隐喻、英汉语修辞格

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翻译、修辞格

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七、省略（Ellipsis）
─她会来吗？ ─她可能会(来),她会(来)的，但也可能不会(来)。 ─Is she going to come? ─She might _____,she is to (come) (come ） she may not _____. (come) _____but

第二节意译的修辞格

一、拟声 (Onomatopoeia/ˌɒnəˌmæ təˈpiːə /）二、对偶（antithesis）三、双关（ Pun）四、顶真（anadiplosis）五、脚韵(Rhyme）六、拈连（zeugma ['zjuːgmə] ）七、借代（antonomasia）八、摹形（Graphic）九、列锦
一、拟声 (Onomatopoeia/ˌɒnəˌmæ təˈpiːə /)
也有一些中英文对应的拟声词咯咯地笑 ──giggle 流水潺潺 ── babble ── hiss 嘶嘶地喵喵地叫 ── meow 咕咕地叫 ── cuckoo
骄阳下，柳树下，回答他的是一片 rattle ──尖利声 crack ──爆裂声 “知了，知了”的蝉叫声。 rumble ──隆隆声 Under the scorching sun from the 哧哧作响 ──,sizzle 沙沙声 ── rustle willow tree , came the confirming reply 雨滴声── spatter of the cicada's chirrup:"(I) see, (I) see …’’

九、递升(Climax)

定义：把事物由小到大、由长到短、由低到高、由轻到重等的次序说下去。

《茶馆》中隐喻英译的对比分析

《茶馆》中隐喻英译的对比分析摘要：文学作品中的隐喻翻译不能仅局限于意思的转达，还要关注隐喻意象的处理，这样才能使目的语读者与源语言读者一样欣赏到其中的文化内涵。

按照隐喻意象的留与变，隐喻翻译法可分成三种类型：隐喻意象留存、隐喻意象缺位和隐喻意象借用。

借助这三种类型对《茶馆》的霍华译本和英若诚译本中的隐喻翻译进行对比分析，从而发现两译本绝大多数隐喻翻译都是成功的，再次证明这两译本的经典性。

关键词：《茶馆》；隐喻英译；对比分析一、隐喻和隐喻翻译美国语言学家Matthews曾把隐喻定义为：“是一种修辞格，通过它，一个通常被用于某种物体、动作的单词或表达被扩展到另一个物体或动作上” 。

[1]后来Lakoff提出隐喻不仅是一种修辞方法，而且是人们普遍使用的一种认知手段和思维方式。

[2]隐喻包括本体、喻体和喻义。

本体即英文的object或tenor，指喻体所依附的对象，喻体则是英文中的image或vehicle，指用于比喻和形象本体的术语，喻义也就是英文中的sense，指本体与喻体之间所共有的相似之处或共同之处，例如：张三是个饭桶。

本体→张三；喻体→饭桶；喻义→饭桶=只知道吃饭不动脑的笨人。

隐喻的实质是通过另一事物来理解和经历某一类事物。

[2]（P154）因为以认知为基础的隐喻所表达的意义，是借助一个概念域向另一个概念域的结构映射的心理运行机制而产生的结果，故而隐喻的翻译就不只是简单语际间的符号转换问题，它本质上是一种认知活动，是以现实体验为背景的认知主体所参与的多重互动为认知基础的。

虽然不同民族的人，有着不同的文化背景，而且语言（包括隐喻）与文化密切相关，似乎造成了隐喻的不可译，但从整体来看人类的生活环境大致相同，因此在不同语言下的隐喻中，由于它们共有类似的人类认知基础，必然存在着某些共同的东西，这为隐喻的翻译奠定了基础。

二、《茶馆》中隐喻及其英译的个案分析老舍所创作的《茶馆》通过裕泰茶馆的由盛而衰，在三幕戏中描绘了戊戌变法时期、北洋军阀时期、国民党统治时期的三幅鲜明、完整的北京社会生活风俗画。

高级英语修辞总结完整版

高级英语修辞总结HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。

引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。

概念隐喻在中英爱情表达的异同

概念隐喻在中英爱情表达的异同在传统修辞学中隐喻被当作一种修辞格来看待；但是在新兴的认知语言学中,它被当作一种重要的认知工具。

本文从认知的角度通过分析中英爱情隐喻的差异,旨在支持现代隐喻理论。

同时，本文可以加深人们对中英爱情观差异的理解。

标签：认知隐喻爱情文化一、从语言修辞格到概念系统的隐喻传统上隐喻被看成语言修辞格，也就是说它或多或少地被看成在修辞文体中使用的修辞手段。

直到20世纪80年代随着认知语言学的兴起,隐喻的作用开始获得重新认识:它被当作一种重要的认识工具来帮助我们更好地了解这个世界。

二、作為认知工具的隐喻1.概念隐喻。

Lakoff & Johnson（1980/2003:7）认为“隐喻的本质是通过一个事物来理解和体验另一个事物”，隐喻应该被理解为“隐喻概念”（conceptual metaphor），人们可以通过隐喻理解抽象概念和复杂状况。

