2020版高中英语新课标新增334个词汇强化训练 14

2020版高中英语新课标新增334个词汇强化训练14
Depress, despite, detail, detect, device, dining, discipline
【核心提示】
depress vt 将(某物) 压下；推下；拉下；使抑郁；使沮丧；使消沉；使萧条；削弱
despite prep 不管；尽管；任凭
detail n [C] 细节；琐事；[U] 详情
detect vt 察觉；发现；侦查出
device n [C] 装置；设备；仪器
dining n [U] 进餐
discipline n [U] 训练；管教；纪律；[C] 训练办法；[U] 自制力
一、单项选择
1. If you let challenges and difficulties benefit ______ depress you, much more can be accomplished than you thought possible.
A. more than
B. rather than
C. less than
D. other than
2. It's said that our mental abilities begin to _______ from the age 27 after reaching the highest level at 22.
A. differ
B. depress
C. distribute
D. decline
3. _______ the rising costs of many products, fares in this city __________ unchanged.
A. Though; remained
B. Despite; remained
C. Despite; was left
D. Though; was remained
4. The tenant of the affordable studio apartment is the most excellent engineer in our software development company _____ his poor education background and old age. His technical capacity comes from his great devotion and rich experience.
A. in spite
B. though
C. despite of
D. despite
5. Shanghai authorities have guaranteed the quality of the city’s drinking water _____ more than 7500 rotting pigs ______ floating on the Huangpu River in the past week.
A. despite of, being founded
B. in spite of, being found
C. despite, being founded
D. though, being found
6. We ’d better discuss everything _____ before we work out the plan.
A. in delight
B. in debt
C. in demand
D. in detail
7. Mrs. White _____ the story when her husband forgot the next detail.
A. took on
B. took up
C. made up.
D. turned out
8. Proper measures should be taken immediately to our historic and cultural heritage.
A. prepare
B. preserve
C. defend
D. detect
9. Dogs have a far wider hearing range than humans, _________ them able to detect sounds far above a human's hearing limit.
A. making
B. made
C. having made
D. to be made
10. On account of fuel supplies being finite and many people being wasteful, we will have to install ________ solar heating device in our home.
A. some type of a
B. some types of a
C. some type of
D. some types of
11. Independent study is not intended as a(n) ________ for reducing course-scheduling difficulties but as a means for exploring in greater depth academic subject matter.
A. exchange
B. device
C. suggestion
D. reason
12. —Where are you going to hang the picture?
—I haven’t decided yet. I ________ hang it in the dining room.
A. might
B. must
C. need
D. would
13. The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already __________ for a meal to be cooked.
A. laid
B. laying
C. to lay
D. being laid
14. Being a soldier, he has a strong sense of ________.
A. desire
B. discipline
C. force
D. privacy
15. The _________ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.
A. convention
B. confinement
C. principle
D. discipline
16. The school has decided to adopt a new _____ to discipline.
A. approach
B. way
C. method
D. means
17. He states that good qualities such as honesty and self-discipline make ____he is today.
A. whom
B. how
C. what
D. which
二、阅读理解
1
A group of scientists trained dogs to detect(发现)a crop disease called citrus greening. The disease has affected orange, lemon and grapefruit trees in the American states of Florida, California and Texas. The dogs can detect the disease weeks to years before it appears on tree leaves and roots, the researchers report. Using dogs is also faster, less costly and more exact than having people collect hundreds of leaves for lab analysis.
Timothy Gottwald is a researcher in the study. He said, “This technology is thousands of years old — the dog's nose. We’ve just trained dogs to hunt new prey：the bacteria that cause a very damaging crop disease.”
Citrus greening is caused by a kind of bacteria that are spread by a tiny insect that feeds on the leaves and stems of citrus trees. Once a tree is infected(感染)，there is' no cure. The disease has also hurt citrus crops in Central and South America and Asia. In one experiment involving grapefruit trees in Texas, trained dogs were correct 95 percent of the time in telling the difference between newly infected trees and healthy ones. “The earlier you detect the disease, the better chance you have at stopping healthy trees being infected by removing infected ones,” Got twald said.
Professor Matteo Garbelotto says the new research shows that dogs can detect an infection well before present methods. He has been involved in similar research but had no part in the new study.
Laura Sims is a plant scientist. She praised the steps taken to find out if the dogs were detecting the bacteria itself or a plant's reaction to an infection. To do that, the researchers infected different kinds of unrelated plants with the bacteria in a laboratory. The dogs were still able to pick out the infected plants.
Gottwald said, "You've seen dogs working in airports, detecting drugs and explosives. Maybe soon you will see them working on more farms."
18. What does the text say about citrus greening?
A. It mainly damages tree branches.
B. It' s impossible to detect at an early stage.
C. Dogs can better detect it than humans.
D. Humans have to analyze tree roots to detect it.
19. How does a dog detect citrus greening?
A. By tasting.
B. By touching.
C. By observing.
D. By Sniffing.
20. Early detection of citrus greening enables farmers to ______.
A. help infected trees to recover
B. keep it from spreading further
C. improve the quality of fruit.
D. better protect infected trees
21. Which of the following statements reflects Gottwald's opinion?
A. Dogs will take the place of humans to conduct risky jobs.
B. Trained dogs make no mistakes in citrus greening detection.
C. Dogs use plants' reaction to an infection to help with their detection.
D. Using dogs for citrus greening detection will be more widespread.
2
Electrical devices (仪器) could soon use power made by human energy. Scientists say they have developed an experimental device that produces electricity from the physical movement of a person walking. British scientist Max Donelan and other scientists in Canada and the United States developed the device.
The device connects to a person's knee. As the person walks, the device captures energy each time the person slows down. To do this, the device helps with the slowing down movement of the leg. The movements of the walking person push parts of a small machine that produces electricity. Using the device, an adult walking quickly could produce thirteen watts of electricity in just a minute. Donelan says walking at that speed could produce enough power to operate a laptop computer for six minutes.
There are several possible uses for the device. Developers say it could help people who work in areas without electricity to operate small computers. The device could also be used in hospitals to operate heart pacemakers (起搏器). It could even be used to assist in the movement of robotic arms and legs.
The experimental version of the device weighs about one and a half kilograms, but it is too costly for most people to buy. But the researchers hope to make a lighter, less costly version. An improved version should be ready in one year.
The developers hope the device will one day help developing countries. Nearly twenty-five percent of people around the world live without electric power.
A similar product was invented in 2005 by Larry Rome of the University of Pennsylvania. He created a bag carried on a person's back that also produces power from walking. The knee device does not produce as much electricity as the bag. But the bag requires the walker to carry a load of twenty to thirty kilograms.
22. The second paragraph mainly talks about ________.
A. who developed the device
B. how the device works
C. several possible uses for the devices
D. how much electricity the device can produce
23. What is the disadvantage of the experimental version of the device?
A. It is too heavy for the walker to bear.
B. It is too complex for people to use.
C. It will slow down one's walking speed.
D. It is too expensive for most people to afford.
24. Compared with the device designed by Larry Rome, this new device ________.
A. produces power without adding more loads to the walker
B. can produce more power in a much shorter time
C. needs to be equipped with a battery
D. can help the walker walk faster
25. From the passage, we can learn that the electrical device can ________.
A. help housewives operate the micro-wave oven
B. make it much easier for us to go online
C. produce more electricity than that invented by Larry Rome
D. be applied in medicine to operate heart pacemakers
三、语法填空
1
When I was at primary school, my family was badly 26. with not enough to eat. There was a time 27. I felt 28. ( depress ), living in an old shabby house. It was not until the opening policy was carried out 29. our life began to become better. Up to now, most of the villagers 30. (build ) new houses of their own. They live a colourful life, feeling content 31. their new life. 32. (convince) of their bright future, a lot of young people return to our hometown, and some of 33. are in search of opportunities to set up their own business. I have the 34. (determine ) to make a good fortune as well. I 35. (particular) want to make good use of my knowledge to contribute to the construction of my hometown .
2
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

