The United States of America英美概况
英美概况内容及翻译
英美概况复习此为大学英语专业考试内容，下文含翻译。
USAI. Geography1. Geographic Features1.1 The Eastern HighlandsFormed by the Appalachian Range.?1. An average elevation of 800 meters above the sea level.?2. The highest peak:? Mount Mitchell (1856 m)：the highest peak of the Appalachian Range ?3. East: the narrow Atlantic Coast plain1.2 The Central Plains1. Vast plains between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?2. Drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries?3. Usually divided into two regions:?1) the Great Plains in the west: vast treeless prairies in the west and agricultural areas in the east?2) the Central Lowland in the east: from the five Great Lakes to central Texas1.3 The Western MountainsHigh plateaus and mountainous country?1. The Rocky Mountains: over 3,000 meters above the sea level?The continental divide of the United States ?2. West of the Rockies:? the Columbia Plateau in the north ?the Colorado Plateau in the southGrand Canyon,the Great Basin in between?The Pacific Mountain System consists of three regions: The Cascade Range, the Sierra-Nevada, and the Pacific Coast Range.?The Sierras contain Mount Whitney (4421m), the highest peak in the US outside Alaska.?Death Valley in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level2. ClimateThe United States has a large size and a wide range of geographic features. Every type of climate is represented in the country: The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semi-arid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in Coastal California, arid in the Great Basin?Extreme weather is common: the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the continental United States, primarily in the Midwest.3. RiversThe Mississippi River (Great River, Big River in Indian language) is 3,770 km long: the second longest river in the United States. It originates from Minnesota and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.?The Missouri River is 4,090 km long. It is the longest river (longest branch of the Mississippi). It is a Mississippi tributary, flowing from the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin and emptying into the Mississippi River.The length of the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson combination is approximately 6,262 km?The Arkansas River (2,364 km) is the second longest tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Mississippi tributary measured by water volume.?The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. Rising in British Columbia, Canada, it runs 3,700 km long, emptying into the Bering Sea.5 great lakesII． American History1. Where did the first Americans come from and why did they migrate to America?Book P 4-52. American Civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the U.S. federal government (the “Union”), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.2.1 The CausesThe coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slavery North made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die.The coexistence of a slave-owning South with an increasingly anti-slaveryNorth made conflict likely. Lincoln did not propose federal laws against slavery where it already existed, but he had, in his 1858 House Divided Speech, expressed a desire to “arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction”. Much of the political battle in the 1850s focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. All of the organized territories were likely to become free-soil states, which increased the Southern movement toward secession. Both North and South assumed that if slavery could not expand it would wither and die. Southern fears of losing control of the federal government to antislavery forces, and Northern fears that the slave power already controlled the government, brought the crisis to a head in the late 1850s. Sectional disagreements over the morality of slavery, the scope of democracy and the economic merits of free labor vs. slave plantations caused the Whig and “Know-Nothing” parties to collapse, and new ones to arise (the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Republicans in 1854, the Constitutional Union in 1860). In 1860, the last remaining national political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectional lines.2.2 Factors Affecting the Process and ResultsWhat greatly affected the process as well as the result of the war were the differences between the South and the North in their strategies, geographical features, technology, and manpower and finance.2.2.1 StrategiesAs men poured into the armies, Northern and Southern leaders discussed strategies that would achieve victory.Northern armies would have to invade the Confederacy, destroy its capacity to wage war, and crush the will of the Southern people to resist. The Confederacy could win by prolonging the war to a point where the Northern people would consider the effort too costly in lives and money to persist.The South had a compelling example in the American Revolution of a seemingly weaker power defeating a much stronger one. If the North chose not to mount a military effort to coerce the seceded states back into the Union, the Confederacy would win independence by default.Lincoln and other Northern leaders, however, had no intention of letting the Southern states go without a fight. The most prominent American military figure in the spring of 1861 was Winfield Scott, the general-in-chief of the United States Army. With a brilliant mind, Scott conceived a long-range strategy to bring Northern victory. Scott’s plan sought to apply pressure on the Confederacy from all sides. A combined force of naval and army units would sweep down the Mississippi River, d ividing the Confederacy’s eastern and western states. At the same time, the Union navy would institute a blockade to deny the Confederacy access to European manufactured goods. Should the South continue to resist evenafter the loss of the Mississippi and the closing of its ports, Scott envisioned a major invasion into the heart of the Confederacy.2.2.2 GeographyGeography played a major role in how effectively the two sides were able to carry out their strategies.The sheer size of the Confederacy posed a daunting obstacle to Northern military forces. Totaling more than 1,940,000 km2 and without a well-developed network of roads, the Southern landscape challenged the North’s ability to supply armies that maneuvered at increasing distances from Union bases.It was also almost impossible to make the North’s blockade of Southern ports completely effective because the South’s coastline stretched 5600 km and contained nearly 200 harbors and mouths of navigable rivers.The Appalachian Mountains also hindered rapid movement of Northern forces between the eastern and western areas of the Confederacy while the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia offered a protected route through which Confederate armies could invade the North.The placement of Southern rivers, however, favored the North. The Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers provided excellent north-south avenues of advance for Union armies west of the Appalachians.2.2.3 TechnologyTechnological advances helped both sides deal with the great distances over which the armies fought. The Civil War was the first