2017北师大英语应用语言学回忆版真题

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复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）

复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）2000年现代汉语1. 填空2. 名词解释：基本词汇、存现句、音素和音位、比喻和比拟3. 句法分析4. 现代汉语词汇的特点5. 哪几种把字句不能或不宜变换成主谓宾句式2001年1. 汉民族共同语形成的过程2. /e/代表几个音素，为什么可以用一个/e/代表几个音素3. 给下列轻声字写出国际音标，并说明轻声引起了哪几种音变：棉花、豆腐等10-15个词4. 同义词辨析：仔细/细心常常/经常/往往5. 归并义项：“轻”的多个义项6. 词性标注，并说明其语法功能7. 分析歧义句，说明变换分析法与层次分析法的区别：保护了小张的奶奶8. 歧义分化的实质是什么9. 指出下列单位中，哪些是词、字、短语，说明三者之间的关系如何10. 说说你是如何理解“语法的动态多角度验证”的。

04年复试现代汉语部分（30分）一，什么是轻声？轻声对韵母的读音有哪些影响？并举例说明。

二，什么是词汇？它有几个组成部分？各包括什么？举例说明。

（一说：汉语有几级词汇单位？）三，对下列各词的进行比较，说明其用法有何异同。

并举例。

1，每—各； 2，吗—呢四，“听说他马上回来”和“命令他马上回来”有何区别，请加以论证。

古代汉语部分（30分）一，解释黑体字的义项，如果是活用，说明活用的类型。

（5个）（10分）二，标点并翻译短文（《孟子》节选），并回答问题：找出宾语前置的句子，并说明原因是什么。

（20分）语言学概论部分（40分）一，名词解释1，组合关系和聚合关系 2，义素分析法 3，历史比较法二，严式标音（马、谈、见、猫等）指出其中元音是几个音位，为什么？三，以语言结构各要素和社会联系的不同，说明语言发展的不平衡性。

四，用变换分析法说明下列两个句子在语义上的差别。

这位领导我也不认识。

这种植物我也不认识。

05年复试语言学概论部分（30分）一，名词解释1，亲属语言 2，屈折语 3，音质音位 4，语法范畴二，简答1、口语和书面语的关系2、语言发展变化的两大特点3、词汇意义和语法意义的区别。

北师语言学真题回忆版

北师语言学真题回忆版2009年以前考试04年语言学试卷1.Define the following terms:20 points1) langue2) parole3) allophone4) semantic field5) cohesion2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points岂有豪情似旧时？花开花落两由之。

何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿！3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 10 points{D}---[-id]/[t]---5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some examples.10 points7.We can use the pattern “it is ……”to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence :15pointsI bought a book in the city yesterday.8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language.15 points9. Observe the following sentences:老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。

高考英语复习Laughter练习真题含解析北师大版

Unit 17 Laughter[学生用书P127]Ⅰ单句语法填空1．The street is always busy with heavy traffic, so extreme ____________(cautious) is needed when you cross it.答案：caution2．We were astonished ____________(find) the temple still in its original condition.答案：to find3．He was in poor health，so the doctor forbade him from ____________(drink) wine.答案：drinking4．The girl was on a diet，but she couldn’t resist ____________(eat)sweet food.答案：eating5．The actor decided to hold a meeting in ____________(respond) to the news.答案：response6．Hearing the ____________(amuse) news，all the people in the room burst into laughter.答案：amusing7．While ____________(lie) on the grass，the boy heard someone calling for help.答案：lying8．It is ____________(acknowledge) that Liu Huan is a very talented musician.答案：acknowledged9．My mother ____________(cook) some delicious food when I arrived at home yesterday.答案：was cooking10．When she saw a car coming，she tried ____________(desperate) to push the boy away.答案：desperatelyⅡ单句改错1．The other day his appearance made us amusing when he turned up at theparty.____________________答案：amusing→amused2．Human beings must live in harmony to nature，or they will suffer from it.____________________答案：to→with3．Parents should manage to forbid their children play computer games.____________________答案：play→playing或play前加to4．You will be convincing of his dishonesty sooner or later.____________________ 答案：convincing→convinced5．He is so a kind person that many people often turn to him for help.____________________答案：so→suchⅢ单元语法——过去完成进行时；进行时态和非进行时态单句语法填空/单句改错1．(2017·浙江卷6月)His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he ____________(do)．答案：had been doing2．(2017·北京卷)She ____________(talk) to her mother about the lives of homeless people since they first saw the homeless man.答案：had been talking3．Due to the hard training they ____________(do) before, their performances were very impressive.答案：had done4．(2017·北京卷)The two didn’t know each other well —Taylor had just ____________(move)to town a month or so before.答案：moved5．(2016·北京卷)Jack ____________(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.答案：was working6．The girl has been playing the piano for two hours before her mother came home. ____________________答案：has →had7．The plane left at 8：30，but you should check in half an hour ahead of time. ____________________答案：left→leaves8．It is reported that the company would put on a new film in two weeks’ time. ____________________答案：would→will9．He is working in China and he has worked in France for three years. ____________________答案：去掉has10．When I came in，the girl is chatting with her friends on the Internet.____________________答案：is→wasⅠ教材与语法填空根据课文内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

2017年北京地区研究生学位英语真题

2017年研究生学位真题Part II Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)21. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A dashedB filedC strolledD swarmed22. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A compellingB rationalC ridiculousD ambiguous23. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A supportB restrictC raiseD modify24. Patie nts are expected to comply with doctors’ instructions for quick recovery.A improve onB abide byC draw uponD reflect on25. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A abundantB controversialC conductiveD convincing26. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A more wealthyB less successfulC dismissed earlierD favorably positioned27.If you hold on to a winning attitude, you’ll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A influenceB strengthC outlookD consequence28. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A believedB discardedC advocatedD confirmed29. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A assessingB cuttingC elevatingD altering30. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control .A joinedB ascribedC fastenedD divertedSection B (0.5 point each)31. It takes a year for the earth to make each ___ , or revolution, around the sun.A tourB travelC visitD trip32. ___this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A Tied up withB Fed up withC Wrapped up inD Piled up with33. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his ___ home.A humbleB obscureC inferiorD lower34. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from _____ as possible.A humidityB humanityC harmonyD honesty35. As an important ___ for our emotions and ideas, music an play a huge role in our life.A vesselB vestC ventureD vehicle36. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___ six years of instruction.A set aboutB run forC sit throughD make for37. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper ___ between the rich and poor.A boundaryB differenceC wedgeD variation38. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ___ the soils on his farm.A accustomed toB committed toC applied toD suited to39. The sun is so large that if it were ___, it would hold a million earths.A elegantB immenseC hollowD clumsy40. This patient’s life could be saved only by a major operation. That would ___her to a high risk.A exposeB leadC contributeD sendPart III Cloze Test ( 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University’s under-graduate is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard’s curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.“Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disc iplinary research, and science in general are ever more important,” said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.“46 ” studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a uni versity in China.”It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required “core curriculum”. The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized “ways of knowing.”Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 “Harvard College Courses”, emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Bebedict Gross, Harward College dean.41. A reviewing B inspecting C searching D underlying42. A in accordance with B in line with C in response to D in charge of43. A uphold B update C upset D upward44. A note-worthy B trust-worthy C praise-worthy D reward-worthy45. A turn out B turn in C turn over D turn to46. A In spite of B As if C Rather than D Let alone47. A perish B destroy C denounce D abolish48. A appropriate B imaginative C specific D special49. A optional B optical C opposite D optimistic50. A sparing B spiraling C sparkling D spanningPart IV Reading Comprehension ( 45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source----exhaustfumes. Also don’t walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver’s side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A How to fight air pollution in big cities.B How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C How serious air pollution is in big cities.D How to breathe fresh air in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities ____A can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disaster.B cannot be compared with the disaster in Chernobyl.C can be more serious that we used to think .D can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disaster.53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ____A where the wind is going .B where the wind is coming.C where the wind is weakerD where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _____A on the right side in the busB on the left side of the bus .C in the middle of the busD at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ____A people should not take street level transportationＢtiny iron particles will not cause health problems.Ｃtraveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus.D air pollution on an underground train is less poisonous.56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ____A wait a few seconds until the fumes reduce.B stay away from the traffic as far as possible.C hold you breath until you get to the other side of the street.D count down for the light to change.Passage TwoThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervisingphysicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked. Residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly a the bottom of the heap.The students whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation ? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, “The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring.” But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback ----positive and negative ---about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient’s benefit, is whistle-blowing.57. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy ____A is useful to the people on the lower layer.B is built on a performance-reward system.C is a barrier to the exchange of medical views.D is an effective way of teaching medical views.58. “the benefit of the doubt” in Paragraph 5 shows that _____A the student was not quite certain that she was right.B the resident did not respond to the student’s doubt.C the student was denied the chance to doubt the superior.D the resident benefited from the student’s suggestion.59. James Dwyer’s words mean that ____A students should learn to speak both kindly and professionally.B students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patients.C students should retain their faith even after facing some difficulties.D students should be educated on who to care more about the patients.60. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A ConfusedB IndifferentC ReluctantD Enthusiastic61. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical students ____A will remain for a long timeB will disappear in the near future.C should not be exaggerated.D can’t be solved successfully.62. The passage focuses on ___A the development of teaching hospitals’ hierarchies.B different roles in teaching hospitals’ hierarchies.C the future reform on teaching hospitals’ hierarchies.D the problems caused by teaching hospitals’ hierarchies.Passage ThreeGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. “ Wouldn’t it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn’t it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action,” Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia, such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley’s research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn’t predict if , when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider.“This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it’s part of that because we’re not going to get along with each other if we’re not getting along with the planet,” Alley sai d.63. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming ____A can be easedB can be endedC will become worseD will last for decades.64. Ally’s research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___A abrupt changes in atmospheric patterns.B subtle changes in atmospheric patterns.C humans’ burning of fossil fuel .D increasing levels of carbon dioxide.65. The word “upbeat” ( in paragraph 3) probably means “_______”A pessimisticB optimisticC worriedD insensible66. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.67. Alley predicts that global warming could turn European and parts of eastern North America into ___A a region like SiberiaB A warmer and warmer placeC a tropical regionD a place like North Pole68. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world is ___A lack of harmonyB violenceC global warmingD climate shiftPassage FourWe’re talking about money here, and the things you buy with it---and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most culture, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It’s nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don’t work out that way. They point to an idea called the “paradox of thrift.” Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That w ay, you don’t have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It’s a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about level of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won’t buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful .If you think you really want that product because it’s beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product. 6969. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _______A enjoy their present life as much as possible.B spend every penny they have earned.C save every penny for the future.D save some money for later use.70. According to the context, “paradox” ( in Paragraph 2) probably means “_______”.A contradictionB hypothesisC declarationD assertion71. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United States ________A have to work hard to make ends meetB spend more than they can afford.C have trouble in paying back their debts.D don’t pay back their debts on time .72. According to the recent studies made by economists, people ____A take pleasures in buying useless things.B won’t buy things that they need.C spend their money irrationallyD make rational choices while spending their money.73. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because ____A they like keeping their money in the bank.B they will feel safe if they save enough money for the future.C they don’t want to spend their money on useless things.D spending money gives them pain74. The passage mainly tells us ________A how to spend our money.B It is better to save some money for the future.C It is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spending.D how to form a habit of rational spending.Passage FiveTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world’s trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world’s temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun’s heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala’s model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.30 C temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6 0 C of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3 0 C cooler than otherwise.No one, of co urse, would consider chopping down the world’s forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr. Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down lead mostly to local cooling the carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralize carbon emissions has become a big business: ￡60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from ￡20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach ￡300m.75. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their ____A deep colorB round shapeC enormous sizeD high reflectivity76. Dr Bala’s Integrated Climate and Carbon Model ________A supports the findings of other climate models.B is based on the results of other climate models.C uses a system different from other climate models.D challenges the basic theory of other climate models.77. Based on Dr Bala’s model, a treeless world would _________A cause serious environmental problems.B prove helpful in fighting global warming.C make it difficult to deal with climate changeD raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature78. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be _____A North AmericaB EuropeC High-latitude countriesD tropical countries79. As is shown in the passage , criticism from other climate scientists ____A should be taken rather seriouslyB is unreasonable and far-fetchedC involves mostly economic interestsD is voiced on behalf of the government80. The best title for the passage is ______A Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B Why Green Trees Might Not Green?C How to Help Green Trees Survive?D How to Go Green with Green Trees?Paper TwoPart V Translation ( 30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they can’t begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.Section B ( 15 minutes, 10 points)中国可持续性发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。