每一个语言的背后都有一个复杂的概念体系，这个概念体系包含许多概念隐喻，所有的概念隐喻都植根于我们的身体构造、日常生活经验和知识。

概念域为丰富的心理表征，他们作为我们与特定的经历或现象相关的背景知识的一部分以图式形式储存于记忆中，在理解隐喻的过程中自动提取。

2.映射域。

隐喻的映射域可以被理解为一套限制，这套限制规定哪些对应有资格从源概念映射到选定的目标概念上。

这些限制不仅有助于避免将任意一种特征从源概念转移到目标概念上，而且有助于激发可能的对应范围。

隐喻的映射域本质上反映出我们处置所处世界的概念经验。

更具体地说，我们可以区分映射域的三个主要成分：（1）意象图式（image schema）:认知语言学把抽象概念看做来自躯体与世界的相互作用，并根植于躯体的经验模式之中，这些模式就是意象图式。

Johnson首先对意象图式进行了较为清晰的界定：意象图式是人类感知互动及感觉运动活动中反复出现的动态模式，它使我们的经验具有了结构及连贯性。

Lakoff指出，意象图式是相对简单的，在我们的日常身体体验中反复出现的结构，如容器，路径，连接，动力，平衡，或某种空间范围或关系.意象图式来自感知和互动，是一个在我们感觉经验中反复出现的框架模式。

