职称英语

2015年职称英语教材卫生类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材卫生类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合A新增一篇文章；阅读理解卫生C新增一篇文章；补全短文卫生A、B和C各新增一篇文章。

完形填空卫生类整体都没有新增文章。

卫生类教材新增文章
补全短文卫生 B 第七篇 Powering Napping is Good for the I.Q. 阅读理解卫生 C 第五篇 Tracking Down HIV 补全短文卫生 C 第二篇 The Hope Children’s Hospice 阅读判断卫生A Inquest told of hospital error 补全短文卫生A 第十二篇 The enemy Within
卫生B补全短文新增文章
*第七篇Power Napping is Good for the I.Q.
Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleep—about e ight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. ____1____ It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memor y, focus, and behavior.
Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found th at the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven -and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without eno ugh sleep. ____2____ According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the person’s I.Q. c ould go down 15 points or more. ____3____
Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. ____4____ They say this makes t he workers much more efficient.
To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, qu iet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall as leep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably gett ing enough sleep.
Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we ne ed. ____5____ However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems.
词汇：
emotion n. 情绪
commuting n. 乘公交车上下班，通勤
I.Q. n. 智商（全称为intelligent quotient） deprivation n. 剥夺，匮乏
Sleep Latency Test n. 睡眠潜伏期
注释：
1．have/has an effect on... 对……有效果的
2．go down from... to...从………降至……练习：
A They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes.
B Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious healt h problems.
C People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night.
D People in power are more intelligent because they take naps.
E Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise.
F That’s why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doin g daily tasks.
答案与题解：
1．E 本题的做题线索为其之前的一句话，即“睡眠能有助于恢复补充身体和大脑的能量”，其描述的是睡眠的功能，选项E说的也是睡眠的功能，与前文形成补充说明。

2．B 该选项对睡眠减少的后果进行了描述，与前一句中“在缺少足够睡眠的情况下，我们的身体无法正常运作”形成呼应，是一个结果性的解释，虽然选项F也是对睡眠不足人群后果的解释，但是选项F在此不符合上面一句话的语境，其主要是在描述睡眠和智商直接的关系，在下文才有所提及，故答案为选项
3．F 从第三段最后一句话看出，选项F描述的是睡眠和智商之间的联系，其做题线索和上一题一样，都是对前面一句话的结果性补充描写。

4．A 该题的做题线索也是对其前一句的话的补充说明，前文中提到了一些公司在睡眠方面对其员工进行了帮助，该选项则简短介绍了这些公司都采取了哪些具体方案。

5．C 本题的做题线索为上下文搭配，在最后一段的第一句中明显提及了睡眠和一年中的不同时期有关，后面最后一句话又讲到了夏季的睡眠时间，那么从中可以判断出，这里描述的应该是另外一种季节的睡眠时间，从而与段首观点句呼应并与下句形成对比，而选项C描述的便是冬季的睡眠时间，故符合要求。

