2017考研英语翻译之并列平行结构译法介绍
考研英语如何翻译并列句
考研英语如何翻译并列句英语中的并列句由并列连词或短语and,for,so,but,either…or…等引导或由逗号隔开,各个分句在语法上具有并列的关系,但在意思上除了一部分具有并列关系外,还有一部分具有条件或假设,或具有选择、因果等复合关系,所以翻译时应根据各个分句之间在意思上的相互关系来决定其译法。
下面我们将逐一介绍它们的译法。
1.表示并列关系的并列句该怎样翻译?如果各分句在意思上表示并列关系,可按原文译成并列复句。
这种句型一般用and连接或用逗号隔开。
如:经典例题354 During the rush hour yesterday evening two cars collided and two bicycles collided,too.参考译文昨天傍晚在交通拥挤时,有两辆汽车相撞,而且还有两辆自行车相撞。
经典例题355 All matters consist of molecules,and these of atoms.分析:如其中用and连接,这个and可以省译。
参考译文一切物质都由分子组成,而分子由原子组成。
经典例题356 The end of the short_lived age of fossil fuels is already in sight;soon we will have consumed all the world…s resources of oil and coal.参考译文短暂的矿物燃料时代结束的日子已经在望;不久,我们就会耗尽世界上所有的石油和煤炭资源。
2.表示假设和条件关系的并列句该怎样翻译?虽然有些并列句是用and连接的,但其分句在意思上是条件或假设关系,就可把它译成条件或假设关系。
如:经典例题357 Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see your shadow.参考译文你要是面对阳光,那就看不到自己的影子。
考研英语长难句:并列句(1)
考研英语长难句:并列句(1)考研英语复习在暑假期间需要对难题进行初步的认知和复习,今天太奇考研为大家总结一些考研英语常见长难句希望可以对考研考试有所帮助。
While most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.【分析】并列句。
本句的while 为并列连词,连接两个并列的分局。
此时的while 含对比的意味。
【译文】大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方宗教,而也有一些领导人要设法结束其他信仰被排斥的局面。
【点拨】1) seek to do sth. 意为“尝试或设法做某事”。
2) maintain 意为“维持;维修;保养;坚持;断言”,该词在句中为“维系”的含义。
3) official 既可以作名词,意为“官员”,也可以作形容词,意为“官方的;正式的;法定的”,本句中意为“官方的”。
凯程考研:凯程考研成立于2005年,具有悠久的考研辅导历史,国内首家全日制集训机构考研,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;凯程考研的价值观:凯旋归来,前程万里;信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研辅导机构;激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。
特别说明:凯程学员经验谈视频在凯程官方网站有公布,同学们和家长可以查看。
英语中的平行结构详解
英语中的平行结构详解一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also),rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。
1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致例1:He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.例2:Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致例1:Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.例2:We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.例3:I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致例1:Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.例2:He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.4.所连接的句子结构必须一致例1:She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.例2:The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.二、某些特定的固定结构。
2017考研英语:平行世界中的平行语法结构
2017考研英语:平行世界中的平行语法结构一、平行结构的基本原则在许多英语句式中,平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一。
像简单的并列连词and, or, but等就有这种类型的含义,它们要求在结构和功能上保持一致。
因此运用平行结构的基本原则就是以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,用来表达强调与其、节约用词的修辞效果。
真题上的例子有许多:For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. (2011-T1)该句就是由not only……but also 连接两个with短语,构成的平行结构。
再来一句Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. 该句中也存在两个that引导的宾语从句。
如今,Entergy公司突然发出声明:根据2006年的法规,2002年的协议无效,而且只有联邦政府对核问题具有监管权。
二、构成并列结构的连接词最熟悉的莫过于and了,但是不仅仅只有and, 表示同等关系中的besides副词连接词也是常见。
第9堂 并列平行结构
LECTURE 9 并列平行结构本堂目标:熟悉平行结构的基本原则及可用于并列平行结构的语法单位,掌握常用于并列平行结构的连词、并列句中表句际关系的副词,以及并列平行结构的一致问题。
基础预习一、平行并列结构的基本原则平行结构是延长英文句子的重要因素之一,是理解英文长难句的必备知识。
并列连词所连接的并列成分应当在结构和功能上保持一致,这就是通常所说的并列平行结构。
