状语从句讲义 2023届高考英语一轮复习

Adverbial clause
I. 概念-状语与状语从句
状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的一种成分。

其用法最广,名称最多，是英语中最大的一种句子成分：它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步或比较等。

状语名称除了上述10种外，还有伴随状语、方面状语、对象状语、评注性状语等。

对状语种类进行详细划分的目的是更好地理解句子意思。

状语通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、名词、从句等充当。

Jennifer runs very fast.珍尼弗跑得很快。

(副词作状语)
I’ll be back in a while.我一会儿就回来。

(介词短语作状语)
He waited to see the result of the game. 他等着看比赛结果。

(不定式短语作状语)
Living in the country, they have few amusements.因为住在农村,他们没有什么娱乐活动(现在分词短语作状语)
Given more time and money, we would have done the work better.如果给予更多的时间和钱,我们会把工作做得更好。

(过去分词短语作状语)
She sat there, silent.她坐在那儿,一声不吭。

(形容词作状语)
Wait a moment. I’ll come.等一会儿,我就来。

(名词作状语)
It rained so hard tha t they had to put off the sports meeting.雨下得很大，他们不得不推迟运动会。

(从句作状语)
He was absent from the lecture yesterday because he was ill.昨天他缺席了讲座，是因为病了。

(从句作状语)
特别提示
①时间状语和地点状语修饰同一动词时，通常先说地点，再说时间。

如：
They held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅里举行了一次会议。

①如果修饰同一个动词的时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。

He arrived here at about ten o'clock yesterday morning.他是昨天上午大约10点到达这儿的。

She lived in a small village in the north.她住在北方的一个小村庄里。

状语从句
在复合句中，作状语成分的从句叫做状语从句。

它的主要语法作用是修饰主句谓语动词。

般分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句9种。

状语从句由从属连词引导，有时候还可以用其他词组引导。

以下是九种状语从概览：
1. I found a wallet when I was walking in the street.我在大街上走的时候发现了一个钱包。

(时间状语从句)
2. Make marks where you have questions.在你有问题的地方做标记。

(地点状语从句)
3. He was absent from school because he was ill.因为病了，所以他没有去上学。

(原因状语从句)
4. If you heat water, it will become vapour.如果你给水加热，它会变成水蒸气。

(条件状语从句)
5. Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?请你像我这样做这个实验好吗? (方式状语从句)
6. Let's take the front seats in order that we may see more clearly.我们坐前排的座位，以便看得更清楚些。

(目的状语从句)
7. He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.他发表了一篇精彩的演讲，以至于每个人都赞赏他。

(结果状语从句)
8. Although I tried hard many times, I couldn't get through the crowd.尽管我多次努力尝试，但仍不能穿过人群。

(让步状语从句)
9. John speaks English better than Tom does.约翰英语说得比汤姆好。

(比较状语从句)
II. 状语从句主要用法
一、状语从句的省略
在状语从句(主要是时间、地点、方式和让步状语从句)中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相一致并且含有be动词时，可以把从句的主语和be动词一起省略。

可以使用这种结构的引导词主要有：if, when, while, unless, once, until, although等。

例如：
(1)While (she was) listening to the radio, she fell asleep.
当在听收音机的时候，她睡着了。

(2)Once (I was) off that long street, I found myself in some very poor quarters.
一旦离开了那长长的街道，我发现自己置身到了一些很贫困的区域。

(3)When (she was) leaving the house, she was heard to make some commonplace remarks to her husband.
当她离开房子的时候，别人听见她对她的丈夫作了一些平常的评论。

(4)He gave good practical advice when (he was) asked.
当被问及的时候他给出了一些实用的建议。

(5)Don't say anything unless (you are) asked．
除非被问，否则不要说任何话。

(6)If (it is) taken good care of, the bird can live as long as five years.
如果被好好照顾的话，鸟儿可以活到长达5年。

