细胞生物学英文课件-62 接合
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细胞生物学课件英文版-基因和染色体分析
PCR is used in forensic analysis
VNTRs: Variable Number Tandem Repeats
STRs: short tandem repeats •4 to 40 repeats in various positions (loci)
“DNA fingerprint”
– Conserves energy
• Don’t make what you don’t need!
• Multicellular
– Allows specialization of cell types
– Allows growth and development
• How do we know that
Fig 10-23, 10-24
How can we change DNA information?
Make site specific changes
Transform into a strain that has no
DNA repair
Fig 10-34
Reporter Genes
Fig 10-29
organism • Mechanisms to determine the sequence of DNA • Ways to alter and change DNA sequences • Ways to put DNA back into organisms
• And if we can do all that: use stem cells to alter/repair damage
• What are some of the specialized proteins produced in these cell types?
细胞生物学Introduction of cell biologyPPT课件
Cell organelle (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endomembrane
system, nucleus etc.)
Cytoskeleton System
Cell proliferation and regulation
Cell differentiation and gene expression Cell apoptosis and cellular aging
structure
function
molecular mechanisms of the intricate activities of cells
细胞生物学是： 研究细胞基本 生命活动规律 的科学，它从 不同层次上主 要研究……
The structure of cells
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The course mainly covers:
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Suggestions to Study Cell Biology
Fundamental Concepts and theories Experimental approaches and ideas (As you read this
text, think like a researcher)
Reductionist (knowledge of the parts of the whole can
explain the character of the whole) Don’t accept everything you read as being true. Remain skeptical! English is just a tool! Take notes when you listened especially what I have emphasized
6.cytoskeleton(沈大棱)细胞生物学英文课件
1.4.1 familiar MTOC
◆ G phase MTOC centrosome (dynamic tubule) ◆ division cell MTOC mitosis spindle (dynamic tubule) ◆ flagella and cilia MTOC basal body (permanent structure)
1.1 structure and constitute of microtubules
There are 3 types of structures of microtubules, singlet, doublet (cilium and flagellum and trimer (centrosome and basal body).
神经元轴突运输的类型
种类 快速转运
顺梯度 逆梯度
速度
成
分
50-400mm/天 膜性细胞器和物质、线粒体、突触小泡 200mm/天 前溶酶体小泡、溶酶体酶、内吞小泡
慢速转运 慢成分 b 2-8mm/天 慢成分 a 0.2-1mm/天
微丝(肌动蛋白和结合蛋白)、血影蛋白、包涵素、 钙调蛋白 微管(管蛋白、MAPs、tau)、神经纤维(三联体蛋 白质)、血影蛋白
1.6.1 Maintain cell shape
When cells are treated with colchicin that causes microtubule to disassemble, cause cell turn to spheroid. This result show that microtubule is essential to maintain asymmetry of cell. Microtubule play important role to form and maintain of protuberance of cell, such as civil, flagella and axone.
细胞生物学课件英文版-DNA和染色体
Nucleosomes condense DNA three-fold: what else condenses DNA?
Fig. 5-22
Final levels of chromatin packing: heterochromatin & chromatids
Euchromatin (less condense)
Chromatin organization within a nucleus
Fig. 5-19
Nucleolus: rRNA transcription!
Special parts of chromosomes:
Fig. 5-16
How is the intervening DNA packed & packaged?
strain.
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
Fig. 5-4
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
T2 virus (bacteriophage): contains only DNA and protein Injects the genetic material into the host cell (E. coli)
Fig. 5-7
inside
outside
Fig. 5-6
Genome: complete set of DNA/genetic information
Human cells: ~two meters, ~3.2 x 109 nucleotides, ~25,000 genes
mRNA
Fig. 5-22
Final levels of chromatin packing: heterochromatin & chromatids
Euchromatin (less condense)
Chromatin organization within a nucleus
Fig. 5-19
Nucleolus: rRNA transcription!