2017年北京语言大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题(回忆版)

四、考研招生简章
全国 8 大分校·出题人阅卷人加盟·多对一跟踪督促·精准考研信息·考前绝密押题·复试协议保过高端状元集训营·一对一押题保分·专业课视频课程·全套真题（含解析）笔记·专业课押题卷
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北京语言大学简介
北京语言大学是中国教育部直属高等学校，是在周恩来总理的亲自关怀下建立的，创办于 1962 年。1964 年 6 月定名为北京语言学院，1974 年毛泽东主席为学校题写校名，1996 年 6 月更名为北京语言文化大学， 2002 年校名简化为北京语言大学。
北京语言大学从事汉语国际教育和中华文化教育历史最长，规模最大，师资力量最雄厚。迄今为止，学校已经为世界上 176 个国家和地区培养了 16 万余名懂汉语、熟悉中华文化的外国留学生。其中很多校友已经成为学界、政界、商界的知名人士。现任联合国副秘书长、联合国日内瓦办事处总干事卡塞姆• 托卡耶夫，埃塞俄比亚总统穆拉图•特肖梅•沃图，哈萨克斯坦政府总理卡里姆•马西莫夫，俄罗斯外交部副部长伊戈尔•莫尔古洛夫，德国汉学家顾彬，美国物理学家、诺贝尔奖获得者埃里克•康奈尔等知名人士都曾在北语学习过。此外，北语还为中国培养了数以十万计的优秀人才，其中包括大批在出国留学人员培训部接受过专门外语培训的公派留学人员，现在他们多已成为国家各个领域的栋梁。
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2. 报名（1）考生报名前应仔细核对本人是否符合报考条件，凡不符合报考条件的考生将不予录取，相关后果由考生本人承担。（2）报名包括网上报名和现场确认两个阶段。所有参加硕士研究生招生考试的考生均须进行网上报名，并到报考点现场确认网报信息、缴费和采集本人图像等相关电子信息。具体相关信息请关注“中国研究生招生信息网”及北京语言大学研究生招生信息栏。

2017年研究生英语学位课统考真题及答案

2017年研究生英语学位课统考真题：Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. The focus on profitability pushes the systems unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.A declaringB verifyingC makingD indicating22. The 8.5-ton Shenzhou III spaceship has been substantially improved in terms of the life-support systems.A technologicallyB considerablyC structurallyD internally23. According to the American judicial system twelve people constitute a jury.A composeB overthrowC disposeD surpass24. With so many trivial matters to attend to, he can hardly get down to reading for the test.A participate inB cater toC indulge inD see to25. The decently dressed son and the humble-looking father formed a striking contrast.A astonishingB humiliatingC noticeableD fleeting.26. Nowadays the prevention against SARS has assumed new significance and attracted much attention.A carried onB taken onC worked onD embarked on27. At the economic forum, each speech by a distinguished guest has to be translated simultaneously.A once in a whileB at the same timeC in a broad senseD as soon as possible.28. Studies of the role of positive thinking in our daily lives have yielded interesting results.A specific=definiteB activeC creativeD confident.29. This training course is intended to improve the competence of English of the staff.A proficiencyB graspC efficiencyD competition30. Students are supposed to set aside enough time for recreations and sports.A set apartB leave outC go aboutD put upSection B (0.5 point each)31. Some of the old customs has continued ____ politeness although they are no longer thoughtabout now.A in the way ofB in the eyes ofC in the face ofD in the form of32. One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate one’s ___ with a group.A identificationB specificationC introductionD superstition33. Given the other constitutional grounds elaborated by the justices, the association ____ thatschools should continue to test, if they so choose.A preserveB safeguards B maintains D conserves34. Finding out information about these universities has become amazingly easy for any one withthe Internet ____A entranceB admissionC accessD involvement35. Lack of exercise as well as unhealthy dietary habits can increase the risk of ____A mobilityB moralityC maturityD mortality36. On this bridge many suicide attempts are ____; lives can be saved.A impulsiveB responsiveC destructiveD speculative37. Abraham Lincoln was born on a small farm where the forests were ____ by wild animals.A residedB inhabitedC segregatedD exhibited38. Some teenagers a re so crazy about video games as to play them many hours________, if possible.A on purposeB on hand .C on creditD on end39. Authorities of wildlife have spent millions of dollars on the protection of nature ____A reservesB preservativesC conservativesD reservations.-daughter, her ____ parents having died in an accident.40. The young lady is Mr. Smith’s stepA ecologicalB psychologicalC physiologicalD biologicalPart III. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 1 point each)No one knows for sure whether the type of tea (you drink) makes a difference in health, but experts say all kinds of teas probably have some health 41 . Each contains high levels of antioxidants (抗氧化剂), 42 affect the process by which oxygen interacts with a substance t o change its chemical 43 . But, the way (tea is processed) can change antioxidant levels 44color and taste.Green tea is made by picking the leaves and quickly heating them to stop oxidization. Green tea typically has a 45 , fresh taste. Black tea is processed t o fully oxidize and ferment (发酵) the leaves and create a stronger taste. Some experts suggest that this 46 some variation in health effects between black and green teas. The more rare white tea is considered the finest of teas because it 47 the youngest buds from the plants, which are still covered with whitish hairs when they’re picked. White and green teas have 48 amount of caffeine. But even black tea containonly about half as much caffeine as coffee.Herbal teas are something 49 different. They are made from the leaves, flowers or roots of various plants. Herbal teas can vary widely 50 their health effects.41. A advantages B benefits C merits D profits42. A where it B that C which D when it43. A elements B ingredients C fragment D composition44. A as well as B as it is C as far as D as it were45. A faint B mild C tender D gentle46. A joins in B hands in C results in D gives in47. A composes of B makes out C makes up D consists of48. A less B the least C more D the most49. A entirely B inevitably C enormously D irresistibly50. A in case of B in proportion to C in exchange for D in terms ofPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 pint each)Passage OneSingletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends andfamily and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end.A gloomy study has just been released that says that the international trend towards living aloneis putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem.For a number of reasons---- relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families---- the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pressure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system justfor selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populated planet. “The efficiency is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because theyof resource consumption”share everything. Well imagine that . Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would findthat all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for acup of coffee you were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bitworried by your continuing single status ---- you are letting down the entire human race by nothaving a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panicand hit out when they see other people quietly rebelling and straying away from the “family and coupledom.The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilatedinto a larger unit, you can never be fully functional.Try “communal living.”　There are all these illustrations of young attractive people having aFriends.“green time,” laughingly bumping into each other. It looks like an episode of the TV seriesAnd the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own isnot allowed.51. Well-meaning friends and family members often tell those who live alone that _____A they should end their singledom as soon as possible.B they should live together with other singletons.C singledom is an acceptable life-style.D singledom can shorten one’slife-span.52. Which of the following may NOT be the reason for the increasing number of households as mentioned in the passage?A Many people get divorced because of unhappy marriage.B Now people can afford to support a household individually.C Some people have to sacrifice family life for their careers.D Many people live much longerthan before.53. The author thinks living alone is disastrous mainly because singledom is _________A harmful to people’s life.B destructive to our ecosystem.C dangerous to plants and animals.D unworkable in our society54. It is implied in the passage that singletons are usually _______A self-reliantB self-consciousC self-sufficientD self-centered55. When seeing others living alone, some people panic because they think singledom is ____A abnormalB diversifiedC unimaginableD disgusting56. The author suggests that singletons should ___________A find boy friends or girl friends.B live with their parents and other family members.C live together and share more with their friends.D watch more episodes of the TV seriesFriends.Passage TwoIn 1999 when MiShel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next bigissue; Should they try to have a girl? It was no small matter. MiShel’s brother had beco from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is adisorder passed f rom mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 percent chance ofhaving the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British couple’s inquiries about sex selectionled them to Virginia, U.S., where a new sperm-separation technique, called MicroSort, was experimental at the time. When MiShel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now theywill try to have a second daughter using the same technique.The techniques separates sperm into two groups--- those that carry the X-chromosome (染色体) producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby.The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of laboratory in January 2003 inCalifornia marked the company’s first expansion. “We believe the number ofpeople who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it.” Said Keith L. Blauer, the companydirector.This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a child’s gender.It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations ----especially for the majority of families who use the techniquefor nonmedical reasons.The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a c hild to “balance” their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.Blaucer said the company has had an impressive success r ate: 91 percent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 percent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful.The technique separates s perm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome. A machine is used to distinguished the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.57. Why did MiShel and Carl decide not to have a boy?A Because t hey might give birth to a blind baby.B Because Carl might pass his family’s disease to his son.C Because the boy might become blind when he grows up.D Because they wanted a daughter to balance their family.58. When MiShel gave birth to her first girl, the new sperm-separation technique ____A had already been well-developed.B had not been declared successful.C was available to those who wanted it.D had been widely accepted in the medical world.primary concern regarding the application of the new59. Which of the following is the author’stechnology?A The expansion of the new technology may not bring profits to the companies.B Most people who use the technology will not have a baby as they want.C The effect of the new technology still needs to be carefully examined.D Increasing use of the technology may disturb the sex balance in the population60. According to Mr. Blauer, by using the new technology, ______A 91% of the women successfully give birth to girls.B 76% of the women get pregnantwith boys.C it is more successful for those who want to have girls.D it is more successful for those who wantto have boys.61. The sperm-separation technique is based on the fact that the chromosomes responsible for babies’ sex_____A are of different shapesB are of different sizesC can be identifiedD can be reproduced62. We can infer from this passage that the new technology_________A may not guarantee people a daughter or a son as they desire.B is used by most families for nonmedical reasons.C has brought an insoluble ethical dilemmafor mankind.D will lead to a larger proportional of females in the population.Passage ThreeWithout question there are plenty of bargains to be had at sales time ----particularly at thetop-quality shops whose reputation depends on having only the best and newest goods in stock each season. They tend, for obvious reasons, to be the fashion or seasonal goods which in due course become the biggest bargains.It is true that some goods are specially brought in for the sales but these too can provide exceptional value. A manufacturer may have the end of a range left in his hands and be glad to sellthe lot off cheaply to shops; or he may have a surplus of a certain material which he is glad to makeup and get rid of cheaply; or he may be prepared to produce a special line at low cost merely tokeep his employees busy during slack period. He is likely t o have a good many “seconds” available and if their defects are trifling these may be particularly good bargains.Nevertheless, sales do offer a special opportunity for sharp practices and shoppers need to beuld be clearly marked as such and not sold as if theyextra critical. For example the “second” showere perfect. The term “substandard,”　incidentally, usually indicates a more serious defect thanMore serious is the habit of marking the price down from an alleged previous price “seconds.”　which is in fact fictitious. Mis-description of this and all other kinds is much practiced by the menwho run one-day sales of carpets in church halls and the like. As the sellers leave the district the dayafter the sale there is little possibility of redress. In advertising sales, shops may say “only 100 left-price” when only awhen in fact they have plenty more; conversely they may say “10,000 at halfwerefew are available at such a drastic reduction. If ever the warning “let the buyer beware”　necessary it is during sales.63. Which kind of goods can be among the best bargains?A Cheapest goodsB Newest goodsC Seasonal goodsD Goods in stock64. The second paragraph deals with all of the following types of goods EXCEPT ____A surplus goodsB low-cost goodsC the end lot goodsD exceptionally valued goods65. In order to maintain his business during a bad time, a manufacturer may ____A have his goods produced at low cost.B sell his goods at a very low price.C have his employees sell his goods.D try to produce high quality goods.66. The passage suggests that “seconds”____________A are of better quality than “substandard goods”B attract buyers as particularly good bargains.C are defective but marked as perfect.D are goods with serious defects67. The word “redress” ( the underlined word in the last paragraph) probably means ____A dressing againB change of addressC compensation for something wrong.D selling the same product at different prices.68. During sales shoppers should ____A find the best bargains at every opportunity.B beware of being cheated.C buy things that are necessary.D pay more attention to the price.Passage FourHow many of today’s ailment, or even illnesses, are purely psychological? And how far can thesebe alleviated by the use of drugs? For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotionalproblems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat b y the use of anti-depressantsbut he would not remove the root cause of their depression ----- the feeling of being useless, oftenunwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers.One of the most important controversies in medicine today is how far doctors, and particularlypsychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for “curing” their patients. It is not merel drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects as happened in thecase of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers but the uneasiness o f doctor who feelthat they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the otherhand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases such as chronic depressive illness it is impossibleto get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a depressed state. Even prolonged psychiatriccare may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the useof drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withholdsuch treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be tackled better when the patient himselffeels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. Itdoes not solve the problem of those whose headaches, i ndigestion, backache, etc. are due tophysical cause and as a matter “nerves”. Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to someof routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself.It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the attention are not purely physical ailments. If this is so, the situation is seriousordinary doctor’sindeed.69. The author thinks that drugs used for treating psychological ills ______A could be ineffective in some cases.B usually have harmful side effects.C can greatly alleviate the illnesses.D can remove the root causes.70. The controversy mentioned in the passage focuses on ___A whether psychologists should use drugs to cure their patients.B how psychologists should treat their patients.C the fact that all of the drugs have harmfulside effects.D the extent to which drugs should be used to fight psychological illness.71. The passage indicates that psychologists _____A find it impossible to remove a psychological diseaseB feel dissatisfied at treating theirpatients with drugs.C believe that the root cause of a disease can be ignored.D can do nothing if the patient is in adepressed state .72. When treating patients with psychological problems, some doctors feel that they ____A are at a loss for treatment.B have no right to use drugs.C have to cure their patients by any means.D should use drugs to treat the symptoms.73. A family doctor would normally consider a headache or backache as a result of ____A a more serious diseaseB some emotional problem.C a physical disorderD prolonged work74. Regarding the situation of psychological problems the author feels ____A concernedB hopelessC surprisedD disappointedPassage FiveThose who make the rules for financial institution probably should take a modified oath. Theirpledge would be: First, do no harm. Second, if the reforms put before me) are unclear, don’t approve them.Charles Morris may not have intended his new book Money, Greed, and Risk to cast such a dimlight on the regulators, but it does. In fact, it may serve as a wake-up call for true believers in ourcurrent regulatory structure, most of which was erected in the 1930s and most of which Morrisseems to favor, despite the stupid results it has caused.Morris, a former Chase Manhattan banking executive, outlines in great detail, again and again,how regulators, lawmakers, firms and many of the customers marched straight into mortgage, currency, thrift (互相储蓄) and other investment disasters. His discussion of Regulation Q, anattempt by Congress in the 1960s to rescue ailing savings and loans by regulating interest rates,reveals not only Congressional economic illiteracy, but also the deep harm such foolish thinking cando to the real economy.After some 260 pages listing the foolish things of Wall Street, regulators and lawmakers, Morrisdraws some pessimistic conclusions: “One constant in all the crises is that the regulatory responses come only after a crisis hits its peak.” For example, it “took the S&L crisis of the 1980s to b honest accounting to thrifts, and it wasn’t until the banking sector suffered huge losses in real e and foreign loans that regulators began to enforce strict capital standards.”So, what is the point of regulation? Morris, who is excellent at recounting tales of regulation gone。