large conflict that featured railroads and the telegraph. Railroads rapidly moved hundreds of thousands of soldiers and vast quantities of supplies; the North contained almost twice as many miles of railroad lines as the South. Telegraphic communication permitted both governments to coordinate military movements on sprawling geographical fronts.The combatants also took advantage of numerous other recent advances in military technology. The most important was the rifle musket carried by most of the infantrymen on both sides. The rifle musket, with an effective range of 225 to 275 meters, allowed defenders to break up attacks long before they reached the defenders’ positions.Other new technologies included ironclad warships, which were used by both sides; the deployment of manned balloons for aerial reconnaissance on battlefields, used mainly by the North. The technology for all of these weapons had been present before the Civil War, but never before had armies applied the technology so widely.2.2.4 Manpower and FinanceAt the beginning of the war, state militias provided most of the troops for both Union and Confederate armies. Soon large numbers of civilianswere volunteering for military service. Throughout the war, the bulk of the forces consisted of volunteers.When the number of volunteers lagged behind the growing battle casualties, both the Northern and Southern governments resorted to drafting men into the armies. The Confederacy passed the first draft act in April 1862. The Union followed almost a year later.Although the draft itself did not produce a sufficient number of soldiers, the threat of being drafted led many to volunteer and collect a bounty, which was paid to volunteers. Some soldiers were unscrupulous enough to enlist, desert, and reenlist to collect the bounty more than once.The Civil War, like all wars, called for great sums of money to pay troops and supply them with equipment. At the outset of the war the Confederacy depended on loans, but this source of finance soon disappeared as Southerners began to be affected financially by the cost of the war and unable to buy bonds. Instead it relied on paper money, freely printed. The Confederacy suffered greatly from severe inflation and debt throughout the war. The Confederate rate of inflation was about 9200%.The Union financed its armies by loans and taxes to a much greater degree than the Confederacy, even resorting to an income tax. The people of the North were more prosperous than those of the South. A national banking system was established by Congress to stimulate sales of U.S. bonds. Northerners had savings with which they could buy the bonds and had earnings from which taxes could be taken.2.3 The Process2.6.1 Eastern Theater (1861-1863)2.6.3 Western Theater (1861-1863)2.6.4 Trans-Mississippi Theater (1861-1865)3. America in World War IWorld War I, military conflict, from August 1914 to November 1918, that involved many of the countries of Europe as well as the United States and other nations throughout the world.World War I was one of the most violent and destructive wars in European history.Of the 65 million men who were mobilized, more than 10 million were killed and more than 20 million wounded.The term World War I did not come into general use until a second worldwide conflict broke out in 1939. Before that year, the war was known as the Great War or the World War.1.1 Coalitions InvolvedThe war began as a clash between two coalitions of European countries.The first coalition, known as the Allied Powers, included the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Russian Empire.The Central Powers, which opposed them, consisted of the empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary.1.2 The Immediate CauseThe immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist.The fundamental causes of the conflict, however, were rooted deeply in the European history of the previous century, particularly in the political and economic policies that prevailed in Europe after 1871, the year that Germany emerged as a major European power.2. The Great DepressionOn October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression.However, the post-war industrial boom and the prosperity were soon to vanish. The Great Depression in the United States, worst and longest economic collapse in the history of the modern industrial world, began from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s.2.1 The CausesThe depression was caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy.It is a common misconception that the stock market crash of October 1929 was the cause of the Great Depression. The two events were closely related, but both were the results of deep problems in the modern economy that were building up through the “prosperity decade” of the 1920s.As is typical of post-war periods, Americans in the Roaring Twenties turned inward, away from international issues and social concerns and toward greater individualism.The self-centered attitudes of the 1920s seemed to fit nicely with the needs of the economy. Modern industry had the capacity to produce vast quantities of consumer goods, but this created a fundamental problem: Prosperity could continue only if demand was made to grow as rapidly as supply. Accordingly, people had to be persuaded to abandon such traditional values as saving, postponing pleasures and purchases, and buying only what they needed. Advertising methods were used to persuade people to buy such relatively new products as automobiles and such completely new ones as radios and household appliances. The resulting mass consumption kept the economy going through most of the 1920s.But there was an underlying economic problem: Income was distributed very unevenly, and the portion going to the wealthiest Americans grew larger as the decade proceeded. This was due largely to two factors: While businesses showed remarkable gains in productivity during the 1920s, workers got a relatively small share of the wealth this produced. Between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per person-hour increased by 32 percent, but workers’ wages grew by only 8 percent. Corporate profits shot up by 65 percent in the same period.As a result of these trends, in 1929 the top 0.1 percent of American families had a total income equal to that of the bottom 42 percent. This meant that many people who were willing to purchase new products did not have enough money to do so. To get around this difficulty, the 1920s produced another innovation—“credit,” an attractive name for consumer debt. People were allowed to “buy now, pay later.”International problems also weakened the economy. After World War I the United States became the world’s chief creditor as European countries struggled to pay war debts and reparations. Many American bankers were not ready for this new role. They lent heavily and unwisely to borrowers in Europe, especially Germany, who would have difficulty repaying the loans, particularly if there was a serious economic downturn. These huge debts made the international banking structure extremely unstable by the late 1920s.In addition, the United States maintained high tariffs on goods imported from other countries, at the same time that it was making foreign loans and trying to export products. This combination could not be sustained: If other nations