(7)Although (he was) frightened, he managed to run away. 尽管害怕, 他还是成功地逃脱了。

【注意】一般省略的是主语和be动词，有时也可以是it和be动词，主要在if possible, when necessary等类似的结构。

例如：We will do that only when (it is) necessary. 只在有必要的时候我们才会做。

【即时巩固】
(1)When ________ (compare) different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
(2)When a tomb is opened, fresh air disturbs the viruses, which, if ________ (breathe) in, can result in illness or even death.
二、when, while的特殊含义及when固定结构
①when的特殊含义及固定结构
1. when作连词引导条件状语从句，意为“在……的情况下，既然”
(1)How can we explain it to you when you won't listen? 既然你都不听，我们又怎么向你解释呢？
(2)How did you get there on time when you left here so late? 你这么晚从这儿出发，怎么能准时到达那儿的？
(3)Why do you walk when you have a car? 你既然有车，为什么要步行呢？
(4)How can they learn anything when they spend all their spare time watching TV?
他们把所有的空余时间都用来看电视，又怎么能学到什么呢？
2. be doing...when...意为“正要做某事……这时……”引导状语从句
I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
我正在马路上走着，这时忽然有一个人从后面拍拍我的肩膀。

3. be about to do...when...意为“正要做某事……这时……”引导状语从句
(1)We were about to start when it began to rain.我们正要动身，就在这时下起雨来。

(2)We were about to leave when the light went off.我们正要出发，这时突然灯灭了。

4. be on the point of doing...when...意为“正要做某事……这时……”引导状语从句
Jack was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the gate.杰克正要走，这时有人敲门。

5. had done...when...意为“刚刚做完某事……这时突然……”引导状语从句
Tom had finished his homework when his sister asked him to repair the computer for her.
汤姆刚刚完成家作，这时他的妹妹让他帮她修电脑。

6. Hardly (scarcely)．..when...(意思同No sooner....than...)该固定结构表示“一……就”的含义。

该结构位于句首时，hardly后面要使用倒装，并且使用过去完成时。

when后面不倒装，并且使用一般过去时。

no sooner...than...用法相同。

例如：
(1)Hardly had he gone to bed when the door bell rang.他刚上床睡觉，门铃就响了。

(2)No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.他刚下火车，他的女儿就向他跑来。

◆while的两个含义
1. while用在句首，引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”
(1)While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题，但我不同意这些问题是无法解决的。

(2)While I like the color of the hat, I do not like its shape.
尽管我喜欢那个帽子的颜色，但是我不喜欢它的样式。

2. while用在句中，表示对比性转折，意为“然而，但是”
(1)English is understood all over the world while Turkish is spoken by only a few people outside Turkey itself.
英语世界通行，但土耳其语离开本国就很少有人说了。

(2)I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream. 我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。

【即时巩固】
(3)I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel ________ I heard the steps.
(4)________ the Internet is of great help, I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.
(5)He was about halfway through his meal ________ a familiar voice came to his ears.
(6)Hardly ________ (he collect) the papers on his desk when the door burst open.
(7)________ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.
(8)He was about to tell me the secret ________ someone patted him on the shoulder.
(9)—I wonder how much you charge for your services.
—The first two are free ________ the third costs $30.
三、where引导地点状语从句
用来表示地点、方位的从句称之为地点状语从句。

地点状语的引导词主要为where 或wherever。

地点状语从句在理解时可以看作为一个介词短语，这样可以简化理解上的难度。

如：
(1)After the war, a new school building was set up where there had once been a theater.
战后，一所新的学校在电影院的原址上被建了起来。

(此处where引导的地点状语从句相当于in some place，即一个新的学校在某个地方被建立起来了)
(2)Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

【即时巩固】
(10)________ unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.
(11)If you are traveling ________ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.
四、as，though，although引导让步状语从句
as可以用来引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然、尽管”，含义与although/though等同。

但as引导让步状语从句，从句中要使用倒装，而though引导让步状语从句可倒装，也可不倒装，如果使用倒装，用法同as。

as引导让步状语从句主要需要注意如下情况：
(1)Young as he is, he has already known a lot.
尽管他年纪那么小，他已经知道得很多了。

(形容词作表语提到as之前倒装)
(2)Much as he has travelled, his sense of direction is still very poor.
尽管他旅行过很多地方了，但是他的方向感仍然很差。