高级英语修辞总结

Rhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。

二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。

1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。

2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。

三、Allusion（暗引）其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。

引用的东西包括典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。

英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些源远流长的谚语、格言等。

例如：1、Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。

英语常用修辞格复习

常用修辞格复习(定义并例证各术语) 一、使用语音手段的修辞格1．Alliteration（头韵）：2．Assonance（元韵）：3．Consonance（辅韵）：4．Onomatopoeia（拟声）：5．Aposiopesis（跳脱）：6．Apostrophe（呼告）：7．Pun（双关）：二、使用词汇手段的修辞格1．Simile（明喻）2．Metaphor（隐喻）3．Transferred epithet（移就）4．Personification（拟人）5．Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）6．Allusion（典故）7．Analogy（类比）8．Allegory（讽喻）9．Synecdoche（提喻）10．Euphemism（委婉语）11．Metonymy（借代）12．Parody（仿拟）13．Hyperbole（夸张）14．Irony（反语）15．Pun（双关）16．Antonomasia（换称）17．Synaesthesia（通感）18．Understatement（低调陈述）19．Zeugma（轭式搭配）20．Syllepsis（一笔双叙）21．Anticlimax（突降）22．Climax（层进）三、使用句法手段的修辞格1．Loose sentence（松散句）2．Periodic sentence（圆周句）3．Antithesis（对偶句）4．Parallelism（排比句）5．Repetition（反复）6．Ellipsis（省略）7．Inversion（倒装）8．Rhetorical question（反问句）A General Review on Figures of SpeechIdentify the figure(s) of speech used in the following sentences.1. "Your Heavens, give me that patience, patience I need!" (Shakespeare)2. Finally, brethren, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of good repute, if there is any excellence and if anything worthy of praise, let your mind dwell on these things. (The Bible)3. We felt strong, smug, secure.4. Return to her?…No, rather I abjure all roofs, and choose…To be a comrade with the wolf and owl…(Shakespeare)5. "One of my kids wrote four-letter words in his composition," the teacher said.6. When I was a child, I used to speak as a child, think as a child, reason as a child; when I became a man, I didaway with childish things. (The Bible)7. And do whate'er thou wilt, swift-footed time,To the wide world and all her fading sweets;But I forbid thee one most heinous crime. (Shakespeare)8. All are not apostles, are they? All are not prophets, are they? All are not teachers, are they? All are not workers of miracles, are they? (The Bible)9. Now, what advantage do we derive from hearing a man say that he has shaken off the yoke, that he does not believe that there is a God who watches over his actions, that he regards himself as sole judge of his conduct, and that he does not think of accounting for it to anyone but himself? Does he imagine that by saying this he is encouraging us to feel great confidence in him in the future and to expect comfort, advice, and help from him in the difficult situations of life? Do such men imagine that they have greatly rejoiced us by telling us that they think our soul is only a puff of wind or smoke, and still more by telling us so in an arrogant, self-satisfied tone? Is it a thing to be said cheerily? Is it not rather something to be admitted mournfully as though it were the saddest thing in the whole world? (Pascal)10. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the otherperson. (Mark Twain)11. Shall the potter be considered as equal with the clay, that what is made should say to its maker, "He did not makeme"；or what is formed say to him who formed it, "He has no understanding"? (The Bible)12. Greatness, in the works of architecture, may be considered as relating to the bulk and body of the structure.…Not to mention the Tower of Babel, of which an old author says there were the foundations to be seen in his time, which looked like a spacious mountain…（Joseph Addison)13. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Nowis the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of radial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. (Martin Luthur King)14. You earn your living and you urn your dead.15. Other things may be seized by might, or purchased with money, but knowledge is to be gained only by study,and study to be prosecuted only in retirement.(Samuel Johnson)16. For ours is the age of four "A's"：anxiety, apprehension, agonizing, and aspirin. (James Thurber)17. So will these unattractive and mysterious objects lead to a new world economic order, or will the game beplayed according to the usual industrial rules; from each according to his ability, to each according to his investments?18. 0 soul of mine, will you never be good and sincere, all one, all open, visible to the beholder more clearly thaneven your encompassing body of flesh? Will you never taste the sweetness of a loving and affectionate heart?Will you never be filled full and unwanting; craving nothing, yearning for no creature or thing to minister to your pleasures, no prolongation of days to enjoy them, no place or country or pleasant clime or sweet human company? (Marcus Aurelius)19. It is in art as in morals; no character would inspire us with an enthusiastic admiration of his virtue, if that virtueconsisted only in an absence of vice; something more is required; a man must do more than merely his duty to be a hero.(Joshua Reynolds)20. It is no use doing what, you like; you have, got to like what you do. (W Churchill)21. To be, or not to be; that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe sting and arrows of outrageous fortune:Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them…（Shakespeare）22. ... Let them recognize that there are only two kinds of person whom we can describe as reasonable; those whoserve God with all their heart because they have found him, and those who seek him with all their heart because, they have not found him. (Pascal)23. O, who can hold a fire in his handBy thinking on the frosty Caucasus?Or cloy the hungry edge of appetiteBy bare imagination of a feast?Or wallow naked in December snowBy thinking on fantastic summer's best? (Shakespeare)24. Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these standin our way. Let all theories be subjected to the bright clear light of practice. (Norman Bethune)25. I Came BackI came back to softness and comfort.I came back to Dr. White's.And I wonder why I ever went away.Because only Dr. White's gives me two kinds of comfort. The supper-comfort of their cotton-wool content that makes them so much softer. And the comfort of a safer, more absorbent towel, with a flush-away design, too，for even more convenience.I tried the rest, but I came back.Isn't it time you came back to Dr. White's?Dr. White's Two kinds of comfort. (Women, Apr. 1977)26. What may be done at any time will be done at no time. (Proverb)27. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give up smoking.28. He intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine…(John Galsworthy)29. A little boy came up to his mother. "Ma," he said, "I have something to tell you. My teacher kissed me.”"Well, were you a good boy and did you kiss her back?""Of course not!" he denied indignantly, "I kissed her face.”30. I don't have any rich relations who well leave me money when they die. Whatever I get in life, I'll have to earnby the sweat of my brow.31. Magnus. Frankly, I have been accustomed to regard your President as a statesman whose mouth was the mostefficient part of his head. (Bernard Shaw)32. No longer mourn for me when I am deadThen you shall hear the surly sullen bellGive warning to the world that I am fledFrom this vile world, with vilest worms to dwell…(Shakespeare)33. O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,Alone and palely loitering?The sedge has withered from the lake,And no birds sing.O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,So haggard and so woe-begone?The squirrel's granary is full,And the harvest's done. (John Keats)34. O, my luve is like a red, red roseThat's newly sprung in June:O, my luve is like the melodieThat's sweetly played in tune. (Robert Bums)35. His behavior was一but I blush to mention that.36. He had passed many anxious hours before he got the phone call from his daughter.37. Music, when soft voices die,vibrates in the memory一odours, when sweet violets sicken，Live within the sense they quicken. (Shelly)38. Child-bearing, hard work, and constant anxiety were beginning to tell on Mrs Athelny; and sometimes her backached in the evening so that she had to sit down and rest herself. (W. S. Maugham) 39. "Now, sir," said my aunt to Mr. Micawber, as she put on her gloves, "we are ready for Mount Vesuvius, oranything else, as soon as you please.”"Madam," returned Mr. Micawber, "I trust you will shortly witness an eruption…”(Charles Dickens)40. Then the fish came alive, with his death in him, and rose high out of the water showing all his great length andwidth and all his power and his beauty. He seemed to hang in the air above the old man in the skiff. Then he fell into the water with a crash that sent spray over the old man and over all of the skiff. (Hemingway )美文欣赏4 （A formal official Letter）Liao Chengzhi' s Letter to Mr. Chiang Ching-KuoDear brother Ching-Kuo,No one ever expected that a strip of water should have become so vast a distance. It is now 36 years since our brief rendezvous