could not sell their goods in the United States, they could not make enough money to buy American products or repay American loans.The rising incomes of the wealthiest Americans fueled rapid growth in the stock market, especially between 1927 and 1929. Soon the prices of stocks were rising far beyond the worth of the shares of the companies they represented. People were willing to pay inflated prices because they believed the stock prices would continue to rise and they could soon sell their stocks at a profit.In 1928 the Dow Jones industrial average, an index that tracks the stock prices of key industrial companies, doubled in value in less than two years. But the stock boom could not last. The great bull market of the late 1920s was a classic example of a specul ative “bubble” scheme. In the fall of 1929 confidence that prices would keep rising faltered, then failed.Starting in late October the market plummeted as investors began selling stocks. On October 29, known as Black Tuesday, the worst day of the panic, stocks lost $10 billion to $15 billion in value. By mid-November almost all of the gains of the previous two years had been wiped out, withlosses estimated at $30 billion.The stock market crash announced the beginning of the Great Depression.2.3 R oosevelt’s New DealThe initial government response to the Great Depression was ineffective, as President Hoover insisted that the economy was sound and that prosperity would soon return.But business owners saw no reason to increase production while unsold goods clogged their shelves. By 1932 investment had dropped to less than 5 percent of its 1929 level. By the election year of 1932, the depression had made Hoover so unpopular that the election of the Democratic presidential candidate Franklin Delano Roosevelt was all but assured. Shortly after his inauguration in 1933, Roosevelt quickly lifted the nation’s spirits with the rapid and unprecedented actions of the New Deal.The New Deal produced a wide variety of programs to reduce unemployment, assist businesses and agriculture, regulate banking and the stock market, and provide security for the needy, elderly, and disabled. The basic idea of early New Deal programs was to lower the supply of goods to the current, depressed level of consumption. The government sought to raise farm prices by paying farmers not to grow surplus crops and to create codes for many industries that regulated competition while guaranteeing minimum wages and maximum hours for workers. The New Deal also tried to increase demand, pumping large amounts of money into the economy through public works programs and relief measures.Public works projects not only provided jobs but built schools, dams, and roads. The New Deal helped people to survive the depression. Unemployment was reduced, but remained high through the 1930s. Farm income rose from a low of $1.9 billion in 1932 to $4.2 billion in 1940. The demands of the depression led the United States to institute social-security programs and accept labor unions, measures that had been taken decades earlier in many European nations.3.2.1 US and Japanese ConflictIn the final result, however, the United States had little choice in the matter. When France had fallen to Germany, Japan had begun to move into French Indo-China, which had been France's source of rubber and was thought to be rich in oil. The United States government had no desire to see Japan in possession of its own stocks of these essential resources and so threatened to place an embargo on these goods. The Japanese responded in an unexpected way. On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Japanese naval aircraft attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at anchor at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands. The Pearl Harbor Attack brought the United States into the war on December 8. Germany and Italy declared war on the United Stateson DecemberThe CongressThe United StatesCongress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election.As provided by the United States Constitution, each of the 435 members of the House of Representatives represents a district and serves a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population. The 100 Senators serve staggered six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected.checks and balances:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.What is American General Education?见书English2.1 The Iberians1) They are the earliest settlers on the British Isles.2.2 The Celts1) From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.2) The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland.3) These people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.4) At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric and Brythons, still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C.3. Roman Britain3.1 Roman InvasionRoman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410.The Romans referred to their province as Britannia.Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.It is believed that the Celts were related with the ancient people in what is now France. They gave some help in the struggle to resist the Roman invasion of France. As a result, the Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded England in 55 BC. He landed in Kent with several thousand Roman troops, but meeting resistance and bad weather, the Roman withdrew soon after. In the following year, Julius Caesar and the Romans went across the English Channel and invaded Britain for the second time. Julius Caesar and his soldiers did not stay long in England before they withdrew again. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history because Julius Caesar kept a diary and wrote down what he saw in England. The successful invasion of England by the Romans did not take place until nearly a century later, in 43 AD, headed by the Emperor Claudius I. The Romans did not meet with much resistance on the part of the natives and soon got possession of what is now England by driving many of the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans failed to conquer Scotland, they built two great walls, the Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent the Picts in Scotland from invading England.3.2 Influences of Roman InvasionThe 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.1. Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well Hadrian’s Wall. People who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villas——vast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellings—were also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic.2. A network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;3. A number of towns. They introduced a system of organized government and built a network of towns, mostly walled. These town used names ending with “ster”, “cester”, or “shire” -- Leicester, Worcester and Yorkshire—deriving from castra, the Latin word for camp; the Roman capital was London.4. Christianity; the Romans brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, we proclaimed in 306 AD.5. Water and sewage systems.1.1 Anglo-SaxonSoon after the Romans left, a band of new invaders landed in the southern part of England, in what is now the country of Kent. They were known in history as the Jutes. Other Germanic tribes came trooping after them. This continued for many years. The Saxons came from northern Germany and established their kingdoms in Essex (East Saxow), Succes (South Saxon) and Wessex (West Saxon). In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, also from northern Germans, came and settled in the east part of England. After the newcomers had taken possession of all the land now known as England, the movement, know in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest, was complete. But we must bear in mind that theses Germanic tribes never obtained possession of what we now call Scotland, Wales and Ireland. The inhabitants of these countries were still Celts.The England was divided into seven principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy in English history: Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain.The influence of Anglo-Saxon?The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.?They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. In this system, the arable land around a village was divided into three hedgeless (open) big fields. These fields were divided into narrow strips which were shared out among the villagers. Good land was thus fairly distributed. One great field was left “fallow” each year so that its soil could recover its richness after two years’ cultivation.?They set up the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. There were wastelands, known as commons, which were used by villagers to graze livestock and get firewood. This system was the basis of the English agrarian civilization and subsistence farming. It helped to shape the English community life and the Anglo-Saxon concept of equality.?They created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.2. Viking Invasion (800–1066)In the 8th century, the Vikings from theScandinavian countries of northern Europe, Norway and Denmark, began to attack the English coast. In the process of resisting the Vikings, the 7 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England gradually became united under Alfred the Great.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He was not only an able warrior but also adedicated scholar and a wise ruler. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system.After the death of Alfred, his successors were not as capable as he had been. Taking advantage of the situation, more Dane came and set about taking possession of the entire country. The Anglo-Saxon king didn’t care for fighting, but he dreamed of buying off the Danes. As a result, more invaders came. In 1016, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king of England. Canute, who made England part of a Scandinavian empire which included Norway as well as Denmark.3. Norman Conquest3.1 Norman Conquest: CauseAfter the death of Canute’s son, the crown was passed to Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king.When Edward was on his death-bed, several men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, the Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousi n), and Harold Godwinson( a brother of Edward’s wife).William, the Duke of Normandy, claimed the Edward had promised the crown to him before his death. He became very angry when he heard that Harold had taken the crown. Harold knew that William would come to measure swords with him. he was prepared to fight, placing an army on the southern coast of England to watch for William’s coming. Several months passed by and William failed to appear. He was abiding his time. When the harvest time in England came, ma ny of Harold’s soliders went back home to gather in the crops/. The coast was thus left undefended.William seized the chance and landed his army in Southeastern England in Sep. 1066. Harold, who had been fighting in the north, hurried back with the exhausted troops. They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours William’s superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive. Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.William became known as William the Conqueror, the first Anglo-Norman king of England.3.2 Control of EnglandAfter Willam became the king, he took a few measures to control England Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.All land was the king’s: William claimed ultimate possession of。
英美概况括考前知识点总结
英国概况1，英国名称：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2，地理位置：Great Britain is the largest island of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and theeighth-largest island in the world. It lies to thenorthwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland tothe west, and makes up the largest part of theterritory of the state known as the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It issurrounded by over 1,000[citation needed]smaller islands and islets. 或者回答 Britishmainland western Europe from Great Britain andIreland, north-east and many nearby islands，Sheeast by the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean to thewest, up to the North Atlantic off Iceland,Yugoslavia and the European continent, separatedonly by a strip of water, the English Channel 3, 英国首都：London4,组成部分：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 5,民族：England Welsh、Scotch、Irish6, 英国国旗：the Union Flag英国国歌：God Save The Queen 天佑女7，三次外族入侵：ⅠRoman Conquest； 43AD, the roman empireⅡAnglo-Saxon Conquest ；the late 8th century,Scandinavia, created a certain culturaldivide between northerners and southernersin EnglandⅢ Norman Conquest ；1066, Normans, Williamtook the English throne, and becameWilliam the First4, 英国主要河流：River Thames泰晤士河 River Severn塞文河8，政府组成部分：Monarch，Parliament，Cabinet君主制时间：5th century AD君主的职能：Presided over the opening of parliament , Order in Council approved the signed of an Act of Parliament and meet the Prime Minister and the Queen stands for the British in the world . Such as receiving foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, receiving visiting heads of state, and and accessing overseas countries , the United Kingdom and other countries to support diplomatic and economic rerelations.君主现处地位：皇宫：Buckingham Palace现代君主：Elizabeth II9，议会历史：Magna Carta组成部分：Queen\King ,house of lords , house of commons 如何成为两院的议员：To be house of lords: appointed by the Queen\KingTo be house of commons: general election主要职能：pass the law10，内阁首脑：Minister成员：the members of parliament职能：to persuade parliament to pass laws and vote for taxes\carry out the functions of policy-making11，英国普选对象：voters and candidates选举人：候选人：成为首相的人选：the leader of the governing party主要执政党派：the conservation party \the labour party现任英国的执政党：the labour party如何成为执政党：The party wins the majority seats in the house of commons12，英国经济工业革命之父：瓦特（James Watt）发明：蒸汽机（steam engine）13，英国的教育3个阶段：primary education，secondary education，higher education2大分支：public education，private education大学教育中的学位：bachelors degree，doctor degree，master degree14，英国文学：1．英语发展的三个阶段:①Old English(6th—11th):the anglo-saxon language②Middle English(11th--15th):the combination of English and French③Modern English(15th—now)2.英国最早的一部作品及内容：Beowulf3.英国第一个诗人及其代表作：诗人：Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟).代表作：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事集)4.伊丽莎白时期的作家及其代表作① William Shakespeare:悲剧 Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet喜剧Twelfth Night, The Tempest, A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Taming Of The Shrew②Christopher Marlowe : The Tragical History of DR Faustu5.