省略句(完整归纳)

多变的省略句
高考常考内容:1.省略主语，主谓语或主谓的一部分 2.不定式符号to的省略 3.不定式结构中动词的省略
4.状语从句中的省略
5.定语从句中关系词的省略
6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略
7.考查not, so, neither, nor的“替代性”省略
掌握好省略句，应注意以下几条：
1.感官动词或使役动词（如：notice, hear, let, make)等后接不定式作宾补时省略to,被动时to不能省略。

2.在pre fer to do rather than…, cannot help but…do, nothing …but等句型中常省略to。

3.为避免重复，作某些动词（hope, want)等宾语或（tell, order, ask)的宾补时，省略不定式短语，只保留to.
4.应注意状语从句、定语从句中的省略。

5.注意not ,so ,neither, nor的“替代性”省略。

6.状语从句中，如果谓语含动词be,主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it,从句中主语和be一齐省略。

7.常见的省略形式：（1）If （it is）possible[如果可能的话]；（2）If (it is) necessary[如果必要的话];
（3）If any: 例: Correct the mistakes in the passage if (there is) any (mistakes)
比较:Do you have anything to say? (不知道对方是否有话要说,) Do you have something to say?(认为对方有话要说.)
一、替代省略
1. 用it, one, that，ones, those替代句子中重复出现的名词、代词或句子。

one是指代同名称的另一样东西(同类异物),代替前面句子中重复出现的可数名词;
that替代特指可数或不可数名词,后面常跟有in或of短语作后置定语;it指代同名称的同样事物(同类同物)。

例:One took a taxi, and the other walked home. I haven’t a book, can you lend me one？
2."So / Nor(Neither)+谓语+主语"这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者。

例:He can’t do it, nor can I，nor can you, nor can anybody.
3．that引导的宾语从句省略时，可以省略从句的一部分，用so或not代替从句。

例:——Is he coming back tonight?——I think so. ——She must be busy now.——If so, she can’t go with us.
——Is he feeling better today?——I’m afraid not. ——Do you think he will attend the meeting？——I guess so.
特别是在动词appear, believe, expect, fear, hope, seem, suppose, trust, think,或词组be afraid后面，表示肯定时用so,表示否定时可用not.
例：I think you’ll win the race; indeed we all think so.我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛，事实上我们都这样想。

I’m not sure she isn’t coming, but I suppose.我不能肯定她不来，但我想是这样。

注意:命令句、惊叹句、部分第一人称的陈述句、部分问句和答句中省略最为常见。

例:Open the door!开门!Why not? 为什么不?Why so? 为什么这样?
Anybody wishing to go? 谁愿意去啊?How so？怎么会如此Is that so？真的吗?
二、结构省略”
1．单词省略:
(1)不定式符号to的省略:
①四看(see watch, notice, look at),二听(hear, listen to),一感觉(feel),以及let, make, help,还有have之后的作宾补的不定式,但其被动语态中的to不能省略②词组do nothing but...,can't help but...,prefer to do sth. rather than do sth...., would do sth. rather than...,why not....等不定式中的to.
例: Though he had made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
注意:
I. 在下面四种情形下,为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to.
①作hope, wish, like, want, expect, decide等宾语的不定式. ②作tell, ask, want, expect, warn等宾语补足语的不定式.
③在某些形容词,如: anxious, eager, willing等后作状语的不定式.④在某些结构,如:be able to, ought to等后作复合谓语的不定式.
II. 如果宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have.
例：——Are you a teacher? ——No, but I want to be. ——He hasn’t finished the task yet. ——Well, he ought to have.
(2)表虚拟的名词性从句中should的省略:
①一坚持(insist),二命令(order, command),三建议(suggest, propose, advise ),四要求(demand, require, request, ask)后的主语、宾语从句中.
②一个主意(idea),一个计划(plan),一个命令(order),三个建议(suggest, proposal, advice)等后的表语、同位语从句中.
③It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that...主语从句中.
(3)虚拟条件句中,含助动词,情态动词,动词be或have等,若将它们提到句首,则须省略if。

(4)连词的省略: 引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略. 例: He said (that)he had come here an hour before and that he had lived in a hotel.
I’ll believe （that）you will succeed. It’s a pity （that）he’s leaving.
direction(方向)，distance(距离)，time(时间)，times(倍数), the way(方式)等后面所接的定语从句
中，可省略that/in which/which
例：I don’t like the way（that/which）she talks to me.
The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。

