numerous and unrelated to the nationality of the speaker, so a number of consequences have started to become apparent.The result of extensive indigenization of English is emergence of New Englishes, among which Pidgin English is one typical example. It has thus attracted attention of linguists around the world. Researchers so far usually focus on the emergence, development and application of Pidgin English. Few studies pay attention to the position and function of English in Chinese society and culture.As Pidgin English does not comply with Standard English totally, sometimes, we will consider Pidgin English as mistaken English. On the other hand, it does not necessarily have an underlying sociolinguistic explanation: it may be essentially a marker of acquisitioned inadequacy, or it may indicate a stage in language acquisition [12]. A discerning native or non-native speaker will not consider a mistake to be within the linguistic code of English. In this world, only to distinguish British English and American English is not enough. We should master the different countries’various English to deepen the international communication. We should analyze the present situation of English use，and explore the English language utilization norms and the implications of the emerging new English for English classrooms, however, the Singapore exists in the world anyway, and also plays an essential part in the world, especially in the economical globalization. The world needs this English exists on the earth.Pidgin English incarnates national feeling, especially when people use the language that they like to use, no one could force them to give up their own language. Pidgin English is not the language taught in the school. People like to use Pidgin English because of convenience. When it is necessary to use the Standard English, such as taking exams, having a meeting and so on, people will also use the Standard English.Pidgin English is a normal phenomenon in the development of language. It has a strong relationship with world English and promotes the development of its own state and world English. We should cherish the splendid language and care about its future. Pidgin English is a symbol of Chinese culture and also a sign of China in the world. In my conclusion, we should view Pidgin English as a sign of economic development and a tool which can deepen international communication and cooperation.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Dr. Chen Xuefen, who provided me with cherished information and guidance step by step throughout my writing of this dissertation, and gave me enough time to prepare the thesis.Then I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my classmates for their sincere friendship and for offering me the precious sources.I’m also greatly indebted to all the teachers in English department, who educated me and cultivated me to be a useful person to get a good job.I am extremely grateful to my parents for their continued love, encouragement and support during my pursuit of study.The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.。
洋泾浜英语的特征以及如何正确对待
2262019年28期总第468期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS洋泾浜英语的特征以及如何正确对待文/官 悦 陈 曦一、什么是洋泾浜洋泾浜英语可追溯到18世纪，后经过一个多世纪的发展，最终以上海的洋泾浜英语得名。
它的英文名称是Pidgin，是business这一词被读错而形成的。
词典释义中，它是不懂其他语言的人们为了交流而使用的混杂语言。
结合当时的背景，上海在鸦片战争后被辟为通商口岸，加上各个租界的影响，洋泾浜英语在上海的飞速发展也是必然的结果。
Pidgin是为了跨文化交流而产生的，在上海洋泾浜中，更具体点说，它是人们为了进行贸易活动而产生的语言，大多是“惯用语”或是“行话”，且说洋泾浜英语的人多是一些从事商业贸易的小商贩和市民这一类中下层人员。
虽然洋泾浜英语在那时极为流行，但毕竟不是主流语言，随着英语教学的普及，洋泾浜英语也走向衰落。
二、洋泾浜的特点从发音方面来看，洋泾浜英语一般只以口头形式存在，缺少正规的书面形式。
而它的发音特点受到汉语发音的影响，产生了许多的变化。
第一，在以辅音结尾的单词后面加上元音。
比如，make[meik]读成[meiki:],将much变为Muchee。
第二，用辅音[l]代替[r]，比如，将room[ru:m]读成[lu:m]。
第三，直接由汉语发音创造出新的英语单词，比如chow-chow表示吃的动作或是吃的东西，而英语中则是eat。
从词汇方面来看，它的单词量在700个左右，而正因为有限的单词量，在洋泾浜英语中，一个单词会被重复使用，且既可作名词又可作动词或形容词。
从语法方面来看，洋泾浜英语没有完整的语法体系，它的语序基本和汉语一致。
例如，My go topside. He go bottomside.(洋泾浜英语)I am going upstair. He has gone downstair.(标准英语)对比这两句话，不难看出，洋泾浜英语的句子中存在许多错误，一是代词的运用，主语“我”应该用“I”表示。
Chinglish
——护3 周宏珍
Chinglish is a portmanteau of Chinese and English. The Chinese equivalent is中国式英语 中国式英语.Chinglish 中国式英语 refers to spoken or written English language that is influenced by the Chinese language. Chinglish is commonly applied to ungrammatical or nonsensical English in Chinese contexts .