北大17秋季36081001-大学英语1-第一组答案

一、英译汉(共35题，每题2分，共70分)鼓励独立完成作业，严惩抄袭。

1. Tom's father has taught English here since he graduated from Peking University.汤姆的爸爸从在北京大学毕业后就在这里教英语了。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：***试题难度：一般试题解析：***考生答案：汤姆的爸爸从在北京大学毕业后就在这里教英语了。

考生得分：***是否评分：未评分评价描述：***2. Don’t you know that all the animals are good friends now?你难道不知道现在所有的动物都是好朋友吗？试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：***试题难度：一般试题解析：***考生答案：你难道不知道现在所有的动物都是好朋友吗？考生得分：***是否评分：未评分评价描述：***3. Economists study the way a society uses scarce resources such as land, labor and raw materials.经济学家研究的是社会是如何利用诸如土地，劳动力还有原材料等稀缺资源。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：***试题难度：一般试题解析：***考生答案：经济学家研究的是社会是如何利用诸如土地，劳动力还有原材料等稀缺资源。

考生得分：***是否评分：未评分评价描述：***4. He wanted to help all the wounded people no matter which side they were fighting for.。

北师大MTI近年真题回忆整理

2016翻译硕士英语：1、和以前题型不同，之前听说第一个题是20个词语辨析，词语都是特别难的那种gre难度的词汇，今年第一个题型是完形填空，关于留守儿童的，20个题，不是特别难，大家以后可以积累一下词组，固定用法之类的，毕竟即使不考完形填空，作文还是可以用到的。

2、阅读第一篇是关于云计算，计算机之类的，题目不难，篇幅也较短。

第二篇是拜伦对夏洛蒂•勃朗特的影响，偏文学性质，感觉没读懂，题目都可以读懂，但文章还是有难度的。

第三篇是讲欧洲那边主人公家里从事丧葬的人写的回忆性质的文章，不难理解，但是题目还是要仔细分析；第四篇是关于网络泄密，这篇不难理解，但是题目还是很有干扰的。

3、严格意义上来说，这一部分还是属于阅读，不过不是选择，是排序貌似是第三个还是第四个是固定的，其余五个需要根据理解排序。

之前没练过这个题型，还挺吃力的。

把握不准到底该填哪。

文章内容不是特别难，但是需要从整体把握文章结构并理解，建议大家平时还是练一下这个题型之前看经验说北师大的阅读都是篇幅很长的，差不多托福雅思级别难度，两篇选择题形式的阅读，还有两篇paraphrase的问答型阅读，看来今年题型变化还是蛮大的。

但是大家也不要掉以轻心，paraphrase有时间也可以练一下，说不定什么时候就又有可能考到呢。

4、作文people today do what they like but not what they should，do you agree不少于400字，专八难度吧，大家可以按专八来复习。