弥尔顿的三部曲：Paradise Lost , Paradise Regained, SamsonAgonistes15，英国媒体最早的报纸：The Observer报纸分为那两类：broadsheets(quality press)\tabloid(gutter press)BBC的含义：The British Broadcasting Corporation16，英国的节日圣诞节的含义：to commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ 感恩节的含义：to commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ美国概况：1，名称：the United States of America2，地理位置(geographical position)：The country is situated mostly in central North America , and lies between thePacific and Atlantic Ocean , bordered by Canada to thenorth and Mexico to the south.4，临国(neighboring countries): Canada, Mexico.5，主要河流(major rivers)：The Mississippi River ,the Colorado River ,the Columbia River , the Yukon River ,the Missouri River6，五大湖(Great Lakes)：Lake Superior ,Lake Michigan ,Lake Huron ,Lake Erie ,Lake Ontario.7，首都：Washington8，独立战争（American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence）：1、双方：It began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies in North America , and ended ina global war between several European great powers.2、领导者：George Washington.3、起止时间：Sep 19,1775---Sep 3,17839，独立宣言（United States Declaration of Independence）：1、起草者(drafter)：Thomas Jefferson2、时间：July 4,17763，被通过的时间：4th July,17764，主要内容：We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.10，美国的政治体制三权分立：Legislative Branch is made up of elected representativesfrom all of the states, and is only branch that can make federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. 立法机构所属机构为参议院（the Senate）和众议院（the House of Representative）；the Executive branch的所属机构有president, vice-president, cabinet and 13 departments.The Judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.职能：Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States ; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.三权分立的核心：checks and balances联邦条款：Articles of Confederation.这是1777年11月国会通过的美国第一部宪法性文件，规定了联合新独立的13个州松散的邦联政府的职能。
英美概况范围填空题
•Boston Tea Party•The causes of the Independence War•The Articles of Confederation•The making of the US Constitution•The New Deal•Two characteristics of the U.S. Constitution•The Bill of Rights•The first English settlement in North America•The cause of the American Civil War•What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II•Nixon's well-known contributions during his presidency•The consequences of the Norman Conquest•England feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror•The contents of the Great Charter•The significance of the Great Charter•The results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain•Henry VIII’s Religious Reformation•The Glorious Revolution•The Roman Invasion•The Petition of Right•William the Conqueror•Domesday Book ( day of judgment)•The Magna Carta•The Wars of the Roses•Oliver Cromwell•Why did the Restoration take place in England•The Industrial Revolution1. The United States of America is the third country in the world in population.2. The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world in area..3. In _1959_, Alaska and Hawaii became the forty-ninth and fiftieth states.4._Teaxs is the largest continental state in area in the U.S.5. Of all the 50 states in the USA, the smallest one is _Rhode Island_.6. The lakes --- Eire, Huron, Michigan, _Ontario_ and Superior --- are the largest group of freshwater lakes in North America.7._The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States.8. The Mississippi, which is sometimes called the Father of Waters or the Old Man River, has played a vital role in the history of the United States.9._Rocky Mountains, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.10. The first Americans were the __Indians_.11. Christopher Columbus was a (an) _Italian navigator.12.Christopher Columbus discovered the North America in the year of 1492.13.The first English colony in North America was founded at _the beginning of the 17th century.14.The first English colony in the Americas was found at Jamestown_, Virginia in 1607.15. The Puritans were those who wanted to purify the church of _England_.16. In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.17. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in _1619_.18. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13__ colonies along the east coast of North America.19.The Lexington Shots were fired on April 19, _1775__ .20. Thomas Jefferson was the man who drafted the Declaration of Independence.21. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence and on July 4, 1776 the Congress adopted the declaration.22. In September, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized the independence of the United States.23. In order to set up a more permanent and legitimate union of the states, a document was accepted by all the states in 1781. It was called Bill of Rights_.24. According to the Article of Confederation__, Congress had no right to raise taxes.25.In 1787, 55 delegates from all the states, except Rhode Island , met at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation.26. The first president of the United States was George Washington_.27. George Washington was elected the first U.S. president and John Adam was his vice president.28. The U.S. government is divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial.29. The three branches of the government are in balance, through the system of Checks-and-balance.30.The President of the United States is head of the executive branch and the White House is his official residence.31.The U.S. senate has _100__ members who are called senators.32. The last war between the United States and Britain was fought between _1812__ and 1814.33. In 1861, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation, the Confederacy States of America. Later the Civil War broke out on _Fort Sumter____.34.The Union army defeated the Confederate army at _Gettysburg_ , Pennsylvania and it was the turning point of the Civil War.35. The Civil War was won by the Union. But Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on __April 14, 1865__.36. The telephone was invented in 1876 by _Bell_.37. Model T was a kind of cheap automobile produced by Henry Ford_.38. Henry Ford and his Model T helped the United States to move on the way to becoming a nation on wheels.39.The United States entered the First World War in April _1917___ .40. In 1917, the October Revolution took place in _Russia and a new type of political system was established there.41. At the beginning of the Great Depression, the first blow to the stock market came on October 24, 1929, called the Black Thursday.42. In his inaugural speech, Franklin Roosevelt_ said that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”43. During the WWII, _Axis Powers_ were mainly made up by Germany, Italy and Japan.44.The Second World War finally ended in _1945___.45.“Containment”was first raised by George Kennan in his telegram to the State Department in Feb. 1946.46.In 1946, George Kennan sent a long telegram to the State Department and suggested the cold war policy towards the Soviet Union.47.In 1947, George Marshall, Secretary of State, announced the Marshall Plan to provide economic aid to Western Europe.48.Senator McCarthy launched an anti-Communist hysteria in the early 1950s.49.In February 1972, President Nixon visited China and the two countries issued Liaison offices .50.China and the United States established their diplomatic relations in January _1917_1. The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. The Republic of Ireland is sometimes also called _Eire_.3. The two large islands that make up the British Isles are Great Britain and Ireland.4. England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain.5. The English Channel separates the island of Great Britain from _the European Continent_.6. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Strait of Dover_, which is only 33 kilometers across.7 English Channel_ helped protect Britain from invasion and gave the people a feeling of security.8. The total area of Britain is about 244,019 square kilometers_ and her total population is about 57 million.9. _The Pennines_ is a mountain chain knows as the Backbone of Northern England.10. The largest lake in the British Isles is _Lough Neagh__.11. The highest peak of Britain is __Ben Nevis__. It is about 1300 meters high, located in the Highlands of Scotland.12.The highest peak in the British Isles, Ben Nevis, is located in the _Grampian Mountains__.13. The Pennines are England’s main mountain system, often called the __backbone_ of England.14. Natural gas was discovered in _1969 in North Sea in Britain.15.The longest river in Britain is _the Severn River_; and the most important river is the Thames_.16. Largest lake of Britain is _Lake Neagh or Lough Neagh_; it is located in Northern Ireland.17. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.18. Loch Lomond_ in Scotland is the largest lake on the island of Great Britain.19. The ancestors of the English are Angol-Saxons_, land the Scots, welsh and Irish are the descendants of Celts_.20.The two largest islands of the British Isles are Great Britain_ and Ireland_.21.The most important historical monument left to us by the ancient Iberians was Stonehenge_.22. British recorded history begins with _the Romans.23. The first Roman invasion of Britain happened in _55_ B.C. led by Julius Caesar.24. The successful Roman invasion of Britain happened in A.D. 43, headed by the Roman Emperor Claudius_.25. Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly _400_ years.26. Beginning from the mid-5th century, some Germanic tribes came to Britain. The three most powerful tribes were _Angle_, Saxon_ and Jute__.27. The Anglo-Saxon tribes established seven principal kingdoms. These kingdoms together have been known as the Heptarchy_.28.In the year 579, England began to be Christianized. It was mainly due to the work of Saint Augustine_, a priest sent to England by the Pope in Rome.29. In the 9th century, the Danes gained control of the north and east of England. This occupied area was known as _the Danelaw_.30. The Anglo-Saxons, led by their king Alfred the Great, managed to hold off the invading Danes.31. Bede was said to be the author of Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The book was written in Latin but was translated into English by Alfred the Great.32. King Edward was knows as King Edward the Confessor because of his piety.33. The last English king with the Danish origin of blood was Edward_. After his death, the Norman Conquest began.34. The Norman Conquest, a very important event in the English history, broke out in the year 1066. The conqueror was William_.35.At the time of the Norman Conquest, Anglo-Saxon England was headed by King Harold. He was killed in the battle near Hastings_ on October 14, 1066.36. William I replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with the Grand Council_.37.Under William’s rule, the fedual_ system was completely established.38.In the reign of the Norman kings, three languages were used in England: Latin_, _French_ and Old English_.39.Under Henry II’s rule, the Pope?, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered.40. The Great Charter was signed by King John in the year 1215.41.The Hundred Years’War with France actually lasted for more than a hundred years from 1377 to 1453.42. When the Hundred Years War eventually ended in 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.43. The Wars of the Roses were fought between the House of __York__ and the House of _Lancaster.44. The end of the Wars of the Roses in 1485 marked the beginning of the Tudor Dynasty. _Henry Ⅶ_ was the founder of this new dynasty.45. The Protestant Reformation in England was led by King HenryⅧ_, and the direct cause was his divorce case with Catherine of Aragon.46.__Elizabeth came into the throne at the age of 25 and reined the country for 45 years while remaining single.47. The most famous of the Catholic conspiracies against King James I was the _Gunpowder_ Plot of 160548. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell became _Lord Protector_ of the Commonwealth of England.49. The Restoration of the House of Stuart happened in the year 1660_. The king who restored was Charles II50. The Glorious Revolution in the year 1688 made William and Mary jointly reign England.。
英美概况(英文版ppt)
3.1.1 Economic reason Two different economic systems existed side by side In the South—slavery was the foundation In the North—commerce and industry led the economy led to increased conflicts between North and South.
A meeting of colonial leaders
who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia. They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott (抵制) British trade. At the same time, the colonists began to defend themselves.
• Printing paper money and opening diplomatic relations with foreign powers.
2.2 The Second Continental Congress
George Washington, a wealthy Virginia planter, was respected as a man of ability and integrity.
The United States of America
History
英 语 国 家 概 况
CONTENT
I America in the Colonial Era The War of Independence The Civil War America in the 20th Century America in the 21st Century
《英语国家概况》美国篇The United States of America
The United States of AmericaPart 1The Country and The American IdentityCommon-sense Knowledge1、全称：The United States of America (美利坚合众国)2、简称： the United States;the U.S.; America.3、National Anthem：《星条旗永不落》 "The Star-Spangled Banner（同时可以叫做国旗）"1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。
4、National Flower：Rose5、Jet lag: About 16 hours (west of America), and 13 hours (east of America).（了解）6、The Capital: Washington D.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）Location1、Canada on the north； Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ；Atlantic Ocean on the east； Pacific Ocean on the west.2、The largest country in the world：Russia，Canada， China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50 states in totalAlaska—the largest ；Rhode Island (罗德岛州)—the smallest ；Texas（德克萨斯州）—the largest on the mainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。
英美概况名词解释
英美概况名词解释英美概况是指英国和美国的基本情况和特点。
下面是对英美概况中一些重要名词的解释：1. 英国（United Kingdom）：由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个国家组成的岛国。
英国是世界上最古老的民主国家之一，拥有丰富的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、披头士乐队等。
2. 美国（United States of America）：由50个州组成的联邦共和国，位于北美洲。
美国是世界上最强大的经济体之一，以及军事、科技、文化等各个领域的重要国家。
3. 英语（English）：英国和美国的官方语言，也是世界上被广泛使用的语言之一。
英国英语和美国英语在语音、发音、词汇等方面有一些差异，但是基本互通。
4. 联合国（United Nations）：成立于1945年的国际组织，致力于维护国际和平与安全、促进全球合作与发展。
英国和美国都是联合国的创始成员国，并在联合国中扮演着重要角色。
5. 环境保护（Environmental Protection）：指保护和改善环境，减少对环境的破坏。
英国和美国都高度重视环境保护，推行一系列措施，如减少污染排放、保护自然资源、推动可持续发展等。