• Chinglish是Chinese和English的 是 和 的 合成词，意思是中国式英语， 合成词，意思是中国式英语，也就 是我们以前常说的洋泾浜英语。 是我们以前常说的洋泾浜英语。中 国式英语是指中国的英语学习和使 用者由于受母语的干扰和影响， 用者由于受母语的干扰和影响，硬 套汉语规则和习惯， 套汉语规则和习惯，在英语交际中 出现的不合规范或不合英语文化习 惯的畸形英语。 惯的畸形英语。
Upgrade your Chinglish to English
Chinese • 欢迎你到 欢迎你到... • 祝你有个 祝你有个... • 永远记住你 • 给你 • 很喜欢 很喜欢... • 黄头发 Chinglish Welcome you to ... Wish you have a ... remember you forever give you very like ... yellow hair English Welcome to ... I wish you a .... always remember you here you are/go like ... very much blond/blonde
洋泾滨英语
洋泾滨英语1 简介洋泾滨英语（pidgin english）即混杂英语，混合英语，英汉夹杂语，母语或者其他语言与英语混合在一起说。
洋泾滨英语也叫皮钦语，为英文“pidgin”的音译，俗称“洋泾浜”（源于上海一处靠近租界的地名），属于“混合语”，是华人、葡萄牙人和英国人在中国从事贸易的联系语言。
从纯粹语言学的观点看，只是语言发展的一个阶段，指在没有共同语言而又急于进行交流的人群中间产生的一种混合语言，属于不同语言人群的联系语言。
皮钦语一旦作为母语传递，成为一个社会交际语，它就开始逐步扩大词汇，严密语法，迅速发展丰富起来成为共同交际语言或独立语言。
Pidgin English 而这个词指的是洋泾浜英语是解放前在上海洋泾浜地区流传的一种中式英语，也泛指所有中式英语。
例如，上海话中的洋泾浜英语洋泾浜是原上海县城（今人民路中华路内）北郊的黄浦江支河，在江东（今浦东）的叫“东洋泾浜”，于上世纪20年代被填平，今天已很难找到它的遗址了；在浦西的叫“西洋泾浜”或“洋泾浜”，它也在1915年被填平改为马路，最初取名“爱多亚路”，1945年后一度易名“中正东路”，即现在的延安东路。
1988年建成的黄浦江隧道就是基本上沿着旧洋泾浜河道进入黄浦江底的。
1845年，英租界率先在上海建立，其南界线就是这条洋泾浜。
1848至1849年间，美、法租界相继建立，法租界的北界也是洋泾浜。
1863年，英、美租界合并改称为“公共租界”。
于是，洋泾浜就成了公共租界和法租界的界河。
在南京路、福州路的商业街、文化街尚未形成之前，洋泾浜沿岸就成了上海最热闹的“夷场”。
如上海最早且规模最大的新式茶楼“丽水园”，上海第一家徽戏馆“满庭芳”，第一家京戏馆“丹桂茶园”等皆出现于此。
另一方面，当时上海道与租界签订的有关租界的法律协定也多以“洋泾浜”命名，称之为《洋泾浜XX章程》，因此，“洋泾浜”一词早期含有“租界”、“洋场”的意思。
2 产生上海的租界建立以后，原开设在广州、香港、澳门、南洋等地的洋行，以及在本土的外国公司纷纷转迁上海或在上海设立分支机构。
洋泾浜英语对当代中国英语学习者的部分影响
- 212-校园英语 / 语言文化洋泾浜英语对当代中国英语学习者的部分影响浙江树人大学/周斌【摘要】“洋泾浜英语”来自Pidgin English的翻译，它是国外语言学界根据清末中国商人发英语business (商务)的蹩脚发音而创造出来的一个新名词，用来通指世界上所有不纯正的混合语。
由于历史的因素，从明末开始，洋泾浜英语在中国存在了三个世纪。
本文从洋泾浜的产生的历史原因，发音特点谈起，阐述了21世纪以来中国出现的“新洋泾浜英语”的特点，对当代中国英语学习者的部分影响以及它的未来。
【关键词】洋泾浜 中式英语 影响一、洋泾浜英语的来历及形成“洋泾浜英语”的来自于Pidgin English 的翻译。