针对翻译硕士，我买了二级笔译综合能力那本书，本来是用来练单选的，今年并没有考到，挺好的。

完型比单选简单多了。

阅读我做了星火版的专八阅读，又买了一套专八真题，平时也看看英语文摘上的文章口译提高阅读能力。

作文学姐推荐我买了慎小嶷的10天突破雅思写作，这本书里面有很多话题的词组，都很有用。

比单纯的背范文好多了。

它可以拓展你的整体思维，我看这本书有点晚，所以没有看完。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：16，分数：44.00)Please disambiguate the following 5 sentences, using the tree-diagram, or any other means that you think is appropriate.（北京交通大学2007研)（分数：10.00）(1).Jane showed her baby pictures.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(2).The old man is drinking in the air.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP drinking in)(NP the air)b.(VP drinking(PP in the air)))解析：(3).We need more realistic officials to handle the economy.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：()解析：(4).We are sweeping the ground cigarettes on the street.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(VP sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes(PP on the street)))b.(vp sweeping(NP the ground cigarettes)(pp on the street)))(5).Tom exchanged the money and fell around the corner.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a.(Vp exchanged the money)and(Vp fell around the corner)b.(VP exchanged the money and fell)(PP around the corner))解析：1.What is Halliday"s idea on the relationship between the functions performed by language and its structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In Halliday"s point of view, there are three general functions of language: ideational(which is subdivided into experiential and logical), interpersonal and textual. And they are related to the three grammatical systems; transitivity, mood and theme. Specifically, the ideational function is realized as the transitivity system in the clause as a representation of experience, in which there are six processes; material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential. Actor, the so-called logical subject, is an important participant in the material process. The interpersonal function is realized as the mood system in the clause as an exchange, which is divided into the two major parts of Mood and Reside. And Subject is one of the two parts of Mood, the other part being the finite verbal operator. The textual function is realized as the thematic structure of the clause as a message. The two main constituents here are theme and rheme, the former being the point of departure of the message, or the concern of the clause, while the latter is the part in which the theme is developed.)2.What are deep and surface structures?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Deep structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar opposed to surface structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence—an underlying level of structural organization which specific all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted. Surface structure is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to deep structure. It is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear.)解析：3.In the following three sentences, the particle "up" stays in different positions, i. e. immediately after the verb; in between the noun phrase and the relative clause; and at the end of the sentence. Can you formulate a syntactic rule to explain the position changes of the particle?(1)She stood up the man who offered her a diamond.(2)She stood the man up who offered her a diamond.(3)She stood the man who offered her a diamond up.（南开大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to chomsky"s Generative and Functional Grammar, there is an underlying representation for any sentence. Then the underlying form is transformed into the surface form through sometransformational rules. The same underlyilyng form may result in different surface representation by undertaking different operation. Sometimes, the same surface form is likely to be transformed from different deep structure because of various movement. "Stand sb. up" means that sb. fails to show up in a date though he has promised to appear, and let the other wait for him in vain. The underlying form of the above three sentences have the same underlying form, that is " She stood the man up who offered her a diamond". The reason why they finally have the different form is that they have undertaken different operation. Because "up" is an adjunct in the three sentences, it is more convenient to put it since it will not change the property of the sentence. Therefore, finally we get the three kinds of surface forms. Sentence one, "up" is moved upward to the front of the man for the purpose of banlancing the sentence. Sentence two, "up" is moved upwards to the front of the attrubutive clause to the front of the attributive clause in order to achieve coherence. And the last sentence is the underlying form. Consequently, we can say that it is very flexible to position the adjunct in a sentence for various purposes.)解析：4.What is conceptual meaning? Try to distinguish it from any other types of meaning classified by Leech?（北二外2008研) （分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to Leech, conceptual meaning refers to the logical, cognitive or denotive content of the meaning of a word. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to. Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notionof reference. But the term "connotative" is used in daily conversation, refers to some additional, especially emotive, meaning. This type of meaning and the following four types, namely, social meaning, affective meaning , reflected meaning and collocative meaning, are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use. The last type, thematic meaning, is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.)5.Explain the notion of hyponym.（北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A term which is subordinate to another in that its extension is contained in the extension of another, e. g. "lion" or "tiger" is a hyponym of "animal".)解析：6.How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?（浙江大学2004研)(a)The television drank my water.(b)His dog writes poetry.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(a)The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as(+ ANIMATE), however, the word television, which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:(- ANIMATE). That"s why such a collocation results in oddness. (b)The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do,therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as(+ HUMAN); however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as(-HUMAN). Therefore, the sentence is odd.) 解析：What is one obvious presupposition of the speaker who says:（分数：4.00）(1).Where did he buy the beer?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Where did he buy the beer" should be " He has some beer".)解析：(2).Your watch is broken.（上海交大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：One obvious presupposition of the sentence "Your watch is broken" should be "You have a watch".)解析：Tell the sense relation between a and b in each pair:（北二外2007研)（分数：4.00）(1).a. He no longer likes coffee. b. He liked coffee.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：a entails b) 解析：(2).a. Mary is working in China. b. Mary is working in Beijing.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：b presupposes a) 解析：7.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features; the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features, and it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly. A phoneme is considered a collection of distinctive sound features;a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and it is these sound features that distinguish different sounds.)8.Are utterances, sentences, and propositions the same?（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：No. These three terms are used to describe different levels of language. The most concrete is utterance which is created by speaking(or writing)a piece of language. Sentences, on the other hand, are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterances. For example, an utterance has a tone, or perhaps some accent due to regional or social variation, and phonetic details which identify individual speakers, etc. But at the level of sentence, these kinds of information are ignored. Propositions are the result of a further abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example , the two sentences " Caesar invaded Gaul" and " Gaul was invaded by Caesar" hold the same preposition.)解析：9.Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?（厦门大学2010研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. It is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning. Total synonymy is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context dependent. They all differ in one way or another. When you consider the meaning of a word, you need to consider both its denotation and its connotation. The denotation is the primary, literal meaning of a word. The connotation is the suggested or implied meaning of a word. Connotations usually come from experience or associations. Seeing a word used repeatedly in certain contexts gives the word a different color than it gets in the dictionary. There are no real synonyms, because two or more words named synonyms are expected without exception to differ from one another in one of the following aspects: (1)in shade of meaning(finish, complete, close, conclude); (2)in stylistic meaning(father, dad); (3)in emotive(or affective)meaning(smart, crafty); (4)in range of use or collocative meaning(accuse, charge);(5)in British and American English usages(autumn, fall). For example, they may differ in style. In the context "Little T om______a toy bear" , here buy is more appropriate than purchase. Because purchase is more formal than buy.)解析：10.What are the major concerns of pragmatics?（人大2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker(or writer)and interpreted by a listener(or reader). It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.)解析：11.How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?(浙江大学2005研)Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system. Mechanic: I"ll be busy with this other car all day.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：In the motorist"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed, namely representative and directive, and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system, the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him. Similarly, in the mechanic"s utterance, there are two types of speech acts performed; one is representative, the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through theperformance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.) 解析：12.Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or " 言外之意" in Chinese.（中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：We may summarize conversational implicature as a type of implied meaning. It could be inferred only by the dependence on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and listener. Illocutionary force, on other hand, refers to speaker"s meaning, contextual meaning , or extra meaning, that is, the meaning the speaker wants to convey in a specific context. By an illocutionary force, we can say "What does he mean by saying that?" In this sense, implica-ture is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or "言外之意" in Chinese.)解析：13.Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn.（厦门大学2006研)(1)A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2)A: Let"s go to the movies. B: I"ll bring the Kleenex.(3)A: Would you drive a Mercedes? B: I wouldn"t drive ANY expensive car.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In the exchanges, the maxim of relation has been flouted. As to instance(1), A will assume that if B is cooperative, his reply must be relevant in a different sense: I will not talk about my secret now because I do not want to let John know. In(2), the answer of B seems irrelevant to A"s utterance. By doing so, A will likely derive the implicature that B has accepted his suggestion , and is going to get prepared. In(3), by violating the maxim of relation, B intends to implicate that Mercedes is an expensive car and he would not drive a Mercedes.)解析：。

【精品】北京师范大学网络教育-2017秋季-(高分答案)专科英语(一)作业2

北京师范大学网络教育2017秋季（高分答案）专科英语(一)作业2单选1. Directions：These are 10 incomplete statements here、You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choice s marked A)，B)，C) and D).此部分共有10个未完成的句子。

每个句子中未完成的部分有四个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。

The ____ to ensure(确保) a bright future for myself pushed me to study harder.A. crisisB. ideaC. pressureD. thought标准答案：C.pressure2. Directions：There are five questions in this passage、You are required to complete each question by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D).此篇短文后有5个问题，每个问题后有4个选项，请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案选项。

请点击此链接查看题目What can you conclude from the story?A. The man on the phone was not interested in films.B. The man on the phone was rather clever.C. The man’s wife was fond of films.D. The telephone companies are inefficient sometimes.标准答案：B.The man on the phone was rather clever.3. Directions：These are 10 incomplete statements here、You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choice s marked A)，B)，C) and D).此部分共有10个未完成的句子。

2017年北京师范大学翻译硕士考研参考资料、历年真题解析、考研辅导、考研经历

2017年北京师范大学翻译硕士考研必读信息一、北京师范大学翻译硕士专业简介北京师范大学翻译硕士（Master of Translation and Interpreting）培养单位设置在外国语言文学学院MTI教育中心。

学院自1988年9月起招收翻译方向硕士研究生，培养了100多名优秀的硕士毕业生。

2010年9月，本院招收第一届翻译硕士专业学位研究生，至今已有六届，共181名。

2016年招收的全日制翻译硕士将结合我校在教师教育、教育技术、文化传播等学科毕业生在人才市场上的优势，侧重培养相关领域的英语笔译、语言服务及管理方向的人才。

为适应我国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业发展的需要，促进中外交流，培养高层次、应用型高级翻译专门人才，国务院学位委员会2007年决定在我国设置翻译硕士专业学位。

翻译硕士专业学位（其英文名称为Master of Translation and Interpreting,英文缩写为MTI）的培养目标为具有专业口笔译能力的高级翻译人才。

他们应具有较强的语言运用能力、熟练的翻译技能和宽广的知识面，能够胜任不同专业领域所需的高级翻译工作。

北京师范大学翻译硕士培养的是英语笔译高级翻译人才。

本资料由育明教育独家整理，更多高质量资料下载来源：（育明教育官翻译硕士的招生对象一般为学士学位获得者；鼓励非外语专业毕业生及有口笔译实践经验者报考。

二、北京师范大学翻译硕士考研目录及参考书目1初试科目①101-思想政治理论（满分100分）②211-翻译硕士英语（满分100分）③357-英语翻译基础（满分150分）④448-汉语写作与百科知识（满分150分）1以上考试科目中，101-思想政治理论为国家统考科目，请参考教育部考试中心统一编制的最新考试大纲。

2211-翻译硕士英语、357-英语翻译基础、448-汉语写作与百科知识科目参考用书1-庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20022-叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》北京：清华大学出版社，20013-张汉熙，《高级英语》（修订本）第1、2册北京：外语教学与研究出版社，19954-张卫平，《英语报刊选读》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，20055-张岱年，《中国文化概论》北京：北京师范大学出版社，2004、20106-夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》上海：复旦大学出版社，20107-《翻译硕士英语真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社8-《汉语写作与百科知识真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社本资料由育明教育独家整理，更多高质量资料下载来源：（育明教育官9-《汉语写作与百科知识》天津科技翻译出版社三、招生人数和报考条件1招生人数北京师范大学2016年计划招收翻译硕士专业学位研究生70人，其中接收推荐免试生人数为35人左右。

2017北外真题(个人回忆总结版)

北外2017汉语国际教育（回忆版）汉语基础一、填空题（1’x11）1.现代汉语是由（1 ）和民族共同语组成。

现代汉民族共同语就是以（2）为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为（3）的普通话。

2.语言是以（4 ）为物质外壳，以（5）为建筑材料，以（6）为结构规律而构成的一种音义结合的符号系统。

3.词汇是一种语言里所有的词和（7 ）的总和。

4.语法是语言的（8）法则，专指组成词、短语、句子等（9）的语言单位的规则。

5.修辞是从（10）、（11）的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用的二、名词解释（3’x3）1.五度标记法2.词义3.存现句三、简答题1.分析z、c、s各自的发音特点，并举例分析其异同点。

2.什么是变式句？举例说明变式句的种类。

四、语言分析题1.什么是调值、调类？它们之间有什么关系？2.近义词辨析：（1）情况、情形（2）舒服、舒畅（3）特别、尤其3.改正下列病句，并说明原因。

(1)经过抢救，大夫们终于把休克的病人苏醒过来了(2)技术革新以后，不但加快了生产速度，提高了产品质量(3)来稿要注意简练，一般不超过一千字左右(4)他们做了大量调查工作和分析了各种情况4.指出下列加点词的词性。