Special parts of chromosomes:
Fig. 5-16
How is the intervening DNA packed & packaged?
strain.
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
Fig. 5-4
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
T2 virus (bacteriophage): contains only DNA and protein Injects the genetic material into the host cell (E. coli)
Fig. 5-7
inside
outside
Fig. 5-6
Genome: complete set of DNA/genetic information
Human cells: ~two meters, ~3.2 x 109 nucleotides, ~25,000 genes
mRNA
细胞生物学课件英文版-不同的细胞总类
An adult stem cell
The Human Perspective: The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy (2)
• Embryonic stem (ES) cells have even greater potential for differentiation (pluripotent) than adult stem cells.
• Includes cyanobacteria – some photosynthetic bacteria
• Cyanobacteria gave rise to green plants and an oxygenrich atmosphere.
• Some bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation.
– Model Organisms:
• Cell research focuses on six model organisms.
• These are the bacterium Escherichia coli, the yeast Saccharomyces, the mustard plant Arabidopsis, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila, and the mouse Mus musculus.
– ES cells must be differentiated in vitro. – The use of ES cells involves ethical considerations.
A procedure for obtaining differentiated cells for use in cell replacement therapy
细胞生物学英文课件-6.2 接合
If the F factor integrates at random points in the chromosome Hfr (high frequency of recombination) strains are generated.
Episome (附加体) : a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
This shows that it is not the transfer of a molecule through the medium
过滤器
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
F plasmid
(2) Dissimilation plasmids
Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
(3) R factor
Encode resistance
antibiotic
Conjugative plasmid
有性纤毛基因: Pilus
Mating types in bacteria
(4) Must be a replicon - self-replicatingf Plasmids
(1) Conjugative plasmid
Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid,
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum (‘40s)
Episome (附加体) : a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
This shows that it is not the transfer of a molecule through the medium
过滤器
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
F plasmid
(2) Dissimilation plasmids
Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
(3) R factor
Encode resistance
antibiotic
Conjugative plasmid
有性纤毛基因: Pilus
Mating types in bacteria
(4) Must be a replicon - self-replicatingf Plasmids
(1) Conjugative plasmid
Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid,
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum (‘40s)
细胞生物学基本知识课件
文。
生物化学方面的 优秀期刊，提供 1905年以来的全
文。
美国科学院学报， 提供1915年以来的 全文，一些经典细 胞生物学论文发表
于该刊。
• 1955年比利时人Christian de Duve发现 溶酶体和过氧化物酶体。
• 1944年，美国人 O. Avery，C. Macleod 和 M. McCarthy 等人通过微生物转化试验证明DNA 是遗传物质
4.分子细胞生物学时代
• 1953年，美国人 J. D. Watson 和英国人 F. H. C. Crick 提出 DNA 双 螺旋模型
一切生物学问题的答案最终都要到细 胞中去寻找 如生理学、解剖学、遗传学、 免疫学、胚胎学、组织学、发育生物学、 生物化学、分子生物学
什么是细胞生物学？
细胞：是生物体结构、功能和生命活动的基本单位。 细胞学（cytology）
基于细胞学说建立起来的。 细胞生物学（cell biology, cytobiology）
细胞生物学的发展过程
经历了四个主要发展阶段： 1）1665-1830s，细胞发现，显微生物学。 2）1830s-1930s，细胞学说，Cytology诞生。 3）1930s-1970s，电镜技术应用， Cytology发展为
细胞生物学。 4）1970s以来，分子细胞生物学时代。
信息细胞生物学（ informational cell biology)
• 1968年，瑞士人 Werner
Arber 从细菌中发现DNA限
制性内切酶
Khorana(左) 和 NireBaltimore、R. Dulbecco 和 H. Temin 由于发现逆转录酶而共享诺贝尔奖
• 1973年，美国人 S. Cohen 和 H. Boyer 将外源基 因拼接在质粒中，并在大肠杆菌中表达，从而揭 开基因工程的序幕
生物化学方面的 优秀期刊，提供 1905年以来的全
文。
美国科学院学报， 提供1915年以来的 全文，一些经典细 胞生物学论文发表