6. 市场经济（Market Economy）：一种经济体制，以市场为基础，由供求关系决定资源配置和价格形成。
英国和美国都采用市场经济模式，注重市场竞争和个体自由，以及保护产权和鼓励创新。
7. 民主制度（Democracy）：一种政治制度，主权由人民拥有，通过选举和公民参与来决定国家事务。
英国和美国都是民主国家，实行三权分立和代议制度，保障公民的基本权利与自由。
8. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity）：指不同文化在一个社会、国家或地区共存，并且相互影响、交流的现象。
由于历史和移民等原因，英国和美国都具有丰富的文化多样性，包括语言、宗教、习俗、饮食等方面。
以上是对英美概况中一些重要名词的简要解释。
这些名词涉及到政治、经济、文化等多个领域，对于了解和认识英美两国有很重要的意义。
The United States of America英美概况
The United States of AmericaChapter 1 American BeginningFocal PointsMeaning of the being an American according to CrevecoeurTwo immigration movements to the AmericasThe religious ReformationThe forces that brought about the modern development of EuropeThe heritage of the settlement of VirginianPuritanism and the influence of Puritanism on American cultureWilliam Penn and his heritage in American cultureThe Causes and major leader of the American revolutionI.Meaning of the being an American according toCrevecoeurIn his book , Letters from an American Farmer, the French theology Grevecoeur , posed the American was a new man with the strange mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants. This mew man left behind him all the ancient European traditions and received new ones in thenew world . In North America, all individuals of all nations ,were melted into a new race of the American . This new man acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and formed new opinions.II.Two immigration movements to the AmericasThe American continents were peopled as result of two long continuing immigration movements ,the first from Asia ,and the second from Europe and Africa.III. The forces that brought about the modern development of Europe1.the development of capitalism( economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit ,rather than by the state), the growth of capitalism produced two new classes –the bourgeois class and the working class;2.the Renaisance (the period of the revival of art and literature in the 14th ,15th and16th centuries based on classical form),which was marked by a changing outlook on life .3.the influential force was the Religious Reformationin 1517 ,Martin Luther, started to reform the Catholic Church in England ,King Henry VIII broke away fromthe Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, These reforms reflected the rise of nationalism in Europe.IV.The heritage of the settlement of Virginianin 1619 ,the delegates elected from various communities in Virginia as the House of Burgesses met with the governor and his council members to discuss the enactment of law for the colony. This the first meeting of an elected legislature ,a reprehensive assembly. It was thought to be the early embryonic form for the future democracy of the U.S.And a Dutch ship brought over 20 Negroes into Virginia , a start had been made toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic. These white people fought for seeking their own freedom ,meanwhile they deprived black African freedomWhat happened here produced the American early culture: self-reliance; democracy; freedomV. Puritanism and the influence of Puritanism on American cultureIn New England, these Puritans were the Protestantswho followed the doctrine preached by John Calvin and they wanted to purify the Church of England. They had some different beliefs from the Catholic Church .They believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church or good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture. Puritans’ legacies have a great impact on American society and culture. They have a kind of sense of mission: they hoped to built “ a city upon hill –an ideal community ”.Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nation a strain of often intolerant moralism. This produce American values such as individualism, hard work , respect of education . Catholic MarylandFollowing the early American culture in Virginia and New England , the pattern in the colony of Maryland wasfounded by Catholics. The founder was the second Lord Baltimore, he carried his father’s will ,who was converted from Church of England to Roman Catholicism, to wish to introduce a feudal system similar to the manor system in Europe to his colony. Even though he encouraged the immigration of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics ,due to the various factors in the New Land ,because the Protestants majority were capitalistic-minded people and refused to carry out the feudal plan, and because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce, the feudal experimental plan was dropped ,the colony followed a capitalist development roadVI. William Penn and his heritage in American culture William Penn was an English Quaker, the founder of Quakerism,who wanted to establish a colony for persecuted fellow religious believers. He assured religious freedom and easy terms for land in Pennsylvania to those Europeans who wished to settle in his colony. In his Holy Experiment, he encouraged the spirit of liberty and equality and carried out the policy of separation of state and church. He set no restrictions onimmigration and naturalization was made easy for non-English Europeans. The idea of Melting –pot was first practiced here (p 16 ,Note 60).All this has left rich heritage to American culture: liberty and equality Those four patterns set by the early colonial leaders were filled with meanings for the future development of the AmericanVII. The Causes of American revolution and major leadersAfter the Seven Year’s War between England and France , Britain won , the Peace of Paris was signed between them , which gave Britain title to Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi River, This led directly to a conflict with its American colony.Stamp Act was passed ,British government charged new taxes on sugar , coffee , textiles and other imported goods; and With passage of the Stamp Act special tax stamps had to be attached to all news- papers ,pamphlets, legal documents and licensesThe Quartering Act passed, the colonies to house and feed British soldiers.major leadersGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, (John Adams),Benjamin FranklinVIII. The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of governments: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingTwo Treatises of Government, the Letters Concerning Toleration, The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts Concerning Education.。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