1’x5（1）无论谁都说她好。

无论（2）幸亏他已经来了。

幸亏（3）今天的天气格外晴朗。

格外（4）这件事让他感慨万千。

感慨（5）所有人都不知道他离开的理由。

所有5. 今年夏天我们去杭州旅游，到“岳母刺字”雕像前，突然听到，有一名中年男子说：“也只有岳母会这么做了，亲妈谁能这么干！”一瞬间，所有的旅客都哄堂大笑起来。

分析该语言现象。

（10分）五、请回答下列问题。

1.写出下来同音词的汉字（至少写出两个）1’x10wǎng rán（枉然）（惘然）wú lǐ（无礼）（五里）xiǎn yào（险要）（显要）fǎn yìng（反应）（反映）yǐn jiàn（引荐）（引见）2.给下列句子注音。

才思学员回忆--2017年北京外国语大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题

才思学员回忆--2017 年北京外国语大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题
现代汉语(931) 一、选择 1 含音位变体的 2.韵母是开口呼的（这个我自己觉得选项里有两个正确答案，不知道是不是出题 bug 了...） 3.zhi chi si shi 韵母不同的 4.不是附加词的（四个带“子”的选项） 5.是合成词的（姥姥猩猩皑皑魑魅魍魉白富美仅仅）剩下两个选项一个成语，一个外来词）白兰地马大哈） 6.有四个语素的（之乎者也 7.构成方式不同的（高大上
1、蛮寒冷的/蛮帅的挺聪明的/挺聪颖的哪个成立，为什么？ 2、a.教室里走出来一个李老师。 b.他把一本书拿出来。这两句话是否有错误，为什么？六、论述题论述名词谓语句的类型和特点
语言综合卷古汉一、填空 1.为《孟子》作疏的是宋代（） 2.无生得失（偏义复词） 3.知澈澄娘发音部位（） 4.肯定性无定代词和否定性无定代词二、选择有古今字、繁简字、被动句、词类活用的知识三、翻译句子并解释加点词（几乎都是以前真题考过的）四、一段话加标点翻译初，晋悼公子憖亡在卫，使其女仆而田。大叔懿子止而饮之酒，遂聘之，生悼子。悼子即位，故夏戊为大夫。悼子亡，卫人翦夏戊。孔文子之将攻大叔也，访于仲尼。仲尼曰：「胡簋之事，则尝学之矣。甲兵之事，未之闻也。」退，命驾而行，曰：「鸟则择木，木岂能择鸟？」文子遽止之，曰：「圉岂敢度其私，访卫国之难也。」将止。鲁人以币召之，乃归。语言学纲要一、填空 1.按语法结构类型，俄语属于（） 2.汉语拼音 c 的发音特征（） 3.语言演变的两大特点是渐进性和（） 4.（）和混合语...... 二、名词解释 1.汉语“实词虚化” 四、论述：以现代汉语为例，论述新词新义的类型、特点、成因现代汉语一、名词解释（一个两分） 1.元音 2.单纯词二、简答（一个六分）三、论述（14 分）：汉语词类与句子成分不是一一对应的，请从词类的语法特征和句子成分的构成两方面论述这个观点。

北师大语言学及应用语言学专业考研真题答案、经验指南、笔记讲义、（汇总贴）

北师⼤语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学专业考研真题答案、经验指南、笔记讲义、（汇总贴）不⼀致的地⽅，那么针对这个问题我们在答题时盖如何应对：现代汉语和语⾔学基础理论的很多内容的确有很多的相同之处，⼆者所涵盖的内容⼤致⼀样，但是，所涵盖的内容的含义有详略之分。

从语⾔和⾔语的⾓度来说，语⾔学更加注重理论⽅⾯的讲解，研究⽐较深⼊，也⽐较细致，即侧重的是语⾔⽅⾯，⼆现代汉语分析的是语⾔的应⽤，所以侧重的是⾔语⽅⾯，分析语⾔在实际运⽤中的语⾔现象，不做深⼊的探讨。

⼆者的联系在于，学好语⾔学能够提⾼我们分析语⾔的能⼒，并且对各门语⾔学科的复习提供指导。

在考试时，我们建议遵循以下的原则：在⼆者的相通之处，可以共同⽤上，互相补充，使我们的答案更加的完善。

在⼆者有区别的地⽅，不得相混，在答现代汉语部分的题⽬时，⼀定要按照现代汉语课本上的讲解来，不得和语⾔学中的混；同样，在答语⾔学部分的题⽬时，⼀定要按照语⾔学课本上的讲解来，不得和现汉中的相混。

此外，考⽣在复习课本的同时，也要对章节后⾯的。

练习题予以重视，尽量做到没问题。

我们建议考⽣在复习时以岑云强版本的《语⾔学基础理论》为重点，在时间允许的情况下，也可参考徐版的《语⾔学纲要》和岑版得《趣味语⾔学》。

后者更加⽣动有趣，讲解清晰，使我们感受到学习语⾔学的真正乐趣。

语⾔学类的⼀样，在回答出含义之后，⼀定要举出相关的⼏个例⼦来印证，否则只能有⼀半的分数或者更少的分数。

此外，每年都会有材料分析题，分为两种，必有的⼀种是给出⼏个地⽅的语⾔，要求考⽣分析语法范畴那⼀节中的⼏个问题，所以考⽣对语法范畴那⼀节要格外熟悉，另外⼀种，就是根据材料分析其中所反映的语⾔学知识，针对这种题，考⽣在揭⽰出其中的语⾔学知识之后，⼀定要对材料再进⾏分析，⽤所揭⽰出来的语⾔学知识来分析这段材料。

这部分就是语⾔学灵活性的体现，所以考⽣在平时的复习中要下意识的做这⼀⽅⾯的练习。

现代汉语：现代汉语我们参考的书⽬是周⼀民版的《现代汉语》，近⼏年的真题往往是连续⼏道名词解释、简答、论述、分析题。

2017北京师范大学翻译硕士考研真题解析及考研试题出题趋势分析

2017北京师范大学翻译硕士考研备考信息；考研信息汇总；一、真题：北京师范大学2011年翻译硕士MTI真题及答案I.Phrase Translationthe Authorized Version钦定版圣经flesh and blood血肉之躯a wet blanket令人扫兴的人puppy love早年初恋the Analects论语contact lenses隐形眼镜proof positive铁证track and field田径运动child’s play容易干的事，不重要的事danger money危险工作的额外报酬pull sb’s leg愚弄某人in for a penny,in for a pound一不做二不休between the devil and the deep blue sea左右为难real economy实体经济音译transliteration国内生产总值GDP八折优惠20%off左上角top left corner淡酒light wine老于世故的人man of the world/sophisticated person 硬性推销hard sale promotion天道酬勤god helps those who help themselves隔墙有耳wall have ears三三两两small knots of people耐用消费品durable consumer goods招领启事Lost and Found拦路虎a lion in the way可持续发展sustainable development新兴市场国家Emerging Market Countries汉语写作与百科知识1.先是25个选择题，只记得基本知识点1.唐装形成于哪个时期？2.中国有“东方的巴黎”之称的城市是哪个？3.清明上河图4.绘画技巧（气韵生动什么之类的，记不清了）5.秦“书同文”规定的字体是？6.郑和使用的“牵星术”是指？7.“天人合一”是指？8.水墨画是哪个诗人根据道家和禅宗哲学创造的？9.哪个佛教流派是佛家思想与中国本土文化结合的产物？10.书法各流派（颜真卿，欧阳询之类的）11.苏州说唱（不确定是说唱还是弹唱还是说弹）艺术形式伴奏使用的主要乐器是什么？12.下列哪个名称不是指古代中国（震旦，塞里斯，中土，大秦）13.蜡染技术14.冰裂纹15.生旦净丑16.下列哪个人物既在前四大须生之列，又在后四大须生之列17.明朝中叶，哪个外国人带来的思想和西器，只有徐光启识之18.董仲舒说：“仁而不智，则爱而不别；智而不仁，则智而不为”要表达的意思是什么？二、近五年北京师范大学翻译硕士（英语笔译）考研录取分数线及人数年份专业代码及名称政治理论外国语业务课一业务课二总分招生人数2012(0551)翻译5050909033020 2013055101英语笔译506095100350252014055101英语笔译506010010034025 2015055101英语笔译5060909034070 2016055101英语笔译5060909033070三、近五年北京师范大学翻译硕士（英语笔译）考研招生数据分析（一）招生人数：2014年招生：25人推免人数占40%；2015年招生：70人推免人数占50%；2016年招生：70人推免人数占50%；（二）录取分数线：2014年录取线：3402015年录取线：3402016年录取线：330（三）学费问题：2014年：5万/2年，分摊2.5万/1年；2015年：5万/2年，分摊2.5万/1年；2016年：5万/2年，分摊2.5万/1年；（四）录取：录取成绩=211翻译硕士英语成绩+357英语翻译基础成绩+复试成绩（口试）；择优录取；（五）关于参考书目的问题北师大在15年前面还会公布参考书目以及参考资料，但是16年就没有在进行公布。

2017北京高考英语试卷及答案及英语联考考试试题（2）

2017北京高考英语试卷及答案及英语联考考试试题(2)第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

选项中有两项为多余选项。

(请将答案涂在答题卡上E=AB F=AC G=AD)Learning English can be a difficult task. While many people learn English in the classroom, the vast majority of English learning takes place outside of it.36 , it is important to know how it is used in everyday life. One of the best things you can do is to read. First ask yourself what you enjoy reading in your native language. If the subject matter is interesting to you, you will he more likely to keep going. Read a variety of different media in English, from magazines to novels. 37 . New York Times takes a more formal approach to the English language than somebody's personal blog.Consider your English level when selecting reading material.38 , but do not frustrate yourself needlessly by selecting a complex text . You can choose to be a side-by-side reader, with the English text on one page and its translation on the other page, if you have only been studying English for a couple of years.39 . So do not look up every word you don't know as you read. It will only slow things down and make the reading process much less fun. Instead, rely on what you have already known. When you come across a difficult word or phrase，use context clues to guess at its meaning. Write down or underline any words or phrases you cannot figure out. When you have finished reading, go to your list of new words. Now you can get your dictionary and look them up one by one. 40 . You will be more likely to keep reading the interesting subject.A. Challenge yourselfB. To better understand a languageC. When you want to learn English, try New York TimesD. Turn them into flash cards, keep them in mind and use themE. Putting a dictionary at hand is a good way of learning EnglishF. Your reading goal is to briefly understand what the piece is sayingG. The content and writing styles vary with the group of readers第三部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节：完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分，满分30分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

北大17秋季36081002-大学英语2-第一组答案

北大17秋季36081002-大学英语2-第一组答案第一篇：北大17秋季36081002-大学英语2-第一组答案一、英译汉(共35题，每题2分，共70分)请把下列各句英文翻译成中文。

鼓励独立完成作业，严惩抄袭。

使用有道、谷歌等翻译工具完成作业的，一经发现，本题记零分。

1.A dolphin is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal.海豚总是被认为是聪明又友好的动物。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：*** 试题难度：一般试题解析：*** 考生答案：海豚总是被认为是聪明又友好的动物。