而Pidgin 一词是世界各地“混杂语”的代名词，它是国外语言学界根据清末中国商人发英语business (商务)的蹩脚发音而创造出来的一个新名词，用来通指世界上所有不纯正的混合语。
从明末以来，中国与东南亚交往甚密，汉语的南方方言与东南亚各种语言有了密切的接触；到了清代，汉语与满语也有了互相影响；至海通以来，中国与西洋诸国语言也发生了直接的接触，先后与葡萄牙语，英语甚至与俄罗斯语都有相当多的接触，这些接触都表现在形形色色的pidgins 里面，而与英语的接触便形成了语言学上有定称的Chinese Pidgin English ，其地位在各种Pidgin Englishes 里面显得特别重要(吴义雄，2001)。
Pidgin 一词开始没有明确的定义，这一语言最初起源于广州，因为第一批来华的西方人是葡萄牙人，这是当时的广东话和葡萄牙语的结合语，可以称为“广东葡语”。
根据何兆熊、梅德明教授的《现代语言学》的研究，由于清朝闭关锁国，乾隆二十四年(1759) 颁布了《防范外夷规条》，规定外国人学习中文犯法，同时规定任何中国人向西人教授中文，一律以卖国罪论处；除此之外，很多西方人又畏于汉语的艰难晦涩，只得放弃学习中文的念头。
【洋泾浜英语与网络英语的比较与分析】洋泾浜英语
【洋泾浜英语与网络英语的比较与分析】洋泾浜英语洋泾浜本是黄浦江一条支流的河名,位于从前英、法租界和公共租界之间的界河,后来被填成一条马路,成为今日上海的延安东路。
由于外国商人常在附近做生意,同当地人之间的语言交流非常频繁,很多没有收到正规英语教育的中国人为外国人打工,只能用不伦不类的英语与其交流,这样一来二去,这种中英混杂的语言,不讲语法把汉字逐词用英语进行表达的一种混合语就应运而生,人称“洋泾浜英语”。
如,Long time no see.(好久不见了。
)。
有这样一个洋泾浜英语笑话,某洋行老板叫司机去大光明电影院去买戏票,他空手而归,说:“M an mountain man sea,today no see,tomorrow see,tomorrow see,same see.老板字字句句都听懂了。
今天的英语学习者听到这些蹩脚的英语会忍俊不禁。
常见的洋泾浜英语还有:where where:哪里,哪里people mountain and people sea:人山人海double horse double tiger:马马虎虎seven up eight down:七上八下go and see:走着瞧good good study,day day up:好好学习,天天向上no three no four:不三不四网络英语,是络交际领域中使用的语言,是从正规英语中派生的,有将英语词语字母化,也有利用英语的谐音或转义,也有对一些单词进行简写,对规范英语词汇进行再造的一种新型英语。
比如常见的网络英语表达有:AFAIK=as far as I know就我所知BF=boy friend(男朋友)CUL=See you later.再会DIY:Do It Yourself(自己动手做)FTF=face to face面对面2、形成的原因、特点分析同样语言,在不同的国家和地区,会因自然、文化环境的不同而造成差异。
浅谈中介语与洋泾浜、中式英语的异同-精选教育文档
浅谈中介语与洋泾浜、中式英语的异同一.中介语和中介语理论中介语亦称过渡语、语际语。
1969年著名语言学家Larry Selinker在剑桥国际会议上最早提出，1972年的论文中首次正式使用“interlanguage”来指称的术语。
是第二语言习得中学习者自己构建的一种在母语和目标语之间的过渡性语言。
它不同于母语（native language）和目标语（targetlanguage）（《语言教学及应用语言学辞典》，2003），但同时又具备母语和目标语的特征，是介于两者之间、尚存在一定缺陷或还不是很地道的语言，是处于本族语和目的语之间的连续体或临界体。
中介语以母语为出发点，逐渐向目标语靠近，具有系统性、过渡性、可变性、创造性、渗透性、反复性及石化性的特点。
Selinker认为中介语有五种来源。
第一，语言迁移（ Language T ranster ）。