于该刊。
• 1955年比利时人Christian de Duve发现 溶酶体和过氧化物酶体。
• 1944年，美国人 O. Avery，C. Macleod 和 M. McCarthy 等人通过微生物转化试验证明DNA 是遗传物质
4.分子细胞生物学时代
• 1953年，美国人 J. D. Watson 和英国人 F. H. C. Crick 提出 DNA 双 螺旋模型
一切生物学问题的答案最终都要到细 胞中去寻找 如生理学、解剖学、遗传学、 免疫学、胚胎学、组织学、发育生物学、 生物化学、分子生物学
什么是细胞生物学？
细胞：是生物体结构、功能和生命活动的基本单位。 细胞学（cytology）
基于细胞学说建立起来的。 细胞生物学（cell biology, cytobiology）
细胞生物学的发展过程
经历了四个主要发展阶段： 1）1665-1830s，细胞发现，显微生物学。 2）1830s-1930s，细胞学说，Cytology诞生。 3）1930s-1970s，电镜技术应用， Cytology发展为
细胞生物学。 4）1970s以来，分子细胞生物学时代。
信息细胞生物学（ informational cell biology)
• 1968年，瑞士人 Werner
Arber 从细菌中发现DNA限
制性内切酶
Khorana(左) 和 NireBaltimore、R. Dulbecco 和 H. Temin 由于发现逆转录酶而共享诺贝尔奖
• 1973年，美国人 S. Cohen 和 H. Boyer 将外源基 因拼接在质粒中，并在大肠杆菌中表达，从而揭 开基因工程的序幕
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞分裂
cycle.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞生物学研究方法
The Light Microscope (2)
• Resolution
– Resolution is the ability to see two nearby points as distinct images.
• The numerical aperture is a measure of the lightgathering qualities of a lens.
A comparison of the lens system of a light and electron microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (3)
• Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy
• Visibility
– Visibility deals with factors that allow an object to be observed.
• It requires that the specimen and the background have different refractive indexes.
The Feulgen stain
The Light Microscope (4)
• Preparation of Specimens for Bright-Field Light Microscopy
– A whole mount is an intact object, either living of dead.
– A condenser lens is placed between the electron source and the specimen.
12.Immune cells(吴超群)细胞生物学英文课件
Saliva
Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.
Epiglottis 会厌 Prevents microbes and dust from entering trachea.
Urine
Washes microbes from urethra.
2021/2/4
15
Skin and mucous membranes – chemical factors
Gastric juice Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.
Molecules involved; Cytokines, Complement, Acute phase proteins
Adaptive Immunity Antigen dependent A lag period Antigen specific Development of memory T and B Lymphocytes
Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as
membranes effective as intact skin.
Mucus
Traps microbes in respiratory and digestive tracts.
Hairs
Filter microbes and dust in nose.
2021/2/4
11
Thymus
DN - double-negative thymocytes DP - double-positive thymocytes SP - single-positive thymocytes pTECs -progenitor thymic
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If the F factor integrates at random points in the chromosome Hfr (high frequency of recombination) strains are generated.
Episome (附加体) : a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome
Mating types in bacteria
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum (‘40s)
野生的
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine
Why did they use multiple different mutations?
F plasmid
(2) Dissimilation plasmids
Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
(3) R factor
Encode resistance
antibiotic
Conjugative plasmid
有性纤毛基因: Pilus
Multiple Integration Sites
One can map the whole E. coli genome by using different Hfr strains.
Conjugation
Definition: Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by direct physical contact between cells
This can be used to map genes in E. coli.
Note: F factor is the lastest
Multiple Integration Sites
The F plasmid can integrate into the E. coli genome at a number of different places. Thus, one can map the whole E. coli genome by using different Hfr strains.