It is unnecessary for the journalists to take a camera36. they have37. ( 专业的) photographers with them .The journalists should be curious and they must have a good “nose” for a story and use research to inform themselves38. the missing parts of the story. They know39. to acquire the information they need ,and they will not be rude while40. (采访).They will listen to the interviewee41. (careful) rather than talk too much themselves .They have to listen for42. (detail) facts and prepare the next question depending on43. the person says.44. the interviewee agrees, they can use a recorder to get the facts straight so as to support45. stories .
3
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Do teachers have the right to discipline (惩戒)students?
The Ministry of Education issued a notice on Nov22, 46. (ask) for public opinions on a draft regulation that gives teacher the right to discipline students. According to the regulation, primary and middle school teachers47. (allow) to criticize and give a proper 48. (punish) to students who disobey school discipline, social order, laws and rules, as well as those who cause chaos or disrupt the lesson, Should teachers be allowed to discipline students? Readers share their 49. (opinion).
Sunnylin01: Teachers should be cautious in disciplining students. They can punish a student without violence but hurt the child 50. (mental) for the rest of his life. My daughter’s teacher makes students who forget to bring homework stand for 51. hour at their seats where they are forbidden to sit. I do believe the aim is to humiliate（羞辱）the student and it is not acceptable.
Markwu: Disciplining is a challenging task which teachers have to do and , if not 52. (do), more of the same bad actions will be committed that disrupt the objectives of teaching and learning, and character building for the later part of life and in society, 53. the teacher and educator has the responsibility to carry on.
Lindasun: It is parents’ responsibility to discipline the students, not teachers, because the teachers are not paid to discipline children, but to guide their learning. 54. necessary, teachers should manage the situation in a way that is55. (effect), but does not replace the parents.
答案与解析
一、1. B
【解析】
试题分析：考查than固定搭配。