学习者的目的语词汇和语义结构必然会受到母语的影响。
语言迁移就是指学习者在学习的过程中将母语规则应用于二语习得的过程中，对目的语产生积极或消极的影响，从而形成正迁移和负迁移。
第二，目的语规则的过度概括（ Overgeneralization of the Target LanguageMaterial）。
学习者常常会创造出一些目的语中没有的规则变体，而这种变体反应目的语的特征。
第三，训练转移（ T ransfer ofTr aining ）。
如果在外语课堂上过分强调某一结构或规则，可能引起迁移，导致学习者在习得外语的过程中频繁使用某一词汇。
第四，二语习得策略（ Stategies of Second Language Lear ning）。
学习策略是指学习者在学习某种语言时，语言能力还没有达到熟练应用的程度却试图对该语言进行策略处理。
第五第二语言交际策略（ Stategies of Second Language LearningCommunication ）。
Pidgins&Creoles
洋径 洪语在 语言 内部结 构上的 简化 常常 表 现 为 以下 八个 方面 (1)使 用形式 单一 的动词前 否 定,如“I no see.”; (2)疑 问句 不倒装,如“where the paper is?”; (3)缺少 助 动 词,如“She crying.”; (4)无 所有格 屈 折变 化,“The king food.”; (5)使 用动词 的非 屈折 变化形 式,如 “Yesterday I talk with one friend.”; (6)依靠 词序来明语法关 系; (7) 过度概 括; (8)母语 迁移。
2. A pidgin is not simply the result of heavy borrowing from one variety into another, since there is no pre-existing variety into which items may be borrowed. 3. A pidgin, unlike ordinary languages, has no native speakers, which is a consequence of the fact that it is used only for communication between members of different communities.
洋泾浜语（Pidgin ） 是操不同语言的人们进行贸 易或其它目的的交际语言。从专门意义上讲， Pidgin 指从两种或两种以上语言中吸收其构成成分 的交际语 （contact language ）。Pidgin这个名 字来自 Pidgin English ( 洋泾浜英语) 。十八世纪 以后, 英国人到世界各地建立殖民地, 所到之处, 彼 此交际很困难, 于是就产生了一种洋泾浜英语。关 于 Pidgin一词的起源有很多的争议。其中有一派认 为它渊源于汉语, 形成于广州, 是来中国的英国商人 和中国人进行贸易时, 使用的工作语言( 商业英语) 。 词汇以英语为主, 杂有广东话、 葡萄牙语、 马来语 及印地语的少量词汇, 而语法结构, 语音, 音系却按 广东语的规则行事, 即把来源于其他语言的词汇加 以改造。如 Pidgin 这个词就是英文Business ( 商 业) 经广东人的变音而形成的, 所以 Pidgin English 也即Business English ( 商业用英语) 。到了 19 世纪上海成了另一个外贸中心, 洋泾浜英语在那里 流行。洋泾浜是上海的一个地名, 洋泾浜英语因使 用地名而得名, 也就顺理成章了。
英语词典中的洋泾浜英语
英语词典中的洋泾浜英语作者：曾泰元来源：《英语世界》2019年第01期一般认为，洋泾浜英语就是一种蹩脚、不纯正甚至不伦不类的英语，比如 let me see see （让我看看），是个形容英语不标准的贬义词。
先追本溯源。
浜（bāng）即河浜，在吴方言里指的是小河。