in Nanjing. From our childhood friendship to our chats in the Soviet capital, everything in the past is still alive in my memory. But it's unfortunate that we haven't heard from each other for so many years. Recently I was told that you are somewhat indisposed and this has caused me much concern. Men in their seventies are often afflicted with illness. I sincerely hope that you will take good care of yourself.Over the past three years, our party has repeatedly proposed talks with your party to bury the hatchet and work jointly to accomplish the great cause of national reunification. But you have time and again announced that there should be "no contact, no talks and no compromise", which I think is inadvisable. Considering both the public interests and our close friendship which has lasted for generations, I regard it as my duty to offer some advice which I hope you will consider carefully.The peaceful reunification of the motherland would be a great achievement to be recorded in history. Taiwan is bound to return to the embrace of the motherland eventually. An early settlement would be in the interest of all. The compatriots in Taiwan would be able to live in peace and happiness, the people of all nationalities on both sides of the Taiwan straits would no longer have to endure the pains of separation from their kith and kin, and the elders in Taiwan and those who have moved there from the mainland would all be properly placed and provided for. And this would contribute to the stability of Asia and the Pacific region as well as to world peace. You used to spur yourself on with the axiom: "The interests to be considered should be the interests of all; the fame to be sought should be a fame that would last forever.” If the great cause of reunification would be accomplis hed through your work, you will certainly win the esteem of the nation and the praise of all. You would be doing meritorious service to the country and your name would be inscribed in the temple of fame. It is preposterous to regard such a service as “guilt”. After all, putting up in that tight eastern comer is not a long-term solution. This is of course quite clear for a man as intelligent as you. Hesitation, procrastination or leaving the problem to other days would only lead to difficulty and distress and you, my brother, £®would hardly be able to escape the blame. Moreover, peacefulreunification is entirely an internal affair of China. Those outsiders who talk glibly about it have designs on our Taiwan. This is common knowledge. When a decision needs to be made, irresolution is bound to bring trouble. I hope you will consider this carefully.The Kuomintang, founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen endured countless hardships and finally overthrew the monarchy and established the republic; numerous revolutionaries advanced wave after wave and laid down their lives for the cause. History has recorded this as a glorious contribution. The Kuomintang and the Communist Party twice cooperated and on both occasions they made tremendous contributions to the country and the nation. We know something about the fast cooperation, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, though we were still young at that time. The second cooperation proceeded with your father in the chair and, as participants in it, we should know what it was all about. Though the matter was as complicated as could be, an all-round view of the situation would show that cooperation is beneficial to the country and the nation while division is detrimental to them. Since you are presiding over the administration of Taiwan, you have unshirkable responsibility for the realization of cooperation for the third time. It would be easier to talk the matter over when leaders on both sides used to be schoolmates and close friends who know one another well. I find it really hard for me to subscribe to those views which describe cooperation as "surrender", "humiliating", "suffering losses" or "being duped. In reviewing history or looking forward to the future, one should bear in mind the public interest, the interests of the country and the nation, and use this as the supreme criterion, instead of basing oneself on a party's selfish interests. Such talks as "reunifying China with the Three People's Principles" are regarded by all sensible people as unrealistic, deceptive and self-deceiving. People of¡£ generation know the true meaning of the Three People's Principles quite well and there is no need to argue about it. Neither is there any need to dwell on such assertions as Taiwan's "economic prosperity, democracy and easy livelihood", the truth of which the venerable gentlemen in Taiwan know clearly. For the sake of your party, I would think that if you would take up the historical responsibility and resolutely take part in peace talks to accomplish national reunification as required by time and tide, the two parties would be able to co-exist for a long time to come, supervising each other while joining in the glorious effort to revitalize China. Otherwise how the situation existing in that small corner could be maintained for long? This is a question those who are sensible are already turning over in their minds. It involves the survival and development of the Kuomintang and I hope you will think it over again.I recently read one of your writings in which you expressed "fervent hopes that my father's soul would be able to return to the homeland and be reunited with the forefathers". I was overwhelmed with emotion when I read this. The remains of your father are still placed temporarily at Cihu. After reunification, they would be moved back and buried in the native soil---in Fenghua, Nanjing or Lushan---in fulfillment of your filial wishes. You recently said, "filial devotion should be expanded into national devotion, which means love of the nation and dedication to the country". This is an excellent statement. Why don't you apply it to the great cause of national reunification? As far as the country and nation are concerned, this would be an expression of both loyalty and filial piety. Otherwise how could you account for yourself after your passing away? It is hoped that you would think more about it.Dear brother! Your life has been marked by frustration, which should not be attributed to fate. Everything depends on yourself. The good and ill to be judged in the next thousand years hinge on the decision made in a moment. The present international situation is capricious. Throughout Taiwan people of all strata are talking about their future. Time does not stay and brief is the day. A long night is fraught with dreams; time does not wait for us. I hope you, my brother, would be good at making the choice and repair the house before it rains. Vast is the expanse of sky and water. What are you waiting for, staying away from home?The longing for old friends grows with age. If it is convenient to you, I would pack and set out for a visit to Taibei to seek enlightenment from our elders. "For all the disasters the brotherhood has remained; a smile at meeting and enmity is banished.” When I look towards the distant southern sky, my heart is already there. No word is enough to express what I wish to say. It is hoped that you will take good care of yourself. I am waiting impatiently for a reply.Please convey my regards to your mother as well as to Fang-Liang, Wei-Kuo and the children.Best wishes to you,Liao ChengzhiJuly 24, 1982An informal Letter (A student to a teacher)Prof. ChenMar. 26, 1987I have just received your letter of March 21. 1 was happy to hear that you are well and that you are invited to give lectures in Xi'an Foreign Languages Institute during the summer vacation. How nice it will be to see you again!Things here are going smoothly; and I haven't a thing to be unhappy about. I'd like to thank you heartily for your deep concern about me and great confidence in me.For the next three weeks there will be a general checkup on our teaching work and studies. I have already drawn up a plan with the help of other teachers. According to the requirements of the administration of our university, I intend to do the work in this way:a) Organize two demonstration lessons, one for the first grade teachers, the other for the second grade teachers.b) The teachers will attend each other's classes at least once during the period.c) Organize meetings of students of different grades so as to solicit their opinions and suggestions.The plan is based on the consideration that good experience should be popularized and shortcomings overcome as soon as possible.Please let me have your advice and instructions in regard to this plan.I was very glad to know that you are getting on well with your book. I wish it would come out soon, for I'm sure I can get a great deal from it. I hope you and your wife are enjoying yourselves in Beijing.You say your wife will go to the U. S. next month to see your daughter. Who will take care of you during her one-month stay in the U. S? Don't hesitate to ask Huang Yaping, Qi Min and others for help when you need it.Best wishes,Your student，Ding Xiaoya。