英语中运用并列平行结构的基本原则是:以同类语法形式来表达同类概念,以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果。
重点讲解一、常用于并列平行结构的连词1.表示同等关系由以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连接词和以besides为代表的副词连接词连接起来的并列句,前后两个句子在语法地位上是平等一致的。
具体的连接词有and, not only…but also, neither…nor,besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more等。
【例】(05-Text 4)2.表示选择关系由or, either…or“不是…就是…”,otherwise“否则”,or else“否则”等表示选择的连接副词连接的句子。
【例】(00-Part B)3.表示转折对比关系以but为代表的连词连接词或以however为代表的副词连接词连接的句子。
but为代表的连词连接词有:but, not…bu t, while, whereas, yet, and yet, yet but等;however为代表的连接副词有:however, nevertheless“但是,然而”,still“然而”,on the contrary“相反地”,on the other hand“另一方面”等。
【例】(95-Passage 2)4.表示因果关系以so为代表的连词或以therefore为代表的副词连接的表示因果关系的连接词连接的句子。
雅思法宝之雅思阅读必须掌握的语法知识
雅思阅读必须掌握的语法知识.并列平行结构Co-ordination Constructions“并列平行结构”是一个比较笼统的提法。
事实上,在一个较长的英语句子中,并列平行的部分可能是几个句子,也可能是几个并列的短语成分。
但是,其构成规律都可用以下句型来表示:句型I. A;B ( 其中A和B代表两个并列分句,或是两个并列的短语)句型II A,whereas/while B(其中A和B代表两个并列分句,或是两个并列的短语,where as/ while 为联结词)句型III A(,)and /or B(其中A和B代表两个并列分句,或是两个并列的短语;逗号有时可以没有,在肯定句中,多用and来连接,而在否定句中,多用or来连接)句型IV A,B,....and/orX(其中A和B代表多个并列分句,或是多个并列短语;在肯定句中,常用and连接,而在否定句中,常用or来连接)Insurance is compulsory and costly and parking both on and off campus can be problem requiring additional expense.译文保险是必需的而且费用很高;在校园内外停车可能是个问题,会要求额外的费用。
Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismicain across a fault zone, and activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changes in the measured str variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks.分析Step 1从前往后阅读该句时,不难看出此句是由Geologists believe that + 宾语从句构成的主干结构,而且宾语从. 现在的关键是句的主语,谓语部分也很清楚,即:the warning signs for a major earthquake may include……把include 后面的宾语部分弄清楚。
2017考研英语逻辑关系之并列关系
2017考研已经拉开序幕,很多考生不知道如何选择适合自己的考研复习资料。
中公考研辅导老师为考生准备了考研英语方面的建议,希望可以助考生一臂之力。
同时中公考研特为广大学子推出考研集训营、专业课辅导、精品网课、vip1对1等课程,针对每一个科目要点进行深入的指导分析,欢迎各位考生了解咨询。
逻辑关系是考研英语中重要的知识点,熟悉逻辑关系词,掌握逻辑关系的用法,对于无论是读文章,还是做题,无论是做阅读还是完型,都有重要的作用。
逻辑关系有很多种,但在考研英语中,常见的逻辑关系主要包括并列,总分,转折,让步,对比,因果。
今天我们主要分析并列关系。
(一)并列关系是什么提到并列关系,同学们最有可能想到的就是and,但是and只是一个最常见的并列关系连词。
除此以外,表达并列关系的词还有很多,而在考研英语中最常见,也是最常考的包括:or(或者);likewise(同样的,也);as well as(也);not only...but also...(不仅……而且……,而also经常被省略)。
当出现这些词时,同学们也应该要意识到这些词连接的两个成分也是并列关系。
当然,以上所列出的这些并列关系词比较具体,如果提炼出他们的共性,从而总结出并列的本质特征,可以说并列关系是一种表示一致性的逻辑关系,所谓一致性就是指并列连词前后连接的成分应该具有相同或相近的意思。
而这种一致性也表现在三个不同的层次:一是单词的一致性,也就是说如果并列连词前后连接的是两个单词,那么这两个单词应该词性相同,词义相同或相近;二是短语的一致性,两个短语之间很难做到意思完全相同,但是并列连词连接的两个短语至少应该做到功能一致,意思相近,比如说如果两个短语都是用来形容趋势变化的,那么并列连词前后的趋势变化应该是一致的;三是句子的一致性,两个句子完全一样的难度更大,而句子之间的一致性可以指趋势相同,此外还可以表示相同的情感态度。
以上就是常用的并列词和并列的三个层次。
考研英语难句翻译
难句分析与翻译注:语法纲要是依据李阳疯狂英语<<突破语法>>写成,难句分析依据考试虫<<阅读基本功,难句过关>>写成.掌握基本语法对阅读、听力、写作都有很大的帮助。
此文目的之一在于巩固语法,请自行分析.一、定语从句英语中的定语既可前置亦可后置。
1、President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whose judgment hecould rely,who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.分析:本句中四个“who”定语从句并列,共同修饰中心词“people”。
翻译:肯尼迪总统需要提问的人、能提批评意见的人,做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。
2、Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves withcondemnations,in my delegation’s opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council’s agends.分析:本句中三个定语,尤其要注意第三个,只修饰superficial aspects,根据上下文有因果关系。
考研英语长难句翻译