(1) Extrachromosomal DNA, usually circular
(2) Usually encode ancillary functions for in vitro growth.
(3) Can be essential for specific environments: virulence, antibiotics resistance, use of unusual nutrients, production of bacteriocins (细菌素).
The process is called congugation (接合), and it involves the transfer of a plasmid (F factor) from one cell to another
F Factor Integration Yields Hfr Strains
Conjugation (接合): the second mechanism that bacteria use to exchange genes
E. Coli - the ultimate lab rat
Plasmid (质粒) : Extrachromosomal genetic elements that are capable of autonomous replication (replicon)
Figure 8.29
F plasmid
(1) large (100 kb) (2) low copy (1-2 copies/cell) (3) self transmissible (传递) (4) requires protein synthesis
RepE gene encodes RepE protein
(4) Must be a replicon - self-replicating genetic unit.
Classification of Plasmids
(1) Conjugative plasmid
Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid,
Transferred DNA May Recombine
But the transfer is unidirectional, unlike eukaryotic sex.
外基因子 内基因子
Partial diploid (部分二倍 体) or meorzygote (部分 合子) p 227
重组子
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
This shows that it is not the transfer of a molecule through the medium
过滤器
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
接合后体
The Order of Transfer Reflects Gene Order
This can be used to map genes in E. co
乳糖 半乳糖
The Order of Transfer Reflects Gene Order
RepE protein binds to origin of replication and initiates DNA replication. RepE binds to the repE promoter and activates transcription.
Bacterial Phenotypes
Episome (附加体) : a plasmid that can integrate into the chromosome
Mating types in bacteria
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum (‘40s)
野生的
Bacterial Cells Can Recombine
Why did they use multiple different mutations?
F plasmid
(2) Dissimilation plasmids
Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds
(3) R factor
Encode resistance
antibiotic
Conjugative plasmid
有性纤毛基因: Pilus
Multiple Integration Sites
One can map the whole E. coli genome by using different Hfr strains.
Conjugation
Definition: Gene transfer from a donor to a recipient by direct physical contact between cells
This can be used to map genes in E. coli.
Note: F factor is the lastest
Multiple Integration Sites
The F plasmid can integrate into the E. coli genome at a number of different places. Thus, one can map the whole E. coli genome by using different Hfr strains.
(1) Extrachromosomal DNA, usually circular
(2) Usually encode ancillary functions for in vitro growth.
(3) Can be essential for specific environments: virulence, antibiotics resistance, use of unusual nutrients, production of bacteriocins (细菌素).
The process is called congugation (接合), and it involves the transfer of a plasmid (F factor) from one cell to another
F Factor Integration Yields Hfr Strains
Conjugation (接合): the second mechanism that bacteria use to exchange genes
E. Coli - the ultimate lab rat
Plasmid (质粒) : Extrachromosomal genetic elements that are capable of autonomous replication (replicon)
Figure 8.29
F plasmid
(1) large (100 kb) (2) low copy (1-2 copies/cell) (3) self transmissible (传递) (4) requires protein synthesis
RepE gene encodes RepE protein
(4) Must be a replicon - self-replicating genetic unit.
Classification of Plasmids
(1) Conjugative plasmid
Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid,
Transferred DNA May Recombine
But the transfer is unidirectional, unlike eukaryotic sex.
外基因子 内基因子
Partial diploid (部分二倍 体) or meorzygote (部分 合子) p 227
重组子
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
This shows that it is not the transfer of a molecule through the medium
过滤器
Recombination Requires Physical Contact
接合后体
The Order of Transfer Reflects Gene Order
This can be used to map genes in E. co
乳糖 半乳糖
The Order of Transfer Reflects Gene Order
RepE protein binds to origin of replication and initiates DNA replication. RepE binds to the repE promoter and activates transcription.
Bacterial Phenotypes