全文翻译：
今天，我们听到越来越多的有关充足睡眠重要性的讨论，即每日保证8小时的睡：睡眠能有助于我们修复损伤并为我们的身体和大脑提供能量。

医学专家认为，睡眠比起饮食和锻炼来说，对于我们的健康更重要！几乎可以肯定,第三个我们的生活,我们花睡着了有很大的影响我们清醒的三分之二。

睡眠影响着我们的情绪、记忆、注意力集中度以及行为。

研究显示，发达国家的国民在睡眠上花费的时间少于其花在工作中或上下班路上的时间。

芝加哥大学博士克林•施皮格尔发现，每晚的平均睡眠时间从1910年的9小时降至今天的7.5小时。

但是，我们的身体在缺少充足睡眠的情况下是无法正常工作的。

每晚少睡一两小时，这样长此以往的话，会对健康产生严重影响。

根据加拿大科学家斯坦利•科伦博士的说法，每晚少睡1小时会导致第二天智商下降一个百分点。

举例而言，如果某人一周每晚仅睡5至6小时的话，那么其智商就有可能下降15个百分点甚至更多。

这就是为什么一个原本聪慧的人，在睡眠不足的情况下会发觉做一些日常事务都有困难。

大多数研究睡眠的专家认为，人们一天至少要睡够8小时，但是这样分两个阶段来完成，即每晚的长时睡眠外加每天中午的短暂午休。

一些公司遵循该建议并在此方面对其员工进行协助。

他们允许员工中午进行午休以恢复精力，哪怕仅有20分钟。

他们声称，这样能使员工的工作效率更高。

为了研究“剥夺睡眠”（睡眠不足）所产生的影响，科学家采取了一种称为“多重睡眠潜伏测试”的试验方法。

在测试中，实验对象白天身处一个黑暗安静的房间中。

科学家相信，一个睡眠不足的人会很快进入睡眠状态。

如果入睡时间大于等于10分钟，那么测试对象很有可能是睡眠充足的。

科学家还发现，一年中的季节变化对于我们所需睡眠时间的长短也有影响。

人们通常在冬季睡的时间更长，有时可达每晚14小时。

但是在夏天，人们有时每天仅睡6小时，并且不会产
生任何问题。

卫生C：阅读理解新增文章第五篇
Tracking Down HIV
In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph n ode swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examin ed a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the
patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells.
By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune s ystem breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed sy mptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now c alled Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died.
In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LA V. An international panel of scientists determined that b oth men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency vir us (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 pe ople had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had co ntracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AID S; 295,500 had died.
In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people. Today scie ntists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it c an be eradicated3, but it is still a race against time.
词汇：
spot n. 地点，斑点，斑块，青春痘 lymph n. 淋巴结
sarcoma n. 肿瘤，肉瘤，恶性毒瘤 exhaustion n. 衰竭，耗尽，精疲力竭 immunologist n. 免疫学家
malfunction n. 故障，失灵，疾病
count n. 计数，计算
infection n. 传染病，感染
breakdown n. 故障，衰弱，崩溃 toll n. 代价，死亡人数
intravenous drug n. 静脉注射药物
abnormalities n. (abnormality的复数形式)畸形，异常情况 blood transfusion n. 输血 symptom n. 症状
virologist n. 病毒学家 virus n. 病毒
panel n. 座谈小组，仪表板 hemophiliac n. 血友病患者 vaccine n. 疫苗
注释：
1．play a key role...扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用 2．be responsible for...对……负责，是……的原因 3．can be eradicated可以被根除的
练习：
1．This passage is mainly about ____.
A the spreading of the disease known as HIV
B the work of Dr. Robert Gallo
C infectious diseases
D the symptoms of HIV
2．A T-cell is a ____.
A patient’s blood
B deadly strain of tuberculosis
C white blood cell important in providing immunity to disease
D red blood cell
3．The final paragraph leads the reader to see that scientists ____.
A have no hope in ever finding a cure for HIV
B have hope that a cure for HIV will be found
C have run out of time to find a cure for HIV
D are in a contest against each other to find a cure for HIV
4．The basic pattern used to develop this passage is ____.
A chronological order
B personal narrative
C comparison and contrast
D question and answer
5．The word u eradicated the last paragraph means ____.
A made extreme
B celebrated
C remove by rubbing
D gotten rid of entirely
答案与题解：
1．A 从开篇的病例介绍，到后面感染人数的不断上升可以推断出，这篇文章的主旨是讲艾滋病病毒在美国的传播。

从第二段中的最后一句话可以看出，人们最初对艾滋病的冠名是在1982年7月，而那时全美已有病例471起，并有184人死亡了，因此可以推断出是讲该病毒的传播的。

2．C 第一段的最后一句话里对T细胞进行了定义，即其为白细胞的一种，并在免疫效应中起关键作用，因此答案是选项
3．B 文章最后一段的最后一句话提到了解题线索，即现在科学家正在测试预防艾滋病的疫苗，他们相信，如果该病毒能被抑制，就可能被根治。

4．A 该题为对文章线索总结题，chronological order意思为“按照时间次序”，chronological 意思为“时间的”，从该文中的几个时间点来看，人们对于艾滋病的接触、了解、应对、研究，应该是按照不同年份进行的，故答案为选项A。

5．D 本题为词义推断题，eradicate的本义为“根除”，本题的解题线索在最后一段最后一句话的前半句，即“Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed”，只要了解suppress的词义，即“抑制”，那么结合后面then（于是，那么）这个关联词就可以推断出后面的动词短语应该和“根治”有关，本题选项中的前三个选项均不含该意思，故答案为选项D。

