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工程地质学专业词汇

英汉工程地质学专业词汇(与双语教学讲义 Engineering Geology 配套使用)黄雨选编同济大学地下建筑与工程系2009.10编写说明为了配合同济大学土木工程专业工程地质学双语教学改革的需要，我们于2009年，从F.G. Bell所编著的Engineering Geology(Second edition 2007)及Tony Waltham所编著的Foundations of Engineering Geology(Second edition 2001)两本书中选编了与工程地质学关系较密切的部分专业词汇，以英汉对照的形式刊出，便于学生使用。

以求对学生在双语教学课堂和课后学习时有所帮助。

使用过程中若发现不当之处，欢迎多提批评和建议，以便及时补充更正。

编者2009年10月ContentsChapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................... ..1 Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy .. (1)Chapter 3 Geological Structure (4)Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties and Classification (5)Chapter 5 Groundwater (7)Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineering (8)chapter 7 In-situ test (10)Chapter 8 Site investigation (10)Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering geology 工程地质学engineering practice 工程实践geomorphology 地貌学structural geology 构造地质学sedimentology 沉积学petrology 岩石学stratigraphy 地层学Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy earth crust 地壳the mantle 地幔the core 地核Mineral 矿物Rock 岩石Igneous rock 岩浆岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Luster 光泽Streak 条痕Cleavage 解理Fracture 断裂Mohs’ Scale of Hardness 莫氏硬度计Talc 滑石Gypsum 石膏Calcite 方解石Fluorspar 萤石Apatite 磷灰石Orthoclase feldspar 正长石Quartz 石英Topaz 黄玉Corundum 刚玉Diamond 金刚石Pyrite 黄铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Dolomite 白云石Olivine 橄榄石augite 普通辉石Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Hornblende 角闪石Plagioclase 斜长石anorthite 钙长石potash feldspar 钾长石Mica 云母Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母silica minerals 硅氧矿物felsic 长英矿物mafic 铁镁质矿物Kaolinite 高岭石Montmorillonite 蒙脱石Illite 伊利石Garnet 石榴子石Chlorite 绿泥石Serpentine 蛇纹石Magma 岩浆Batholiths 岩基Stock 岩株Lopolith 岩盆Sill岩床Dyke岩脉Vein纹理Lense 透镜体Plutonic rock深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Acidic igneous rocks 酸性岩Intermediate igneous rocks 中性岩Basic igneous rocks 基性岩Ultrabasic igneous rocks 超基性岩leucocratic rock 浅色岩mesocratic rock 中色岩melanocratic rock 暗色岩hypermelanic rock 深暗色岩degree of crystallinity 结晶度crystal 晶体phenocryst 斑晶Holocrystalline 全晶质Holohyaline 全玻璃质(非晶质) massive structure 块状构造rhyotaxitic structure 流纹状构造vesicular structure 气孔状构造amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造Merocrystalline 半晶质granular texture 粒状构造granular texture 等粒结构Inequigranular texture 不等粒结构Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Phanerocrystalline 显晶质Granite 花岗岩Pegmatite 伟晶岩Syenite 正长岩Diorite 闪长岩Gabbro 辉长岩Peridotite橄榄岩Pyroxenite 辉岩Porphyrite 玢岩Porphyry 斑岩Diabase 辉绿岩Rhyolite 流纹岩Trachyte 粗面岩Andesite 安山岩Basalt 玄武岩Pumice 浮岩lithify （使）岩化consolidation 固结作用cementation胶结作用component 成分classification 分类sediment 沉积物detrital sediment 碎屑沉积fragments of rock 岩石碎片volcanic ash 火山灰Clay mineral 粘土矿物aluminium silicate 硅酸铝hydrophilicity 亲水性plasticity可塑性dilatability 膨胀性Organic substance 有机物质size analysis 粒级分析Grading curve 级配曲线Conglomerate 砾岩Breccias 角砾岩sand stone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Mud stone 泥岩Shale 页岩Bed 岩层Chemical rock 化学岩Biochemical Rock 生物化学岩Stratum (pl. strata) 岩层Bedded 成层的Bedding 层理horizontal bedding 水平层理oblique bedding 斜层理cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理Stratigraphic 地层学的Bedding planes 层面Formation 组Deposit 堆积，沉淀Clastic Rock 碎屑岩Recrystallization 重结晶作用Metamorphism 变质作用metacryst texture变晶结构palimpsest texture变余结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶tabular structure 板状构造phyllitic structure千枚状构造schistose structure片状构造gneissic structure片麻状构造dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用contact metamorphism 接触变质作用regional metamorphism 区域变质作用mountain chain 山链Directional pressure 定向压力Brecciation角砾岩化cataclasis 碎裂作用mylonitization 糜棱岩化Mylonite糜棱岩Slate 板岩Cleavage 解理Schistosity 片理Foliation 叶理Gneiss 片麻岩Marble 大理岩Quartzite 石英岩Stratification 分层Geological time 地质时期Absolute Dating绝对年龄测定Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定Relative dating相对年代测定Stratigraphic correlation method地层对比法Law of Superposition地层层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石time unit 地质年代单位Geological Time Scale地质时标eon 宙Pre-Cambrian time 前寒武纪Phanerozoic time 显生宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Age 期Erathem 界System 系Series 统Cenozoic新生代Mesozoic中生代Palaeozoic古生代Quaternary第四纪Tertiary第三纪Holocene全新世Pleistocene更新世Chapter 3 Geological Structure Geological structure 地质构造Deformation 变形rock failure 岩石破裂Tectonic process 构造运动Discontinuity 不连续horizontal structure 水平构造Inclined structure 倾斜构造crustal movement 地壳运动vertical movement 垂直运动outcrop 岩层露头occurrence 产状dip 倾向dip angle 倾角True dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角strike 走向geological survey 地质勘探geological compass 地质罗盘Fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜Anticline 背斜Hinge 枢纽Limb 翼Hinge line 枢纽线Axial plane 轴平面axial surface 轴面Fold axis 褶轴Inter-limb angle 翼间角symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱overturned fold 倒转褶皱recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Monoclinal fold 单斜褶皱Isoclinal fold等斜褶皱Fan fold扇状褶皱Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold倾伏褶皱Dome 穹庐composite fold 复合褶皱drag fold 拖曳褶皱terrain 地形crest 脊tectonic basin 构造盆地fracture 断裂fault 断层joint 节理residual stress 残余应力structural fracture 构造裂隙tensile fracture 张性裂隙shear fracture 剪切裂隙external force 外力Joint rose map节理玫瑰花图Fault plane 断层面Fault dip 断层倾角Fault strike 断层走向Footwall下盘Hanging wall 上盘Fault scarp 断层崖Fault line 断层线Hade 断层倾角Fault distance 断距normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层strike-slip fault走向平移断层Triangular facet 断层三角面active fault 活性断层fault zone 断层带Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Slickenside 断层擦面Fault breccias 断层角砾岩conformity 整合Unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合Rock Mass 岩体structural plane 结构面Porosity 孔隙度Deformation 变形Elasticity 弹性Plasticity 塑性modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Poisson’s ratio 泊松比transverse strain 横向应变axial strain 轴向应变Rock strength 岩石强度Compressive strength 抗压强度Unconfined Compression Test 无侧限抗压试验Tensile strength 抗拉强度Direct Pull Test 直拉试验Shear