(副词作状语提前到as之前倒装)
(3)Try as he would, he might fail again.
尽管他已经很努力尝试了，他可能会再次失败。

(情态动词后的动词原形直接提前倒装)
(4)Child as he is, he has to make a living by himself.
尽管他还是小孩子，他不得不自己谋生。

(名词作表语提到as之前倒装，同时去掉冠词)
【延伸拓展】though作副词的用法
though一词用作副词，表示转折，意为“然而，不过，但是”。

(1)Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer decided to make a fourth attempt, though.已经被连续打败三次了，但是那个拳击运动员决定再试一次。

(2)For those who do not quite grasp cricket, it seems very slow and boring. For lovers of this sport, though, it is an art form.
对于那些不是能十分领会板球的人而言,这种运动很慢很乏味。

但是,对于爱好者而言,这是一种艺术形式。

【即时巩固】
(12)Try ________ she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
(13)Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky, ________？
五、时间状语从句
1. by the time “到……时候(为止)”引导的时间状语从句，如果从句中的时间为过去时间，那么主句的时态为had done(状态动词用过去式)，表示“过去的过去”；如果从句的时间为一般现在时或现在完成时(表示将来)，那么主句的时态为will have done(状态动词用一般将来时)，表示“截止到将来某一时间为止，主句动作将已经完成”。

(1)By the time he arrived, we had had our dinner. 在他到达前，我们已经吃完饭。

(2)By the time you reach the top of the hill, you will have broken down．
在你到达山顶前，你将垮掉。

2. before 意为“在……之前”，表示时间概念。

Mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art and religion.
在追求政治、科学、艺术和宗教之前，人类必须首先要吃喝，有地方住，有衣服穿。

①此外，在不同的语境中before还有以下几层意义：
1. it＋动词＋一段时间＋before意为“……(之后)才”
(1)Our government has taken some measures to overcome the lack of electricity, but it may take some time before we have enough power.
我们的政府已经采取了一些措施来克服电力缺乏，但是可能还需要一段时间我们才能有足够的电。

(2)It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me.
过了很长时间我才能完全明白他们为我做的事情。

(3)How long do you think it will be before the computer company launches a new model?
你认为计算机公司需要多久才能推出新型号？
2. (不多久)就……
Though Martin was seriously injured in the battle, it was not long before Martin got to his feet.
尽管马丁在战斗中受了严重的伤，但是没过多久马丁就站了起来。

3. 不等……就，还没来得及就……
Before she had time to realize what was happening, she was hit on the head.
她还没来得及意识到发生了什么事情，就被击中了头。

【即时巩固】
(14)When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ________ (hang) up, her voice had been full of life.
(15)—Why didn't you tell him about the meeting?
—He rushed out of the room ________ I could say a word.
(16)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ________ (graduate) from college.
(17)You can't borrow books from the school library ________ you get your student card.
(18)He was told that it would be at least three more months ________ he could recover and return to work.
六、特殊连词引导状语从句
值得引起注意的是状语从句中有些特殊的引导词，对于这些连词要能正确识别并理解含义。

此类连词主要有：
1. 名词作连词
◆the moment/minute/second“一……就”；every time/each time“每次”
(1)I gave him the money the moment I saw him.
我一看见他就把钱给他了。

(2)Jane will bring me a bar of chocolate every time she comes to see me.
每次简来看我都会给我带一块巧克力来。

2.副词作连词
◆immediately/instantly/directly“一……就”
I recognized her voice immediately I picked up the phone.
一拿起电话我就听出了她的声音。

3. 分词作连词
◆provided/providing/provided that/providing that“在……情况或条件下，假使，倘若”
(1)I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.假如为我负担费用，我就同意去。

(2)Provided we get good weather, it will be a successful holiday.如果天气良好，我们的假日将过得非常好。