难句分析与翻译注:语法纲要是依据李阳疯狂英语<<突破语法>>写成,难句分析依据考试虫<<阅读基本功,难句过关>>写成.掌握基本语法对阅读、听力、写作都有很大的帮助。
此文目的之一在于巩固语法,请自行分析.一、定语从句英语中的定语既可前置亦可后置。
1、President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions,who criticized,on whosejudgment he could rely,who presented an intelligent point of view,regardless of their rank or viewpoint.分析:本句中四个“who”定语从句并列,共同修饰中心词“people”。
翻译:肯尼迪总统需要提问的人、能提批评意见的人,做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。
2、Thus,to rectify the positions taken previously,where we contented ourselves withcondemnations,in my delegation’s opinion,we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both substance as well as the superficial aspects which,after all,serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council’s agends.分析:本句中三个定语,尤其要注意第三个,只修饰superficial aspects,根据上下文有因果关系。
2017考研英语翻译题中的并列结构翻译解读
并列结构是英语语法中的一种常见现象,也是长难句的一种基本类型。
并列结构普遍存在于考研英语中,通常由并列连词连接,如and, but, so, or, for等。
此外,还有一些具体的并列形式,如not only...but also, neither... Nor, either...or等。
由并列连词和这些并列形式所连接的句子就是并列句。
需要注意的是,由分号隔开的两句话也属于并列句。
并列结构看似简单,但是在考研英语的范围内,由并列结构形成的并列句的翻译也需要同学们仔细斟酌,选择合适的表达方式,而不光是按照字面理解的意思直译。
只有这样,才能够翻译出地道的译文来。
以下是中公考研英语组王老师对并列结构翻译的全面解析。
一般而言,由并列连词所连接的两个或者两个以上的成分一般都是词、或者都是短语和句子,即如果用A and B来表示,那么A和B必须同是词、或者同是短语或句子,也就是在结构上要保持一致。
其次,所并列的部分在成分上也应该是相等的,比如,都作主语,或者都做宾语、表语等。
通过对2010——2013年考研英语翻译题中的并列结构的研究,笔者发现,并列结构虽不像复合结构那样复杂,但想要翻译好这类结构,也需要考生熟练掌握这类结构的特点。
以下为这几年考研翻译真题中出现的典型并列结构,考生在翻译这类并列结构或者并列连词时,通常可以采用以下几种处理方法:一、直译法1. Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless”species.(2010年翻译48题)译文:有证据表明:这些生物杀死体弱者来保护种群的健康,或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值”的物种。
考研英语并列平行结构的用法
考研英语并列平行结构的用法英语常用并列连词,如:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either ...or或neither...nor等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。
连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。
例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon。
(1998年真题)例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。
考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之并列平行结构
考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之并列平行结构英语常用并列连词,如:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:but also, either:or或neither:nor等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。
连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。
例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)分析:本句是由and连接的并列结构,每个并列结构中各有一个when引导的时间状语从句。
在第二个时间状语从句中有一个what引导的主语从句。
译文:一般说来,当要测定的特征能得以十分精确的界定,测试的就最佳;反之,如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定,那么测试的效果就最差。
例2Astrophysicists working with ground?based detectors at the South Pole and balloon?borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)分析:本句由and引导的并列结构,两个并列谓语分别是are closing in on such structures和may report their findings soon,它们的主语Astrophysicists后面有一个由分词短语充当的定语working with ground?based detectors at the South Pole and balloon?borne instruments。
2017年雅思考试阅读难句分析:平行并列结构