文化差异视角下的隐喻理解和英汉互译

差异，因此他们在选择词汇去描述某一现象时就有各１ｏｅｍｒｙｌｅ．ｅａｅｈｉｅｉａｄｍｎｅｌａｒｔｖｖｔｒｘｓｎｗｅｐｙｓｈｈｅｔ
的意思，例如龙凤指才能优异的人；龙虎比喻豪杰之｝ｌｅｓ）（）把隐喻转化意义（ｏｖｒｏｆｐｓｓｅ；５ｕｎｃｎｅｉｏｓｎ士。在许多成语中都有“ 这个词，龙” 例如：龙飞凤舞、：ｅｐｏｔｓｓ）（）ｍｔｈｒｏｅｅ；６删略法（ｅｔｎ；）ａｎｄｌｉ）（再现源ｅｏ７
金如土 ” 比喻花钱浪费，手大脚，大而在英语中表达是－
“
三、隐喻的英汉互译
ｓｎｏｅｉａｒ，这是因为英国是一个岛ｆｐｄｍｎｙｌｅｗｔ ” ｅｋｅ
隐喻的认知和翻译涉及到两种语言、两种文化的
同，四面环海，渔业、船业、造海运业在他们的经济中Ｉ转化，翻译要处理好语言与文化的关系，要隐喻不仅占有很重要的位置，以当他们用语言表达思想时所：出原文的形象、所译喻义，还要译出其民族特色和地域
凶狠，令人讨厌。
４．思维方式差异的影响
ｌ语的表达方式。直译法不仅体现了文化的可容性，而
ｌ且能达到保持原隐喻意义、形象和结构的最佳效果。
世界上每一个民族都有自己独特的语言理解和ｌ：如
思维方式，在观察、理解思维方式上都存在着一定的【
（）ｌｔ０ｄｉａｓｇ，ｎｌｍｎａｄ１Ａ１ｈｗｒｓｔｅａｄａｅｎｅｉａｌ

英文隐喻修辞格及汉语翻译

徐辉
长治０４６０００）（山西省长治学院师范分院，山西
摘
要：本文探讨与总结了英文隐喻修辞格的一些翻译技巧。
文章编号：１００８－６７７２（２０１３）０１＿一ｏ１３９－＿０２
关键词：英文隐喻；修辞格；翻译技巧中图分号：Ｈ１５文章标识码：Ａ
的象征，而猿猴则代表着 “ 狡猾” 。）
２．Ｈｉｓｈｅｔｏｒｙｈａｓｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓｏｆｌｉｔｔｌｅｒｏｏｍｓａｎｄｌｏｎｇ。ｗｉｎｄｙ
ｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓ．他的理论有很多组成部分，而且各部分之间的关系也过于错综复杂。（ｒｏｏｍｓ，ｃｏｒｒｉｄｏｒｓ用来隐喻他的理论组成部分的多样性及复杂性。）
４．Ｉｔｉｓｐｌａｉｎｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｈａｔｓｈｅｈａｓｊｕｓｔｍａｄｅａｃａｔ ’ Ｓｐａｗｏｆ
最大的不同是：明喻通常使用ｌｉｋｅ。ａｓｓｅｅｍ，ａｓｉｆ等比喻词
３．Ｙｏｕ ’ ｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｂｒｅａｋｔｈｅｉｃｅｂｙｓｏｍｅｗｏｒｄｓｏｆｌｅｓｓ
、
直译法
对于一些原文意义较明确，句法结构较完整的句子，
我们通常采用直译法。它按字面意思直接翻译就能表达出

浅谈英语中几种常见的修辞格

对于⼀个具有⼀定英语⽔平的⼈来说，谙熟其修辞⽅式，不仅有助于辨别该语⾔的各种修辞现象，了解修辞运⽤的规律，从⽽提⾼分析语⾔表现技巧的能⼒，⽽且还可以有⼒提⾼准确、有效地运⽤语⾔的能⼒。

为此，本⽂想就英语中⼏种常见的修辞格粗略地谈谈⾃⼰的看法。

⼀、⽐喻(the figures of speech) ⽐喻是语⾔艺术的升华，是最富有诗意的语⾔形式之⼀，是语⾔的信息功能和美学功能的有机结合。

英语中常见的⽐喻有三类：明喻、隐喻和转喻。

1.明喻(the simile) 明喻通常是把被⽐喻的“本体”和⽤以⽐喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物象喻体事物，⽤介词like ，连词as，as if，as…so，动词seem等以及句型A …to B as C…to D等等表⽰“好像”意思的⽐喻说法就叫明喻。

⼈们往往有这样的错觉，认为⽐喻修辞只适⽤于⽂学类的各种⽂体，⽽⾮⽂学类论著，如科技之类应⽤⽂体，为了表达的正确性、严密性与科学性，是排斥⽐喻的。

事实上，在英语的科技类的论著中，为了把描象的事物说得具体化、形象化，把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明⽩，也经常使⽤⽐喻。

例如： (1)Bacteria are so small that a single round one of acommon type is about 1／25,000 of an in ch across when thesebacteria are magnified 1,000 times, they look only aslarge as apencil point. 细菌是这样⼩，⼀种普通类型的圆形细菌直径⼤约只有1／25,000英⼨。

这种细菌放⼤⼀千倍看起来也只有铅笔尖那么⼤。

(2)There now exists a kind of glass so sensitive to light that,like photographic film,it wil l record pictures and designs. 现在有⼀种对光⼗分敏感的玻璃，它像胶卷⼀样能记录图像和图案。