选项A为“成为极端”，选项B为“庆祝”，选项C为“通过摩擦被消除”，和前句大意均不相符。

全文翻译：
1980年的夏天，一名患者将一颗略带紫色的斑点从其耳下处移除。

这种斑点是一种极其罕见的皮肤癌，被称为“卡波西”肉瘤。

该患者同时还患有淋巴结肿大及衰竭。

1980年11月，洛杉矶的一名免疫学家对一名年轻男子进行了检查，并发现其病症与其免疫系统失常有关。

该医生对该患者的血液进行了T细胞（胸腺衍生细胞）计数检测。

T细胞是白细胞的一种，在人体免疫机能中发挥关键作用。

该患者血液中并未发现有益T细胞。

至1980年年底，共有55名美国人被确诊感染这种与免疫系统崩溃相关联的病症，其中4名患者死亡。

：一年之后，死亡人数变为74人。

接受了静脉药物注射的患者，出现了T细胞异常的现象。

接受输血的患者出现了免疫系统故障的症状。

据报道，至1982年7月，这种被称为“获得性免疫力缺陷综合症”的患者，已经增加至471例，其中184人已经死亡。

在1984年的4月，病毒学家罗伯特•加洛博士成功分离出了艾滋病的致病病原体。

他将其称为“人体T细胞白血病病毒”。

在巴黎，吕克•蒙塔尼耶博士发现了一种其称为“淋巴结相关疾病”的病毒。

经过一国际科学家组织鉴定，二人发现的为同一种病毒。

该病毒开始被人们知晓为“人体免疫缺损病毒”（即艾滋病）。

血库于1985年开始对其存血进行艾滋病审査，但是到那时，已有大约29000名患者通过血液传播而感染上了艾滋病。

其中约有12000名血友病患者通过血液凝块产品感染上了艾滋病。

截至1995年，患艾滋病的美国人人数已高达477900人，其中295500人死亡。

在1996年，研究人员宣称已研制出数种能够降低艾滋病对患者伤害的药品。

今天，科学家通过一系列测试，发现艾滋病是可以抑制的，而且进而认为根治艾滋病也是有可能的，但这一目标仍需时日。

卫生C补全短文新增文章
第二篇The Hope Children’s Hospice
The Hope Children’s Hospice provides free specialist care for children with life-limiti ng conditions who are not expected to live into adulthood. It cares for up to eight term inally-ill children at one time, and aims to care for them in the same way their familie s would care for them at home. ____1____
Life-limiting conditions present many long-term medical and emotional problems-not only for the child, but for parents and siblings too. So the hospice offers respite care-s hort stays for the child alone or for the whole family together. ____2____ Short stays give terminally-ill children an opportunity to meet others with similar conditions. Each child at the hospice has their own carer and their own care plan. A normal day m ight start with a jacuzzi bath followed by a massage from a complementary therapist. ____3____
The hospice has a multi-sensory room. ____4____ It has touch-screen computers, vid eo games, paddling pools, anti space for wheelchair dancing. Children have music the rapy and can record their own music, not only as a way to express their feelings, but t o leave something for their family and friends to listen to in the years to come.
The hospice has a number of quiet moms where we care for children during and after death. ____5____ Our support does not end with death. We help not just grieving pare nts, but also siblings who are experiencing bereavement. We give everyone opportunit ies to discuss their fears about death and dying.
词汇：
hospice n. 收容所，救济院，临终关怀 respite n. 缓期执行 care n. 临时看护
adulthood n. 成年，成人期 sibling n. 兄弟姊妹 therapist n. 理疗币 paddling n. 划动 pool n. 戏水池
bereavement n. 丧亲，丧友
注释：
1．live into adulthood...长大成人，活到成年
2．in the years to come...在大限将至之日，最后期限临近之时
练习：
A These are places where families and friends can say goodbye.
B Some children go to school, while others play with hospice play specialists.
C When families prefer to do the caring themselves, a hospice carer will go to their home and help them.
D This is a special room which stimulates the children’s senses with lights, music, touch, and smell
E They become confused about time, place, and who people are.
F At these times, parents hand over responsibilities to the staff and have a “holiday”.
答案与题解：
1．C 选项C的本意是，当这些儿童的家人希望能够亲自照料这些子女时，救济院的看护人员将会上门为其提供帮助，与前句中“为患儿提供家人般的关照”形成呼应。

2．E 该选项意为“他们对于时间、地方以及人们的身份产生了疑惑”。

这里他们指的是上文中的患儿和其家人。

第二段第一句话中已经显示，在接受长期药物治疗后，患儿和其家人都会出现一定程度上的身心问题，这句话和前文中的话逻辑衔接，所以答案为选项E。

3．B 上文中提到的患儿一天的治疗安排，是按照从早开始的时间顺序进行的，在介绍完患儿早间的治疗活动后，文章对其一天之后的行为进行解释，而本句话的意思为“一些患儿去上学，另一些则和救济院的游戏专家一起玩”，和上文形成了补充搭配。