考生得分：*** 是否评分：未评分评价描述：*** 2.A lot of natural resources in the mountain area are to be exploited and used.这个山区的大量自然资源将被开采利用。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：*** 试题难度：一般试题解析：*** 考生答案：这个山区的大量自然资源将被开采利用。

考生得分：*** 是否评分：未评分评价描述：*** 3.Air pollution is more serious than water pollution.空气污染比水源污染更加严重。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：*** 试题难度：一般试题解析：*** 考生答案：空气污染比水源污染更加严重。

考生得分：*** 是否评分：未评分评价描述：*** 4.People of various backgrounds applied for the job.来自各种不同背景的人都在申请这个工作。

试题编号：试题类型：简答题标准答案：*** 试题难度：一般试题解析：*** 考生答案：来自各种不同背景的人都在申请这个工作。

考生得分：*** 是否评分：未评分评价描述：*** 5.As is known to the world, Mark Twain was a great American writer.马克吐温是举世闻名的美国作家。

2017年北京大学外国语学院英语语言文学考研真题-新祥旭考研辅导

2017年北京大学外国语学院英语语言文学考研真题全部三选一。

一、1.有个Polish writer写了本书叫Shakespeare,Our Contemporary。

问你同意这个说法吗，cite Shakespearean plays and recent criticisms来说明，要求be specific。

2.In Paradise Lost,Milton\'s representation of Satan.给了段材料，根据材料分析。

3.有人说Richardson和Fielding只能喜欢一个。

问你prefer哪个。

结合their contribution to the development of the English novel说明。

二、1.William Wordsworth\"I Wondered Lonely as A Cloud\"中，\"I gazed--and gazed--but little thought\"到诗的末尾，要求分析significant details.2.\"Womenhood\"is a great concern in Victorian age.要求选at least two works分析Victorian women\'s social role.3.Novels end differently,showing the worldview of their authors.Choose2or3 Victorian novels,analyse the ways these novel end&how the endings correspond to(or are at odds with)the authors\'philology of life.三、1.【往年题】Walden,live deliberately.体现在Thoreau同时期或之前的作品，选两部说明。