More tha超过，不仅仅，非常；rather than代替，而不是；less than少于; other than除…之外；句意：如果你从挑战和困难中获益而不是让挑战和困难让你受损，那么你所获得的要比你
想象的更多。

故B正确。

2. D
【详解】
考查动词词义辨析。

句意：据说我们的智力在22岁时达到峰值之后，从27岁开始下降。

A. differ不同；B. depress使沮丧；C. distribute分发；D. decline下降。

根据句意，尤其是reaching the highest level可知此处用“下降”符合语境，故选D项。

3. B
【详解】
考查介词辨析及时态语态。

句意：尽管许多产品的价格都在上涨，但这个城市的票价却没有改变。

分析句子可知，the rising costs of many products为名词性短语，despite后可接名词性短语，意为“尽管”，结合句意可知，票价一直没有改变，还和之前一样，用一般过去时。

故选B项。

4. D
【详解】
考查介词。

句意：经济适用房的承租人是我们软件开发公司最优秀的工程师，尽管他的教育背景不好，年纪也很大。

他的技术能力来自于他巨大的献身精神和丰富的经验。

表示转折关系的连词的though后面一般要跟句子，in spite of...和despite为介词，意为“尽管，虽然”，后面跟名词或代词作宾语。

分析句子可知空后的宾语为名词短语“his poor education background and old age”，所以要用介词despite 或in spite of，因此A 项缺少了of，C项多了of； B 项后面要跟句子，故D符合题意。

5. B
【解析】
试题分析：考查动名词用法。

固定搭配in spite of/despite尽管；of是介词，后面要接动名词的形式；第二空是动名词的复合结构，根据句意说明使用被动语态的形式；句意：上海官方保证饮用水的质量，尽管上个星期超过7500头腐烂的猪在黄浦江的上游被发现了。