1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are. 2.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced. 3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her. 4.Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the difference between life and death when fire breaks out. 5.Neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely everyday, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day. lions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile, or drive to and from their places of work and their homes. 7.Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there a grown-up person with fully developed mental powers. 8. There are relay races in running and swimming in summer, and relay in skiing in winter. 9.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered. 10.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can be ours. 11.More than three million people live in inner London, and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area, which is made up of formerly separate villages that have merged to form what is now called outer London. 12.The journey and the stay are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work, and are of short-term and temporary nature, and there is a clear intention to return home within a relatively short period of time. 13.The limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. 14.We have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly. 15.Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 本期难句分析: 1.Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are. 结构:本句有三个谓语动词,其中主句的谓语动词为should know,其余两个都是由where引导的并列宾语从句。
汉英平行结构对比与翻译
4)语篇平行
语篇平行由几个结构相同或相似的段落 并列使用而形成的平行结构叫语篇平行。语 篇平行常起到增强气势﹑渲染气氛的作用 。 如:
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Байду номын сангаас 语篇平行举例
I have a dream, that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
(From Wu Qun, 2002)
【第二段】我们最近查找了卷宗,发现本局并无 此信。可以肯定的是,我们于两个月前收到此信, 经研究后,已寄还贵处。
A current search of the files indicates that the letter is no longer in this Bureau’s possession. It is noted that the letter was received two months ago, and after study, returned to your office.
汉英平行结构对比
张干周
CONTENTS
1.英语平行结构 2.汉语平行结构
英语平行结构
根据不同的语法单位,平行结构大致可分 为四种类型:
1)单词平行 2)短语平行 3)句子平行 4)语篇平行
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1)单词平行
单词平行是指由一组词性相同﹑意义相 关﹑语气一致的词并置而成的结构,具有言 简意赅﹑整齐匀称﹑突出强调等特点。如:
考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构
考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构考研英语有许多题目组成,方便大家及时了解,下面由小编为你精心准备了“考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构”,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!考研英语:解读长难句之并列结构一、常用的并列连词首先我们要知道并列结构出现在长难句中时,应该如何去识别出它们。
识别并列结构与并列句的标志就是利用并列连词,常见的并列连词有以下几种:第一类:表示语义关系的顺承。
常用的连词有:and, both and, as well as等。
第二类:表示语义关系的选择。
常用的连词有:or, either...or.., neither...nor...第三类:表示语义关系的转折。
常用的连词有:but, yet, rather 等。
第四类:表示语义关系的对比。
常用的连词有:while, whereas 等。
第五类:表示语义关系的结果。
常用的连词有:so.二、并列结构和并列句的特点考生们在识别并列结构和并列句的时候,要牢牢记住它们的特点,即:结构相似,成分相同。
三、考研英语中的并列结构与并列句Eg1:Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting is limited and mixed.句子分析:在这个句子中,that引导一个同位语从句。
And前后各是一个形容词做表语,符合并列结构的结构相似成分相同的特点。
Eg2:Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.句子分析:这个句子共计37词,含词量大,句子结构也比较复杂。
第一章 并列平行结构
第一章并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词,如 and、or等,或标点符号如:分号,逗号,破折号等,若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句,以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。