strength 抗剪强度triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验internal friction 内摩擦角mud crack 泥裂ripple mark 波痕Joint number in one cubic meter 体积裂隙数Over consolidated 超固结Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties andClassificationSoil 土tri-phase soil 三相土Solid particle 固体颗粒grain size 粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter 平均粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size 有效粒径grain size distribution 粒度分布Grain composition 颗粒组成Boulders 块石，漂砾Cobbles 粗砾Gravel 砂砾Sand 砂Silt 粉砂Clay粘土gradation test级配筛分试验semi-logarithmic scale半对数标度Grading curve 级配曲线Coefficient of Uniformity 不均匀系数Coefficient of Curvature,曲率系数well-graded 分选性好poorly graded 分选性差Primary mineral 原生矿物Secondary minerals 次生矿物Soluble salt 可溶盐类Organic materials 有机物质Soil Water 土壤水soil gas 土壤气体single-grained structure 单粒结构flocculent structure 絮状结构honeycomb structure蜂窝结构void ratio 孔隙比compactionness 密实度relative density, density index相对密度compressibility 压缩性coefficient of consolidation 压缩系数liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数Plasticity index 塑性指数shrinkage limit 缩限weight 重度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density密度relative density 相对密度maximum dry density 最大干密度Water content 含水量optimum water content 最优含水量specific gravity比重degree of saturation饱和度Eluvial soils 残积土Slope deposits 坡积物Pluvial deposits 洪积物Alluvial soil 冲击土lake deposit 湖相沉积Wind deposit 风成沉积物Glacial deposit 冰川沉积Chapter 5 Groundwater Groundwater 地下水Aquifer 含水层Infiltrate 渗透Seepage 渗流seepage force渗透力seepage velocity渗流速度Capillary water 毛细水Gravity water 重力水Bound water, combined water, held water 结合水Crystal water 结晶水Surface tension 表面张力Capillary pressure 毛细压力Wetting angle 润湿角Hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力Uplift pressure浮托力Pore pressure 孔隙压力Hydrodynamic pressure 动水压力Permeability 渗透率Unconfined aquifer orWater-table aquifer 非承压含水层Recharge 补给Confined or artesian aquifer 承压含水层Artesian well 自流井Water content 含水量Specific retention 持水度Specific yield 给水度Porosity 孔隙度Coefficient of permeability 渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity 水力传导率Hydraulic gradient 水力梯度Darcy's law达西定律Isotropic 均质Homogeneous 各向同性suspended water 包气带水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水karst water 喀斯特水（岩溶水）fracture water 裂隙水Pore water 孔隙水perched water上层滞水spring 泉水outcrop of spring 泉水出露contact spring 接触泉overflow spring 溢出泉eroded spring 侵蚀泉well 井artesian spring 自流泉carbonate 碳酸盐Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐carbonic acid 碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cation 阳离子sulphate 硫酸盐chloride 氯化物anion 阴离子solubility 溶解度compound 化合物Sodium salt 钠盐hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢organism 有机物Colloid 胶体Land subsidence 地面沉降Consolidation 固结Heterogeneous不均匀的Anisotropic 各向异性的Cone of depression降水漏斗Seepage failure 渗流破坏Piping 管涌seepage forces 渗流压力Quicksand 流沙flow net 流网Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineeringWeathering 风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化biological weathering 生物风化exfoliation 剥落parent rock 母岩coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数differential expansion不均匀[局部]膨胀Freeze–thaw action 冻融作用critical moisture content临界含水率oxidation 氧化作用hydration 水化作用hydrolysis 水解作用carbonation 碳酸化作用Solution 溶解作用Anhydrite 硬石膏River 河流Valley floor 谷底river bed 河床channel cross section河槽横断面river bank 河岸attrition 磨损corrasion 侵蚀corrosion 溶蚀meander 河曲alluvial flat 河漫滩oxbow lake牛轭湖river terrace 河流阶地tectonic valley 构造谷erosional valley侵蚀谷tectonic line 构造线master stream 主流lateral corrosion 侧向侵蚀vertical erosion 下切侵蚀accumulational terrace 堆积阶地erosional terrace 侵蚀阶地pedestal terrace 基座阶地Slope failure 边坡不稳Collapse 崩塌Landslide 滑坡shear failure 剪切破坏Sliding body 滑坡体slip surface 滑动面Slip zone 滑动带sliding bed 滑坡床Sliding cliff 滑坡后壁sliding terrace 滑坡台地Sliding tongue 滑坡舌Tension crack 拉张裂缝Shear cracks 剪切裂缝Retrogressive slide 牵引式滑坡Comprehensive treatment综合治理Drainage 排水Catch drain 集水沟Drainage channel 排水槽blind drain 盲沟retaining wall 挡土墙anti-sliding pile 抗滑桩anchoring bar (pin, rod) 锚筋（钉，杆）consolidation grouting 固结灌浆rockfall 岩崩limit equilibrium methods 极限平衡法Karst 喀斯特Lapie 岩沟Clint 石芽Funnel 漏斗corroded depressionpolje 溶蚀谷corroded plain.Sinkhole 落水洞karst cave 岩溶洞underground river 暗河natural bridge 天生桥stalactite钟乳石stalagmite 石笋denudation 剥蚀作用Vertical zoning 垂直分带Dissolution 溶解Scouring 冲刷Earthquake 地震Epicenter 震中earthquake focus 震源plutonic earthquake 深源地震shallow-focus earthquake 浅源地震strong motion earthquake 强烈地震submarine earthquake 海底地震tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake火山地震artificial earthquake 人工地震seismograph 测震仪tsunami 海啸Mercalli Scale麦氏震级Richter scale 里氏震级Footing 基础Foundation 地基Footing 基础foundation stability 地基稳定性natural foundation 天然地基artificial foundation 人工地基shallow foundations 浅基础deep foundations 深基础pile foundation 桩基础strip footing 条形基础ultimate bearing capacity极限承载力load intensity荷载强度allowable bearing capacity容许承载力liquefaction 液化sand boil 砂沸Underground engineering地下工程Overburden覆盖层Elevation 海拔Axis 轴线Hydrogeological condition水文地质条件Subgrade 路基cutting slope 路堑边坡Chapter 7 In-situ testIn-situ test 原位测试natural structure 天然结构natural moisture 天然含水量natural state of stress 天然应力状态Loading Test 静载荷试验plate loading test 平板载荷试验critical edge pressure 临塑荷载ultimate load 极限荷载deformation modulus 变形模量Coefficient of sub-grade reaction 基床反力系数P~s curve p-s曲线s~logt curve s-logt曲线Cone Penetration Test 静力触探试验piezocone penetration test 孔压静力触探penetrometer 贯入仪Standard Penetration Test 标准贯入试验penetration resistance贯入阻力blow count 击数sampling 取样sleeve 套筒Shear Vane Test 十字板剪切试验Chapter 8 Site investigation engineering geological investigation 工程地质勘查engineering geological profiles 工程地质剖面图bore histogram钻孔柱状图。

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牛津英语9B单词表(Word-List-by-Chapter)