故B正确。

考点：考查动名词用法
点评：动名词常常指经常性习惯性的行为，通常放在介词的后面做介词的宾语。

其复合结构为：宾格/所有格+doing；做宾语的时候，都可以使用；作主语的时候，只能使用所有格+doing的形式。

6. D
【解析】
【详解】
考查介词短语辨析。

句意：我们最好在制定计划之前，详细讨论一下一切。

A. in delight兴高采烈地；B. in debt
负债；C. in demand有需要；D. in detail详细地，根据题意，故选D。

7. C
【解析】
试题分析：考查动词短语辨析。

A. took on呈现；B. took up从事；C. made up.组成，编造；D. turned out 证明；句意：怀特小姐在丈夫忘记细节时编造了这个故事；根据语境可知选C项。

考点: 考查动词短语辨析
8. B
【解析】
考查动词词义辨析。

句意为：必须立即采取适当的措施保护历史文化遗产。

prepare意为“准备”；preserve 意为“保护”；defend意为“保卫”；detect意为“探测”，故B项正确。

9. A
【分析】
考查非谓语动词。

【详解】
句意：狗的听觉范围比人类大得多，使它们能够探测到远远超过人类听力极限的声音。

此处是现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然带来的结果。

故选A。

【点睛】
不定式和现在分词均可用结果状语，但两者用法有区别：现在分词用作结果状语，通常表示一种自然的结果，即属预料之中的事；不定式用作结果状语，主要表示没有预料到的情况或结果，即属预料之外的事。

10. C
【解析】
试题分析：考查some和冠词的用法：句意：因为燃油是有限的，而且很多人很浪费，我们将不得不在家里安装某种太阳能供暖设备。

这里some是某个，后面接单数名词，some type of+名词不需要冠词，选C。

考点：考查some和冠词的用法
11. B
【解析】
考查名词词义辨析。

句意：独立研究并不是作为一种来减少课程管理困难的策略，而是作为一种探索更深入的学术课题的方法。

A. exchange交换；B. device策略；C. suggestion建议；D. reason原因。

B项符合语境。

12. A
【解析】
考查情态动词。

句意：——你准备把这幅画挂在哪？——我还不确定，可能会把它挂在餐厅。

根据前一句可知，此人并不确定要把这幅画挂在哪，may/might可表示“可能性”，故选A。

13. A
【详解】
考查非谓语动词。

句意：客厅干净而整洁，餐桌已经为要做的饭准备好了。

分析句子可知，设空处应用非谓语动词作宾补，逻辑主语table和lay之间是被动关系，应用过去分词，虽然being laid也表被动，但结合already可知，该动作发生在过去，不能用进行时。

故选A项。

14. B
【详解】
考查名词词义辨析。

句意：作为一名战士，他有很强的纪律性。

A. desire欲望；B. discipline纪律；C. force 力量；D. privacy隐私。

结合上文Being a soldier可知形容士兵应当是有很强的“纪律性”，故选B。

15. D
【解析】
试题分析：句意：军事院校的纪律如此的严格以至于学生们几乎不能忍受。

convention常规；confinement 限制；principle原则；discipline纪律。

故选D。

考点：考查名词在语境中的应用辨析。

16. A
【解析】
【详解】
考查名词辨析。

句意：学校已决定采用一种新的纪律方案。

A. approach指从事某事的特别方法，方式或途径；通常指抽象意义上的方法，后与介词to搭配； B. way方法；普通用语；后用of连用；C. method 指在某项工作或为达到某目的时所采取的抽象的方法或具体的程序，多与介词of或for连用；D. means指为达到某种目的或目标而采取的方法、手段或途径。

这里空格后是介词to，故选A。

【点睛】
区分这几个词，还常考与它们连用的介词，“用这种方法”有多种搭配：with this method；in this way；by this means。

17. C
【解析】
试题分析：考查宾语从句。

句意：他说诚实，自律这些品质迁就了现在的他。

That引导的是state宾语从句，而宾语从句中make缺少宾语，由what来引导，故选C 项。

考点: 考查宾语从句
二、
1
【答案】18. C19. D20. B21. D
【分析】
本文是说明文。

柑橘黄龙病已经影响了美国很多州的柑橘类树种。

科学家训练狗用鼻子去嗅这种病的病菌。

18. 细节理解题。

根据第一段中“The dogs can detect the disease weeks to years before it appears on tree leaves and roots, the researchers report. Using dogs is also faster, less costly and more exact than having people collect hundreds of leaves for lab analysis.”可知, 狗能在树叶和树根上出现疾病前数周甚至数年发现它。

