paraphrase

10分等于翻译加写作“Paraphrase”改写就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。

Paraphrase 也就是一种同义转译，换句话说，用字不同，但所表达的意思相同。

一些paraphrase的技巧：使用同义词、反义词，注释性说明，改换说法，倒换顺序等。

做paraphrase 练习时，读懂很关键。

只有清楚无误地读懂了原来的句子或段落才可能用自己的话完整地表达出来。

还要扩充自己的词汇量，，平时多注意找单词的近义词。

如果水平较低，则从初级Paraphrasing入手，按照单个词、短语、句子、段落这样的顺序逐级练习；如果学生水平已经较高，就直接以句子为背景，将词与短语的同义转换含至其中练习。

一．关于paraphrase的常见问题Question 1：什么词才会被同义替换?其实，连基础较好的考生也会对paraphrase犯怵这一事实本身就已经反映出来问题——paraphrase并不是靠使用高级词汇来考人的。

正相反，理论和时间都可以证明，越容易进行同义替换的往往不是那些“相貌丑陋”的难词、怪词，而是那些非常生活化，很“亲民”的小词。

由于paraphrase的定义即为以不同的词表示同样的意思，而往往又是以更常见、更小的词来表示意思，就以为这paraphrase和原文相比通常会占据更多的篇幅。

这样一来，当一个相对艰深晦涩的概念好不容易找到paraphrase的时候，其所占用的空间就是不能被忽略的一个问题了。

而在雅思考试的format下，每道题目仅仅占用非常有限的空间，这客观上导致对于深词、难词、怪词、术语等paraphrase的难度加大。

换句话说，就是雅思考试同义替换的使用一般仅限针对相对高频和常用的表达。

很难想象，像如下这样的一个单词会在有限的试题空间中进行有效的替换，这也就意味着，越是难的单词，越是罕见的表达，我们反而不需要担心其被同义替换。

如果考题真的涉及到某个大、难、偏的怪词，那么几乎可以肯定在文章里一定会原文再现。

所以，其实对于基础较好和较差的考生，所面对的潜在paraphrase是一样的!那为什么前者也会比较受困呢?答案很简单。

他们没有真正有效掌握重用的高频的词汇和表达。

事实上，正是这样一些概念和表达由于其常用性，在日常生活中存在着极其大量的替换说法。

而我们众多的考生往往因为轻视低级别的词汇，造成知其一不知其二，只了解皮毛的不利局面。

这肯定会造成paraphrase识别的困难的。

那么就有了第二个问题：Question 2：怎样才能有效识别同义替换?由于上面所提到的原因，解决词汇阅读过程中的识别问题，首先应该加强对高频和常用词的掌握。

事实上，越是常用的词，词义越多，词性也越多。

如果仅仅满足于看到后能反应出一个意思，显然不能够称得上对该单词的有效把握。

对高频、常用单词的有效把握，是提高paraphrase能力的基础。

这意味着，对于相对较生僻的单词，只需要了解一两个词义也许就已经够了。

因为这些词本身的搭配和用法都是有限的。

而对于高频词则需要多词义、多词性同时把握。

解决了词汇认知的信息储备问题，仅仅做了一半的工作。

有效的识别paraphrase，同时需要对paraphrase的编写做到心里有数。

熟悉paraphrase的常见类型，是提高其识别能力的有力武器。

二．常用方法1.使用同义词：It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. paraphrase:It is useful to observe several features of how a mother acts when she is with her small child.2. 句子关系替换：Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched.paraphrase:Likewise, if the muscles are not attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched, they will not grow in length.3. 转变词性：The bomb exploded and caused many casualties.paraphrase:The explosion caused many casualties.4. 改变语态We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media tooparaphrase:A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too.5. 综合It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.paraphrase:Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.三．练习1.It seems to me I have talked to them always with one foot raised in flight.2.From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of thedifference between what people claim to be and what they really are.3.They vote their political hunches to protect their political hides.4.There is a touch of rough poetry about him.5.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture.6.We are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balancebetween daylight and darkness.7.For the mighty army of consumers, the ultimate applications of the computer revolutionare still around the bend of a silicon circuit.8.I suspect that there is quite a lot of lore stored away in the Colonel’s otherwise not veryinteresting mind.9.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sinkback into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.10.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian socialstructure.答案：1.It appears that my conversation with them makes them feel uncomfortable andnervously, wanting to get away as soon as possible.2.Based on the communications with these people from all walks of life, Mark Twainstarted to know human from a more acute and profound manner, realizing the gap between their words and actions.3.They vote according to their political suspicions or institutions to protect their politicalcareers.4.There is a race of simple poetic quality in his character.5.United and working together, we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number ofjoint undertakings.6.We are over-exploiting resources from the earth in such a huge volume that we aredisturbing the balance between daylight and darkness.7.The consumers have not made full of the benefit brought by the computer revolution.8.Although the Colonel’s mind is not very interesting, I suspect there is quite a lot ofknowledge there.9.They are born. Then for a few years they work hard but still don’t have enough to eat.Finally they die and are buried in the graveyard without a name.10.The war speeded up the collapse of the Victorian social structure.A paraphrase is a detailed restatement in your own words of a written or sometimes spoken passage. Apart from the changes in organization, wording, and sentence structure, the paraphrase should be nearly identical in meaning to the original passage.How do I Paraphrase?When paraphrasing, follow the guidelines listed below:• Include all important ideas mentioned in the original p assage but not in the same order.• Keep the length approximately the same as the original.• Do not stress any single point more than another.• Do not change the meaning by adding your own thoughts or views.• Do not use the original sentence structure.You may find it helpful to use the following five steps when paraphrasing:1. Understand the meaning of the passage thoroughly. You may have to read the passage several times and consult a dictionary.2. Outline the passage or subdivide the information into smaller sections. Remember that the paraphrase must include all the important ideas mentioned in the original passage.3. Restate the information remembering the following:a) Replace as many of the words as possible with appropriate synonyms. Sometimes you may have to substitute a phrase in place of a word, or a word in place of a phrase. You must consider the context in which the word is used. Using an inappropriate synonym may change the entire meaning of the passage.b) Change the order and structure of the ideas or argument.c) Change the structure of the sentences. All of us have our own writing style. Change the sentences to reflect yours. Be careful not to change the meaning by adding or leaving out any important information.4. Make sure that you are faithful to the meaning of the source and that you have accurately represented the main ideas.5. Cite appropriately and integrate the paraphrase into the text effectively.Some examples to compareThe original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimizethe material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. Soit is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.Exercise:1.I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in acollege and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science.2.Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports yourwife, and rears your children.3.Even after a significant reform of the welfare system, the single welfare mother has become the public symbol of much of what is wrong with America’s social service programs.4.Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenly accessible, partly becauseof advances in floating rigs.5.Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power---the preserve of visionaries andenthusiasts little more than a decade ago---are now poised on the brink of the mainstream, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels.6.Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick upspeed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years than in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance—making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.7.Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached to tendons and bonesso that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched.Answers:1.I could have told him that he was now not getting training for a job in a technical school butdoing a B.Sc. at a university.2.In addition to all other things these professions offer, they provide you with a living so thatyou can support a family—wife and children.3. a. Though a major reform of the welfare system has been carried out, the policies of aiding thesingle mother is still a demonstration(a good example) to show that the American social servi ce programs have fundamental problems.b. Even after a major reform in welfare system, the single mother still enjoy too much benefits, wh ich is always regarded as the main problem in America’s social service programs.4. a. Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicablein part because the floating rigs have developed much.b. Oil explorers are now suddenly able to operate in deep waters where they couldn’t get to, in part because there are developments in floating rigs.rgely because there are not enough fossil fuels in the environment, Solar power, windturbines and other sources of clean power are now fully ready to replace the mainstream sources of power, which used to be the field for people with great visions and enthusiasm to explore only about 10 years or so ago.6.①Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick upspeed slowly during the eighteenth century.In this sentence, there are two metaphors：one is “the population explosion” (人口爆炸)and the other “the scientific and technological revolution”（科学技术的发展）. In the first metaphor, the author compares the increase of population in the world to “explosion”. Explosion means a violent release of energy caused by a chemical or nuclear reaction or the act of exploding or bursting something (爆炸). There is something in common between “the increase of population” and “explosion”. Thus we have the phrase “the population explosion”. Of course we can coin some expressions to describe such kind of event or phenomenon, for example, the information explosion. In the same way, in the second metaphor, the author compares “the development of science and technology” to “revolution”. So “the scientific and technological revolution” can be rendered into “科学技术的发展” or “科学技术的革命”, as you like.The sentence can be paraphrased this way: During the eighteenth century, the development of science and technology gradually gained speed and then accelerated. Its process resembled that of the population increase.② And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially.“Ongoing” means continuing. And “exponentially” means greatly or in a way that something develops at a speed doubled, tripled or even further, maybe, redoubled and so on. Thus we can paraphrase the sentence as follows:The continuing revolution suddenly develops at a much faster speed.Or: The continuing revolution has suddenly developed at a speed that doubled and tripled the original speed. It happens faster and faster. More and more discoveries are made in science and technology.③ It is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years than in the entire previous history of science.“Axiom” (公理)refers to a short statement that is widely or universally accepted as true and doesn’t need to prove. The following is the paraphrase of the sentence:What happened in the past ten years surpasses or exceeds all the discoveries made before that. This is a statement which is accepted by many scientists in many fields.④ While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance—making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.The author tries to make a comparison. The discoveries mentioned before might have some influence on the relationship between human beings and nature (人和自然). And this influence can not be compared with the influence of nuclear weapons on the relationship between human beings and war. Actually the invention of nuclear weapons has change the nature of war. We have the strategic war, no long the conventional war. Considering the discoveries individually or one by one, they are not so important. In other words, they are less important than the invention of nuclear weapons. Nothing can be compared with nuclear weapons.On the other hand, we have the ability to use the natural resources to make a living, to keep ourselves alive. This ability is increased step by step with the help of more and more discoveries made in science and technology. If all the discoveries are put together, they will change our power to reform the world. In other words, our ability will be dramatically increased, not step by step. If we are allowed to utilize natural resources in an unlimited way, the consequences will be hard to imagine.Likewise, if the muscles are not attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched, they will not grow in length.。