牛津英语9B单词表(Word-List-by-Chapter)Word List by Chapter Chapter 1accidentally[,æksi'dentli] adv. 意外地；偶然地act[ækt]v. 表演，扮演；行动anywhere['enihwεə]adv. 在任何地方；无论何处atmosphere['ætməsfiə]n. 气氛；大气author['ɔ:θə]n. 作者，作家billion['bɪljən]num. 十亿burn[bə:n]v. 燃烧；使烧伤；使晒黑carbon dioxide ['kɑ:bən daɪ'ɒksaɪd] n.二氧化碳classical['klæsikəl]adj. 古典的；经典的club sandwich[klʌb 'sænwidʒ]总会三明治comedy['kɔmidi]n. 喜剧compare[kəm'pεə]v. 比较；对照consumer[kən'sju:mə]n. 消费者；用户，顾客cover['kʌvə]n. 盖子；封面damage['dæmidʒ]n. 毁坏，损害do[du:]v.&aux. 做，干drown[draun]vi. 溺死；淹没flood[flʌd]n. 洪水fuel[fjʊəl]n. 燃料greenhouse['gri:nhaʊs]n. 温室greenhouse effect['gri:nhaʊs i'fekt]n.温室效应incinerator[in'sinəreitə ]n. [环境][炉窑]焚化炉inform[in'fɔ:m]vt. 通知，告知inquire[ɪn'kwaɪə]vt. 询问；查究；问明keep[ki:p]vi. 保持；保留keep in 保持；抑制；继续燃烧lawyer['lɔ:jə]n. 律师leaded['ledid ]v. 促使level['levl]n. 水平线，水平lifeless[laiflis]adj. 无生命的malaria[mə'lεəriə]n. 疟疾；瘴气massive['mæsiv]adj. 巨大的，大规模的，大motor['məʊtə]n. 发动机，马达nitrogen['naitrədʒən]n. 氮occur[ə'kə:]vi. 发生ozone['əuzəun]n. 臭氧；新鲜的空气petrol['petrəl]n. 汽油preference['prefərəns]n. 选择，趋向protective[prə'tektiv]a. 保护的，防卫的rain[reɪn]n. 雨，雨水rain forest[rein 'fɔrist ]雨林，热带雨林respond[ri'spɔnd]v. 回应，回答review[ri'vju:]n. 再检查；批评，评论；复审sandwich['sænwidʒ]n. 三明治(夹心面包片) sound[saʊnd]vi. 听起来；发出声音spray can[sprei kæn ]喷雾壶substance['sʌbstəns]n. 物质，实质，内容，重要性take[teɪk]vt. 拿；拿走；做；服用；乘take in vt. 接受(理解，包括，定阅textbook['tekstbʊk]n. 课本，教科书threat[θret]n. 威胁，凶兆unleaded[,ʌn'ledid ]adj. 无铅的；不包铅的vital['vaitəl]a. 至关重要的warm[wɔ:m]a. 暖和的，温暖的；热情的warmth[wɔ:mθ]n. 温暖；暖和wrecked[rekt ]adj. 失事的（船）；迷幻的Chapter 2actually['æktʃuəli]adv. 实际上；事实上aim[eim]n. 目的；目标airline['eəlaɪn]n. 航线；航空公司Auckland['ɔ:klənd ]n. 奥克兰（新西兰港市）Brazil[brə'zil]n. 巴西by mistake 错误地change[tʃeindʒ]vt. 改变；交换climate['klaɪmɪt]n. 气候；风气；思潮；风土confident['kɔnfidənt]a. 自信的deeply['di:pli]adv. 深刻地；在深处；浓浓dump[dʌmp]vt. 倾倒；倾卸educational[,edju:'keiʃənəl]a. 教育的；有教育意义的fence['fens]n. 栅栏；围栏；篱笆foreign['fɔrin]a. 外国的friendship['frendʃip]n. 友谊，友情fund[fʌnd]n. 基金，资金golf[ɡɔlf]n. 高尔夫球hoot[hu:t ]n. 鸣响；嘲骂声；汽笛响声host[həust]n. 主人；节目主持人keep in touch 保持联络Korea[kə'riə]n. 韩国Kyoto[ki'əutəu ]n. 京都（日本城市）messy['mesi]adj. 凌乱的，散乱的；肮脏Mexico['meksikəu]n. 墨西哥（拉丁美洲国家）mistake[mi'steik]n. 错误nappy['næpi ]n. 尿布nasty-looking['nɑ:sti'lukiŋ ]adj. 长相凶恶的official[ə'fiʃəl]a. 官方的，公务的organization[,ɔ:ɡənai'zeiʃən]n. 组织；机构position[pə'zɪʃn]n. 位置programme['prəʊɡræm]n. 节目；项目prove[pru:v]vt. 证明，显示出residence['rezɪdəns]n. 住处，住宅，居住schedule['ʃedju:l]n. 时间表；一览表scholarship['skɒləʃɪp]n. 奖学金service['sə:vis]n. 服务shoplift['ʃɔplift]v. 从商店中偷商品shy[ʃai]a. 害羞的situation[,sɪtʃʊ'eɪʃn]n. 形势，情况；地点，地方Spanish['spæniʃ]n. 西班牙语stranger['streɪndʒə]n. 陌生人，外人tea-making[ti:'meikiŋ ]n. 茶道touch[tʌtʃ]vt. 触摸，接触tour[tuə]n. 旅游，旅行truthful['tru:θful ]adj. 诚实的；真实的turn[tɜ:n]v. 旋转，翻转，转变，转弯，turn out vt. 翻转，生产，关闭，出动vision['vɪʒən]n. 视觉，先见之明，光景，视Yokohama[,jəukə'hɑ:mə ]n. 横滨（日本一城市名）Chapter 3abandon[ə'bændən]n. 放纵，放任，纵情ambitious[æm'biʃəs]adj. 野心勃勃的art[ɑ:t]n. 艺术；美术；艺术品available[ə'veiləbl]adj. 有效的，可得的；可利用的beg[beɡ]v. 乞讨；恳求bring[briŋ]v. 带来bring up vt. 养育，引起突然停下burning['bə:niŋ ]adj. 燃烧的；强烈的；发热career[kə'riə>]n. 事业，职业；生涯childhood['tʃaɪldhʊd]n. 童年时期；幼年时代contest['kɔntest]n. 竞赛，比赛cosmetic[kɔz'metik]n. 化妆品countless['kauntlis]adj. 数不清的，无数的degree[di'ɡri:]n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶design[dɪ'zaɪn]n.&vt. 设计，策划desire[di'zaiə]n. 欲望；要求determined[di'tə:mind]adj. 坚决的，决意的dust[dʌst]n. 灰尘extraordinary[ɪks'trɔ:dnərɪ]a. 离奇的；使人惊奇的，不平fame[feim]n. 名声，名望fine arts[fain a:ts ]美术fortunately['fɔitʃənitli]adv. 幸运地give[giv]vt. 给；付出；给予give sb. a handv. 给予某人帮助give up 放弃graduate['ɡrædjueit]v. 毕业independent[,ɪndɪ'pendənt]adj. 独立的；单独的；无党industrialize[in'dʌstriəlaiz]vt. 使工业化inventor[ɪn'ventə]n. 发明者，创造者lip[lɪp]n. 嘴唇make-up['meikʌp ]n. 化妆品；性格；构造management['mænidʒmənt]n. 管理；经营medical['medikəl]a. 医学的；医疗的Nobel Peace Prize[nəu'bel pi:s praiz ]诺贝尔和平奖not yet[nɔt jet ]还没有，还没offer['ɔfə]v. 提供；提出on somebody's lips 露出了微笑orphanage['ɔ:fənidʒ]n. 孤儿院path[pɑ:θ]n. 小道，小径，小路；路线patient['peiʃənt]n. 病人polytechnic[,pɔli'teknik ]adj. 各种工艺的；综合技术poverty['pɔvətɪ]n. 贫穷，贫困praise[preɪz]n.&vt. 赞扬，表扬proper['prɔpə]a. 恰当的，合适的public housing['pʌblik 'hausiŋ ][建]公共住房refuse[ri'fju:z]v. 拒绝save[seiv]v. 救，挽救；节省save up[seiv ʌp ]储蓄；贮存social['səuʃəl]a. 社会的；社交的something['sʌmθɪŋ]pron. 某事；某物squatter area['skwɔtə'εəriə ]寮屋区；木屋区success[sək'ses]n. 成功syllabus['siləbəs]n. 教学大纲，摘要turning['tə:niŋ]n. 转弯处turning point['tə:niŋ pɔint ]转折点twin[twɪn]n. 双胞胎之一vacuum['vækjʊəm]v. 用真空吸尘器清扫；吸尘wander['wɒndə]vi. 漫游，游荡，漫步，流浪water['wɔ:tə]n. 水yet[jet]adv. 还；但是；已经chapter 4address[ə'dres]n. 地址all day整天and so on等等at any time在任何时候body['bɒdɪ]n. 身体brush[brʌʃ]n. 刷子cart[kɑ:t]n. 二轮运货马车civil['sɪvl]adj. 公民的；民间的Civil War['sivəl wɔ:]南北战争(美国)come along (意外的)出现；发生；来到come up走近；出现depressed[di'prest]a. 沮丧的；萧条的dip[dip]vt. 浸，蘸；把…放入又取出free[fri:]a. 自由的，空闲的；免费的fun[fʌn]adj. 有趣的go by经过；(时光)逝去graveyard['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地hand[hænd]n. 手；指针；帮；团伙h ang[hæŋ]v. 悬挂；把…吊起have a rest休息一会儿heart[hɑ:t]n. 心；心脏；中心ignore[iɡ'nɔ:]vt. 忽视joy[dʒɔɪ]n. 欢乐，高兴，乐趣killing['kiliŋ ]adj. 杀害的；迷人的laugh at嘲笑lawyer['lɔ:jə]n. 律师lecture['lektʃə]n. 演讲；讲稿；教训make fun of拿…开玩笑，取笑make time腾出时间；抽空；争取时间marble['mɑ:bl]n. 大理石；玻璃弹子mark[mɑ:k]n. 标志；记号；痕迹marry['mæri]v. 与…结婚；结婚miner['mainə]n. 矿工Mississippi River['misi'sipi 'rivə ]密西西比河Missouri[mi'zuəri]n. 密苏里(美国州名) move[mu:v]v. 移动；搬家；使感动only['əʊnlɪ]a. 惟一的，仅有的paint[peɪnt]n./vt. 油漆；涂漆；画；pen-name['pen neim]n. 笔名prison['prɪzn]n. 监狱rifle['raifl ]n. 步枪；来复枪right[raɪt]n. 正当的要求；权利；右边；scared[skεəd]adj. 恐惧的，害怕的set free['set 'fri:]释放sidewalk['saidwɔ:k]n. 人行道sort[sɔ:t]vt. 把…分类，拣选stab[stæb]v. 刺，刺伤steamboat['sti:mbəut]n. 汽船submarine['sʌbməri:n;,sʌbmə'ri:n]n. 潜水艇；海底生物subway['sʌbweɪ]n. 地铁trial['traiəl]n. 审讯，审判unpainted[ʌn'peintid ]adj. 无复层的；未上漆的worry['wʌrɪ]n.&v. 烦恼，担忧，发怒；wow[waʊ]interj. 哇；呀yard[jɑ:d]n. 码；院子；场地Chapter 5a short walk away步行很短的路advantage[əd'vɑ:ntidʒ]n. 优点；有利条件advert[əd'və:t]vi. 注意；谈到afford[ə'fɔ:d]vt. 买得起after all['ɑ:ftəɔ:l]毕竟；终究aged[eidʒd]adj. …岁aid[eid]n. 援助；助手allowance[ə'launs]n. 允许，考虑；津贴；余地，apartment[ə'pɑ:tmənt]n. 公寓；房间as for 关于；至于awake[ə'weik]a. 醒着的broadcast['brɔ:dkɑ:st]n. 广播节目budget['bʌʤit]n. 预算bunch[bʌntʃ]n. 串，束；群，帮cash[kæʃ]n. 现款，现金Chess Club[tʃes klʌb ]棋艺社；象棋俱乐部continuously[kən'tinjʊəsli ]adv. 连续不断地contribution[kəntri'bju:ʃən]n. 贡献；捐献；投稿decorated['dekəreitid ]adj. 装饰的，修饰的democratic[demə'krætik]adj. 民主的disagree[,disə'ɡri:]vi. 不同意；不一致disturb[dis'tə:b]vt. 打扰；妨碍dream of 梦想；梦见drizzle['drizl]vi. 下毛毛雨entrance['entrəns]n. 入口er[ə:(r)][表示说话时犹豫、沉吟等]哦every time每次，每当financial[faɪ'nænʃl]adj. 金融的；财政的fog[fɒɡ]n. 雾frequently['fri:kwəntli]adv. 