①supposing/supposing that“假设，假如”
Supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors? 要是下雨的话，我们在室内比赛行
吗？
【即时巩固】
(19)The passengers were sent to the nearest hospital ________ (instant) the accident happened.
写出以下状语从句中引导词的中文含义
(20)Once they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures. ________
(21)—Our holiday cost a lot of money.
—Did it? Well, that doesn't matter as__long__as you enjoyed yourselves.________
(22)Tim is in good shape physically even__if/even__though he doesn't get much exercise.________
(23)Unless our manager objects to Tom's joining the club, we shall accept him as a member.________
(24)Just use this room for the time being, and we'll offer you a large one as__soon__as it becomes available. ________
(25)He had his camera ready in__case he saw something that would make a good picture.________
(26)The role of Chinese Dama in the economy has been over­estimated by some western media in__that their “gold rush” has had little influence on gold prices. ________
七、结果状语从句与定语从句的比较
请揣摩如下两个句子的差异：
(1)I had so much luggage to carry that I had to catch a cab from the airport to my hotel.
(2)John is such a helpful and enthusiastic person as everyone in the office shows respect for.
【分析】句(1)为结果状语从句，so...that...表示“如此……以至于……”，表示一个结果，引导词that在后面的状语从句中只起引导作用而不充当任何成分。

句(2)是定语从句，句中含有such...as...这一固定结构，as为定语从句的引导词，在定语从句中充当宾语。

【即时巩固】
(27)I have bought such a watch ________ was advertised on TV.
(28)Whitney Houston's sudden death suggests that drug abuse is such a serious problem ________ we should deal with it properly.
一、选词填空（选择适当的连词填空）
1.__________ ( Where/ Wherever) you're from, you can come to dance, dine，and take part in outdoor and indoor concerts.
2. As young men, we should learn to stand up________(where/ in which)
we fell.
3. Located_________( where/ in which ) the Belt meets the Road，Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.
4._________( Where/In which ) he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
5.You should be considerate.You cannot smoke_______( wherever/where) you like.
6. He will try his best to solve the problem,_________(however/ whatever) difficulty he may come across.
7.___________( Wherever/ However) she went, there were millions of fans following.
8. ___________ ( Whatever/ However) strange she dressed herself, she would be recognized by
her fans.
9.___________( Whatever/ Whichever )her faults are, she should be treated with dignity.
10._________( Whatever / However) much trouble she caused, she should be treated with dignity.
二、语法填空
1. ________ you try to do something beyond what you have already mastered, you will never grow.
2. ________ you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had.
3. Though not having seen my pen friend ________ we communicated for the first time, I recognized her instantly in the mall.
4. Talking about fires can be scary ________ no one likes to think about people getting hurt or their things getting burned.
5. I am ________ grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I'll carry this special feeling along with me.
6. Today, we will begin ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
7. ________ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.
8. I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it'll still be some time ________ Brian gets back.
9. This medicine is quite beneficial to your recovery after the operation, ________ (provide) you take it as told.
10. It is freezing here. Wear your coat, ________ you'll catch a cold.
11. All the dishes in this menu, ________ otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.
12. She had just finished her homework ________ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.
13. However, when I had to go back ________ I forgot my book, I noticed she had just finished picking them up by herself.
14. There were dirty marks on her trousers ________ she had wiped her hands.
15. ________ you have got your driving permit already, you can't be too careful when driving.
16. If you put a stone in the way of an ant, it will go around, over, under or on top, without stopping, until it finds a way to get ________ it needs to be.
17. ________ you're a comic fan or not, you have to admit that Marvel Studio knows how to make superhero movies, whose latest offering The Winter Soldier is proof of that once again.
18. One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away ________ my daughter heard cries for help.
19. —Don't look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages.
—Oh, yes, ________ others are weak, he is strong.
20. ________ serious a problem you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.
21. ________ regular exercise is very important, it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.
22. —When shall we set out to handle the problem we came across last week?
—Not until we ________ (have) a chance to discuss it thoroughly.
23. If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won't bother to see it, or I'll wait ________ it comes out on DVD.
24. Good news never goes beyond the gate, ________ bad news spreads far and wide.
25. Difficult as rumours on micro blog, or Weibo, are ________ (prevent), the authorities will step up supervision so that people will not be easily misled
26.Rather than being ashamed _____ failure, you should be proud of it. You should be proud that you have the courage to try when others take things as they are.
27.Caring for the elderly is a traditional virtue, which will contribute to not just a happy family _____ also a harmonious society.
28.Much _____ I admire his courage, I don't think he acted wisely.
29.When you read a text, you'd better make a mark _____ you have questions.
30._____ hard he tried, he couldn't work out the problem. At last, he had to turn to the teacher for help.
31.How did you feel _____you saw the terrible accident happening in front of you?
32.The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times _____ it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”．
33. _____ honest a person is he that you can turn to him for help when you are in trouble.
34.Half an hour later, Mary still couldn’t get a taxi_____ the bus had dropped her.
35.Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him _____ he had done something very clever.
36.We should protect our environment from being polluted so_____our next generation will enjoy
a blue sky and live a healthy life.
37.We’re holding a charity show tomorrow. You can join us _____you have no idea what to do for the weekend.
38.One can always manage to do more things _____ full his schedule is in life.
39.Hardly had we reached home__________it began to rain.
40.Hard _________it was raining, they went on working in the field.
三、句子翻译：
1.尽管他的试验再次失败了，但是他并不灰心。