洋泾浜原是上海黄浦江的一条支流，1916年填平，就是现在的延安东路。
鸦片战争后上海开埠，洋泾浜以北为英租界，洋泾浜以南为法租界，洋泾浜成为英法两国租界的界河，因此自19世纪中叶起，其地位便由默默无闻而一跃成名，后来甚至成为租界的代名词。
当时英商相继涌入上海，与华人缺乏共同语言，又亟须彼此交流经商，于是产生了一种混杂着汉语的简单英语，语法不符合英语习惯，语音受汉语影响，多用于没有受过正规英语教育的洋行职员、洋商帮佣、人力车夫、街头小贩之中。
这种混合语西人称之为“皮钦英语”（pidgin English），pidgin源自business（商业）发音的讹化，华人则把它叫作“洋泾浜英语”，因流行于当时华洋杂处的洋泾浜周边一带而得名。
洋泾浜英语已成为历史，但仍可由150余年前的一本《英话注解》略窥一二。
《英话注解》是1860年出版的一本洋泾浜英语入门手册，用来与洋人沟通打交道，由旅沪的宁波商人编著，文风有如打油诗，以汉字给英语注音，用宁波话朗读，流传甚广，堪称此中经典，如今读来令人莞尔：来是康姆（come）去是谷（go），廿四洋钿吞的福（twenty-four）。
是叫也司（yes）勿叫诺（no），如此如此沙咸沙（so and so）。
真崭实货佛立谷（very good），靴叫蒲脱（boot）鞋叫靴（shoe）。
洋行买办江摆渡（comprador），小火轮叫司汀巴（steamer）。
翘梯（tea）翘梯请吃茶，雪堂（sit down）雪堂请侬坐。
烘山芋叫扑铁秃（potato），东洋车子力克靴（rickshaw）。
打屁股叫班蒲曲（bamboo chop），混账王八蛋风炉（daffy low）。
中国式英语在英语学习中的利与弊
中国式英语在英语学习中的利与弊在英语的教学实践中，经常见到这样的表达法：1.Open the door see mountain.(开门见山)2.Good good study，day day up.(好好学习，天天向上。
)3.Give you a little color see see.(给你点颜色看看。
)经过调查研究，这种所谓“中国式英语”（Chinglish orChinese English）的产生决不是一时的失误，而是具有深厚的社会语言学根源。
一、中国式英语的概念及其成因中国式英语最初指的是洋泾浜英语（Pidgin English），是19 世纪中国人与英语国家的人做生意时所使用的一种贸易语言。
当时，因为国人对于英语语言结构及其所包含的英语文化缺乏了解，因此在跨文化交际中常使用一些不规范的翻译方式，具有很大局限性。
李文中1993 年在《中国英语和中国式英语》一文中指出：“所谓中国式英语，是指中国的英语学习和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响，硬套汉语规则和习惯，在英语交际中出现的不合规范英语和不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。
”从二语习得的理论来看，中国式英语是一种中介语（interlanguage）或过渡语[2]。
它是二语习得者按自己发展的规则创造出来的含有母语特征又具有目的语特征的语言系统，是属于掌握目的语之前的过渡性阶段———这是二语习得过程中难以避免的现象。
中介语之所以产生主要是第一语言对于第二语言的习得所产生的负迁移（negative transfer）现象引起的，即第一语言和第二语言的语言结构及其所负载的文化内涵不完全相同甚至相反，那么第一语言对二语学习就会产生负面的消极影响[3]。
英语属于印欧语系，而汉语属于汉藏语系，两者在语言形式与结构、使用者思维特征、负载文化内涵等诸多方面均有较大差异，因此中国人在英语学习中，汉语对英语的负迁移现象非常明显和典型。
中介语是某一个体在某一特定时期的语言现象，随着学习的不断深入，这个语言体系会不断地向目的语靠近，因此具有个体性、过渡性和不稳定性的特点。
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衣裳楚楚语陪陪，（by and by）
考姆陪陪歇歇来。