英汉隐喻对比使用论文

浅析英汉隐喻的对比使用摘要：英语隐喻和汉语隐喻分别属于两种语言中重要的修辞格，中西文化背景的不同，造成了英汉隐喻使用上的差异。

无论是中国人学英语还是外国人学汉语都不应忽视由此造成的语言理解和表达上的差异。

本文以本结构简单、容易理解的简明隐喻为例进行分析对比，学习者了解两种语言使用上的不同，有助于更好地认知不同背景的文化以及更好的掌握两种语言的使用。

关键词：文化差异；英语隐喻；汉语隐喻中图分类号：g712 文献标识码：b 文章编号：1002-7661（2013）15-022-02一、中西文化差异中国文化的社会气质是以传统主义为基本特征的，而西方文化的社会气质则是以理智主义为取向的，人文传统与科学精神分别被视作这两种文化的精神核心。

中国文化主张尊重自然，顺应自然，与天地万物和睦相处；而西方人文主义强调以人为中心，崇尚对自然的征服与驾驭。

从价值系统上看，中国文化把人理解为存在物，重视人的社会价值，把人看作群体的一份子，是所属社会关系的派生物，个人的价值因群体而存在并借此体现；西方文化则强调人作为有理智、尊严和自由意识的独立个体，要求人对自己的命运负责。

在宗教形式上，中国文化体现对现世的热爱，具有人本的价值尺度，还体现出泛神论的多元信仰；西方文化则表现出对一个超越的彼岸世界的向往，在价值上是以神为本的，表现为一元神的崇拜。

从艺术的表现形式上看，中国艺术以写意为主，西方则是写实。

基于这两种不同文化的语言使用也就现出不同的特点。

二、英语隐喻和汉语隐喻的对比隐喻是生动形象、广为运用的艺术修辞格。

（《现代汉语词典》1997修订本）隐喻就是利用不同事物抽象的“相似点”来“打比方”。

“相似点”可以是外在的形、色、声、味，也可以是内在的理、性、情、感。

隐喻以浅显说明深奥，以具体说明抽象，以熟悉说明生疏，并创造生动的意境和形象，使人在恍然大悟中感受言语者所喻之妙。

隐喻理解的关键在于联系语境抓住三个要素：本体、喻体和相似点。

汉英语言中的隐喻

Ｎｏ２
２３
Ａｐ２００２ｔ
汉英语言中的隐喻
段雪桃
（化师范高等专科学校外语系，湖南怀化怀４８０）１０８
摘
要隐啸是飒英语言中常用的一种修辞格。汉英隐喻有对应和非对应的关系；并指出隐啸所折射出来
一
、
汉英隐喻之间的关系
所指意义和内涵，均带有迥然不同的文化色彩，可谓形象酷似，貌台神离。例如，英语中ｏｌ一个ｗ是表示智慧的鸟。如果说某人ｏｉｗｌｈ往往是形容他ｓ聪明、严肃：Ｐｔｉｅｒｄｏｉｌｔｕｈｏｇａｒｋｐｅｅｗｌｈｙａｓｔｒｕｈｃｓ
整个人类社会文化背景都存在着种种共性，这种种
共性形成了人类对自身及外部世界的种种共识。例如，英语词 “ｏ ” ｆｘ，不仅指称意义与汉语词 “ 狐狸 ”对应．而且也被看作是 “ 狡猾 ” 或 “ 奸诈 ” 的象征，故汉英语言中部有ａｌｏ（ｎｏｄｆｘ老奸巨滑的人）的说法。而且，在音系、形态、结构截然不同的汉英两种语言中的隐喻有着惊人的相似之处，例如：ｌｇｉｇｓｃ（柄）ｒａｃｓａｈｎｔｋ笑ｕｏ、ｂｏｄａｔ与 “ 播 ” 广同样以 “ 撒播种子 ” 喻指 “ 播新闻 ” 传。其次，还有动词性隐喻：Ｏａｌｄｂｉ我们的热血沸ｔｂｏｏｌｒｏｓ（腾）；名词性隐喻：ｔｅｓ血ｏｉ（命之春）ｈｐｆｌｅ生ｆ；

浅析英汉语言修辞对比

．１英语中的排比（ｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｉｓｍ）语言在审美内涵方面的取向。因此，笔者选的暗喻主要有带喻词和不带喻词两种情２
择从英汉语言的修辞结构方面切入，试图意义相关的短语或成为、变成、当作、等于” 等，来判断。例以上结构相同或相似、分析英、汉语言在修辞结构方面的差异，同了、 … …全淀的芦苇收割了，垛起垛来，在句子的平行排列。英语中使用排比的目的时进行两者修辞结构异同背后的文化比较如：
所谓比喻（ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓｏｆｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ）就是
不把要说的事物平淡直白地说出来，而用
１．３比较
１．３．１相同点
（１）明喻和暗喻都用事物比喻事物。用
ｈａｎｇｅ …ＩｔｅａｃｈｂｅｃａｕｓｅＩｌｉｋｅｔｈｅｆｒｅｅ－即用某种具体的东西来描ｃ另外的与它有相似点的事物来表现的修辞事物比喻事物，ｍｔｏｍａｋｅｍｙｏｗｎｍｉ￣ａｋｅｓ，ｔｏｌｅａｒｎ并表现出这种形象ｄｏ方式。英汉语言中的比喻一般包括明喻、暗写另一种东西的形象，
语言学研究
ｎ。。。ｎ。。。。ｏ。。 ’ ｖ。ａ。。 …’…・ ‘ 。ｔ ‘ ‘ ｌｏ ’ ‘ 。。ｎ。。。。。Ｈ。。 ’ ｅ。 ’ ’ ’ 。Ｐ。ａ。 — ｆ — ｌｄｕ

