第02章温度因子的生态作用及生物的适应
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Many organisms survive extreme temeratures by entering a resting stage
Case 1. Microclimates
Macroclimate is what weather stations report. Microclimate is climate variation on a small scale.
Microclimate in aquatic environments
Case 2：Temperature and performance of organisms (a) Temperature and performance at the molecular level
乙酰胆碱酯酶
Enzyme-substrate affinity (亲和力）
Currathurs’s study（续）
Question：Can the grasshopper increase the body temperature?
Experiment: two groups of insects were raised at two different temperatures. The body temperature was measured, and compared.
The rates of growth and development determine the final size
of an organism. If the responses of growth and development
to variations in temperature are not the same, temperature
A protist Egg of a beetle
有效积温法则－变温动物完成一定发育时期所需热量是一个常数
K ＝ N（T – C） K－积温常数( day degrees); N－Development time (day); T－Temperature (℃); C－ Threshold 发育起点（阈值）温度(℃);
有aa蜗牛的地方地面温度平均接近22aa蜗牛灭绝的地方地面温度平均接近25而且非常靠近高温区域29蜗牛原因那么温度是否足以导致aa蜗牛灭绝呢
第I部分 个体生态学(autecology)
Chap 2.Temperature as an ecological factor
Macroclimate interacts with the local landscape to produce microclimate.
Lizard 蜥蜴 — After an
hour of sun basking, as
air temperature rises to
about 1.5℃,the body
temperature rises to
about 33 ℃, over 30 ℃
above that of the
surrounding air.
辐射 对流 传导
代谢 辐射 蒸发
生物与环境的热交换
(B) 植物的温度调节
Hs ＝ Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr － He 沙漠植物 - 如何降温？
Heat exchange by a desert plant
北极和高山植物 —— 如何保温？
Hs = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr － He
Organisms require a combination of time and temperature – ‘physiological time’ to complete a certain stage of development.
Egg to adult development in a mite
Temperature regulation by a lizard in the high Andes
蝗虫
Body temperature (38-40℃) > air temperature ?
透翅蝗 Camnula pellucida In Arizona mountains
Grasshoppers take the sun basking for heat, and probably more?
24.22 days
8.18 days
公式假定：Assumptions of the equation （1）There is a linear relationship between development rate and temperature; （2）Development is only affected by temperature； （3）Temperature is constant.
Vegetation on north –and south-facing slopes
Plant height, canopy size, and cover affect microclimate Desert shrubs and microclimate
Color of the Ground
Applications of the equation: （1）Predicting potential distribution of organisms. （2）Predicting emergence of a certain stage of organisms
Temperature-size rule
(e) Temperature regulation by endothermic animals
Environmental temperature and metabolic rates
中温区（thermal neutral zone): the range of environmental temperature over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic (恒温）animal does not change. 指恒温动物 代谢速率保持恒定时的温度范围。
K. Schmidt-Nielsen(1983) ： Hs ＝ Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr － He Hs－storage 总热量； Hm－metabolic 新陈代谢； Hcd－conduct 传导； Hcv －convection 对流； Hr － radiation 辐射； He－evaporation 蒸发
Currathurs’s study（续） Does the high body temperature suppress pathogens?
真 菌 数 量 （
Temperature and population growth of Entomophaga grylli
μl
温度与虫霉菌种群增长
What is the limitation of this study?
Temperature and Bacterial activity
Temperature and population growth by an antarctic bacterium（南极） （Morita，1975）
Temperature and population growth by a hotspring bacterium（黄石公园 温泉）（ Brock (1978)
will affect final size. In fact, development usually increases
more rapidly with temperature than does growth, such that
final size tends to decrease with rearing temperature, for a
Case III：Regulating body temperature
Many organisms have evolve ways to compensate for variations in environment by regulating body temperature
(A) Body temperature equation
wide range of organisms.
Rates
Devele
Black bean aphid at 15℃
Black bean aphids at 30℃
（D）Adaptations to temperature Acclimation: Physiological changes in response to environmental conditions
a. 非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山
(C）Temperature regulation by ectothermic animals
The vast majority of animals use external sources of energy to regulate body temperature.
Pearcy (1977) collected
最
cuttings(插条) of a plant
佳
温
from the Death Valley,
度
California, and planted
相
them under two
差 8
different temperatures.
℃
Growing temperature and optimal temp for photosynthesis
北极和高山垫状植物的热交换
斯 堪 蒂 纳 维 亚 植 物 体 热 收 支
Growth form and temperature (data from Fitter and Hay, 1987)
Tropical Alpine Plants
Little annual variation but wide daily fluctuation in temperature. Adaptation: 1）Giant rosette (莲座) growth form； 2）Retaining dead leaves； 3）Dense pubescence (绒毛） 4) Retaining a large amount of fluid.
White sand
Black sand
Presence of Boulders and Burrows Microclimates under stones
Aquatic Temp Physics of water, riparian vegetation riffle: 浅滩 reed：芦苇
鲑鱼
Enzyme activity
(b) Extreme temperature and photosynthesis
（C）Development and Temperature
An linear relationship is exhibited between rates of growth and development of whole organisms and temperature in most of ectotherms.
Most species perform best in a fairly narrow range of temperature
Many organisms have evolve ways to compensate for variations in environment by regulating body temperature
How does temperature affect the pathogen in the field? Exposure to 40℃ temperature for as few as 4 hours each day significantly reduced the number of grasshoppers dying of Entomophaga infections.