北京大学“学术英语阅读”2017年上学期期末考试真题

2017—2018学年度第一学期期末考试学术英语阅读院/系_________________ 姓名_________________ 班级_________________ 学号_________________DirectionRead the following passage. While you’re reading, please pay special attention to the underlined or shaded words, phrases and sentences. You’ll be asked to explain them in English later after reading.The Price of PreferenceShelby Steele5 10 15 20 25 30In a few short years, many blacks and a considerable number of whites would say that I was sanctimoniously (圣洁地) making affirmative action①into a test of character. They would say that this small preference is the meagerest recompense for centuries of unrelieved oppression. And to these arguments other very obvious facts must be added. In America, many marginally competent or flatly incompetent whites are hired every day—some because their white skin suits the conscious or unconscious racial preference of their employers. The white children of alumni are often grandfathered into elite universities in what can only be seen as a residual benefit of historic white privilege. Worse, white incompetence is always an individual matter, but for blacks it is often confirmation of ugly stereotypes. Given that unfairness cuts both ways, doesn’t it only balance the scales of history, doesn’t this repay, in a small way, the systematic denial under which my children’s grandfather lived out his days? In theory, affirmative action certainly has all the moral symmetry that fairness requires—the injustice of historical and even contemporary white advantage is offset (补偿) with black advantage; preference replaces prejudice, inclusion (1) answers exclusion. It is reformist and corrective, even repentant and redemptive (忏悔与救赎的). And I would never sneer at these good intentions. Born in the late forties in Chicago, I started my education (a charitable term in this case) in a segregated (种族隔离的) school and suffered all the indignities that come to blacks in a segregated society. My father, born in the South, made it only to the third grade before the white man’s fields took permanent priority (永久性优先) over his formal education. And though he educated himself into an advanced reader with an almost professorial authority, he could only drive a truck for a living, and never earned more than $90 a week in his entire life. So yes, it is crucial to my sense of citizenship, to my ability to identify with the spirit and the interests of America, to know that this country, however imperfectly, recognizes its past sins and wishes to correct them.Yet good intentions can blind us to the effects they generate when implemented. In our society affirmative action is, among other things, a (2) testament to white goodwill and to black power, and in the midst of these heavy investments its effects can be hard to see. But after twenty years of implementation I think that affirmative action has shown itself to be more bad than good and that blacks—whom I will focus on in this essay—now stand to lose more from it than they gain.In talking with affirmative action administrators and with blacks and whites in general, I found that supporters of affirmative action focus on its good intentions while detractors (反对者) emphasize its negative effects. Proponents talk about “diversity” and “pluralism”; opponents speak of (3) “reverse discrimination”, the unfairness of quotas (指标) and set-asides (保留名额). [1] It was virtually impossible to find people outside either camp. The closest I came was a white male manager at a large computer①Affirmative action is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. 平权运动，扶持政策35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75company who said, “I think it amounts to reverse discrimination, but I’ll put up with a little of that for a little more diversity.” I’ll live with a little of the effect to gain a little of the intention, he seemed to be saying. But this only makes him a halfhearted supporter of affirmative action. I think many people who don’t really like affirmative action support it to one degree or another anyway.I believe they do this because of what happened to white and black Americans in the crucible (坩埚) of the sixties, when whites were confronted with their racial guilt and blacks tasted their first real power. In that stormy time white absolution and black power coalesced into virtual mandates (命令) for society. Affirmative action became a meeting ground for those mandates in the law, and in the late sixties and early seventies it underwent a remarkable escalation of its mission from simple anti-discrimination enforcement to (4) social engineering by means of quotas, goals, timetables, set-asides and other forms of preferential treatment.Legally, this was achieved through a series of executive orders and EEOC②guidelines that allowed racial imbalances in the workplace to stand as proof of racial discrimination. Once it could be assumed that discrimination explained racial imbalances, [2] it became easy to justify group remedies to presumed discrimination rather than the normal case-by-case redress for proven discrimination. Preferential treatment through quotas, goals, and so on is designed to correct imbalances based on the assumption that they always indicate discrimination. This expansion of what constitutes discrimination allowed affirmative action to escalate into the business of social engineering in the name of anti-discrimination, to push society toward statistically proportionate racial representation, without any obligation of proving actual discrimination.What accounted for this shift, I believe, was the white mandate to achieve a new racial innocence and the black mandate to gain power. Even though blacks had made great advances during the sixties without quotas, these mandates, which (5) came to a head in the very late sixties, could no longer be satisfied by anything less than racial preferences. I don’t think these mandates in themselves were wrong, because whites clearly needed to do better by blacks and blacks needed more real power in society. But, as they came together in affirmative action, their effect was to distort (变形) our understanding of racial discrimination in a way that allowed us to offer the remediation of preference on the basis of mere color rather than actual injury.[3] By making black the color of preference, these mandates have reburdened society with the very marriage of color and preference (in reverse) that we set out to eradicate. The old sin is reaffirmed in a new guise.But the essential problems with this form of affirmative action is the way it leaps over the hard business of developing a formerly oppressed people to the point where they can achieve proportionate representation on their own (given equal opportunity) and goes straight for the proportionate representation, this may satisfy some whites of their innocence and some blacks of their power, but it does very little to truly uplift blacks.A white female affirmative action officer at an Ivy League university told me what many supporters of affirmative action now say: “We’re after diversity. We ideally want a student body where racial and ethnic groups are represented according to their proportion in society.” When affirmative action escalated into social engineering, diversity became a golden word. It grants whites an egalitarian fairness (innocence) and blacks an entitlement to proportionate representation (power).Diversity is a term that applies democratic principles to races and cultures rather than to citizens, despite the fact that there is nothing to indicate that real diversity is the same thing as proportionate representation. Too often the result of this, on campuses (for example) has been a democracy of colors rather than of people, an artificial diversity that gives the appearance of an educational parity between black and white students that has not yet been achieved in reality. Here again, racial preferences allow society to leapfrog over the difficult problem of developing blacks to parity with whites and into a cosmetic diversity that (6) covers the blemish of disparity—a full six years after admission, only 26 percent of blacks graduate from college.②Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 均等就业机会委员会80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125Racial representation is not the same thing as racial development, yet affirmative action fosters a confusion of these very different needs. Representation can be manufactured; development is always hard-earned. [4] However, it is the music of innocence and power that we hear in affirmative action that causes us to cling to it and to its distracting emphasis on representation. The fact is that after twenty years of racial preferences the gap between white and black median income is greater than it was in the seventies. None of this is to say that blacks don’t need policies that insure our right to equal opportunity, but what we need more of is the development that will let us take advantage of society’s efforts to include us.I think one of the most troubling effects of racial preferences for blacks is a kind of demoralization, or put another way, an enlargement of self-doubt. Under affirmative action, the quality that earns us preferential treatment is an implied inferiority. However this inferiority is explained—and it is easily enough explained by the myriad deprivations that grew out of our oppression—it is still inferiority. There are explanations, and then there is the fact. And the fact must be borne by the individual as a condition apart from the explanation, apart even from the fact that others like himself also bear this condition. In integrated situations in which blacks must compete with whites who may be better prepared, these explanations may quickly (7) wear thin and expose the individual to racial as well as personal self-doubt. All of this is compounded by the cultural myth of black inferiority that blacks have always lived with. What this means in practical terms is that [5] when blacks deliver themselves into integrated situations, they encounter a nasty little reflex in whites, a mindless, atavistic reflex that responds to the color black with alarm. Attributions may follow this alarm if the white cares to indulge them, and if they do, they will most likely be negative—one such attribution is intellectual ineptness. I think this reflex and the attributions that may follow it embarrass most whites today, therefore, it is usually quickly repressed. Nevertheless, on an equally atavistic level, the black will be aware of the reflex his color triggers and will feel a (8) stab of horror at seeing himself reflected in this way. He, too, will do a quick repression, but a lifetime of such stabbings is what constitutes his inner realm of racial doubt.The effects of this may be a subject for another essay. The point here is that the implication of inferiority that racial preferences engender in both the white and black mind expands rather than contracts this doubt. Even when the black sees no implication of inferiority in racial preferences, he knows that whites do, so that—consciously or unconsciously—the result is virtually the same. The effect of preferential treatment—the lowering of normal standards to increase black representation—puts blacks at war with an expanded realm of debilitating doubt, so that the doubt itself becomes an unrecognized preoccupation that undermines their ability to perform, especially in integrated situations. On largely white campuses, blacks are five times more likely to drop out than whites. Preferential treatment, no matter how it is justified in the light of day, subjects blacks to a midnight of self-doubt, and so often transforms their advantage into a revolving door.Another liability of affirmative action comes from the fact that it indirectly encourages blacks to exploit their own past victimization as a source of power and privilege. Victimization, like implied inferiority, is what justifies preference, so that to receive the benefits of preferential treatment one must, to some extent, become (9) invested in the view of one’s self as a victim. In this way, affirmative action nurtures a victim-focused identity in blacks. The obvious irony here is that we have become inadvertently invested in the very condition we are trying to overcome. [6] Racial preferences send us the message that there is more power in our past suffering than in our present achievements—none of which could bring us a preference over others.When power itself grows out of suffering, blacks are encouraged to expand the boundaries of what qualifies as racial oppression, a situation that can lead us to paint our victimization in vivid colors, even as we receive the benefits of preference. The same corporations and institutions that give us preference are also seen as our oppressors. At Stanford University, minority students—some of whom enjoy as much as $15,000 a year in financial aid—recently took over the president’s office demanding, among other things, more financial aid. The power to be found in victimization, like any power, is intoxicating and130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175can lend itself to the creation of a new class of super-victims who can feel the pea of victimization under twenty mattresses. [7] Preferential treatment rewards us for being underdogs rather than for moving beyond that status—a misplacement of incentives that, along with its deepening of our doubt, is more a yoke than a spur.But, I think, one of the worst prices that blacks pay for preference has to do with an illusion. I saw this illusion at work recently in the mother of a middle-class black student who was going off to his first semester of college. “They owe us this, so don’t think for a minute that you don’t belong there.” This is the logic by which many blacks, and some whites, justify affirmative action—it is something “owed,” a form of reparation. But this logic overlooks a much harder and less digestible reality, that it is impossible to repay blacks living today for the historic suffering of the race. If all blacks were given a million dollars tomorrow it would not amount to a dime on the dollar for three centuries of oppression, nor would it dissolve the residues of that oppression that we still carry today. The concept of historic reparation grows out of man’s need to impose on the world a degree of justice that simply does not exist. Suffering can be endured and overcome, it cannot be repaid. Blacks cannot be repaid for the injustice done to the race, but we can be corrupted by society’s guilty gestures of repayment.Affirmative action is such a gesture. It tells us that racial preferences can do for us what we cannot do for ourselves. The corruption here is in the hidden incentive not to do what we believe preferences will do. This is an incentive to be reliant on others just as we are struggling for self-reliance. And it keeps alive the illusion that we can find some deliverance in repayment. [8] The hardest thing for any sufferer to accept is that his suffering excuses him from very little and never has enough currency to restore him. To think otherwise is to prolong the suffering.Several blacks I spoke with said they were still in favor of affirmative action because of the “subtle” discrimination blacks were subject to once on the job. One photojournalist said, “They have ways of ignoring you.” A black female television producer said, “You can’t file a lawsuit when your boss doesn’t invite you to the insider meetings without ruining your career. So we still need affirmative action.” Others mentioned the infamous “glass ceiling” through which blacks can see the top positions of authority but never reach them. But I don’t think racial preferences are a protection against this subtle discrimination;I think they contribute to it.In any workplace, racial preferences will always create two-tiered populations composed of preferreds and unpreferreds. This division makes automatic a perception of enhanced competence for the unpreferreds and of questionable competence for the preferreds—the former earned his way, even though others were given preference, while the latter made it by color as much as by preference. Racial preferences implicitly mark whites with an exaggerated superiority just as they mark blacks with an exaggerated inferiority. They not only reinforce America’s oldest racial myth but, for blacks, they have the effect of stigmatizing the already stigmatized.I think that much of the “subtle” discrimination that blacks talk about is often (not always) discrimination against the stigma of questionable competence that affirmative action delivers to blacks. In this sense, preferences scapegoat the very people they seek to help. And it may be that at a certain level employers impose a glass ceiling, but this may not be against the race so much as against the race’s reputation for having advanced by color as much as by competence. Affirmative action makes a glass ceiling virtually necessary as a protection against the corruptions of preferential treatment. This ceiling is the point at which corporations shift the emphasis from color to competency and stop playing the affirmative action game. Here preference backfires for blacks and becomes a taint that holds them back. Of course, one could argue that this taint, which is, after all, in the minds of whites, becomes nothing more than an excuse to discriminate against blacks. And certainly the result is the same in either case—blacks don’t get past the glass ceiling. But this argument does not get around the fact that racial preferences now taint this color with a new theme of suspicion that makes blacks even more vulnerable to discrimination. In this crucial yet gray area of perceived competence, preferences make whites look better than they are and blacks worse, while doing nothing whatever to stop the very real discrimination180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220that blacks may encounter. I don’t wish to justify the glass ceiling here, but only to suggest the very subtle ways that affirmative action revives rather than extinguishes the old rationalizations for racial discrimination.In education, a revolving door; in employment, a glass ceiling.I believe affirmative action is problematic in our society because it tries to function like a social program. Rather than ask it to ensure equal opportunity we have demanded that it create parity between the races. But preferential treatment does not teach skills, or educate, or instill motivation. It only passes out entitlement by color, a situation that in my profession has created an unrealistically high demand for black professors. The social engineer’s assumption is that this high demand will inspire more blacks to earn Ph.D.’s and join the profession. In fact, the number of blacks earning Ph.D.’s has declined in recent years. A Ph.D. must be developed from preschool on. He requires family and community support. He must acquire an entire system of values that enables him to work hard while delaying gratification. There are social programs, I believe, that can (and should) help blacks develop in all these areas, but entitlement by color is not a social program; it is a dubious reward for being black.It now seems clear that the Supreme Court, in a series of recent decisions, is moving away from racial preferences. It has disallowed preferences except in instances of “identified discrimination,” eroded the precedent that statistical racial imbalances are prima facie (乍一看上去的)evidence of discrimination, and, in effect, granted white males the right to challenge consent degrees that use preference to achieve racial balances in the workplace. One civil rights leader said, “Night has fallen on civil rights.” But I am not so sure. The effect of these decisions is to protect the constitutional rights of everyone, rather than to take rights away from blacks. What they do take away from blacks is the special entitlement to more rights than others that preferences must always grant. Night has fallen on racial preferences, not on the fundamental rights of black Americans. The reason for this shift, I believe, is that the white mandate for absolution from past racial sins has weakened considerably in the eighties. Whites are now less willing to endure unfairness to themselves in order to grant special entitlements to blacks, even when those entitlements are justified in the name of past suffering. Yet the black mandate for more power in society has remained unchanged. And I think part of the anxiety many blacks feel over these decisions has to do with the loss of black power that they may signal. We had won a certain specialness and now we are losing it.But the power we’ve lost by these decisions is really only the power that grows out of our victimization—the power to claim special entitlements under the law because of past oppression. This is not a very substantial or reliable power, and it is important that we know this so we can focus more exclusively on the kind of development that will bring enduring power. There is talk now that Congress may pass new legislation to compensate for these new limits on affirmative action. If this happens, I hope the focus will be on development and anti-discrimination, rather than entitlement, on achieving racial parity rather than (10) jerry-building racial diversity.I would also like to see affirmative action go back to its original purpose of enforcing equal opportunity—a purpose that in itself disallows racial preferences. We cannot be sure that the discriminatory impulse in America has yet been ashamed into extinction, and I believe affirmative action can make its greatest contribution by providing a rigorous vigilance in this area. I can guard constitutional rather than racial rights, and help institutions evolve standards of merit and selection that are appropriate to the institution’s needs yet as free of racial bias as possible (again, with the understanding that racial imbalances are not always an indication of racial bias). One of the more important things affirmative action can do is to define exactly what racial discrimination is and how it might manifest itself within a specific institution. The impulse to discriminate is subtle and cannot be ferretted out unless its guises are made clear to people. Along with this there should be monitoring of institutions and heavy sanctions brought to bear when actual discrimination is found. This is the sort of affirmative action that America owes to blacks and itself. It goes after the evil of discrimination itself, while preferences only sidestep the evil and grant entitlement to its presumed victims.225 230The mandates of black power and white absolution out of which preferences emerged were not wrong in themselves. What was wrong was that both races focused more on the goals of those mandates than on the means to the goals. Blacks can have no real power without taking responsibility for their own educational and economic development. Whites can have no racial innocence without earning it by eradicating discrimination and helping the disadvantaged to develop. Because we ignored the means, the goals have not been reached, and the real work remains to be done.Questions are on the answer sheet. Write your answer on the answer sheet.北京大学外国语学院考试专用纸姓名：学号：考试类型：开卷考试科目：学术英语阅读考试地点：二教207教师：__________________考试时间：2018年1月2日星期二班级：__________________2017—2018学年度第一学期期末考试学术英语阅读院/系_________________ 姓名_________________ 班级_________________ 学号_________________ Volcabulary Study (24%)Direction Choose eight words from the given options, and explain in English the meaning of the underlined words of phrases.(1) answers (L. 11) (2) testament (L. 22) (3) “reverse discrimination” (L. 28) (4) social engineering (L. 40) (5) came to a head (L. 53) (6) covers the blemish of disparity (L. 76) (7) wear thin (L.93) (8) stab of horror (L.101) (9) invested (L.116) (10) jerry-building racial diversity (L. 211)( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ( ) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 1.Paraphrase (36%)Direction Choose six sentences from the given options, and rewrite the sentences in English, in your own word.[1] It was virtually impossible to find people outside either camp. The closest I came was a white male manager at a large computer ... (L. 29)[2] ... it became easy to justify group remedies to presumed discrimination rather than the normal case-by-case redress for proven discrimination. (L. 44)[3] By making black the color of preference, these mandates have reburdened society with the very marriage of color and preference (in reverse) that we set out to eradicate. (L. 58)[4] However, it is the music of innocence and power that we hear in affirmative action that causes us to cling to it and to its distracting emphasis on representation. (L. 80)[5] ... when blacks deliver themselves into integrated situations, they encounter a nasty little reflex in whites, a mindless, atavistic reflex that responds to the color black with alarm. (L. 95)[6] Racial preferences send us the message that there is more power in our past suffering than in our presentachievements ... (L. 118)[7] Preferential treatment rewards us for being underdogs rather than for moving beyond that status—a misplacement of incentives that, along with its deepening of our doubt, is more a yoke than a spur. (L. 128) [8] The hardest thing for any sufferer to accept is that his suffering excuses him from very little and never has enough currency to restore him. (L. 145)( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ( )_____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Essay Question (40%)DirectionsPlease answer in English the following two groups of questions. For each group of question, write an short essay in about 130-150 words.(1)Why does the author say “But the essential problems with this form of affirmative action is the way it leapsover the hard business of developing a formerly oppressed people to the point where they can achieve proportionate representation on their own (given equal opportunity) and goes straight for the proportionate representation, this may satisfy some whites of their innocence and some blacks of their power, but it does very little to truly uplift blacks.” (L. 61)? How do you understand the sentence “In education, a revolving door; in employment, a glass ceiling.” (L. 179)? Do black people really get equality in this way? Explain。

