大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

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英国文学史--最全总结中英

盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。

2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。

3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。

The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。

c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。

英国文学史

首先是整个欧洲范围的中古时期文学当时流行的文学形式有三种:英雄史诗,骑士文学和城市文学英雄史诗和骑士文学中古欧洲的英雄史诗大致可以分为两类：一类反映了处在氏族社会末期的蛮族部落的生活，他们基本上还未封建化，一般也没有受到基督教的影响。

这类代表作有日耳曼人的《希尔德布兰特之歌》、盎格鲁•撒克逊人(日耳曼人的一支)的《贝奥武甫》，以及冰岛的“埃达”和“萨迦”。

这类史诗和荷马史诗同是氏族社会末期的产物，歌颂的多是部落的贵族英雄，而自由贫民和奴隶都不占重要地位。

它们的内容多以神话或历史事件为依据。

神在故事中干预人的命运，但人对神已开始失去敬仰。

这些故事在民间口头流传，写定的人往往不可考稽。

日耳曼人的英雄史诗数量极多，从更多方面反映了氏族社会生活，如部落之间的血仇关系，象征权力的黄金给部落带来的诅咒和灾难；更加突出英雄的悲剧性格；更多魔怪、法术等因素。

另一类英雄史诗也以历史人物、民间传说为基础，如《罗兰之歌》、《熙德》、《尼伯龙根之歌》和《伊戈尔远征记》，但这类史诗是欧洲各民族高度封建化以后的产物。

各部落先后从分散状态走上趋于统一的封建国家的道路。

国家的统一是符合人民的愿望的，是进步的。

史诗中的英雄反映了这种愿望。

他们和前一时期的英雄不同，他们的荣誉观念已不限于狭小范围的部落英雄的复仇义务，而开始具有国家观念的内容。

他们是要求团结、抵御外侮的英雄。

同时，在他们身上，封主、封臣的关系体现得很明显。

在基督教的影响下，他们的爱国行为往往表现为反对异教徒的斗争。

在这类史诗里，多神教的神话因素相对减少。

但欧洲各主要国家的历史发展不尽相同，史诗题材本身的发展情况和写定的年代也不同，因此上述特点在各国的英雄史诗中很不一致。

第一类英雄史诗中最早、最完整的作品是《贝奥武甫》。

全诗长三千余行，其中所记的历史事件属于六世纪，反映盎格鲁•撒克逊人在欧洲大陆的生活，他们定居不列颠后，在八世纪以古英语写定，它成为英格兰民族第一部史诗，现存唯一手抄本属于十世纪。

英国文学史简介(中文版)

Early and Medieval English Literature(449-1485)英国中世纪文学史大致可分为盎格鲁-撒克逊（The Anglo-Saxon Period,449-1066）和中古英语（The Middle English Period,1066-1485）两个时期。

公元前八九世纪高卢（Gaul,今法国）人迁入不列颠岛，成为英国最早的居民。

公元1世纪至410年，英伦三岛为罗马人占领。

449年开始，北欧日耳曼部族的朱特人（Jutes）、盎格鲁人（Angles）和撒克逊人（Saxons）陆续入侵不列颠。

他们的语言——盎格鲁-撒克逊语（Anglo-Saxon）或古英语（Old English）——也开始广为传播。

597年，奥古斯丁（Saint Augustine,?-604）率40余名修士来到英格兰传教，基督教开始在不列颠岛盛行。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代最重要的文学作品是长达3 000多行的头韵史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf,700-750）,讲述了一个斯堪的纳维亚的民间传说。

古英语散文的杰出代表是比德（the Venerable Bede,673-735）的《英吉利人民宗教史》（Ecclesiastical History of the English People,731-732）,其中包括英国第一宗教诗人开德蒙（Caedmon）充满神奇色彩的生平事迹。

该作品用拉丁文写成，后译成英文，是了解早期英国历史的珍贵史料。

公元891年，韦塞克斯(Wessex)国王艾尔弗雷德（Alfred，849-901）开始组织修士汇编《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle),后人一直续编至1154年。

这是第一部用英语写成的散文巨著，文风简约、质朴，对英国散文的发展产生了深远的影响。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉（William,Duke of Normandy）打败英军，夺得王位，成为英国威廉一世（William I）,史称“诺曼征服”（the Norman Conquest）.此后今300年的时间里，法语一直是英国统治阶层的语言，教会学者用拉丁文写作，英语只在民众中通用，以至于在12世纪之前几乎没有用英文写成的文学作品。

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大三必备)

英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement isa typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。

代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。

)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.E dmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