与让人收集数百片树叶进行实验室分析相比，用狗发现病菌会更快、更便宜、更精确。

因此狗比人能更快更准确地察觉到柑橘黄龙病。

故选C项。

19. 细节理解题。

根据第二段中“‘This technology is thous ands of years old — the dog's nose. We’ve just trained dogs to hunt new prey: the bacteria that cause a very damaging crop disease.’”可知，根据研究员Timothy Gottwald所说，这项技术是通过训练狗用鼻子去寻找新的猎物，即那些会导致非常有害的农作物疾病的细菌，是让狗用鼻子去嗅柑橘黄龙病。

故选D项。

20. 推理判断题。

根据第三段中““The earlier you detect the disease, the better chance you have at stopping healthy trees being infected by removing infected ones,” Gottwald said. （戈特瓦尔德说：“你越早发现这种疾病，就越有可能通过移除受感染的树木来阻止健康树木被感染。

”）”可以推断，早期发现柑橘黄龙病可以预防它进一步传播。

故选B项。

21. 推理判断题。

根据最后一段中“Gottwald said, "You've seen dogs working in airports, detecting drugs and explosives. Maybe soon you will see them working on more farms.（哥特瓦尔德说：“你在机场看到过警犬检测毒品和爆炸物。

也许很快你就会看到他们在更多的农场干活。

”）”可以推断，哥特瓦尔德认为将来用狗检测柑桔黄龙病将会更加普遍。

故选D项。

2
【答案】22. B23. D24. A25. D
【解析】
试题分析：本文主要介绍的是一种新的装备让我们步行也可以发电，以及这种装置的工作原理等。

22. B 段落大意题。

根据文章第2段The device connects to a person’s knee. As the person walks, the device
captures energy each time the person slows down. To do this, the device helps with the slowing down movement of the leg.可知，本段主要讲述的是这个机器是如何运转工作的，故B正确。

23. D 细节理解题。

根据文章第4段中The experimental version of the device weighs about one and a half kilograms, but it is too costly for most people to buy.可知，这个机器太贵了，普通人买不起这个机器。

故D正确。

24. A 推理判断题。

根据文章最后一句The knee device does not produce as much electricity as the bag. But the bag requires the walker to carry a load of twenty to thirty kilograms.可知，以前的旧机器需要人背着很重的负荷。

故A正确。

25. D 细节理解题。

根据文章第三段The device could also be used in hospitals to operate heart pacemakers（起博器）.可知，这个机器可以为起搏器充电。

故D正确。

【学法指导】
每段第一句通常是段落的主题句。

要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。

阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题。

【小题1】B段落大意题。

根据文章第2段The device connects to a person’s knee. As the person walks, the device captures energy each time the person slows down. To do this , the device helps with the slowing sown movement of the leg.可知，本段主要讲述的是这个机器是如何运转工作的，故B正确。

考点：考查科普类阅读
三、
1
【答案】26. off
27. when
28. depressed
29. that
30. have built
31. with
32. Convinced
33. whom
34. determination
35. particularly
【分析】
请在此填写整体分析!
26. 句意：当我在小学的时候，我的家人……而且吃不饱。