Case 1. Microclimates
Macroclimate is what weather stations report. Microclimate is climate variation on a small scale.
Microclimate in aquatic environments
Case 2：Temperature and performance of organisms (a) Temperature and performance at the molecular level
乙酰胆碱酯酶
Enzyme-substrate affinity (亲和力）
Currathurs’s study（续）
Question：Can the grasshopper increase the body temperature?
Experiment: two groups of insects were raised at two different temperatures. The body temperature was measured, and compared.
The rates of growth and development determine the final size
of an organism. If the responses of growth and development
to variations in temperature are not the same, temperature
A protist Egg of a beetle
有效积温法则－变温动物完成一定发育时期所需热量是一个常数
K ＝ N（T – C） K－积温常数( day degrees); N－Development time (day); T－Temperature (℃); C－ Threshold 发育起点（阈值）温度(℃);
有aa蜗牛的地方地面温度平均接近22aa蜗牛灭绝的地方地面温度平均接近25而且非常靠近高温区域29蜗牛原因那么温度是否足以导致aa蜗牛灭绝呢
第I部分 个体生态学(autecology)
Chap 2.Temperature as an ecological factor
Macroclimate interacts with the local landscape to produce microclimate.
Lizard 蜥蜴 — After an
hour of sun basking, as
air temperature rises to
about 1.5℃,the body
temperature rises to
about 33 ℃, over 30 ℃
above that of the
surrounding air.
辐射 对流 传导
代谢 辐射 蒸发
生物与环境的热交换
(B) 植物的温度调节
Hs ＝ Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr － He 沙漠植物 - 如何降温？
Heat exchange by a desert plant
北极和高山植物 —— 如何保温？
Hs = Hm + Hcd + Hcv + Hr － He
Organisms require a combination of time and temperature – ‘physiological time’ to complete a certain stage of development.
Egg to adult development in a mite
Temperature regulation by a lizard in the high Andes
蝗虫
Body temperature (38-40℃) > air temperature ?
透翅蝗 Camnula pellucida In Arizona mountains
Grasshoppers take the sun basking for heat, and probably more?
24.22 days
8.18 days
公式假定：Assumptions of the equation （1）There is a linear relationship between development rate and temperature; （2）Development is only affected by temperature； （3）Temperature is constant.
Vegetation on north –and south-facing slopes
Plant height, canopy size, and cover affect microclimate Desert shrubs and microclimate
Color of the Ground
Applications of the equation: （1）Predicting potential distribution of organisms. （2）Predicting emergence of a certain stage of organisms
Temperature-size rule
(e) Temperature regulation by endothermic animals
Environmental temperature and metabolic rates
中温区（thermal neutral zone): the range of environmental temperature over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic (恒温）animal does not change. 指恒温动物 代谢速率保持恒定时的温度范围。
K. Schmidt-Nielsen(1983) ： Hs ＝ Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr － He Hs－storage 总热量； Hm－metabolic 新陈代谢； Hcd－conduct 传导； Hcv －convection 对流； Hr － radiation 辐射； He－evaporation 蒸发
Currathurs’s study（续） Does the high body temperature suppress pathogens?
真 菌 数 量 （
Temperature and population growth of Entomophaga grylli
μl
温度与虫霉菌种群增长
What is the limitation of this study?
Temperature and Bacterial activity
Temperature and population growth by an antarctic bacterium（南极） （Morita，1975）
Temperature and population growth by a hotspring bacterium（黄石公园 温泉）（ Brock (1978)
will affect final size. In fact, development usually increases
more rapidly with temperature than does growth, such that
final size tends to decrease with rearing temperature, for a
Case III：Regulating body temperature
Many organisms have evolve ways to compensate for variations in environment by regulating body temperature
(A) Body temperature equation
wide range of organisms.
Rates
Devele
Black bean aphid at 15℃
Black bean aphids at 30℃
（D）Adaptations to temperature Acclimation: Physiological changes in response to environmental conditions
a. 非洲Kilimajaro山上的千里光，b.南美Andes山
(C）Temperature regulation by ectothermic animals
The vast majority of animals use external sources of energy to regulate body temperature.
Pearcy (1977) collected
最
cuttings(插条) of a plant
佳
温
from the Death Valley,
度
California, and planted
相
them under two
差 8
different temperatures.
℃
Growing temperature and optimal temp for photosynthesis
北极和高山垫状植物的热交换
斯 堪 蒂 纳 维 亚 植 物 体 热 收 支
Growth form and temperature (data from Fitter and Hay, 1987)
Tropical Alpine Plants
Little annual variation but wide daily fluctuation in temperature. Adaptation: 1）Giant rosette (莲座) growth form； 2）Retaining dead leaves； 3）Dense pubescence (绒毛） 4) Retaining a large amount of fluid.
White sand
Black sand
Presence of Boulders and Burrows Microclimates under stones
Aquatic Temp Physics of water, riparian vegetation riffle: 浅滩 reed：芦苇
鲑鱼
Enzyme activity
(b) Extreme temperature and photosynthesis
（C）Development and Temperature
An linear relationship is exhibited between rates of growth and development of whole organisms and temperature in most of ectotherms.
Most species perform best in a fairly narrow range of temperature
Many organisms have evolve ways to compensate for variations in environment by regulating body temperature
How does temperature affect the pathogen in the field? Exposure to 40℃ temperature for as few as 4 hours each day significantly reduced the number of grasshoppers dying of Entomophaga infections.