4．D 该选项是对救济院特殊的游戏房间进行解释描述的，而最先提及该房间的就是第四段的第一句话，故补充在其后面，对其进行补充说明。

5．A 该选项和上下文呼应，解题线索为下句中提到的“服务不会随着死亡而结束”，从这里可以知道上文提到的房间是关于患儿亡故的，那么这间房子的用途就是该选项所描述的“为患儿亲属提供一个对其进行最后告别的场所”。

全文翻译：
绝症患儿救济院为那些生活受限并无法成功生长至成年的儿童提供免费的特殊看护。

其能够同时照顾多达8个身患绝症的儿童，并旨在为其提供家人般的关照。

当这些儿童的家人希望能够亲自照料这些子女时，救济院的看护人员将会上门为其提供帮助。

这种受限的生活，不仅给孩子，也给其家长、兄弟姐妹带来了许多长期性的药物和情绪问题。

所以，救济院不单单为孩子提供临时看护与短期陪护，也可为其全家提供看护服务。

一些如吋间、地理位置及人物这样的概念对于这些孩子的家人而言容易变得混淆。

对于身患绝症的儿童进行短期陪护，能够提供给他们与其同类儿童接触的机会。

每一个在救济院接受看护的儿童，都有特定的看护员和看护计划。

他们每天通常都要先接受洗浴按摩，然后再由一名理疗师对其进行互补性按摩。

一些孩子们去学校上课，另外一些和救济院中的游戏专家一起玩。

救济院有一间多感官房间。

这个特殊的房间能够对这些儿童的感官进行刺激，如对光、音乐、触摸和气味的感觉。

救济院拥有一间多感官治疗室，配备了触屏电脑、电子游戏、戏水池以及为轮椅舞蹈而设计的科幻反空间区域。

这些孩子们会接受音乐治疗，并且能够将自己创造的音乐录制下来，不仅作为其宣泄情感的途径，也为其家人朋友留作后世纪念之用。

救济院为行将故去
或者已故的孩子们准备了一些静室，其亲友可以在那儿与其做最后的告別。

其亲友可以在那儿与其做最后的告別。

我们对这些孩子的支持并不会随着其生命的终结而停止。

我们不仅要帮助伤痛欲绝的家长，还要帮助那些承受丧亲之痛的兄弟姐妹。

我们使每一个人都有机会抒发、讨论其对有关亡故或是这一过程的恐惧。

卫生A阅读判断新增文章
+第十二篇Inquest told of hospital error
A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffe red massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “un timely a nd unnecessary”.
Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward wh ere he would have been treated with1Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of D VT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2 an orthopedic ward, where he s tayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have t o operate to remove his leg below the knee.
The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16 .
Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been ad mitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did n ot know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.
York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operatio n, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vasc ular surgeon’s care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say wh ether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.
Kim Daniells, Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”
A spokeswoman for York Hospital’s NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sin cere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.”
词汇：
ward n.病房 vein n.血管
thrombosis n.血栓 clot n.凝块
maintenance n.维修，维护
Fragmin n.法安明（又名片段化蛋白） staff n.员工；职工
consultant n.顾问，咨询，会诊医师 surgeon n.心血管外科顾问 knee n.膝盖
embolism n.栓塞；栓塞形成 verdict n.裁决
misadventure n.灾难，不幸遭遇，意外事故 sympathy n.同情
注释：
1．be treated with...被用......药物进行治疗
2．be admitted to...被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)
练习：
1．The patient was admitted with an injured foot.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
2．The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
3．The patient did not get the correct medication.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
4．The patient died before he could be operated on.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
5．The patient died of brain damage.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
6.It was decided that the patient’s death had been an accident.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
7．Mr Newbold’s family’s lawyer was not qualified.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not Mentioned
答案与题解：
1．A 从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出，病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的（a swollen right foot），而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话（However, hospital staff...)可以看出他是被医院容留住院了，只不过是去错了病房。

2．B 从文章第二段第三行最后一句话可以看出，病人起初并未被直接送至外科病房，而是被送去了骨科病房，从第二段第四行整句话可以看出，病人在骨科病房被观察了两日后才被转送进行心血管诊断。

3．A 本题答题线索有两点，首先在文章第二段的第二行第二句话中提到了病人本应该被给予法安明这种药物进行治疗的，should have done有“本应做却没有做”的意思，后面第三句话中however这个转折词也进一步说明了这一点。