英国文学史重要资料详细解读

英国文学史重要资料详细解读1 The Medieval Age1. Types of LiteraturePoetry，Drama，Prose（novels, short stories, and essays）Anglo-Saxons:2. Three tribes---- the Angles, the Saxons, the JutesLanguage: Germanic dialects3. Anglo-Saxon historyAnglo-Saxon period : 449-1066；Anglo-Norman period : 1066-1350；Literature is divided into two parts: Pagan（异教）and Christian4. The Middle AgesIn Europe: usu. from 5th c. to 16th c., marked by division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange.In Britain: 446-14666. 3 stages of English lg DevelopmentOld English /Anglo-Saxon (usu. the language up to 1066)；Middle English (about 1100-1500)；Modern English (about 1500-present)II. Beowulf and balladsBeowulf: heroic epic; 1st English national literary workcf: First Chinese literary workThe Book of Songs (Classic of Poetry)（《诗经》）（305 poems from Xizhou to middle Chunqiu: folk songs, sacrificial songs and ceremonial songs ）III. Geoffrey Chaucer(ca 1343-1400)Major works: The House of Fame(1379-1384) ；Troilus andCriseyde(1372-1385) ；The Canterbury Tales(1386-1400) Status in literature : “father of English poetry” & one of the greatest narrative poets in Britain;first great poet in the current English language;IV. Selected writing1. The Canterbury TalesOriginal plan: a collection of stories in a frame tale, between 1387 and 1400 about 30 pilgrims from London to Canterbury. Each pilgrim, from all layers of society, tells 4 stories to each other to kill time while traveling.Part IV The Renaissance1. RenaissanceDefinition---(Fr.)rebirth or revival: a cultural movement roughly from 14th to 17th c., from Italy in late Middle Ages and later to the rest of Europe; a revival of learning based on classical sources;Influence: literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, & other aspects of intellectual enquiry; best known for artistic developments & contributions of such polymaths(博学大师) as Leonardo da Vinci & Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance men".Renaissance marked a transition from the Medieval Period to the modern age in European history.2) Two features of Renaissance(1) a thirst for classical lit.: They discovered and read ancient Greek & Roman classics which ledto flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture and so on.(2) a keen interest in life and human activities rather than religion3) Representatives & their famous worksLeonardo. Da Vinci(1452-1519) Mona Lisa (1479-1528), La Gioconda, wife of Francesco del Giocondo The Last Supper 14982) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) sculptor, painter, architect & poet David Gigantic marble, started in 1501 & finished in 1504 The Holy Family with the infant St. John the Baptist (the Doni T ondo)The Creation of Adam (Fragment of the Sistine Chapel ceiling)1511-12 Fresco(壁画):The Separation of Light and Darkness (1508-1512), Sistine Chapel, V atican3) Dante (1472-1629)Dante Alighieri：poet, prose writer, lit. theorist, moral philosopher, political thinkerDivine Comedy（《神曲》）T o be widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature, & as one of greatest works of world lit.2. Old England in TransitionHistorical background: 16th c----from feudalism to capitalism: “sheep devoured men” by Thomas More Absolute monarchy: break off with the Pope, dissolving all the monasteries & abbeys(修道院), confiscating their lands and proclaiming himself head of the Church of England. Absolute monarchy reached its summit during reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558-1603).Hundred Years’War with France(1336-1453) ?civil wars.Henry VII(1481-1509): Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.sea power after defeating Spaindevelopment of science & art3. English RenaissanceDefinition: Largely literary, a great number of classical works were translated into Eng. during 16th c., which was carried out by progressive thinkers of humanists.Chief interest: not in ecclesiastical（基督教的;(与)教会(有关)的）knowledge, but in man, his environment & doings; brave fight for emancipation（解放）of man from tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Greatest achievement:Elizabethan drama →Shakespeare, C. Marlow (blank verse) & B. Johnson;prose →F. Bacon, T. More (Utopia)Subject matter: away from religious subjects, & into other realms of social & personal lifeII. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. Life and career1564: Born in market town--- Stratford-upon-Avon; 1571: local grammar school (Latin & Greek); 1585, left for London, 1st worked by taking care of horses, gradually joined actors, & by 1592, a leading actor. In addition to acting, began to write plays and poems.2. WorksRoughly 4 periods: 37 plays, 2 narrative poems & 154 sonnets1590 -1594 -- apprenticeship: early history plays & a group of comedies1595 -1600 -- rapid growth & development: more careful & artistic work, better plot, and amarked increase in knowledge of human nature1601 - 1608-- gloom and depression: a period of his tragedies1609 -1612-- restored serenity: calm after storm1) ComedyAll’s Well That Ends Well (dark comedy) As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline (romantic tragic comedy)（辛白林）Love’s Labour’s Lost (《爱的徒劳》) Measure for Measure The Merry Wives of Windsor Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of TyreTaming of the Shrew The Tempest（骚动）(romantic tragicomedy) Troilus and Cressida Twelfth Night Two Gentlemen of Verona Winter's Tale (romantic tragicomedy)2) History Henry IV, part 1 Henry IV, part 2 Henry VHenry VI, part 1 Henry VI, part 2 Henry VI, part 3 Henry VIII King John RichardII Richard III3) Tragedy Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet * Julius Caesar King Lear * Macbeth * Othello * Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus4) Poetry Sonnets A Lover's Complaint The Rape of Lucrece V enus and Adonis Funeral Elegy（哀歌）by W.S.3. Shakespeare’s achievements1) He represents the trend of history in giving voice to the desires & aspirations of the people: peace under a strong monarch who would unite the whole country.2) Humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, he reflects the spirit of his age.3) Characters are “round”(many aspects or dimensions): vice & virtue commingle, true of common sense of humanity;4) Originality: though drawing mostly from sources known to audience, his plays are original for his instilling into old materials a new spirit.5) Shakespeare as a great poet---both a great dramatist & poet:Sonnets, long poems, his dramas all in poetic form rich in images, conceit（别出心裁的比喻）, metaphors & symbols;lyrical, poetical, ecstatic, pathetic（狂喜的）, cynical（愤世嫉俗的）, sarcastic, and ironic.6) Shakespeare as master of the English language:A command of about 15,000 words with different meanings of the same word, or vice versa; many of his quotations & phrases have been absorbed into the English lg.4. Work study: HamletMaster art---madness real & sham; intentional killing & unintentional; play within the play;reversion or surprise turn of events; hesitation: both love & hatred for the mother;killing & delay; language & characterization, etc.Languagecourtly: elaborate, witty discourse Hamlet is most skilled at rhetoric: highly developed metaphors, stichomythia(轮流对白), & in 9 memorable words, deploying both anaphora（首语重复）& asyndeton（连接词省略）: "to die: to sleep—/ T o sleep, perchance to dream".precise & straightforward，st. punsThemerevenge & struggle for the throne within the court, but main purpose was for the revelation of sthmore profound & realistic: contradiction between humanist ideals and the reality.Soliloquy（独白）a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist reveals inner thoughts & feelings to audience, either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address; also known as interior monologue(内心独白). Hamlet's soliloquiesHe interrupts himself, vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself, & embellishing(润色) his own words. He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts thrust of his thought with wordplay. It is not until late in the play, after his experience with the pirates, that he is able to articulate his feelings freely.译文欣赏生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世间无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。

