法医物证学练习题(英语版)

一、名词解释
1. allele：alternative forms of genes; located in corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes.
2. Genotype- the genetic makeup of an individual, expressed in letter symbols
3. Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait
4. Genetic Polymorphism：The presence of 2 or more alleles in a population for a given locus，The more alleles in the population, the higher the polymorphism greater chance that an individual will be heterozygous for that locus。

5. Law of Segregation- genes exist in individuals as pairs of alleles; in meiosis, the members of a pair separate; gametes are produced, each having only one allele of a pair
6. Law of independent assortment：the members of one gene pair separate independently are then randomly united at fertilization with the members of another gene pair (as long as they are not linked genes, which are gene pairs located on the same pair of homologous chromosomes)
7. Starch-iodine test which is one of the prelimilary test of saliva is often employed to looking for Alpha Amylase.
8. The prelimilary test of Urine is to look for urea or creatinine.
9. The prelimilary test of feces can test for urobilinogen.
10. The nucleotide is composed of phosphate, sugar and base.
11. The second structure of DNA includes the following straits : Two Double-stranded Anti-parallel strands , Hydrogen bonds, AT or GC pairs and double helix.
12. In 1940 Lansteiner and Wiener discovered The Rhesus (Rh) System.
13. The purpose of the conclusive bloodstain test is to make sure the materials to be studied are real blood stains.
14. The semen stain will fluoresce under UV light of 254~365 nm wavelength.
15. Sperm heads can be accurately identified based on their morphological characteristics, using HE staining the head of the sperm can be dyed blue and the tail of the sperm can be dyed red.
16. The second structure of DNA includes the following straits: Two Double-stranded Anti-parallel strands , Hydrogen bonds, AT or GC pairs , double helix
17. In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO blood group when the Blood of one human being was transfused with that of another.
18．The red blood cells which have D Ag are called Rh positive, while the cells which haven’t D Ag are called Rh negative.
19．The nucleotide is composed of three parts , that are phosphate, sugar , base.
20.Sperm heads can be accurately identified based on their morphological characteristics, using Baecchi the head of the sperm can be dyed in red and the tail of the sperm can be blue-staining.
21．The purpose of preliminary bloodstain test is to exclude the materials that is conclusively not blood stains quickly.
22．The wet bloodstain must be air-dry before it is sealed and broght to lab.
23. If a sufficient number of exclamation mark-shaped blood-spots could be spotted and lines drawn along their long axis, the point of convergence of these lines indicate the point of origin of bleeding.
24. What is the characters of Mitochondrial DNA
① Small: About 16,500 nucleotides；② Many Copies in Each Cell，Easily accessed by PCR；③ Maternal Inheritance: Matrilineal，Get it only from Mom；④ Non-recombining: Circular Molecule；⑤Faster Mu tation Rate
25. What are the characters of Y chromosome genetic markers? In what kind of situations can Y chromosome genetic markers be used
Father to son, Male-specific, Haplotype heritage;
Deficiency Paternity Testing, Sexual Assault Cases, Historical Investigations.
26.免疫胶体金：在特定条件下，使胶体金溶液与某种蛋白质溶液相混合，胶体金颗粒便会把该蛋白质分子吸附在其表面，形成一种包被了该种蛋白质的示踪物或探针。

若包被的蛋白质为抗体，则胶体金颗粒便是一个表面布满了抗体的球形粒子，用此胶体金粒子可以检测其包被抗体相对应的抗原；反之，若以抗原包被胶体金颗粒，则可用其检测该抗原相对应的抗体。

上述两类包被胶体金称为免疫胶体金。

27.免疫层析胶体金试剂条通常由加样区、反应区、吸附区三部分组成，加样区含有免疫胶体金颗粒，反应区的材料主要是硝酸纤维素膜，吸附区是由较厚的滤纸或类似的吸水材料制成。

28.夹心法试纸条的工作原理是通过两株抗体将抗原夹在中间而形成“第一株抗体+抗原+第二株抗体”的结构来实现的。

两株抗体虽是抗同一个抗原物质，但其结合的是同一抗原分子上的两个不同的抗原决定簇。

29.当DP > 0. 8、EP > 0. 5时，属于高度多态性遗传标记。