这种句式虽然难度不一定很高,但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深,来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。
希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。
ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点:句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。
参考译文:当火灾发生时,保持冷静,不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥,这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。
要点:主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰,定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy, to build homes,和to design cities。
如何分析考研英语中的并列句和复合句
如何分析考研英语中的并列句和复合句如何分析考研英语中的并列句和复合句们做考研真题的时候往往会觉得英语很难,造成很难的原因无非是句子读不懂。
考研英语中出现的句子除了简单句,还有并列句和复合句,这是按照句子的结构来划分的。
对于同学们来说,简单句比较好掌握,并列句和复合句理解起来有难度。
我们接下来就了解应该如何分析考研英语中的并列句和复合句。
Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.本句为并列句,由but连接,第一个句子为简单句,其中with cancer为介词短语作定语,修饰Children,at pediatric cancer centers为地点状语。
第二个句子也为简单句,sitting side-by-side with people为现在分词短语作伴随状语,描述年轻人在治疗时的状态,其中who引导定语从句,修饰people。
翻译为:患癌症的儿童经常会在儿科的癌症中心接受治疗,而年轻人就会很难找到同龄人,通常治疗时坐在他们身边的都是他们爷爷奶奶辈的人。
The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.冒号后面的句子为复合句,是对前面内容的解释说明。
[精品]英语平行结构(parallelism)
英语平行结构(parallelism)一、平行结构的定义平行结构指的是相同的语法结构,它要求有同等重要的思想、概念,并列的句子成分要用同类的语法形式来表达,要用并列连词连接。
平行结构是一种修辞手法,它可以使句子前后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言的连贯性。
新牛津英语词典将平行结构定义为:“the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.”,(“在诗歌或者散文中,连续运用在语法结构、发音、韵律和意义等方面相似的语言结构。
”) 它可以很简单,如单个的词和词组,也可以很复杂,如完整的句子;它要求词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子一一对应,例如:The child was pretty and intelligent.You can go there on foot, by bus or by train.It is important to know how to study and to learn how to plan one’s time.The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.二、使用平行结构的注意点平行结构常常使用并列连词,如and, but, as well as, or, or else, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, not...but等。
英语句子中的平行结构及其翻译方法
英语句子中的平行结构及其翻译方法英语句子中的平行结构及其翻译方法商务英语句子中的平行结构及其翻译方法内容提要:在古今中外的文学作品中,平行结构的出现举不胜举。
平行结构在清晰明了地表达作者的思想感情、渲染文章的艺术效果方面能够起到非常重要的作用。
掌握“平行结构”法来做多项选择题及改错题,会给应试者带来很大的方便。
这对每一个应试者有着重要的现实意义。
本文阐述了平行结构的概念、怎样使句子平衡、平行结构与文学、美学之间的关系,以及如何正确地使用平行结构等问题,即将平行结构作为一个专题,进行了全面、综合的论述。
关键词:平行结构(parallelism)、句子平衡、美学特征、对偶(antithesis)。
朋友,您是否喜欢博览群书呢?如果是的话,您一定会发现平行结构是一种被普遍使用的修辞格。
您读过英国著名小说家狄更斯的《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)吗?狄更斯在这部脍炙人口的小说之开篇处一连用了十个由“it was…”构成的句子组成了一个完美的平行结构(其中包含了五组对偶句)。
就这样,狄更斯一下子轻而易举地把读者带到了当时特定环境下的那个时代里。
狄更斯是这样开始描述故事发生的时代背景的:“It was the best of times,it was the w orse of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness;it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness;it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair, …”这是一个典型的平行结构的例子。
狄更斯不愧为一代文学巨匠。
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2017考研英语翻译之并列平行结构译法
介绍
英语常用并列连词,如and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only…but also, either…or或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。
连接的同等成分可以是两个或几个动词的宾语、两个或几个名词的定语、两个或几个介词短语等。
如果并列连词连接的是两个或几个简单句,则构成一个并列句,使用并列结构可以使文字简洁,结构紧凑,并避免重复。
1. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.