大三下英国文学史及作品选读

NO.1 what does the poem by repeating "every" in the second stanza?The three ‗in every‘ are obvious parallelism in the second line.Blake repeatedly uses the word "every" in the second stanza to symbolize the depression that hovers over the entire society and stress these feelings of being imprisoned and trapped. The repeated use of word "every" implies that the miseries that are not suffered only by particular individuals but by ―every man‖ and ―every infant‖. In a sense, these miserable sufferings are uni versal. NO.2 What is London like under Blake's pen?‗London‘, which had been written in 1794 is a lyric. At the time, the Britain had been capitalism for centuries. The society became more decayed as the time past. For express the dissatisfaction to the society, the author wrote the poem. Blake opened out the reality that the society moldered day by day. The distance between rich and poor were larger and larger. More and more inequable things happened in the daily lives. It seems that people lost the hope for the future. Blake used a technique as montage to write the different angles of the society. As the fast change of the scene, the poem shows up a real British society to readers. I see as though the weak and woeful faces; I hear as though the cry of chimney-sweeper; moreover, as though the youthful harlot's curse hovers over my ears unceasingly. The feeling is so vivid even more than 200 years past. I love the poem because of the real description but the beautiful words. The most real poem, the most real society.NO.3 How would you describe the language Johnson adapted in this letter?The letter was written in a very refined and polite language, the author‘s bitterness, sarcasm, anger and defiance of the authority is obvious there.Writing features in the letter1).beautiful, elegant statement and long sentences2).The use of Triple parallelism3). The use of irony, satire and humor4).The combination of metaphor and allusion.4. What's the central idea of the Letter?In this letter to the Lord, Johnson declared that he did not feel obliged to anyone and that he was not ―accustomed to favors from the great.‖ He reminded the Lord how he was treated with total indifference and contempt years ago when he visited him in hope of getting some help for his work, and how, over the past seven years, he had toiled and suffered working on his dictionary without any help from any patron.As he had relied solely on himself in this gigantic task, he did not want the public to think that he had received help from a patron. He condemned the fame-fishing act of Chesterfield by hinting that he was the kind of man who ―looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help.‖5. What is Swift's proposal ? Why does he make this proposal?AIM：Jonathan Swift wrote ―A Modest Proposal‖ in 1720 to call attention to abuses inflicted on Irish Catholics by well-to-do English Protestants.REASON:Over the centuries, England gradually gained a foothold in Ireland. In 1541, the parliament in Dublin reco gnized England‘s Henry VIII, a Protestant, as King of Ireland. In spite of repeated uprisings by Irish Catholics, English Protestants acquired more and more estates in Ireland. By 1703, they owned all but 10 percent of the land. Meanwhile, legislation was enacted that severely limited the rights of the Irish to hold government office, purchase real estate, get an education, and advance themselves in other ways. As a result, many Irish fled to foreign lands, including America. Most of those who remained in Ireland lived in poverty, facing disease, starvation, and prejudice. It was this Ireland–an Ireland of the tyrannized and the downtrodden–that Jonathan Swift attempted to focus attention on in ―A Modest Proposal‖ in 1720.Swift himself was a Protestant, but he was also a native of Ireland, having been born in Dublin of English parents. He believed England was exploiting Ireland.6. What are the chief features of Swift's satire?In ―A Modest Proposal,‖ Swift satirizes the English landlords with outrageous humor, proposing that Irish infants be sold as food at age one, when they are plump and healthy, to give the Irish a new source of income and the English a new food product to bolster their economy and eliminate a social problem. He says his proposal, if adopted, would also result in a reduction in the number of Catholics in Ireland, since most Irish infants–almost all of whom were baptized Catholic–would end up in stews and other dishes instead of growing up to go to Catholic churches. Here, he is satirizing the rivalry and prejudice characterizing Catholic-Protestant relations in Britain.Swift also satirizes the Irish themselves in his essay, for too many of them had accepted abuse stoically rather than taking action on their own behalf. 7. What's the theme and subject of the poetry "Composed upon Westerminster Bridge"?The dominating theme in the poem is Nature. This reiterates his conviction that the city, at this particular point of day, does not clash with nature but becomes a part of it.The poet transmits to the readers the calm and the tranquility described in his poem. In Wordsworth's poem, it is the sight that emerges, while the hearing is absent. In Wordsworth's poem, London shows clean air and the sun illuminates the whole city.8. What's the tone of this poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Clould"? What elements help to create the tone?Wordsworth was a writer of the romatic era. This was a time where writers felt alone in the world and most of them were searching for the ideal relm. Theyfelt as if that is where pure knowledge existed. This poem has a somber mood because the author is lonley. He feels he is special (that's how romatics thought) and has no one to understand him. He is longing for the ideal relm. The words clouds futher suggest that he feels he is superior because clouds float above all things.'wonder' at the beauty of the vision of the daffodils,'loneliness' at being alone wandering through the woods,'awareness of beauty' at the vision of the rippling field of flowers,'sharpness of sight' at the shock of the vastness of the surprising field of blooms,'poetic' at the sight of 'tossing their heads in sprightly dance', and 'the waves beside them danced','nostalgia' in thinking back to the feelings of awe at the sight,'mind clarity and recall' when remembering the beauty and feelings evoked by the experience.9. Describe the image of the lady in the poem "She Walks in Beauty".She walks in Beauty is considered to have been Byron‘s tribute to the beauty of art. The poem begins with the image if a woman who ―walks in beauty like the night‖ (poem), which would lead the reader to ask how she could be found. The answer to that question is answered in the next line when the speaker says that the night is cloudless and that the stars illuminate the sky, bringing into focus the imagery of light and darkness. When the first line of a poem is presented with no punctuation, but is followed by a line that will clarify the previous statement is referred to as enjambment, and this technique is used in the first four lines of the poem. In the next few lines Byron draws attention to the word meet; it emphasizes the contrasts in the woman being described; the imagery presented in the first two lines reappears in these lines, and the contrast of light and dark makes another appearance. The light anddark appear in her face and in her eyes. Her face contains light alabaster skin, yet has dark hair, and her eyes are dark in the iris in contrast with the white of her eye. This repeat of the contrast between light and dark reinforces the imagery introduced in the beginning of the poem. The poem goes on to say that if she were to have even one bit more light or less dark she would not be ruined but she would be only ―half impair‘d‖. As the poem begins to end Byron speaks of the woman‘s inner thoughts and how they are all good, which serves to convey the woman as pure , making her all the more beautiful. The reference to her angelic looks gives a window into her morality as a person, and enhances her beauty all the more .According to Uma Kukathas there is a contrast of light and dark in the poem can easily be a representation of what art is in its entirety; there are so many varying, contrasting parts of art and yet it all comes together to create something that is beautiful. The contrast of light and dark is used to convey the soft beauty of the woman; the beauty is soft and pronounced but not overdone. The woman‘s beauty is soft like candlelight, it is not too over powering and yet her beauty is still obvious to all who look at her. The dark part of the contrast serves as a reality check to make the woman seem more worldly and real, it creates flaws and yet if she were to have even one bit more light or darkness she would only be ―half-impaired‖. Byron speaks o f her ―nameless grace‖, in which one would think he were speaking of her grace as she walks but, he is really speaking of the grace she possesses from the darker features of her face, which serve to enhance her beauty in the speakers eyes.10. What's the main idea of each stanza? What's the theme of the poem?It consists of five stanzas.In the first part, the poet describes a graceful and serene lady successfully with his delicate touch. He compared the lady to the night. So we can guess that the lady dressed black.In the second part, Byron says that every change of the brightness will impair the nameless grace and the glow of the lady‘s face is nearly perfect. These convey the romantic idea that her inner beauty is mirrored by her outer beauty. Her thoughts are serene and sweet. She is pure and dear. Then, we turn to the first part‘s analogy. We can find that the beautiful lady has something same to the sunny night. Both are simple and innocent.The last part is split between three lines of visage description and three lines that describe the lady‘s moral characters. From her smile and expression, we can see a Venus walking to us. Her soft, calm glow reflects a life of peace and goodness. This is a repetition, an emphasis, of the theme that the lady‘s physical beauty is a reflection of her inner beauty.The main theme of the poem is a description of a lady, and the enumeration of certain qualities that the author considers give her beauty. NO.11How does the poet describe the power of the west wind?Shelley invokes the wind magically, describing its power and its role as both "destroyer and preserver," and asks the wind to sweep him out of his torpor "as a wave, a leap, a cloud!" In the fifth section, the poet then takes a remarkable turn, transforming the wind into a metaphor for his own art, the expressive capacity that drives "dead thoughts" like "withered leaves" over the universe, to "quicken a new birth"---that is, to quicken the coming of the spring. NO.12.What is fiction?DefinitionFiction is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the author. Although fiction describes a major branch of literary work, it may also refer to theatrical, cinematic or musical work. Fiction contrasts with non-fiction, which deals exclusively with factual (or, at least, assumed factual) events, descriptions, observations, etc. (e.g., biographies, histories).小说是文学的一种样式，一般描写人物故事，塑造多种多样的人物形象，但亦有例外。