(as引导让步状语从句)
2.我觉得他说的话很难相信，因为他从来没跟我说过真话。

(as引导原因获语从句)
3.他的健康状况恶化到如此地步，最终被迫退休。

(to such an extent that引导结果状语从句)
4.读书时，你最好在有问题的地方做个标记。

(when引导时间状语从句，where引导地点状语从句)
5.她到家之后才记起来和医生还有预约。

(Not until引导时间状语从句)
6.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的观念。

(as引导的方式状语从句)
7.老师提高了声音，以便坐在后排的学生能听得更清楚。

(in order that引导目的状语从句)
8.如果你知道自己的目标是什么，知识就能帮助你达成这个目标。

(provided that引导条件状语从句)
9.自从《青春》创办以来，已经十年了。

(since)
10．这是如此激动人心的一次活动，以至于我们都玩得非常愉快。

(such that )
11．直到我的腿完全恢复，我的身体状况才允许我去任何地方。

(not until)
12．如果您能给我这个机会，我将不胜感激。

(if)
四、短文填空：用适当的连词完成下面短文
My classmate Michael studied very hard 1. ____________ he went to senior school. Every day he worked 2.__________ everyone else in my class left the classroom. He said he wouldn’t stop trying 3.____________ he got satisfying scores in his studies. Hard 4.____________ he tried, he made little progress, but he didn’t lose heart at all 5.__________ he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. 6.____________ time went by，he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last. We had a get-together party
7.____________ we started our new life in university. Everyone had got offers from universities,
8.____________ we had a very good time. When we stood 9.____________ we used to play and study，we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days. We believed we would never forget each other,10.____________ we would go or whatever we would do.
五、真题演练
1. (2021•全国乙) I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom _____________ necessary.
2. (2021•江苏改编) This actor often has the first two tricks planned before performing, and then goes for ____________.
3. (2021•天津改编) We all need to get involved in saving energy ___________ it's at work, at home, or at school.
4. (2021•新高考全国)The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the __________ (hot) the spring!
5. (2021•浙江) When the house was built, it was much _________ (small) than it is today.
6. (2020•全国Ⅲ) __________ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
7. (2020•浙江) Farming produced more food per person ________ hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children.
8. (2020•江苏改编) They decide to have more workers for the project so ________ it won’t be delayed.
9. (2020﹒天津改编)—Why do people like pop music? I hate it so much.
—__________though it is not your style, that doesn’t mean it is bad.
10. (2019•天津改编) Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion __________ he wants their support.
11.（2019•江苏改编) The doctor shares his phone number with the patients in _________ they need medical assistance.
12. (2019•全国III) On our way to the house，it was raining ______ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there. It was in the middle of Pearl City.
13. (2018•北京改编)_________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
14. (2018•江苏改编) __________ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one or two nights.
15. (2018•全国I)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life ______ walking, cycling or swimming.
16. (2018•全国III)Corn uses less water _______ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.
17. (2018•全国II) The games my parents taught me ________ I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
18. (2017•江苏改编) Located _________ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.。