英汉修辞格对比

比喻翻译的困难在于：某种形象和某种意义的结合往往是约定俗成的。因此译者往往必须在保留源语形象、转换源语形象、舍弃源语形象只传达喻义做选择。 1.直译法因此这李纨虽青春丧偶，居家处膏粱锦绣之中，竟如槁木死灰一般，一概无见无闻。《红楼梦》曹雪芹高鹗 So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or ashes, taking no interest in the outside world. 杨宪益戴乃迭译 2.转换法爱自己尊如菩萨，待他人秽如粪土《红楼梦》曹雪芹高鹗 She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated others like dirt. 杨宪益戴乃迭译
3.意译法她像是受了炮烙似的缩手，脸色同时变作灰黑，也不再去取烛台，只是失神的站着。《祝福》鲁迅 she withdrew her hand as if scorched, her face turned ash grey, and instead of fetching the candle-sticks she just stood there in a daze. 杨宪益戴乃迭译
英汉修辞格对比
一、拟声vs Onomatopoeia 拟声明喻vs 二、明uphemism
一、拟声vs Onomatopoeia 拟声
英汉语言中的拟声词（onomatopoeic words）都是根据“语音理据”即模拟自然声音造成或构成词项。因此两者在造词理据及修辞功效上是基本一致的。 1.各民族对同一声音的听觉感知和模拟习惯也不尽一致。再加上民族文化传统的差异，不同语言中的拟声词在语音形式上就可能出现种种差别，甚至大相径庭。 The bird twitters 鸟儿吱吱 The bull bellows 公牛哞哞 The dog barks 狗汪汪 She was uttering a soft little cluck in her throat, a call to the little balls of mottled down that on their tiny pink legs came toddling after, and peeping softly and plaintively if left even a few inches behind, 她轻声召唤着绒毛斑驳的孩子们,他们正用粉红色的小腿蹒跚地走着,即使被落下几英寸远,他们也会唧唧唧唧地叫个不停, 唧唧

常见的修辞格翻译

常见的修辞格翻译
一、比喻（figure of speech）

比喻无处不在，为各语言文化共有。比喻有四个要素：本体（tenor），喻体（vehicle），比喻词（comparative word）及相似点（point of resemblance）。这里主要谈谈明喻（simile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻译。

张飞听了，瞋目大叱曰：“我哥哥是金枝玉叶，你是何等人，敢称我哥哥为贤弟！你来！我和你斗三百合！” The moment Zhang Fei heard this, his eyes widened and he shouted, “Our brother is a prince of the blood, a jade leaf on the golden branch. Who are you to call him ‘young brother’? Come out now and fight three hundred rounds with me. ”

后曰：“旦夕如坐针毡，似此为人，不如早亡！妾看宦官中之忠义可托者，莫如穆顺，当令寄此书。” “Day and night we sit on pins,” the Empress continued. “I prefer death to a life like this. Among our eunuchs Mu Shun is loyal and true. He could deliver the letter.”

权曰：“今听臣言，则西蜀有泰山之安，不听臣言，则主公有累卵之危矣。” Huang Quan replied: “Heed my words and our rule can be secure as Mountain Tai. Heed them not and your own position will become as precarious as a pile of eggs. ”

隐喻在英汉习语中的对比研究

赫蒂：“太可怕了！你是在哪儿摔的？”贝蒂：“我在睡着的时候摔的。

”3.4契合译法有些英语幽默中的歧义现象在汉译后既能保留歧义的形式，又能保留歧义的内容，这种翻译法称为契合译法，是英语幽默中的歧义现象翻译的最高境界。

例如：“Yes ，she ’s married to a real-estate agent and a good honest fellow ，too.”“My gracious!Bigamy ？”（青闰、张玲、听泉，2005）这则幽默中的歧义现象主要体现对“a real-estate agent and a good honest fellow ，too ”的不同句法层面上的理解，可以理解为两个人，也可以理解为一个人，而听者把它理解为两个人，因而得出“犯有重婚罪”这种令人发笑的惊讶。

而在汉译时我们可以采用契合译法，既能表达出原文歧义现象的形式，又能表达出其内容，产生出幽默的效果。

因此，这则英语幽默可译为：“是的，她与一位不动产经纪人同时一位既好又诚实的人结婚了。

”“天哪！重婚罪？”4.结语英语幽默中的歧义现象是相当普遍的，主要体现在语音、词汇、句法和语用这四大层面上，为了使外语学习者能更好地体会英语幽默运用歧义产生风趣诙谐的效果，本文基于奈达的功能对等翻译理论，着重探讨了英语幽默中歧义现象的汉译策略，即直译法、加注法、分述合译法和契合译法。