分析:句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。
treated as…结构使用了倒装结构,因为the family roles后面有修饰成分,故将其置后。
译文:而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色,否定生理差别的重要性,攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制,结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。
2. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.
分析:介词by 后面的separate…personnel systems, diffusion…special services和the absence of…the government为三个并列成分。
表示缺少详细记载的原因。
句中一些词要转译。
译文:这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。
对此(缺少详细记载)所做的解释可能是,各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同,分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构(总统本人除外)来管理所有的政府高级官员。
3. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer, who must buy, not the thing he desires but the thing the English gentleman wants to sell.
分析:动词consider 后面的宾语是the wants of the customer。
非限定性定语从句who must buy… 修饰the customer,not the thing …but the thing…是并列成分。
4. The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress.
分析:该句中,to aid in 后面跟了四个并列的动名词,而四个并列的动名词后又跟了三个并列的宾语。
译文:广泛用来借以对学生、雇员和军事人员进行选拔、分类、分配任务或提拔的教育或心理方面的标准化测试,最近受到了书报杂志,甚至国会的抨击。
5. The lack of insistence on personal honor, the surface informality, the disparaging responses to compliments, and willingness to admit mistakes are part of the egalitarian tradition, as are the Americans’ pride in what they have been able to achieve and their criticism of things that fall short of perfection.
分析:该句的主句由四个并列的名词短语做主语,即The lack of insistence…,the surface
in formality, the disparaging responses…和willingness to admit mistakes。
另外,值得一提的是,as 引导的比较状语从句使用了倒装语序。
这是为了保持句子平衡。
译文:美国人一方面对所取得的成就感到自豪,一方面又对未臻完美的事物进行批评,这是其平等主义传统的一部分;同样,他们不坚持个人的面子,不拘表面的礼节,对别人的称赞采取自贬的态度,以及愿意承认错误,也是其平等主义传统的一部分。
6. Green, hilly, with abundant trees, it was a beautiful country, the Virginia-Kentucky border territory——or would have been, except for the mines.
分析:和it was a beautiful country 并列的分句(it) would have been是虚拟语气,后面省略了a beautiful country。
Green, hilly, with abundant trees修饰a beautiful country,放在主句前是为了强调。
7. That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.
分析:该句中,四个现在分词短语构成并列结构,做状语。
对前面的表语从句进行补充说明。
译文:那就是为什么妇女一生都不成熟:从来都只看见眼前的事情,都只抓住眼前的一刻,都把表面当本质,都倾心于琐事而放过至关重要的事。
8. But since the consequences of poverty are related to powerlessness, not to the absolute supply of money available to the poor, and since the amount of power purchasable with a given supply of money decreases as a society acquires a larger supply of goods and services, the solution of raising the incomes of the poor is likely, unless accompanied by other measures, to be ineffective in a wealthy society.
分析:该句有两个并列的由and 连接的原因状语从句,都是由since引导,available to the poor修饰money, purchasable with a given supply of money修饰the amount of power。
主句中的从句unless accompanied by other measures分割了is likely和to be ineffective in a wealthy society。
译文:但是,既然贫穷与穷人可得到的货币绝对供应量无关,而是无权力所造成的,既然用一定量的货币所能购买的权力量随着一个社会获得的商品和服务量的增加而下降,那么提高穷人收入的解决办法在一个富裕社会很可能不会奏效,除非同时采取其他的措施。
9. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
分析:old story是句子的表语,后面有两个介词短语做定语。
它们在结构上是相同的,在连词until后面都有状语从句。
翻译时也要译成两个平行的句子。