大三英国文学作家作品打印版

BeowulfWilliam Langland威廉朗兰Piers the Plowman (农夫皮尔斯)Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里乔叟1) The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》2) The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Thomas Wyattsonnet 十四行诗Henry HowardBlank VersePhilip SidneyAstrophel and Stella《阿期菲尔和斯特拉》An Apology for Poetry 《诗辩》Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞The Shepherd’s Calendar (牧羊人日历）The Faerie Queene (仙后）Thomas More 托马斯莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon Advancement of Learning 《论学术的进展》New Instrument 《新工具》Essays 《随笔》The New Atlantics (a utopian novel) 《新大西岛》Of Studies论学习Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗马洛Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》The Jew of Malta 《马耳他岛的犹太人》Doctor Faustus 《浮士德的悲剧》William ShakespeareThe Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》1)Four comdies ：Twelfth Night 《十二夜》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night’sDream 《仲夏夜之梦》2)Four tragediesKing Lear 《李尔王》Macbeth 《麦克白》Othello 《奥塞罗》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》The Tempest《暴风雨》John MiltonOn the Morning of Christ’sNativity 《基督诞生晨颂》Lycidas 《利西达斯》Of Reformation in England《论英国改革》Defence of the EnglishPeople 《为英国人民声辩》Doctrine and Discipline ofDivorce《离婚的戒律与学说》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》Paradise Regained 《复乐园》Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》The Life and Death of Mr.Badman《恶人先生的生平和死亡》The Holy War 《神圣战争》John Donne 邓恩The Flea 《跳蚤》Death Be Not Proud 《死神，你莫骄傲》John DrydenAll for Love 一切为了爱情An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗Alexander Pope 亚历山大蒲伯The Rape of the Lock 《夺发记》The Dunciad 《群愚史诗》Essay on Criticism 《批评论》Essay on Man 《人论》Moral Essays 《道德论》Richard Steele 斯诺尔The Tatler 《闲谈者》Joseph Addison 艾迪生The Spectator 《旁观者》Jonathan Swift斯威夫特A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事The Battle of the Books 书战The Drapier’s Letters 布商的书信A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议Gulliver’s Travels 格列弗游记Daniel Defoe笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记Captain Singleton (1720) 辛格顿船长Moll Flanders (1722) 墨尔弗兰德斯Colonel Jack (1722) 杰克上校Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁The Welsh Opera《威尔斯歌剧》The Historical Register forthe Year 1736《一七三六年历史记事》Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》Amelia 《阿米丽亚》Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔理查逊Pamela《帕梅拉》Clarissa Harlowe 《克拉丽莎》Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士》Laurence Sterne 劳伦斯斯特恩Tristram Shandy 《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey《感伤的旅行》Oliver Goldsmith1）poems: The Traveller 《旅行者》The Deserted Village 《荒村》2) novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德牧师》3) comedies: TheGood-Natured Man 《好心人》She Stoops to Conquer《屈身求爱》Thomas Gray托马斯格雷Elegy Written in the Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》William Cowper威廉姆柯柏The Tale《任务》Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔约翰逊London《伦敦》Lives of Poets 《诗人传》The Dictionary of the English Language《英语辞典》。