条件不好才会吃不饱。

badly off固定搭配，意为贫困的，境况不好的。

故填off。

27. 句意：有一段时间，我感到郁闷，住在一个老破旧的房子里。

本空前后都是完整的句子，所以本空引导从句，前面一个单词是time（时间），所以本空引导时间状语从句。

故填when。

28. 句意：有一段时间，我感到郁闷，住在一个老破旧的房子里。

depress是动词，本空要填形容词，动词加ed用来形容人，加ing用来形容物，本句的主语是人。

故填depressed。

29. 句意：直到开放政策开始施行，我们的生活开始变好了。

本空前后都是完整的句子，所以本空引导从句，政策开放与生活变好是因果关系，本句是结果状语从句until……that 直到……才……。

故填that。

30. 句意：到目前为止，大多数村民建设了自己的新房子。

大部分村民的房子是过去一直在建，下载建好，所以是现在完成时。

故填have built。

31. 句意：他们生活丰富多彩，感受到新生活的内容。

村民们感受到的是新生活的内容，内容与新生活密不可分，用with连接。

故填with。

32. 句意：相信他们光明的未来，很多年轻人回到了我们的家乡。

年轻人因为相信光明的未来，所以回到家乡。

当动词的过去分词作状语，表示原因是，动词可以位于句首。

故填Convinced。

33. 句意：相信他们光明的未来，很多年轻人回到了我们的家乡。

本空后面是一个从句，缺少主语，前面是some of，缺少宾格。

故填whom。

34. 句意：我有决心赚大钱。

“I”是主语，“have”是谓语，决心是宾语，要用名词形式。

故填determination。

35. 句意：我特别想善用我的知识，为我的家乡建设做出贡献。

特别是用来修饰want的，want是动词，只有副词才能修饰动词。

故填particularly。

2
【答案】36. because
37. professional
38. of
39. how
40. interviewing
41. carefully
42. detailed
43. what
44. If
45. their
【分析】
试题分析:本文介绍记者这份职业。

36. because 考查连接词。

前后句之间是因果关系，因为有专门的摄像师。

故填because。

37. professional 考查形容词。

根据汉语意思，此处用professional。

38. of 考查介词。

固定搭配，inform sb of sth:提醒某人某事。

39. how 考查引导词。

根据句意：他们知道如何获取他们所需要的信息，故此处用how。

40. interviewing 考查非谓语动词。

此处用非谓语动词，interview与they之间是主动关系，故用interviewing。

41. carefully 考查副词。

副词修饰动词，认真听，故用carefully。

42. detailed 考查形容词。

此处用形容词，详细的，细节的，故用detailed。

43. what 考查引导词。

宾语从句，缺少宾语，表示……的事情，故用what。

44. If 考查连接词。

此处从句表示条件，故用If。

45. their 考查代词。

此处表示他们的故事，故用their。

3
【答案】46. asking
47. are allowed
48. punishment
49. opinions
50. mentally
51. an
52. done
53. which
54. When/If
55. effective
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。

文章介绍一项赋予教师惩戒学生权利的条例草案。

46.
考查现在分词作状语。

句意：11月22日，教育部发布通知，就一项赋予教师惩戒学生权利的条例草案征求公众意见。

此处notice和ask之间是主动关系，是现在分词作状语。

故填asking。

47.
考查一般现在时态的被动语态。

句意：根据该规定，中小学教师可以对违反学校纪律、社会秩序、法律和规则的学生，以及制造混乱、扰乱课堂秩序的学生进行批评和适当的惩罚。

句子主语teachers是复数形式，和allow之间是被动关系，且指一条法律规定，所以句子用一般现在时态的被动语态。

故填are allowed。

48.
考查名词。

句意：根据该规定，中小学教师可以对违反学校纪律、社会秩序、法律和规则的学生，以及制造混乱、扰乱课堂秩序的学生进行批评和适当的惩罚。

此处proper是形容词，修饰名词，再根据前面的a，可知这里用动词punish的名词形式。

故填punishment。

49.
考查名词复数。

句意：读者分享他们的观点。

根据their可知读者的观点不止一个，所以用名词复数。

故填opinions。

50.
考查副词。

句意：他们可以不使用暴力地惩罚学生，但会在孩子的余生中对其造成精神上的伤害。

此处hurt 是动词，由副词修饰。

故填mentally。

51.
考查不定冠词。

句意：我女儿的老师让忘记带作业的学生在禁止他们坐的座位上站一个小时。

名词hour是以元音因素开头的词，前面表示“一”时应用an。

故填an。

52.
考查过去分词作条件状语。

句意：训练是一个教师所要做的具有挑战性的任务,如果没有完成,更多同样的坏行为将会破坏教学和学习目标。

此处Disciplining和do之间是被动关系，if和过去分词构成条件状语。

故填done。

53.
考查非限制性定语从句。

句意：在生活的后期和社会中的性格塑造，这是教师和教育者有责任进行的。

此处character building是先行词，指物，且that不能引导非限制性定语从句，所以这里是which引导的非限制性定语从句。

故填which。

54.
考查状语从句。

句意：必要时，教师应该以一种有效的方式管理这种情况，但不能取代家长。

这里是省略it is的时间状语从句或条件状语从句。

故填When/If。

55.
考查形容词作表语。

句意：必要时，教师应该以一种有效的方式管理这种情况，但不能取代家长。

这里be
动词后面用形容词作表语，故填effective。