英美概况英国人口英语作文The United Kingdom, an island nation in northwestern Europe, is a unique country made up of four nations: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Its rich history and global influence emanate from its centuries-old monarchy and its colonial empire, which at its height, encompassed territories across every continent. Today, the UK is a center of finance, culture, and education, known for its capital, London, a major global city, and other large cities such as Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester.The population of the UK stands at approximately 68 million people. The majority reside in England, which accounts for about 84% of the total population. The UK is characterized by its diversity, with a wide array of cultures and languages represented within its population. This diversity is a result of its history of immigration and the variety of communities that have settled there over the years.The United States of America, commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. With a population of over 331 million people, it is the third most populous country in the world. The national capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City.The U.S. is a melting pot of cultures, ethnicities, and languages. Its diverse population reflects its history as a country built by immigrants, seeking the American Dream. The U.S. is known for its significant economic and military power, as well as its cultural imprint across the world, largely through its entertainment industry and its technological innovations.Both the UK and the U.S. are English-speaking countries, and the English language plays a significant role in their societies. English is not only a means of communication but also an integral part of their cultural identity. The language has evolved differently in each country, giving rise to distinct accents, dialects, and variations in vocabulary and spelling.The influence of English extends beyond the UK and the U.S., as it is widely spoken and studied as a second language around the globe. It is the language of international business, diplomacy, and the internet, making it a key tool for global communication.In conclusion, the UK and the U.S. share a common language but have distinct cultural, political, and social landscapes. Their influence on the world stage is significant, and the English language serves as a bridge connecting them to each other and to the wider world. Understanding the nuances of their populations and the role of English within their societies provides insight into their current status and their impact on global affairs.。
英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译
英语国家概况美国篇中英翻译chapter 13 geography 地理位置美国的全称是美利坚合众国。
我们通常简称它为美国。
The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(1959年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。
就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英美概况考前知识点总结
英美概况考前知识点总结一、英国1.概况英国，全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），是位于欧洲西部的一个岛屿国家，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个地区组成。
首都为伦敦，是英国最大的城市，也是英国的政治、经济和文化中心。
2. 地理英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，主要由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛组成。
英国陆地面积约为24.2万平方公里，辖区范围包括英国本土以及北爱尔兰地区。
英国地势起伏，有平原、丘陵和山地，包括英格兰北部的湖区和苏格兰的高地。
英国气候多变，主要受大西洋气候影响，冬季寒冷，夏季温和多雨。
3. 政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首为英国女王，目前由伊丽莎白二世担任。
英国议会由两院组成，包括由选举产生的下议院和由上议院成员组成的上议院。
英国政府由首相领导，议会制度是英国政治的核心。
4. 经济英国是一个发达国家，经济实力雄厚。
英国主要产业包括金融、保险、科技、汽车制造、机械制造、航空航天、医药等。
伦敦作为金融中心，对世界经济有着重要影响。
英国是欧盟成员国，但于2016年公投决定脱离欧盟。
5. 文化英国是文化底蕴深厚的国家，有着悠久的历史和传统。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域拥有世界级的影响力，莎士比亚、狄更斯、爱默生等文学巨匠为世人所熟知。
英国还是摇滚乐的发源地之一，披头士乐队、皇后乐队等乐团享誉世界。
二、美国1.概况美利坚合众国（The United States of America），简称美国，是位于北美洲的一个联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
首都为华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，最大的城市是纽约。
美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，拥有世界上最大的经济、最强大的军事力量和最先进的科技。
2. 地理美国地处北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北界加拿大，南濒墨西哥湾。
美国领土面积约为9.83万万平方公里，是世界第四大国家。
(完整版)英美概况美国部分(修正版)
PART TWO The United States of American1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族1)introduction 概要①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.Thereare many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。
到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaverythe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。
英语国家概况-美国Unit 1 America
❖ In the center of the seal is an bald eagle, national bird. It holds in its beak a scroll inscribed E pluribus unum, which is Latin meaning "out of many, one" and stands for one nation that was created from 13 colonies. In one claw is an olive branch, while the other holds a bundle of thirteen arrows. The olive branch and arrows "denote the power of peace and war."
Do you see a pattern of thirteen in the Great Seal?
❖ 13 stars in the crest above the eagle
❖ 13 stripes in the shield upon the eagle's breast
❖ 13 arrows in the eagle's left claw
❖The seal's reverse side is sometimes referred to as the spiritual side. It contains a 13-step pyramid with the year 1776 in Roman numerals at the base. At the top of the pyramid is the Eye of Providence and above is the motto Annuit Coeptis, meaning "It [the Eye of Providence] is favorable to our undertakings" or "He favors our undertakings." Below the pyramid, a scroll reads, Novus Ordo Seclorum, meaning "New Order of the Ages." It refers to 1776 as the beginning of the American new era.
英语国家概况精讲之必背美国篇
11。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans or Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。（一句话回答）
4。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
5。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.
2。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
英语国家概况 第五课 美国概况 The United States of America
Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic (Spanish-speaking people of any race) countries.
The first settlers in American history came from England and the Netherlands, some running away from religious and political persecution, some coming as adventurers from the Old World (Europe) to seek a better life , some as indentured servants(与师傅签订师徒合同的学 徒)who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts.
U.S.A in the World
Topographic Map of the U.S.A
Table of Comparisons
Country The UK The USA Canada Australia New Zealand Size (Sqk) 244, 820 9, 372, 614 9, 984, 670 7, 686, 850 270, 500 Population 60, 943, 912 (2008) 310, 871, 903 (23/02/2011) 33, 213, 000 20, 601, 000 4, 173, 000 Urbanization 90% 80% (2000) 87% 90% 87% GDP (Million USD) 2, 258, 565 (6th) 14.624, 184 (1st) 1, 563, 664 (9th) 1, 219, 722 (13rd) 138, 003 (51st) GDP/person (USD)2010 35, 053 (20th) 47, 132 (6th) 39, 033 (11st) 39, 692 (9th) 27, 420 (32nd)
英美概况填空题(2009)
25.In 1787, 55 delegates from all the states, except _________ , met at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. 26.The first president of the United States was _________. 27.George Washington was elected the first U.S. president and _________ was his vice president. 28.The U.S. government is divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive and _________.
11.Christopher Columbus was a (an) _________ navigator. 12.Christopher Columbus discovered the North America in the year of _________ . 13.The first English colony in North America was founded at _________. 14.The first English colony in the Americas was found at _________, Virginia in 1607. 15.The Puritans were those who wanted to purify the church of _________ .
37.Model T was a kind of cheap automobile produced by _________ . 38._________ and his Model T helped the United States to move on the way to becoming a nation on wheels. 39.The United States entered the First World War in April _________ . 40.In 1917, the October Revolution took place in _________ and a new type of political system was established there.
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest c ountry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4。
The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and t he Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and t he Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。