经常地，频繁地furnish['fə:niʃ]vt. 提供；供应；装备go to the movies去看电影grow up成长have got to不得不，必须ideally[ai'diəli ]adv. 理想地；观念上地in aid of用以援助…之用in connection with与…有关；与…相连in fact事实上，实际上Italy['itəli]n. 意大利late news[leit nju:z ]晚间新闻latest['leitist]a. 最近的，最新的；最晚的legal['li:ɡəl]a. 合法的；法律的legend['ledʒənd]n. 传说；传奇故事less than不到，少于live[lɪv]vi. 生活；居住；活着maximum['mæksiməm]a.&n. 最大量(的)；最大minimum['mɪnɪməm]a. 最小的movie['mu:vi]n. 电影no problem没问题now and again adv. 不时；时而on end连续地，笔直地patch[pætʃ]n. 补丁；斑perform[pə'fɔ:m]v. 表演；履行；执行performance[pə'fɔ:məns]n. 表演；执行period['pɪərɪəd]n. 时期，时代play[pleɪ]v. 玩；打(球)；游戏；播放remark[rɪ'mɑ:k]n. 陈述；话；议论；评论；言reside[ri'zaid]vt. 住，居住；属于responsibility[ri,spɔnsə'biliti]n. 责任retired[ri'taiəd ]v. 退休rubbish['rʌbiʃ]n. 垃圾；废物see[si:]vt. 看见，看到；领会；拜会series['siəri:z]n. 连续，系列serious['siəriəs]a. 严肃的；严重的；认真的simple['sɪmpl]a. 简单的，简易的star[stɑ:]n. 星，恒星stereo['steri,əu]n. 立体声；立体声系统；[印strongly['strɔŋli]adv. 强烈地；坚决地teenage['ti:neɪdʒ]n. 青少年的terminal['tɜ:mɪnəl]a. (火车，汽车，飞机的)终点的the World Cup Final世界杯决赛throw away扔掉um[əm ]int. 嗯（表示迟疑）viewer['vju:ə(r)]n. 电视观众wide awake清醒的；机警的with regard to关于；至于within[wi'ðin]prep. 在…之内witness['wɪtnɪs]n. 目击者；证人。

上海交通大学数字图像处理DIP_Lecture_3

2013
Digital Image Processing
Sampling & Reconstruction
Quantization
Radiometry Fundamentals
Colorimetry Fundamentals
Human Visual System Human Visual Models & Image Quality Assessment
• Compounding of different lights can generate the same color - Red, green and blue can be compounded with different proportion to generate most of the colors
780 P( )V ( )d r R 380 780 G 380 P( )Vg ( )d 780 B 380 P( )Vb ( )d
2013
Digital Image Processing
B. Luminous Flux
•
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Institute of Image Communication & Information Processing
School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering Dept. of Electronic Engineering
denotes radiant power according to human’s perception
• Unit of :

dip_ug

DIP User Guide Version C-2009.06, June 2009ii DIP User GuideC-2009.06Copyright Notice and Proprietary InformationCopyright © 2009 Synopsys, Inc. All rights reserved. This software and documentation contain confidential and proprietary information that is the property of Synopsys, Inc. The software and documentation are furnished under a license agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement. No part of the software and documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, or translated, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, manual, optical, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Synopsys, Inc., or as expressly provided by the license agreement.Right to Copy DocumentationThe license agreement with Synopsys permits licensee to make copies of the documentation for its internal use only. Each copy shall include all copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and proprietary rights notices, if any. 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Open SystemC Initiative and is used under license.ARM and AMBA are registered trademarks of ARM Limited.Saber is a registered trademark of SabreMark Limited Partnership and is used under license.All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners.ContentsAbout This Manual v Audience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vRelated Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vTypographic Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vCustomer Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Accessing SolvNet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viContacting the Synopsys Technical Support Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viContacting Your Local TCAD Support Team Directly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viiChapter 1 Using DIP1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Exchanging Datasets Between Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Potential Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Importing Datasets from the Incorporation Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Extrapolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Advanced Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Possible Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Linear and Logarithmic Interpolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Constructing Datasets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Example Script for Incorporating 2D Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Compatibility: Active and Chemical Concentrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Reading and Mapping Datasets in.dat Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Chapter 2 DIP Concepts11 Basic Object Structure: Device, Regions, and Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 dip_device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11dip_profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11dip_rect, dip_region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Incorporation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12dip_coons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14dip_glider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Opposite Gliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Adjacent Gliders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 dip_stretcher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16dip_3Dspecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 DIP User Guide iii C-2009.06ContentsBlending Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Profile Adjustments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Appendix A Scripting Language23 Writing DIP Command Scripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Example: NMOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Interactive Features of dipsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Appendix B Functions and Procedures29 General Functions and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Tcl Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Incorporation Device: dip_device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Incorporation Regions: dip_rect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Incorporation Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 iv DIP User GuideC-2009.06DIP User Guidev C-2009.06About This ManualThis manual describes the data interpolation package (DIP) application that is used to exchangedata between different types of grids and to incorporate 2D data profiles into 3D grids.The main chapters are:■Chapter 1 describes the functionality of the DIP application and how it works, and describes how to exchange and import datasets, and outlines the advanced functionality ofDIP.