《英国文学史》课程教学大纲

《英国文学史》课程教学大纲一.课程教学目标学生通过本课程的学习,在知识方面应对英国文学发展脉络有一个清晰系统地把握,内容主要涉及文学背景,文学思潮,文学流派,文学术语,主要作家作品等；在能力方面经过一个学年的系统学习基本掌握文学欣赏的基本方法,为以后进一步深造或进行学术科学研究打下良好的基础．二课程性质，目的与任务：《英国文学史》是全日制大学本科教育英语专业本科学生的必修课程,是为培养和检验学生英美文学的基本知识和理解、鉴赏英美文学原著的能力而设置的一门专业理论课程.本课程的教学任务和目的是:培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力,掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法,通过阅读和分析英美文学作品,促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高,增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解.使学生了解和认知英国文学史上一些较有影响的作家的创作倾向、思想方法、在文学史上的地位和成就以及对本国文学乃至世界所产生的影响等等.在此基础上,使学生了解一些名家的代表作品的思想意义、文学价值、写作手法、语言技巧等,为学生的教学、研究打下基础.三基本要求:本课程要求学生对英国文学形成与发展的全貌有个大概的了解: 了解各个发展时期的文学特色及作家、作品，并通过阅读具有代表性的英国文学作品，理解作品的内容，学会分析作品的艺术特色并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法，努力提高语言水平，增强对英美文学原著的理解，特别是对作品中表现的社会生活和人物情感的理解，提高他们对各种形式的文学作品如小说、诗歌、戏剧等阅读能力和鉴赏水平。