年上半年北京学位英语考试真题及答案解析(完整版)复习过程

2017年上半年北京学位英语考试真题及答案解析（完整版）Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are three passages In this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:People say that money cannot buy happiness. This was true for Howard Hughes. (76) He was one of the richest and most powerful men of his time. He bad everything: good look success, power, and a lot of money. But he didn’t have lave or friendship because he couldn’t buy them. All his life he used his money to control everything and everyone around him. In the end, he lost control of everything, even himself.Howard Hughes was born in 1905 in Houston, Texas. His father started the Hughes Tool Company. He was a workaholic（工作狂）and made a lot of money. He bought everything he wanted. He even gave money to schools so Howard could get into them. From his father, Howard learned to be a successful but merciless businessman. Hughes’s mother, Allene also had a big influence on his life. Howard was her only child. She protected him and gave him everything. Unfortunately Allene had mental problems. (77)She was afraid of germs and diseases. She was obsessed with Howard's health，and he became obsessed win it too.Allene died when Howard was 16 years old. Two years later his father died. Hughes inherited the Hughes Tool Company. Then he married Ella Rice. He and Ella moved to Los Angeles, California. It was there that Howard Hughes began to become a legend （传奇人物）. Hughes began to invest his money in movies. He became an important producer soon after he moved to California. He worked hard, but he also played hard. He became obsessed with power and control. When he couldn’t get something legally, he gave money politicians and businessmen so they would help him. He owned a lot of businesses, including airplane companies, a movie studio（制片厂）, Las Vegas hotels, gold and silver mines, and radio and television stations. Once he bought a television studio so he could watch movies all night He also bought a hotel because he wanted to stay in his favorite room for one weekend.1.Accordign to the passage ,Howard Hughes was hot _____.A. good-lookingB. wealthyC. friendlyD. powerful2. Which of the following about Hughes' father is NOT TRUE?A.He started the Hughes Tool Company.B.He liked to spend money.C.He worked hard.D.He drank alcohol a lot.3. Howard Hughes' parents died _____.A. when he was 16 years oldB. before he was 19 years oldC. after he got marriedD. after he moved to California4.The word obsessed in Paragraph 2 probably means .A. troubledB. reducedC. relatedD. informed5.From the passage, we learn what Mr. Hughes lacked in his life was _____.A. educationB. loveC. moneyD. good looksPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Half of the world's coral reefs （珊瑚礁）have died in the last 30 years. Now scientists are racing to ensure that the rest survive. Even if global warning were to right now, scientists predict that more than 90% of corals will die by 2050. If no major steps are taken to address the problem, the reefs may be headed for total extinction（灭绝）.(78) The planet’s health depends on the survival of coral reefs. They described as “the rainforests of the sea", because they provide shelter for a wide variety of sea life. In addition, the reefs serve as barriers that protect coastlines from the full force of powerful storms.Coral are used in medical research for cures to diseases. They are key to local economies as well, since the reefs attract tourists, the fishing industry, and other businesses, bringing in billions of dolllars.（79）Corals are particular sensitive to changes in temperature. A rise of just 1 to 2 degrees can force the corals to drive out the algae（水藻）. Then thecorals turn white in a process called “bleaching”. Corals can recover from short-term bleaching, but long-term bleaching can cause permanent damage. In 1998, when sea surface temperatures were the highest in recorded history, coral reefs around the world suffered the most severe bleaching. It is estimated that even under the best of conditions, many of these coral reefs will need decades to recover.Although reefs face other threats from pollution, industrial activities, and overfishing, it is global climate change that most concerns scientists. Scientists remain hopeful that it’s not too late to save the reefs, and some are moving ahead on experiments to accomplish that goal.6. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.Rising Global TemperaturesB.Rainforests Are in DangerC.Coral Reefs Face ExtinctionD.Global Climate Change7.The word address in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.A.break downB.stick toC.go overD.deal with8.Why are coral reefs called "the rainforests of the sea"?A.Because they are home to a wide variety of sea life.B.Because they can protect our coasts from storms.C.Because they might supply natural medicines.D.Because they look like rainforests.9.The corals turn _____ in the process of “bleaching”.A.redB.blackC.greenD.white10.According to the passage, _____ is the biggest threat to coral reefs.A.pollutionB.overfishingC.industrial activityD.dimate changePassage 3Questions 11 to I5 are based on the following passage:Over the years, college students have stood together for what they believe in, from civil rights to anti-war policies to the more recent protests against the unequal distribution of wealth. But nowhere in history have students banned（禁止）bottled water. Until now.The bottled water ban, which Parted on just a few campuses, has now spread nationwide to more than 20 universities. The colleges have cither completely banned the use of plastic bottles altogether, or some have taken a more limited approach with partial bans.Many people believe that producing and bottled water wastes money and harms the environment. They say that bottled water is unnecessary because public water supplies in the U.S. arc among the best in the world. Water fountains and reusable bottles with easy access（获取）to filling stations are a better choice.An organization called Ban the Bottle raises awareness about the economic and environmental costs of using plastic bottles. The group claims that eight glasses of water a day costs each person 49 cents annually, while drinking from plastic containers costs $I,400 per year. Plastic bottles contain antimony—a chemical that in low doses causes depression, but in large doses can even lead to death.The controversy over bottled or tap is not limited to the students and college administrations. The makers of bottled water see the movement as a threat. (80) They argue that plastic bottles make UP a small portion of the nation’s total waste. It's unfair to single out （单独挑出）their product when so many other items are packaged in plastic containers. Plus, water is a healthy choice compared to some sodas and juices that arc also sold at school.,11.Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A.Many universities ban or restrict the sale of bottled water.B.Many states ban or restrict the sale of bottled water.C.The bottled water industry is concerned about its decreasing sales.D.Many people are opposed to the bottled water ban.12. According to Ban the Bottle, drinking bottled water costs _____ dollars per year.A. 8B. 20C. 49D. 140013. The word controversy in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _____.A. choiceB. controlC. argumentD. statement14. What does the bottled water industry use in its own defense?A.Bottled water is much leaner than tap water.B.Students should have freedom of choice.C.The bottles are made in a more environment-friendly way.D.Water is healthier than some sodas and juices.15. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.All the universities have banned the sale of bottled water.B.Plastic bottles may do harm to peopled health.C.The purchase of soft drinks will increase.D.Bottled is cheap and environment-friendly.Part Ⅱ Vocabulary and Structure (30%)16. They have decided to put the meeting _____ till next Monday.A. upB. onC. offD. forward17. If you get into difficulties, don’t hesitate to ask _____ advice.A. ofB. outC. afterD. for18. While we were on holiday, our neighbor took _____ our house.A. notice ofB. care ofC. afterD. on19.20.I was trying to get into the _____ bus when I heard a voice from behind.A. crowdB. crowdingC. crowdsD. crowded21. Honesty is the most important _____ a man should have.A. effortB. habitC. qualityD. question22. That student _____ his hand every time I asked a question.A. made upB. put upC. roseD. arose23. He spoke English so well that I took it for _____ that he was an American.A. goodB. certainC. sureD. granted24. I am very _____ to you for your help.A. gratefulB. agreeatC. capableD. enjoyable25. The two girls lookA. sameB. alikeC. likeD. same one26.The children _____ happily in the classroom when the teacher came in.A. talkB. are talkingC. were talkingD. had talked27. In the road accident the other day three people _____，including the driver.A. killedB. were killedC. are killedD. have killed28.Jim’s job is to keep his boss _____ of the latest development of that product in Europe.A. informB. to informC. informedD. informing29.The young man _____ visited our school this morning is Maria’s brother.A. whoB. whichC. whoseD. what30. I’m awfully tired and can’t go any farther, Ted. Let’s have a rest, _____?A. shall weB. will youC. can youD. may I31 . _____ the manager will come or not doesn’t matter much.A. WhetherB. ThatC. IfD. What32. The American and the British _____ a large number of social customs.A. joinB. takeC. shareD. make33.Martin, when you go to the meeting tomorrow, _____ your iPad with you.A. bringB. takeC. fetchD. put34. It is a three-storey house and the kitchen is on the _____ floor.A. groundB. earthC. soilD. land35. The kids were especially _____ the coming Christmas because they would get lots of presents from their parents and uncles.A. coming up withB. looking forward toC. making up forD. getting rid of36. The used car I bought cost four _____ pounds.A. thousandsB. thousand ofC. thousands ofD. thousand37. What’s the matter with you? You _____ so pale.A. are lookingB. lookC. have lookedD. looked38. With the guide _____ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.A. leadingB. to leadC. ledD. being led39. I tore open the box only _____ that some papers were missing.A. discoveringB. to discoverC. discoveredD. discover40. Either my parents or my elder brother _____ going to water the garden.A. areB. isC. hasD. have41. Can you image why _____?A. did the boy say thatB. the boy said thatC. did the boy sayD. the boy said42. Although it is raining hard _____A. Tom still wants to go outB. and Tom still wants to go outC. that Tom still wants to go outD. but Tom still wants to go out43. I went to _____ Shanghai yesterday. On _____ train I met a famous pop star.A. the; /B. /; theC. the; theD. /; /44. _____ of the two brothers are fond of classical music.A. BothB. AllC. EachD. Either44. _____ of the two brothers are fond of classical music.A. BothB. AllC. EachD. Either45. There are not _____ students in Class One as in Class Two.A. so manyB. so muchC. moreD. much more答案解析：阅读理解题：1.C friendly原文没有提到他友好。

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2017北师大英语语言学及应用语言学回忆版真题
一．Contrast and compare, use examples if necessary.
1. Prescription vs description
2. Denotation vs connotation
3. Metaphor vs metonymy
4. Entailment vs presupposition
5. Bilingualism vs diglossia
二．1. Difference between functionalism and formalism.
2. What is arbitrariness? What is iconity? How are they related? What do you think about arbitrariness and iconity?
3. Whar’s the relation between coherence and cohesion of a text?
4. what is ethnographic research? How can ethnographic research be used in research on second language learning and teaching?
5. What is cognitive linguistics? Name three main theories of cognitive linguistics and give examples.
6. What is learning strategy? How could teachers help students develop learning strategies?
7. Negotiation of comprehensible input. What’s its implication on language learning and teaching?
8. How did technology contribute to language learning and teaching?
9.What is course design? How did linguistic theories influence course design?
题目的顺序可能不太对，内容应该是这些，今年的题目和2014年重复的比较多，名词解释除了denotation vs connotation之外都是14年考过的，arbitrariness and iconity也是14年考过的。

基础英语：题型没有变化，第一题是无选项完型填空，20个空；第二题是给段落选标题，6个标题，7个选项，一个是多余的；第三题是段落还原排序，6个段落，7个备选段落，一个是多余的；第三题是阅读理解回答问题，关于bilingual immersion education的；第四题是翻译，关于标点punctuation的；最后一题写作，400字，关于words 和deeds哪个更重要的看法。

日语：第一题是根据假名写汉字，以及根据汉字写假名，都是初级下册里的单词；第二题是单选；第三题是用所给词的正确形式填空；第四题是阅读理解，共三篇，第一篇是问答题，第二篇和第三篇是选择题；第五题是翻译，关于毕业生换工作比较频繁的；最后一题是写作，写你对于日本的了解，300字。

（第二大题和第三大题中有些问题是初级下册所没有的）。