■Chapter 2 describes the internal structure of DIP and the script language.Audience This manual is intended for users of the DIP software package.Related PublicationsFor additional information about DIP, see:■The TCAD Sentaurus release notes, available on SolvNet (see Accessing SolvNet on page vi ).■Documentation on the Web, which is available through SolvNet at https:///DocsOnWeb .Typographic Conventions Convention ExplanationBlue textIdentifies a cross-reference (only on the screen).Bold textIdentifies a selectable icon, button, menu, or tab. It also indicates the name of a field, window, dialog box, or panel.Courier fontIdentifies text that is displayed on the screen or that the user must type. It identifies the names of files, directories, paths, parameters, keywords, and variables.Italicized textUsed for emphasis, the titles of books and journals, and non-English words. It also identifies components of an equation or a formula, a placeholder, or an identifier.NOTE Identifies important information.About This ManualCustomer Supportvi DIP User Guide C-2009.06Customer SupportCustomer support is available through SolvNet online customer support and through contacting the Synopsys Technical Support Center.Accessing SolvNetSolvNet includes an electronic knowledge base of technical articles and answers to frequentlyasked questions about Synopsys tools. SolvNet also gives you access to a wide range ofSynopsys online services, which include downloading software, viewing Documentation onthe Web, and entering a call to the Support Center.To access SolvNet:1.Go to the SolvNet Web page at https:// .2.If prompted, enter your user name and password. (If you do not have a Synopsys user nameand password, follow the instructions to register with SolvNet.)If you need help using SolvNet, click Help on the SolvNet menu bar.Contacting the Synopsys Technical Support CenterIf you have problems, questions, or suggestions, you can contact the Synopsys TechnicalSupport Center in the following ways:■Open a call to your local support center from the Web by going to https:///EnterACall (Synopsys user name and password required).■Send an e-mail message to your local support center:•E-mail support_center@ from within North America. •Find other local support center e-mail addresses at/Support/GlobalSupportCenters/Pages/default.aspx .■Telephone your local support center:•Call (800) 245-8005 from within the continental United States.•Call (650) 584-4200 from Canada.•Find other local support center telephone numbers at/Support/GlobalSupportCenters/Pages/default.aspx .About This ManualCustomer SupportDIP User Guidevii C-2009.06Contacting Your Local TCAD Support Team DirectlySend an e-mail message to:■support-tcad-us@ from within North America and South America.■support-tcad-eu@ from within Europe.■support-tcad-ap@ from within Asia Pacific (China, Taiwan, Singapore,Malaysia, India, Australia).■support-tcad-kr@ from Korea.■support-tcad-jp@ from Japan.About This ManualCustomer Supportviii DIP User GuideC-2009.06C HAPTER 1Using DIPThis chapter describes the functionality of the DIP application andhow it works, and describes how to exchange and import datasets,and outlines the advanced functionality of DIP.OverviewDIP was originally designed to incorporate 2D and 3D doping profiles into one consistent 3Dmodel. It was subsequently redesigned and extended for use as a general data interpolationpackage. DIP exchanges datasets between different grids, even between grids of differentdimension and type. Interpolation is used to transfer datasets from a source grid to destinationgrids of equal or lower dimension. Special incorporation techniques are available for building3D datasets from a set of 2D datasets (cuts).DIP has an object-oriented scripting interface; it reads commands from a script file. This is bestexplained by a simple example. Suppose you want to transfer the dataset namedArsenicConcentration from grid A to grid B. Both grids are of mixed-element type. Thecorresponding command script is:set A [dip_mesh3D -args NULL A-file.grd A-file.dat]set B [dip_mesh3D -args NULL B-file.grd 0]$B importDatasets $A new ArsenicConcentration$B writeDatasets B-file-after-dip.dat 0In the first two lines, two grid objects are created and assigned to the variables A and B. In thenext two lines, object-specific methods are invoked for grid B. The use of the different objectsand methods is explained later in this manual.To run this script, start the DIP interpreter dipsh and type the commands. Alternatively, savethe script in a file script_dip.cmd and run dipsh with the name of the script as thecommand-line argument:dipsh script_dip.cmdEven though this example appears extremely simple, it shows all the concepts of writing ascript for DIP. Users always either create a new object of a certain type or invoke object-specific methods for a certain object. When the object structure of DIP and the methods thatare available for each type of object are understood, command scripts can be easily written. Theobject-oriented scripting language offers a consistent, easy-to-use interface for standard tasksand provides enormous flexibility for handling complex applications.DIP User Guide1 C-2009.061: Using DIPExchanging Datasets Between GridsNOTE Though DIP is available as the stand-alone interpreter dipsh, it is alsobuilt into other programs such as Mesh. A command script for DIP isrequired regardless