但仅靠这四种翻译策略是远远不够的，对于英语幽默中的歧义现象及其汉译策略还有待进一步研究。

总之，准确适当地运用歧义可以使英语幽默产生生动风趣、诙谐机智的效果，而采用恰当的翻译策略，可以使译文再现原文的歧义现象及其幽默效果。

参考文献：［1］Grice ，H.P.Logic ，Conversation ［A ］.In ：Cole ，P ，Morgan ，J.L.（ed ），Syntax and Semantics 3：Speech Acts ［C ］.New York ，Aca -demic Press ，1975.［2］Koestler ，Arthur.Humor and Wit ［A ］.In ：R.McHenry （Ed.），Encyclopeadia Britannica ［C ］.Chicago ：Encyclopeadia Britannica ，Inc ，1993，Vol.20.［3］Nida ，Eugene A.Toward a Science of Translation with Spe -cial Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Trans -lating ［M ］.Leiden ：E.J.Brill ，1964.［4］Pocheptsov ，nguage and Humor ［M ］.Kiev ：Vysca Publishes Head Publishing House ，1981.［5］陈孝英.幽默的秘密［M ］.北京：中国戏剧出版社，1989.［6］林语堂.幽默人生［M ］.西安：陕西师范大学出版社，2002.［7］季劲松，邓欣.英语趣味阅读［M ］.北京：世界图书出版公司北京公司，2004.［8］齐乐，刘春艳等.当代英美幽默精品（师生篇）［M ］.天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2000.［9］齐乐，周彤等.当代英美幽默精品（家庭篇）［M ］.天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，2000.［10］青闰，张玲，听泉.英语幽默笑话集锦（上、下）［M ］.青岛：青岛出版社，2005.［11］王菁，刘慧君.从功能对等的角度析英语电影片名的汉译［J ］.河北理工大学学报（社会科学版），2007，7（4）：164-167.［12］周道焜，王亦男.英语幽默集锦［M ］.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1991.基金项目：本文为2007年华南农业大学校长基金课题“英语幽默中的歧义现象及其翻译策略探析”（2007S033）成果。

汉英翻译隐喻的译法

译文中用修饰词heavy，lighter两词，含蓄地表达了原文“卸下千斤重载”的含义。
我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛！
I’ve been slaving all these years just to make money for them.
抛弃了“牛马”的比喻形象，只译其“作苦工”的实在意义。
用cocky（骄傲自大）一词表达了“尾巴翘到天上去了”的含义。
三.转换法
由于汉英两种语言运用比喻的习惯不同，有时比喻中的同一个形象在两种语言中可能引起不同的联想，所以翻译时不能直接采用，而要改换原比喻性词语所用的形象，用英语中含有类似意义的比喻性词语。
大家心里都乐得开了花，像办喜事那样忙忙碌碌地做着各种准备工作。
比喻性词语在翻译时主要有以下几种处理方法：
一.直译法
在符合英语习惯的情况下，应尽可能在译文中保留原文比喻性词语所用的形象，使译文在内容上和修辞上与原文保持一致：
张正国告诉他时，旁边有听见的人也笑了。那老头子装着没看见，像个老僧入定的那样呆坐着。
As Zhang Zhengguo was speaking, the bystanders who heard him started laughing. The old man pretended not to have noticed it, sitting motionless there like an old monk engaged in contemplation.
It’s so late now, Why hasn’t my niece shown up?
汉语中“太阳高了”，指太阳已经升起，早晨的时间已过去了很长一段。翻译时只能译它的含义：“时间这么晚了”，译成 It’s so late now。

metaphor(暗喻)

含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。

Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。

由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。

与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。

基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。

如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。

隐喻、英汉语修辞格

英汉语修辞知识（王向东2009年9月4日）以下是束定芳对隐喻学的描述：（束定芳隐喻学研究[M]·上海，上海外语教育出版社，2001年8月第二版）1. 据波里奥等人（Pollio, Barlow, Fine and Polio, 1977）的估计，人们在自由交谈中平均每分钟使用四个（隐喻）辞格。

如果将一些相关的语言创新用法计算在内，一个人一生平均要用2100万个辞格。

P12. 隐喻的多学科研究。

从20世纪70年代至今，包括从认知心理学、哲学、语用学、符号学、现象学、阐释学等角度对隐喻的多角度、多层次研究。

P23. 相对于日常言语的使用规则来说，隐喻是一种正常语言的偏离。

诗歌中充满了隐喻，因而诗歌被称为"隐喻式语言"。

P124. 从理论上讲，隐喻可以是词、词组、可以是句子，也可以是篇章。

P135. 在对隐喻性质的讨论中，有一种观点特别引人注目，即人类语言整体上是一个隐喻性的符号系统，莱考夫和约翰逊在《我们所赖以生存的隐喻》一书中指出，"隐喻无所不在，在我们的语言中、思想中"。

P166. 修辞学家说，隐喻就是一种修辞格，是一种修饰话语的手段。

逻辑学家说，隐喻是一种范畴错置。

哲学家说，隐喻性是语言的根本特性，人类语言从根本上来说是隐喻性的。

认知科学家说，隐喻是人类认知事物的一种基本方式。

P197. 根据我们对隐喻的定义，只要是在一定的语境中，某一类事物用来谈论另一类不同的事物就构成了隐喻，那么隐喻就可能在各个语言单位层次上出现，包括词、词语、句子和话语。

根据语境特点，话语可小至单个词，可大至一个句子、一首诗、一篇文章、一组作品，等等。

这样，根据我们的定义，部分成语、谚语，甚至整个文学作品，如诗歌、小说等都可以被看做是典型的、扩展了的隐喻。

P37（以下信息见尹均生主编的《中国写作学大辞典》，北京·中国检察出版社，244页-269页，1998年5月出版）1. 修辞的定义：在人们的交际生活中，依据题旨、语境和文体的需要，利用各种语言材料、采用各种表现手法对语言进行调整、加工以恰切地表达思想内容的一种写作活动。