The distance (which或
that) light travels in one second is 300，000 kilometers.光每秒走的距离是30万公里。

当用强调句型强调疑问词时，常省略强调句型中的that。

例:When was it (that) you received his email?你收到他的电子邮件是什么时候?
例: In winter it is cooler in Beijing than (it is) in Guangzhou. （It is a）Pity that he’s failed.
①在回答问题时：
例：——May I smoke here？我可以在这抽烟吗？——I’m afraid not.
②有些表示时间/地点/条件/方式/让步等状语从句中，如果谓语包含助动词be，主语又和句子的主语一致时，或主语是it时，就可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分，尤其是助动词be省略掉。

例：Do what as told. 按照所讲的去做
Any mistake，once found, must be corrected. 一旦发现任何错误，就必须加以改正。

If not well managed, the programme will not succeed. 如果管理不善，这个计划就不会成功。

(7)并列句的省略：
①在并列句中如果后面分句中有与前面相同的部分，就常被省略，以免重复。

例：He majors in English and I (majors)in French. He was a friend to, and a strong supporter of, the party leader.
His mother is a teacher and his father (is) a writer. His face is tanned and his hands (are) big and strong.
I was born in winter in 1998 and Bob（was born in winter ）in 1989.
②后一分句中剩下的往往是一个恰可用来修饰前面分词中谓语的状语，表示一个事后想起的意念。

例：We tried to persuade her but （we tried ）in vain. 我们想劝服她，但没有成功。

（8）由固定词组引导的疑问句：
例：What about having a game of chess？How come they left you alone here？What if it’s raining？Why not try again？
（9）动词替代法：例：You like rock climbing as much as he does.
注意在一些固定短语中某些介词的省略:have trouble (in) doing sth. 难于做某事spend +时间 (in) doing sth.
be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事。

There is no use (in) doing sth.做某事是无用的。

（1）Never seen the film. 从未看过这部电影。

（2）——She is absent today. 今天她缺课。

——Why？怎么啦？（3）——Where did you come from？你从那里来的？——Shanghai. 从上海。

五．只含主语/谓语的单部分。

例：Thanks a lot. 多谢。

No smoking. 禁止抽烟！Hands up！举起手来！
六.简单句的省略：
１.在对话中，主要是在回答别人的问题／接着别人说话时。

例：——Are you hungry？——Not yet. ——May I smoke here？——No, you’d better not.
——Mary has gone to Beijing. ——when？——He went shopping this morning. ——With whom？
２．发生在陈述自己的意见，提出问题或要求时，或在感叹句中。

例：Looking forward to hearing from you soon. 盼望不久能收到你的来信。

Why not come？为什么不来。

What to do next？下一步该怎么办？Delicious！味道好极了！No move！不许动。

３．在电报中场用省略句以节省篇幅。

例：Arrive Shanghai August the Tenth. 于八月十日到达上海。

４．在报纸标题和文章标题中用省略句以节省篇幅。

例：Profits of Praise 赞扬的好处How to learn a foreign language 如何学外语。

(1)所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。

例：She is going to her uncle’s (house).Today I met her at the tailor’s (shop).
(2)there + be结构中的引导词there以及谓语be，同时省略.
例：(There are)No gains without pains.不劳无获。

(Is there)Anything wrong?怎么啦?
(3)独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时，则多省去不用，意义不受影响。

例：The meeting(being)over, we all left the room.会议结束后我们都离开了房间。

Books (having been)carried, we went to our school.拿着书本我们就去上学了。

(4)两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省去to。

例：Her job is to take care of the children and (to) wash clothes.她的工作是照看孩子和洗衣服。

(5)主(宾)语补足语中的to be往往省略。

例：We found the problem(to be) serious.我们发现问题严重。

He was thought (to be) the cleverest boy in the group.大家认为在小组中他最聪明。

因为标题一般要求精简、生动、鲜明、醒目，因此多奖武官紧要的词语省去不用，而留下最重要的部分。

而且省略后留下来的实义词一般都要用大写字母开头。

例：One Man No Man.个人是渺小的。

Usher in the 21-st Century! 迎接21世纪的到来！
No Litter, Please! 请勿乱丢果皮纸屑！Stop Police Attacks Against Blacks. 停止警察对黑人的暴行。

Ticket Holders Only! 凭票入场！No Admittance Except on Business! 闲人免进！
Slow Down, Look Around，and Cross！一慢，二看，三通过！。