大纲内容Part oneⅠ、Aims: The study of this part aims at offering a general knowledge to the students about the important literary forms ﹠the most important writer, Geoffrey Chaucer in this period.Ⅱ、DemandsStudents are required to get acquainted with the general knowledge mainly by the way of self-study.Ⅲ、ContentsA .The Introduction to LiteratureB. Beowulf, the national epic of English PeopleC. Romance, an important literary form which is popular from 11th –14th CenturyD. Ballad, an important literary form which is popular in 15th century.E. Geoffrey Chaucer, the most important writer in this period. IV. Points emphasizedGeoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece, Canterbury Tales.V. Direction for studyA. Getting acquainted with literature.B. Consulting reference books for the convince of self-study.VI. ExercisesQuestions to be answered.1. What is the theme of Beowulf?2. What are the differences between Romance & Ballad?3. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer considered as the greatest writer in early& medieval English literary period.VII. SummaryThe dearly and medieval English literary period is comparably a less important literary period. The most important issue of this period is something about Geoffrey Chaucer.Part Two. The English RenaissanceI. AimsThe study of this part aims at getting to know something about Renaissance Movement, humanism, Elizabethan drama and William Shakespeare.II. DemandsStudents are required to get acquainted the basic characters of Renaissance literature & master the corresponding part of Elizabethan drama and William Shakespeare.III. ContentsA.Introduction to Renaissance Movement & HumanismB.Elizabethan Prose1.Utopian prose2.Francis Bacon’s essaysC.Elizabethan Poetry1. General introduction to Elizabethan poetry2. Edmund Spenser, the poets’ poetD. Elizabethan Drama1.Introduction to Elizabethan drama2.Introduction to William Shakespeare’s literary career3.The themes in William Shakespeare’s works4.The comedy of William Shakespeare5. The tragedy of William Shakespeare6.The historical plays of William Shakespeare7.The sonnet of William Shakespeare8.Other Elizabethan DramatistsIV. Points emphasizedA. Elizabethan dramaB. William ShakespeareV. Direction for studyA.Read as many works of William Shakespeare as possibleB.Consult the reference books to have a general knowledge on Renaissance literatureVI. Exercises1. What is your understanding of English Renaissance Movement?2. What is your comment on William Shakespeare3.What is your comment on Hamlet?4.What is your comment on The Merchant of Venice?VII. SummaryRenaissance period is one of the most important literary periods in English literary history, which witnesses the prosperity of prose, poetry and drama. Yet Elizabethan drama is the most important literary form in this period, William Shakespeare is the great writers in the world as well as in Great Britain. It is rather necessary for us to have a thorough going study on him.Part Three. The Period of English Bourgeois RevolutionI. AimsThe study of this part aims at providing students with a general knowledge of English revolutionary period & detail information of John Milton & John Bunyan.II. DemandsStudents are required to grasp the main idea of the literary achievement of this century and master the corresponding part to introduce John Milton & John Bunyan.III. ContentsA.Introduction to the two dominant literary thoughts in this period1.Revolutionary spirit2.Anti revolutionary tendencyB.John Milton1.John Milton, the great pamphleteer2.John Milton, the greatest poet3.Paradise Lost, the masterpiece of John MiltonC.John Banyan1.John Banyan, the great prose writer2.Pilgrims Progress, the masterpiece of John MiltonD.Metaphysical poets & Cavalier PoetsIV. Points EmphasizedJohn Milton the great pamphleteer and greatest poetV. Direction for studyA.Getting to know something about English revolutionB.Reading Paradise LostVI. ExercisesQuestions to be answered.1.What is your common on Milton Paradise LostVII. SummaryThe period is comparably less important than other period, and the most significant issue is to master the great achievement of John Milton & masterpiece of him: Paradise Lost.Part Four. The Eighteenth CenturyI. AimsThe study of this part aims at providing students with the knowledge of Enlightenment movement. Neo-classicism and realistic literature.II. DemandsStudents are required to study eighteenth century as an enlightenment century & Enlightenment movement as an intellectual movement but only a literary movement. Realistic literature is the most important literary tread they should master.III. ContentsA.Introduction to Enlightenment movementB.Introduction to Neo-classicism and Alexander PopeC.Brief introduction to Joseph Addison & Richard Steele1.The basic characteristics of 18th century English realistic novel.2.Daniel Defoe & Jonathan Swift3.Detail study of Henry FieldingD.Sentimentalist writers and pre-romanticism writersIV. Points EmphasizedA.Enlightenment MovementB.Realistic novelV. Direction for studyA.Having a comprehensive study of Enlightenment movementB.Reading as many realistic novels in period as possibleVI. ExercisesQuestions to be answered1.What is the influence of 18th century Enlightenment thought on literature2.What are the basic characteristics of 18th century English realistic novel?3.What do we say Henry Fielding is the greatest realistic novelist in 18th century?VII. SummaryEighteenth century is a very important period in English literary history. Enlightenment thought is the dominant literary thought prevailing in the whole century, upon the influence of the Enlightenment thought, there emergesNeo-classicism in poetry and prose, realism in the field of novel. To have a comprehensive study of Enlightenment thought and study realistic literature of this century is of vital importance for students to have a good understanding of this part of literary history in this period.Part Five. Romanticism in EnglandI. AimsThe study of this chapter aims at having a comprehensive understanding of the characters of romanticism and getting acquainted with a group of world famous romantic poets esp. William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Gordon Byron & John Keats.II. Demands1. Having a comprehensive study on Romanticism2. Having a detail study of romantic poetsIII. ContentsA. Detail introduction to romanticismB. Detail analysis of Lake poets1. William Wordsworth2. S. T. ColeridgeC. Detail analysis of active romanticists1. Percy Bysshe Shelly2. Gorge Gordon Byron3. John KeatsD. Brief introduction to romantic prose writersE. Brief introduction to Walter ScottIV. Point EmphasizedA. RomanticismB. Romantic poetsV. Direction for studyA. Getting acquainted with romantic literature through the comparison between romantic literature and classical literatureB. Reading as many romantic poems created in this period as possibleVI. Exercises1. Why does romantic poetry become popular in early 19th century?2. How can we appreciate a piece of poem?3. What’s your comment on bake poets4. What’s your comment on William Wordsworth?VII. SummaryThe part is one of another most important literary period in English period. The great achievement in this period lives in the poetic field. To study romantic poetry is the most important task of the students.Part Six. English Critical RealismI. AimsThe study of this part aims at cultivating the ability of students to appreciates, analysis the mot complex literary form, novel.II. RemandsStudents are asked to have a clear knowledge of realistic tradition in 18th century and have the solid foundation of English language.II. ContentsA. Introduction to critical realismB. Charles Dickens, the greatest critical realism writer1. A panoramic description of the English society in 19th century.2. Bitter criticism on all social evils3. Basic characteristics of his novel4. Detail analysis his representative worksC. William Makepeace ThackerayD. Women novelist1. Bronte sisters2. Mrs. Gaskell3. George EliotIV. Points EmphasizedA. The comprehensive understanding of critical RealismB. A comprehensive study of Charles DickensV. Direction for studyA. Making comparison between 18th century English realism and critical realismB. Reading as many critical realism novels as possibleVI. ExercisesA. Questions to be answered1. What is critical realism2.What’s your comment on Charles Dickens children images3. What are the similarities and difference of 18th century realistic novel and 19thcentury critical realism novel4. How do you understand the image of Jane Eyre in Charlotte Bronte’ Jane Ey re?B. Essay writing: writing an essay on Charles DickensVII. SummaryCritical realism represents the greatest achievement of English writers in English literary history. The novels of Charles Dickens give a panoramic description of the social condition at that time in the second half of 19th century. All critical realism writer have made painstaking efforts to enable English literature achieve her maturity. To have a thorough-gong study of critical realism literature is of great significant to the students.Part Seven. Prose writers and Poet of the mid and late 19th centuryI. AimsThe study of this part aims at providing students with general knowledge of prose writers and detail information of Victorian Poets.II. DemandsStudents are requirement to make full use of the textbook and all kinds of information channels to get acquainted with Victorian literature.II. ContentsA. Introduction to Victorian periodB. General survey on prose writerC. Detail Analysis of Victorian poets1. Tennysona. Tennyso n’s life and careerb. “In Memoriam”c. “The Idylls of the king”2. The Browning’sa. Browning’s early life careerb. Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning)c. Browning’s Main Achievement in poetryd. Browning’s short lyricsD. General survey on literary trends at the end of the century1. Naturalism2. Neo-romanticism3. AestheticismIV. Points EmphasizedVictorian PoetsV. Direction for studyA. Consult as many reference books as possibleB. Read short lyrics of Victorian writersVI. Exercises1. What is Browning’s main achievement in poetry2. What is naturalism?3. What is your comment on aestheticism?VII. SummaryThe period is notable main because of the literary and social criticism represent by Carlyle Ruskin. The development of English poetry, of course, did not stop. New poets appeared who wrote poems under the influence of their romantic predecessors and did much to perfect the form of English poetry. Another significant literary phenomenon appeared in the end of this period is the arising of new literary trends especially the appearance of naturalism and aestheticism.Part Eight Twentieth Century English LiteratureI. AimsThe study of this part aims at providing students with clear idea about Modernism literature and the new characters of realistic literature in 20th century.II. DemandsStudents are required to have a comprehensive study of modernism literature and master the new techniques wired by modernist writers.III. ContentsA. General introduction to English novels in 20th century.B. Thomas Hardy1. Life and work2. “Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. The Irish Dramatic movement:Bernard ShawD. Modernism in poetry1. Imagism Movement2. W.B. Yeats3.T.S. EliotE. The Psychological Fiction1. Introduction psychological fiction2. D.H. Lawrence3. The stream of Consciousness school of novela. James Joyceb. Virginia WoolfIV. Points emphasizedModern literatureV. Direction for studyA. Read as many works of modernist writer as possibleB. Get acquainted with new techniques of modernist writersVI. Exercises1. What is modernism2. What is your comment on imagist movement3. What is your comment on stream of conscious novels?4. How do you understand D.H Lawrence’s new relation ship between man and woman?VII. SummaryThis period is one of the most important literary periods in English literary history. We can find from the works of realistic writers in this period the inheritance of the literary tradition of the last century and also the arising of new literary trend of modernism. Modernism literature is the most important literary achievement of 20th century and we can find the best refection of modernism from the works of D.H Lawrence, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.六、课程的有关说明本大纲是依据1999年国家教育部批准实施的高等教育英语专业英语教学大纲并且依据本系办学特点及学生实际情况而编写的.本课程大纲的教学对象是师范本科英语专业三年级学生。

英国文学简史（中文版）.doc

英国文学简史（刘炳善）第一章中世纪文学第一节古英语文学一从“不列颠”到“英格兰”与欧洲大陆隔海相望的不列颠岛上，很早就居住着克尔特人。

他们当中的布里顿族，在大约公元前５世纪进入不列颠，“不列颠”一词便来源于克尔特人的“布里顿”一词，意为“布里顿人的国度”。

克尔特人的口头文学历史悠久、丰富多彩，内容有多神教的神话故事和英雄传说，其中亚瑟王的故事不断流传、扩展，成为英国和西方文学的创作素材的一大源泉。

公元前５５年开始，罗马人由侵略到逐渐征服了不列颠，把不列颠划为罗马帝国的一个省，并带入了罗马文明。

他们的许多军事要塞发展成为今天的重要城市，他们修建的大道有的到十八世纪还是交通要道。

在古英语文学中保存下来的一首短诗《废墟》中，一位生活在七世纪的诗人凭吊被撒克逊人摧毁的罗马人的城镇，寻觅当时当地大厅浴堂的盛况而不可得。

罗马的势力维持到５世纪初期。

北欧的日耳曼人的骚扰不列颠的同时也大举入侵罗马帝国，罗马人不得不从４０１年起撤回本土，专心御敌，９年后罗马帝国皇帝宣布放弃对不列颠的主权。

罗马人在统治不列颠的３５０年中，对不列颠的语言文学没有产生很大的影响。

五世纪中期，日耳曼人中的盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特等部落从欧陆渡海来到不列颠。