（come by and by)
多少洋行康八杜，(comprador)
片言茹吐费神猜。
清晨见面谷猫迎，(good morning)
好度由途叙别情。
（how do you do)
若不从中肆鬼肆，(squeeze)
如何密斯叫先生。
（mister)
滑丁何物由王支，(what thing you want)
哀诺王之不要斯。
（I no want)
气煞外边穷苦力，(coolie，源于印地语）
一言不识独伤悲。
还有一段《洋泾浜英语手册》，大家读过就会认为原来它也就是“沙咸鱼沙（so and so）”了。
来叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO），
是叫也司（YES）勿讲拿（NO），
一洋元钿温得拉（ONE DOLLAR），
廿四铜钿吞的福（TWENTY-FOUR），
翘梯翘梯喝杯茶（HAVE TEA），
雪堂雪堂请侬坐（SIT DOWN），
红头阿三开泼度（KEEP DOOR），
自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER），
爷叫泼茶娘卖茶（FATHER / MOTHER），
丈人阿爸发音落（FATHER IN LAW）。
其他如阿木林（A MORON），混枪势（混CHANCE），码子（寿头码子，小刁码子等，MOULDS），嗲（DEAR），拉三（LASSIE），大兴（DASHY），噶三壶（GOSSIP），瘪三（BEGSIR），戆大（GANDER），接领子（接LEADS），扎台型（扎DASHING），邋遢（LITTER），蹩脚（BILGE），肮三（ON SALE），三明治（sandwich）等等，都已经融入了日常生活。
洋泾浜英语的特点：
1）洋泾浜英语只有口头形式，没有正规的书面形式。
这是因为洋泾浜英语是说汉语和英语的人们在交往中随处形成的，没有统一的形式和规范，变体很多。
2）洋泾浜英语的语音的发音特点受汉语音系的影响。
由于汉语不少方言语音中只有[l]，没有[r]，洋径洪英语的语音也往往用[l]来代替[r]，例如将room [ru : m] 读成[lu : m]；将all right 读成[ɔ: l lait]。
汉语的音节一般不用辅音结尾，洋泾浜英语常常将以辅音结尾的词加上一个元音，如make [meik]读成[meiki:]，将make变成了makee，同样将much变成了muchee。
3）词汇成分基本来自英语，但采取简缩的策略。
词汇的主要来源仍是英语，只有极少词汇来自汉语或印度等地。
来源于汉语最常见的是chin-chin（表示打打招呼、邀请）和chow chow（表示吃或食物）。
此外还夹杂英国人从印度等地带来的词，如chit（信、帐单），godown（货栈）。
常用词的使用范围比英语词大得多，这是由于洋泾浜英语对词汇采取了简缩遁辞和回避的策略。
如，用catcheel（=catch）表示“得到”。
4）个别英语单词以错误方式被频繁使用。
据研究，中国的洋泾浜英语只有大约700个单词，所以一个词不得不兼有原先几个甚至十几个英文单词的意思。
例如，“belong ”（属于）这个英语单词在洋泾浜英语中用得很频繁，一个词代替几个汉字、十几个汉字甚至几十个汉字用。
例如：“You belong ploper”（你好吗?) ploper就是proper；“How muchee belong?”（多少钱?) muchee就是much。
真正造成belong一词使用频率特别高的原因是，在洋泾浜英语中，连系动词to be以及它的各种形式都不存在，一律用belong代替，如I am、you are,he is统统说成I belong、you belongest、he belongs。
如果要说“对不起”，并不说“I am sorry”，而是说“My belong,sorry”。
如果要说“他现在在中国。
”不说“He is in China now ”，而是说“He belong China-side now”。