其次是从第四、五段中对法安明这种药物进行介绍时可看出，病人并没有及时被给予正确的药物治疗。

4．B 文章第三段进行了介绍，即手术是11月10号进行的，而本段最后一句话说明病人在11月16号因大脑创伤而死亡，故不正确。

5．A 文章第三段中最后一句话说明了在饱受脑创伤折磨后，病人于11月16号在医院中死亡。

6．B 从文章的第一段第一句话就可以判断出，病人是由于医院的失误而致死的（a hospital error left a dying man...)，并非意外致死。

7．C 文章中的第六段讲到，Newbold一家的律师转达了其希望医院从这次事故中汲取教训，从而使更多其他家庭免遭类似的不幸,但是并没有说起律师不合格这样的信息。

全文翻译：
经尸检确认，由于过失疏忽，一家医院将一名饱受深层静脉血栓折磨、生命垂危的男性患者安置在错误的病房内达两天之久。

当其血管形成血栓后，史蒂芬•马尔文•纽伯特饱受大面积脑部损伤的折磨。

其亲属认为他的死亡是“不幸且可以避免的”，因此正考虑对约克医院采
取法律手段。

纽伯特先生现年52岁，生前是一名维修工人，因感觉右脚胀痛于11月3日前往约克医院就诊。

他本该被送往外科病房接受一种名为《法安明》的药物的治疗，该药物的主要功效在于抑制深层静脉血栓的形成。

但是，在最终被转送到心血管外科医生诊室之前，医院医护人员却错误地将他送到了骨科病房，并让其在那住了两天。

11月6号，在其被转送至心血管病房24小时后，医生决定通过手术切除其右腿膝盖以下部分。

该手术于11月10号进行，但是两天后，纽伯特先生的心脏却出现骤停症状。

扫描结果显示他患有肺动脉栓塞，发病原因与深层静脉血栓相关。

在遭受了大面积脑损伤折磨之后，纽伯特先生于11月16号在医院死亡。

基于现有证据，纽伯特先生的主治外科医生声称他不能解释为何纽伯特先生被允许送至骨科病房，该病房并无开售《法安明》的处方权。

他不明白其医疗团队为何在后来也没给纽伯特先生提供这款药物。

约克医院验尸员唐纳德•科弗代尔表明，从11月3日一直到手术之前，纽伯特先生一直都没受到《法安明》的治疗。

如果能够在入院第一天就接受心血管外科医生的会诊，那么他肯定会被要求使用《法安明》。

《法安明》这种药物能够减少深层静脉血栓形成的风险，但无法彻底根除它。

目前还不能认定，如果在最初就接受《法安明》的治疗，纽伯特先生是否仍会遭受深层静脉血栓折磨。

该验尸员记录了这次由不幸引起的死亡。

纽伯特先生一家的律师金•丹尼尔斯声称，纽伯特先生的家人希望医院能够从这次事故中吸取教训，以避免将来其他家庭遭遇类似不幸。

约克医院国民保健服务基金会的一名女发言人说：“我们在这一艰难时刻，向史蒂芬•纽伯特一家表示最深切的同情。

卫生A补全短文新增文章
+第十二篇 The Enemy Within
Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are chil dren. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.
Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessa ry reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. ____ 1____ To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is don e by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against har mless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.
An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the su bstance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamin e. ____2____ As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is relea sed. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptom s of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphyl axis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or b ee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.
____3____ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, a nd they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever an
d asthma.
____4____ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourin gs; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune sy stems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but a ntibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. Now exp erts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. _ ___5____
A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these i n future.
词汇：
allergy n. 过敏，过敏症 sufferer n. 患者，受害者 asthma n. 哮喘 substance n. 物质 pollen n. 花粉
micro-organism n. 微生物
antibodies n. antibody的复数形式，意为抗体 allergen n. 过敏源 nut n. 坚果
histamine n. 组织胺，组胺 tissue n. 人体组织
symptom n. 病症，征兆 rash n. 疱疹
sneezing n. 打喷嚏
breathlessness n. 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁 anaphylaxis n. 全身性过敏反应，过敏反应 wasp n. 黄蜂 sting n. 蟄，咬
hayfever n. 枯草热，花粉病
additives n. 添加剂，食品添加剂 cure n. 治疗，解药
注释：
1．suffer from...忍受^的折磨
2．be devoted to sth. ...全身心投入于^
练习：
A The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bact eria and parasites.
B In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.
C Allergies run in families.
D International differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a populatio n have allergy.
E When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.
F Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.
答案与题解：
1．A 该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。

2．E 本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项E主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了An allergic 12
reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了。