of whether the script is used with dipsh or anotherprogram that uses DIP.The stand-alone interpreter dipsh is helpful for testing scripts in interactive mode. A fewmethods have been designed exclusively for interactive use, for example, for writing theposition and size of a grid in a three-dimensional space, or the number of datasets contained ina profile. Since dipsh uses tool command language (Tcl) scripting, it is possible to use moresophisticated programming constructs in the script. For more information about Tcl, which isa freely available, visit .Exchanging Datasets Between GridsWhile the transfer of datasets to grids of equal or lower dimension is straightforward, theincorporation of 2D profiles and the construction of 3D profiles based only on 2D cuts are morecomplex and require a certain amount of planning and setup by the user. Therefore, a large partof this manual is dedicated to describing the incorporation techniques in detail.This section only describes the transfer of datasets to grids of equal or lower dimension. Thistype of data transfer is performed by applying standard interpolation techniques.The profile class hierarchy implements the different grid types and provides a grid-independentinterface for the interpolation of datasets. Figure1 shows the class hierarchy and available gridtypes.dip_mesh2Ddip_profile2Ddip_rec_tensor2Ddip_profiledip_mesh3Ddip_profile3Ddip_rec_tensor3DFigure 1Profile classes in DIPAll grid types share a common set of methods that is used in exactly the same way regardlessof the grid type. For a complete description of each method, refer to the appendices. Most ofthese methods are convenient functions for interactive use. Only a few methods are necessaryto perform the basic operation of transferring a dataset from one grid to another, and to writethis new dataset to a file.2DIP User GuideC-2009.061: Using DIPExchanging Datasets Between Grids The following example illustrates how two datasets defined on a three-dimensional mixed-element grid are transferred to a two-dimensional recursive tensor grid:set src [dip_mesh3D -args NULL src-file.grd src-file.dat]set dst [dip_rec_tensor2D -args NULL dst-file.grd 0]$dst importDatasets $src new "BoronConcentration StressYY"$dst writeDatasets dst-file-after-dip.dat 0The first command:set src [dip_mesh3D -args NULL src-file.grd src-file.dat]reads the grid and data files and creates the mixed-element grid object, dip_mesh3D. Thebrackets perform the command substitution (similar to the '' notation in the UNIX C shell).The constructor takes as arguments a dip_device object that is not necessary and, therefore,‘0’ in this case, then the names of the grid file and data file. The mixed-element grid is assignedto the variable src.A similar command:set dst [dip_rec_tensor2D -args NULL dst-file.grd 0]creates the two-dimensional recursive tensor grid and assigns it to the variable dst. The datafile argument is ‘0,’ which means that no data is read.The following line:$dst importDatasets $src new "BoronConcentration StressYY"performs the actual transfer of the datasets BoronConcentration and StressYY from thesource grid src to the destination grid dst. Any number of datasets can be transferred in oneimport command. The second argument (new) specifies that a new dataset is to be created inthe destination grid. Alternatively, imported datasets can be added to datasets that are alreadyavailable in the destination grid, or they can replace (overwrite) existing datasets. Refer to theappendices for a complete description of all options.Finally, the datasets of the destination grid are written to the file dst-file-after-dip.datby the command:$dst writeDatasets dst-file-after-dip.dat 0The second argument (0) indicates that the file is to be written in ASCII format. A nonzerovalue would lead to the file being written in binary format.DIP User Guide31: Using DIPImporting Datasets from the Incorporation Device4DIP User Guide Potential Problems■Unexpected results can occur if the destination grid is not entirely contained inside the source grid or the material distribution of the two grids does not match (see Extrapolationon page 6).■A common problem relates to the position of the grids in 3D space. This position is determined by the coordinates of the grid points and the local coordinate system of the grid.Ensure that your profiles are located where they should be. An easy way to find out moreabout the grid position is the command writeInfo , which is available for all grid types.Importing Datasets from the Incorporation DeviceThe incorporation device implements the functionality required for building three-dimensionaldata based on input given on two-dimensional vertical cut planes. As a typical application, theincorporation device is used to generate a three-dimensional model of the doping distributionbased on two-dimensional cuts provided by the 2D process simulator. Details of theincorporation methods are provided later in this manual. This section explains only how thevalues computed by the incorporation device are transferred to a given grid.The incorporation device is actually an object of type dip_device . If a dip_device has beenset up properly, its data can be transferred to a grid in a way that is very similar to incorporatingdatasets from another grid:set dev [dip_device]......set dst [dip_rec_tensor2D -args NULL dst-file.grd 0]$dst importDeviceDatasets $dev new "BoronConcentration StressYY"$dst writeDatasets dst-file-after-dip.dat 0The first command:set dev [dip_device]generates an incorporation device object and assigns it to the variable dev . Additional code,which is not included in this example, is required to specify the details of the incorporationprocess.The command:set dst [dip_rec_tensor2D -args NULL dst-file.grd 0]creates the two-dimensional recursive tensor grid and assigns it to the variable dst . The datafile argument is ‘0,’ which means that no data is read.1: Using DIPImporting Datasets from the Incorporation DeviceThe following line:$dst importDeviceDatasets $dev new "BoronConcentration StressYY"performs the actual transfer of the datasets BoronConcentration and StressYY from theincorporation device dev to the destination grid dst. Any number of datasets can betransferred in one import command. The second argument (new) specifies that a new dataset isto be created in the destination grid. Alternatively, imported datasets can be added to datasetsthat are already available in the destination grid, or they can replace (overwrite) existingdatasets. Refer to the appendices for a complete description of all options.Finally, the datasets of the destination grid are written to the file dst-file-after-dip.datby the command:$dst writeDatasets dst-file-after-dip.dat 0The second argument (0) means that the file is to be written in ASCII format. A nonzero valuewould lead to the file being written in binary format.AlignmentWhen exchanging data from the incorporation device to a user-specified grid, often, the deviceis not correctly positioned along the vertical direction. DIP allows for the position of the deviceto be manually changed by using the procedure:$dev move dx dy dzThis procedure causes a translation of the device.Another built-in method allows the silicon top of the device to be aligned with the silicon topof the grid. This method is applied by default in importDeviceDatasets. To switch off thisautomatic alignment, use:$dev noAutoTopSiliconAdjustMisalignment between grids and the incorporation device is often the cause of unexpectedresults. To check the exact location and size of a grid or the device, use:$dev writeInfo$grd writeInfoDIP User Guide51: Using DIPExtrapolation6DIP User Guide ExtrapolationA dataset always has a property called valid regions . This property lists the regions of the gridwhere the dataset is defined. This could be all the regions of the grid or only a subset of theavailable regions. When transferring a dataset from a source grid to a destination grid, DIPloops through all the vertices of the destination grid and asks for the value of the dataset at thecorresponding location in the source grid. There is no problem, in the standard case, where apoint lies in one of the valid regions of the dataset in the source grid. H owever, a specialsituation arises if the point is not located in one of the valid regions or if the point is outside thesource grid. DIP provides two different options for handling this situation:■No extrapolation: Values are always zero unless the point is located in one of the valid regions of the dataset.■Extrapolation: The nearest point on the boundary of a valid region is searched and the value at this point is taken.Extrapolation can be switched on or off separately for each profile by using:$src setExtrapolationOnor:$src setExtrapolationOffBy default, extrapolation is switched on for all profiles. The same option is also available forthe incorporation device, dip_device . H owever, in fact, when the extrapolation option ischanged for the incorporation device, the option is changed for all profiles associated with the device.Advanced UseIn the standard case previously described, the regions used for extrapolation are determinedautomatically from the valid regions of the dataset. However, it is also possible to switch offthis automatic behavior by using:$src noAutoSetExtrapolationRegionsThe list of regions to be used for extrapolation can be edited manually by using the procedures:$src setExtrapolationRegions "list of region names"$src clearExtrapolationRegions$src addExtrapolationRegionsByMaterialNames "list of materials"$src addExtrapolationRegionsByFunctions "list of functions"1: Using DIPLinear and Logarithmic Interpolation All of these calls are available for grids and the incorporation device. Again, the incorporationdevice does not itself interpret these options, but it passes them to all associated profiles. Acomplete description of each of the above procedures is given in the appendices.Possible ProblemsIf several datasets are imported in one call to importDatasets orimportDeviceDatasets, and automatic selection of extrapolation regions is switched on,the list of extrapolation regions will be the union of all valid regions of all imported datasets.Therefore, the user should only import datasets having the same valid regions in one importcall. Use several import commands if datasets with different valid regions must be imported. Linear and Logarithmic InterpolationBy default, DIP applies a linear interpolation when computing the value of a dataset at anarbitrary location inside a finite element. To switch to logarithmic interpolation, use: $grd setLogInterpolationor:$dev setLogInterpolationwhich are available for all grid types and the incorporation device. Linear or logarithmicinterpolation can be selected separately for individual grids. Logarithmic interpolation is usedmostly for doping species.Constructing DatasetsDIP provides methods for building a three-dimensional dataset from several two-dimensionalprofiles (cuts). This is not as straightforward as interpolating between grids of equal dimension;a certain amount of planning is necessary to set up a command script to do this. The followingsections explain how the incorporation concept works and how the scripts are made forincorporation applications.One of the basic incorporation concepts of DIP is to divide the space into smaller regions calledincorporation regions. These regions extend from the bottom to the top of the device. DIPsupports rectangular incorporation regions, implemented with the class dip_rect only.DIP User Guide7。

九年级英语Chapter 4 Tom Sawyer paints the fence Reading