在洋泾浜英语中似无give一词，要表示“给”这个意思时，常用“pay”譬如，外国女主人在接待自己的客人时，让中国仆人上茶，就得说：“Pay the missy tea.”甚至连外国人跟中国舞女告别时都会说：“Pay my kissy”。
受汉语量词的影响，piecee (piece) 这个词的使用很广，洋泾浜英语说two piecee book，而不说two books；用side和time表示空间和时间，用top-side表示”above”（上边，上面），用nother time表示“again”（再一次）。
5）洋泾浜英语的语法特点就是没语法，即未形成独立的语法体系，我们无法依一定的规则、句型和词法来复制和扩充它。
另外，洋泾浜英语虽被冠以“英语”之名，但它受汉语的影响较受英语的影响要深。
它似乎宁可服从于汉语表达习惯和词序，而不肯遵从英语的基本语法，置英语的数、格、人称、时、体、态等基本造句结构于不顾。
也正是这一特点使它有别于现在常提到的Chinlish（中国式英语）。
中国式英语虽不符合英语表达习惯，但毕竟符合英语一般语法规则而洋泾浜英语既不符合英语惯用法，也不符合一般的英语语法。
例如，“这不关我的事。
”正确的说法应该是“It…s not my affair.” 或“It‟s none of my business.”Chinlish可能会说：“It‟s not concerning my thing.” 而在洋泾浜英语中则会说：“No belong my pidgin.” 在人称代词的使用上，这一特点尤为明显。
例如，在洋泾浜英语中my就是I、we、mine、ours等人称代词的同义语。
因此，“我不能”被说成“My no can”，“我们什么也不要”说成“My no wants”。
贡献：在中国，洋泾浜英语曾经存在近二个世纪之久，并在近代对外贸易、外交和文化接触中扮演了重要的角色，其影响极为深远。
作为通事用语，它成了当时通事们与外国人进行交流的必要工具。
2现代“洋泾浜英语”
现代社会在中国学生当中日益盛行的新“洋泾浜”英语，也即“怪味英语”或“怪调英语”，是中国学生在语音层面上出现的在英国英语中夹杂美国音或在美国英语中夹杂英国音的一种不伦不类的英、美语“混血儿”的现象。
这种“怪调英语”一般都是通过有意识的学习行为而出现的；是学生们在中学所学英国英语的基础上，再受日趋流行的美语课本、美籍教师、美语课堂或传播媒介的广泛影响所产生的变味英语。
最主要的原因则是中国英语教学中前后不统一的教学内容和未采用一致的语言系统和教材体系（如书面材料和音像材料等）。
英国英语和美国英语，尽管有一些明显的语音、拼写、词义和语法差异，但它们并不是两种不同的语言，而是同一种语言在不同地区和社会环境中的变体。
美国英语源于英国英语。
这两者之间绝无优劣之分。
这两种英语体系的语音区别具体体现在以下几个方面：1）在英国标准音中，字母r在元音前才发音。
如：real，而在辅音前或词尾时不发音；但在美语中，r在辅音前和词尾都发明显的卷舌音，如farm [farm ] ，car [ ka:r]。
2）非重读字母e，在英国英语中读音是[i]，而美国人却常读[e]。
如美国人将except 读作[ek'sept]，英国人读为[ik'sept]。
3）词尾ile在美语中读作[ il] 或[i:l ]，而英国人读为[ail ]。
比如：hostile在英国读作[hсstail ] （找不到短音“袄”对应的音标），在美国读作['hсstil ] （找不到短音“袄”对应的音标）。
4）有时使用相同的音标，但发音情况却不同。
例如，当清辅音 [t] 夹在两个元音之问，前一个是重读元音，后一个是非重读元音时，如writer，美国人习惯将清辅音浊化，所以writer和rider发音几乎相同。
5）美国人说话往往把非重读音节中的元音都读出来，如history读为['histэri ] ；英国人却习惯省略其中的音节，读为['histri ]。
6）有些词虽在美国英语和英国英语中词义和拼写相同，但是发音不同，如tomato：[ tэ'ma:tu ] （英音）/ [ tэ'meitu ]（美音）。
洋泾浜英语也是一种中国式英语，具体可以参见中国式英语词条。