他们遭到了当地居民猛烈的反抗，大约１５０年后才征服不列颠南部、中部的大部分地区。

一些土著克尔特人沦为奴隶，又有一些克尔特人被驱赶到北部、西部的山区、威尔士、苏格兰，甚至渡海到爱尔兰、布列塔尼半岛。

盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”，这便是“英格兰”一词的由来。

克尔特的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代。

盎格鲁—撒克逊人在征服和国家形成过程中，氏族制度逐渐解体，封建制度逐渐形成，多神教也逐渐为基督教所代替。

盎格鲁—撒克逊语便是古英语，英国文学史就是从五世纪盎格鲁—撒克逊族的征服开始的。

二来自北欧祖先的史诗：《贝奥武甫》如同许多民族，盎格鲁—撒克逊人的诗歌来源于人民的口头集体创作，反映了远占部落人们的生产劳动、对自然与社会现象的幻想性解释。

英国文学史及作品选读课程教学大纲

英国文学史及作品选读课程教学大纲课程编号: 050348 适用专业：英语学时数：36学分数：2一、课程的性质、任务本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。

要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。

通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。

该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质二、课程的教学目的和要求1. 本课程的目的、任务英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。

本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。

2. 本课程的教学要求了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体风格；能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法，对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用。

重点放在代表作家的经典作品的主题思想、人物形象、文体风格、语言特点及其在文学史上的地位与影响，其中作品的主题思想、人物形象、文体风格及语言特点为难点。

本课程使用的教材为上海外语教育出版社出版的，张定铨和吴刚编著的《新编简明英国文学史》及高等教育出版社出版的，王守仁主编的《英国文学选读》（第二版），两本教材互为补充。

(完整word版)英国文学史复习资料大纲英语专业必考

一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。

英国文学史及选读部分翻译

《贝奥武甫》是中世纪欧洲第一篇民族史诗，英国文学的开山之作。

其主要内容是讲述高特王子贝奥武甫带领十二勇士来到丹麦王国，除去恶魔葛婪代及其母亲，为丹麦解除祸患赢得和平，得到荣誉和重赏后回到故土；后来贝奥武甫做了高特国王，没想到在五十年后，一条火龙扰乱了王国的安宁，贝奥武甫虽然已经英雄暮年，但仍壮志不已，独战火龙，终于壮烈牺牲。

我只找到下面一些节选还有第七章的翻译，其余内容分析请楼主查看我提供的链接吧。

塞西尔特的海葬（26-52行）勇敢的塞西尔特气数已尽，从这尘世投入主的庇护所。

活着时他是塞西尔丁人的朋友而受尊敬长期治理这方地面；如今亲密的伙伴按照他生前的嘱咐，把他的尸体抬到海边。

港口停泊着一只船，它是酋长的财产，船首装饰珠光宝气，这会正准备启航，他们将敬爱的贤主——财产的施与者放进船舱，紧挨着桅杆。

他的身旁放了许多财宝和饰品，这些都是来之不易的珍玩。

另外还有各种兵器、宝剑、战袍和甲胄，一只船装饰得如此金光闪耀，我可闻所未闻。

许多奇珍异宝就放在塞西尔特的身上，任其一道进入汹涌的海洋。

他还是个孩子时，那边的人装了许多财宝送他独自过海，这回人们为他装备的贵重礼品，一点也不比那次少。

他们接着树起一面金色的旗，让它高高飘扬在他的头顶，就这样，他们把他交给了大海，心里好不悲伤、怀念！无论宫廷的智者还是天下的英雄，都不知这船货物落到谁的手中。

格兰道尔的巢穴（1357-1376行）他们居住在神秘的处所，狼的老巢，那里是招风的绝域，险恶的沼泽地，山涧流水在雾霭中向下奔泻，进入地下，形成一股洪流。

论路程那里并不遥远，不久即见一个小湖出现眼前；湖边长着经霜的灌木、树丛，扎根坚固而向水面延伸。

每到夜晚，湖上就冒出火光，那景象真让人胆颤心惊。

芸芸众生中没有任何智者，能将黑湖深处的奥秘探明。

任何野兽或长角的雄鹿，既便被猎狗追赶，跑进这片灌木，也会远远逃走，宁可让性命丧失在沙洲，宁可让性命丧失在沙洲．也不愿投入湖中寻求庇护。

这里的确不是一个好处所！湖中浊浪翻腾，黑雾直升云端，天空变得朦胧阴沉，整个世界为之恸哭失声！贝奥武甫的遗言（2792—2820行）年迈的国王忍着痛苦，望着财物说，“为了跟前这些玮宝明殊，我要感谢那光荣的王，感谢万物的授与者和永恒的主，在我临死之前，能为自己的人民获得这么多的财富！既然我用自己的残生换来这一切，你务必拿它去供养百姓：也许我的生命已经有限。

梁实秋《英国文学史》简介

梁实秋《英国文学史》简介梁实秋《英国文学史》简介【梁实秋《英国文学史》内容简介】梁实秋先生最重要的学术遗产七年之功成百万言巨著大师晚年收山之作美文式的学术经典愉悦丰盈的阅读体验知人论世古雅厚重如入宝山国内首次单独出版我在学校讲授过几遍英国文学史，累积了若干讲义札记，久已想加整理，编写为一部中文的英国文学史，病懒迄未执笔。

曾经几度计议约集同道，分就篇章，合力以赴，但亦未能如愿。

直到我六十五岁退休，以数年之力译完我久未译完的《莎士比亚全集》，到了七十岁左右才得开始全力编写这一部《英国文学史》。

迟暮之年，独荷艰巨，诚然是不自量力。

历时七载有余，勉强终篇，如释重负。

《英国文学史》可以归在教科书式的一类。

注重的是事实，而非批评。

我假想中的读者是一般喜爱文学而又想知道英国文学梗的人。

对于通晓英文的读者，我希望此书仍能多少具有参考的价值，研究文学应以文学作家与作品之认识为主，故此书对于各个作家之生平及其主要作品之内容特为注意，或详或略的加以叙述。

各个时代之背景则于每章之首略作说明。

【梁实秋简介】梁实秋(1903-1987)，中国现代著名散文家、学者、文学批评家、译家。

早年留学美国，回国以后曾在清华、北大等大学任教，一生为中国文坛留下了两千多万字的文字创作，早年以文艺批评享誉文坛，后着力于散文和译，并以其散文集创造了中国现代散文著作出版的最高纪录。

代表作有《雅舍小品》、《英国文学史》、《莎士比亚全集》。

【梁实秋《英国文学史》精彩书摘】一、岛上早期的人最初英格兰不是一个岛，是和欧洲大陆相连的。

纪元前二十万年左右即有人迹，那是属于旧石器时代最后“间冰期”的人类。

他们是矮小的猎者，在辽阔苔原上游荡。

到了纪元前一万年左右，英格兰开始有了如今的岛的形式。

后来肤色较黑的新石器时代的`人从北欧移动，他们是游牧民族，驱赶着牛群，挥动着战斧，大约在纪元前二千年左右即已横行于英格兰。

纪元前二千年代之初，法兰西及低地国家的人入侵，不列颠的铜器时代于焉开始。

英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点中英对照

英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点British history of literature and the characteristics of each stage毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。

它如同促使其滋生与进化的社会土壤一样，在历史的洪流中不断改弦易辙，急剧演变。

自文艺复兴时期以来，英国小说已经发展成为一种充满活力和魅力的艺术工具，对社会生活和历史变迁进行了生动的描述。

像英语一样，自它形成的那一天起，英国小说便建立了自己的规则和体系，虽东学一点，西借一点，却以坚定的步伐向前发展。

引人注目的是，尽管英国小说起步较晚，其历史比诗歌和戏剧短得多，但它却发展迅猛，变化巨大，流传甚广，其影响和作用早已大大地超过了诗歌和戏剧。

究其原因，英国小说不仅具有内容丰富、情节曲折和人物形象生动等特征，而且还因其篇幅灵活、形式多样，语言通俗和艺术精湛而备受广大读者的青睐。

经过无数作家的认真探索和反复实践，当代英国小说在艺术形式和创作技巧上与它早期的雏形已不可同日而语。

如果说，英国小说的崛起完全符合文学发展的客观规律；那么，其小说艺术的发展既是社会进化的一个显著标志，也是文学现代化的必然结果。

Undoubtedly, the English novel is a great landscape in the world art tries. It as urging its growth and evolution of social soil, as in history stream of continuous converted, sharp evolution. Since the Renaissance, England has novel has developed into a dynamic and charm of the art tools, to the social life and historical changes the vivid description. Like English is same, since it formed the day, the English novel, he set up his own rules and system, although east, west borrowed learn a little bit, but with the firm steps forward development. Remarkably, although English novels startting evening, its history than poems and plays a much shorter, but it is developing rapidly, dramatic change, widespread, its influence and effect already greatly exceeds poetry and drama. Investigate its reason, English novels not only has the rich content and plots and characters vivid characteristics such as length, but also because of its flexible and diverse forms, colloquial English and art consummate and has extensive readers' favor. After countless writer's earnest exploration and repeated practice, contemporary English novels in artistic form and creative skills on early embryo of with it already is obvious. If, say, the rise of the English novel completely accord with the objective law of the development of literature, So, its novel artistic development is both social evolution a distinctive sign, but also the inevitable result of the modern literature.应当指出，英国小说艺术，像其他艺术形式一样，不可避免地经历了一个从原始到成熟的发展过程。

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英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。

在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。

下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。

一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。

故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。

《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。

这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。

因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。

诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。

这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。

《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。

传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。

14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。

杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。

《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。

乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。

文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。

托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。

Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。

《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。

文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。

他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。

弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。

这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。

英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。

到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。

克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。

《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。

马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。

英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。

莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth），历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV），传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）等。

莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象，展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面，宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。

他的剧作思想内容深刻，艺术表现手法精湛，历经几个世纪，长演不衰。

莎士比亚是语言大师，他娴熟地运用英语，将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。

与莎士比亚同时或稍后还有一批剧作家在进行创作，本·琼森（Ben Johnson， 1572-1637）是其中最主要的作家，莎士比亚曾在他的喜剧《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）中扮演角色。

琼森的讽刺喜剧《狐狸》（Volpone）、《练金术士》（The Alchemist）揭露了当时社会人们追逐金钱的风气，喜剧性很强。

三、17世纪文学1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后，英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈，政局动荡。

1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台，同年5月，英国宣布为共和国。

约翰·弥尔顿（John Milton，1608-1674）积极投入资产阶级革命，曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书，写了不少文章捍卫共和国。

1660年，查理二世回国复辟，弥尔顿一度被捕入狱，在朋友帮助下才得免一死，获释回家。

在双目失明的状态下，他完成了长诗《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）和《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）、诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）。

这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度，文体雄伟庄严。

17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌，代表诗人有约翰·邓恩（John Donne， 1572-1631）和安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marvell， 1621-1678）。

玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。

玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。

王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰·班扬（John Bunyan， 1628-1688），他的《天路历程》（The Pilgrim's Progress）采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言，但揭开梦幻的面纱，展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。

查理二世复辟后，被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放，英国戏剧获得新生。

这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就，威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve， 1670-1729）的《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）、《如此世道》（The Way of the World）等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。

17世纪下半叶，约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden，1631-1700）驰骋文坛，集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身。

德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论，他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风。

四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期-18世纪中期）1688年的"光荣革命"推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。

18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope， 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。

18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。

理查德·斯梯尔（Richard Steele， 1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joseph Addison， 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。

乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift， 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。

斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。

作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。