九年级英语Chapter 4 Tom Sawyer paints the fence Reading,language and writing某某牛津版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：Chapter 4 Tom Sawyer paints the fence Reading, language and writing（一）课文语言知识讲解（二）课文阅读理解（三）语法：定语从句（四）写作练习二. 知识总结与归纳（一）课文语言知识讲解1. encourage v. 鼓励I have made great progress in English because my English teacher always encourages me.2. dip v. 蘸The little boy dipped his finger into the plate and then put it into his mouth and enjoyed it. 3. section n. 部分The answer to this question is in section A.4. depressed adj. 沮丧He felt depressed because he failed in the exam.5. ignore v. 忽略The young man is very proud, and he always ignores others.6. properly adv. 正常地、正确地The girl is very careful and she does her homework properly.7. gain v. 获得The young man gained the first prize yesterday.8. beg v. 请求The boy broke his neighbour’s window yesterday, and he is begging the owner to forgive him.9. joy n. 快乐To my great joy, I passed the English test.10. make fun of 捉弄As a student, you shouldn’t make fun of your classmates.11. and so on 等等12. … with a bucket of white paint and a brush with a long handle in his handwith prep.1) Egypt is a country with a long history.2) Smith is a man with a lot of money.3) Our English teacher came with good news.4) He entered the classroom with a recorder in his hand.5) I will spend the holiday in Beijing with some friends.6) I’m with you.13. Ben was watching Tom every move.move n. 动作、易懂、步骤1) What’s your next move?2) One careless move loses the whole game.3) a clever move4) know a move or two5) make a move（二）课文阅读理解P46. B Find the factsP48 C Find the meanings（三）语法：定语从句定语从句及相关术语1、定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

Cadence(allegro)中文教程

Cadence Allegro 中文简易手册－ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．２１ｓｐａｃｅｔｉｍｅ．ｃｏｍ收藏整理Cadence Allegro简易手册Allegro PCB Layout SystemLab Manual.CHAPTER 1 熟悉环境在开始前请将范例复制到您的工作路径下如:<在安装路径下>\share\pcb\selfstudy\user1 Æ c:\allegroclass\user1启动程序开始Æ程序集ÆCadenceÆPCB systemÆAllegro(电路板工具)开始Æ程序集ÆCadenceÆPCB systemÆPad Designer(焊点编辑)开启旧档选 FILE/OPEN 请开启 C:\AllegroClass\User1\Cds_Routed.brd档如果选了Change Dir 则会将现有路径C:\AllegroClass\User1变成你的内定工作路径认识你的工作窗口有指令区menu bar图标区icon ribbon控制盘control panel工作区design window状态区status window命令区console window.若想自定窗口位置customize 则选View-Customization / Display可设左侧control panel 所放的新位置为浮动式undocked贴左侧Docked_left贴右侧Docked_right(系统值)View / customization / toolbar 则设定控制图标区显示效果项目…显示缩放Zoom by Point Æ显示框选区以左键框二点Zoom fit Æ显示资料全区Zoom in Æ放大比例Zoom out Æ缩小比例Zoom world Æ显示整个工作区Zoom center Æ光标点为下个屏幕中心按Ctrl键配合按着的鼠标右键画w即可Zoom fit.若画Z即可Zoom in画面平移PAN1.利用方向键可平移2.三键鼠标则按中间键即可动态平移.若为二键鼠标则为右键+shift显示项目控制在右侧的控制盘中有visibility 项目来控制显出的对象打勾者代表要显示详细的设定则用指令Setup-color/Visibility而这些对象分成群组 Group级Class次级 Subclass在此可控制图层及各项目的显示与否,我们顺便试一下如何录script1选File-Script指令,键入文件名为colors(勿按Enter键),再点选Record记录2 选Color/Visibility指令,如果要全关选右上角的Global Visibility将值改为All Invisible确定后选套用Apply.这样会关所有显示项目3 选群组中的Components,找到Class里的Ref Des请把它底下的Assembly_top 方框勾选起来表示开启其显示4 选群组中的Geometry把它Board Geometry里的OUTLINE打开, 也把Package Geometry里的Assembly_top 打开5 选群组中的Stack-up,把TOP和BOTTOM的Pin.Via.DRC.Etch打开.而GND及VCC只开DRC.ANTI ETCH如果要设新颜色请在下方色盘Palette中选要用的新颜色,再将它点到要修改项目的色块上就可改过来了6 停止script录制选 File-Script-Stop.先前的层面及颜色设定都会被存在colors.scr中.此colors.scr是一个文字文件,可用一般的文字编辑程序或File-File Viewer加以编辑如果要测试script,请先用All Invisible全关所有显示,再到下方命令列中输入replay colors就会看到程序把先前的设定重跑一次,而显示也回来了标示亮度Highlight将特定对象标示亮度以图形效果显示其特异性如以要找一颗U3的零件为例:1先Zoom in2选标示亮度Display Æ Highlight或其图示3在右侧选高亮度的颜色4选Control panel 中的Find 页面5在Find by name 后net改成symbol (因为是找零件)6点Move键找到U3 (敲入U3 U* 按Tab键)按Apply OK7光标移至右下角全图显示区按右键选Find Next 即可将此对象显示于画面中央控制可被选取对象在编辑对象如:移动复制删除之前须选到所要的对象所以选取对象等的控制会影响后续的动作流程以移动U4的零件及移动U4零件名称RefDes为例1Zoom in到U4附近(在左上角)2选Edit Æ Move指令3选右侧的Find页面4在Find的页面中选全选ALL ON5点 U4的字符串部份你会看到U4会被抓到游标上而你正在移动U4这颗零件(因为symbol有被选取)6选右键中的OOP取消移动U4的动作7在Find页面中选全关ALL OFF 只选Text项目8再选U4字符串部份只有U4字符串被抓起像在调文字面的位置所以跟选择项目很有关系9取消检查数据项利用Display Æ Element 或其图标检查对象内容1先Zoom in2选Display Æ Element或图示3在Find中选ALL ON4随点选对象的不同会显示其相关的资料CHAPTER 2零件的整备本阶段要试建一颗14PIN DIP 零件零件的组成有焊点 PADSACK零件Package symbol每一个接脚PIN及孔Via皆视为一焊点PADSTACK如以60-38为例进入程序开始Æ程序集Æ cadence Æ PCB Systems Æ PAD Designer改种类为贯孔Through单位为mil精确值为1 (小数后1位)焊点在每一铜箔层皆要有一般点regular PAD梅花瓣Thermal-relief PAD挖开点Anti-PAD的三种效果1选Layer 页面2点选Begin Layer3在一般点项目设形状为Circle width为60height为604在梅花瓣设形状为circle值为80Flash项目为TR805在挖开点设形状为circle值为80由于其它层设定相仿可点左侧Bgn按右键copy复制6点internal 的左侧按右键选右键paste即可贴入不须重key in7以同样方法贴到END层8在SOLDERMASK_TOP层的Regular PAD设circle大小为709一样复制到SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM钻孔定义如果定为Through-Hole焊点须定孔径及钻孔符号在Drill Hole 项目中定Plate Type 为Plated (孔壁镀铜)孔径38. Drill symbol的Figure为钻孔符号效果Character为标示字符串Width height为符号的宽及高储存焊点选File Æ Save as 存到 C:\allegroclass \ user1 档名为 60C38d.PAD实体零件的建立建立实体零件的格式不同所以须进入零件建立模式下1File / New 在DRAWING NAME中敲入新零件名如DIP14并在DRAWING TYPE中选PACKAGE SYMBOL2设作图环境选SETUP – DRAWING SIZE在Move Origin项目中的XY各敲入5000使原点调整至适当位置3加入焊点选ADD PIN或其图示并右侧OPTION项目中敲入焊点60S38D后按Tab键状态列会显示出Using ‘ 60S38D.PAD’4光标移至状态列点选后敲入x 0 0会把第一接点放到原点 00的位置上(x须为小写)窗口缩放到PIN1附近5在右侧OPTION中改焊点为60C38D后按Tab键在Y的Qty项目中输入6 6在状态列输x 0 100则会放入向下距100mil的27接点7把Y项目的Qty改7个次序order改up8状态列输入x 300 –600会放入第8PIN到14PIN之焊点但是其脚号仍位于焊点左侧可按右键之OOP取消9将OPTION中的OFFSET值由-100改为100 (表右边100mil处)于状态列输入x 300 -60010完成按右键中的DONE文字面绘制 SILKSCREEN要调整格点大小时请以SETUP /GRIDS将NON-ETCH的X Y值键入25表文字面绘制格点为251选ADD/LINE2将右侧OPTION选为Package Geometry下的SILKSCREEN_TOP设画线角度等3画上文字面的矩形框组装外型绘制Assembly outline (可省略)同文字面之动作但层面为Package Geometry下的Assembly-Top设文字面之零件名称及零件号1选Layout_Label Æ Ref Des或其图示2图面为 refDes下的Assembly_Top3点选放零件名称的好位置(须在Assembly outline中)4键入名称如U* (请先注意右侧的字体基准点角度)5选Layout_Label中Æ Device6选适当的位置后键入 dev type后按右键的DONE绘制零件限制区Package boundary (可省略自动抓)定义零件高度(需要有Package boundary才可定义)1Setup-Area-Package Boundry Height层面为Package Geometry下的Place_Bound_Top2点先前建的Package Boundry 区域3输入高度值如180若没设则以Drawing option下的symbol Height为其内定高度值存零件文件(两者都要存)1选File Æ Create Symbol存成可放到PCB上的.PSM檔2选File Æ SAVE存成供以后修改的图形.DRA檔以自动程序建零件利用Symbol Wizard填入参数自动建零件1、File /New后在Drawing Name键入名称如dip16在Drawing type选PackageSymbol [Wizard] 后选OK2选Package Type为dip后点Next (选零件包装)3套用CADENDCE规划选Default Cadence Supplied template套用其它零件则选Custom template后选.Dra档套入后选Next4设定使用的公英制准确位数及名称前字符串prefix5依不同零件外形设定其参数如脚数Number of Pins脚距LeadPitch行距Terminal row spacing文字面的宽及长Width&Length)6选套用的焊点(一般焊点及第一脚)7定零件原点为中心center of body或第一脚pin1 of symbol及是否另存.PSM檔8选Finish 即OKCHAPTER 3板框绘制板框在Allegro中属于特殊的Mechanical Symbol板框为电路板的外形尺寸,其来源可由手工绘入.,键坐标输入画成.如果有Option 接口的话可由AUTOCAD转入DXF或Pro-Engineer的IDF.键坐标画图框1选File一New,在檔名Drawing Name中敲入如cds_outline.请注意格式务必改成Mechanical Symbol后按OK2设绘图区选Setup一Drawing Size.将图区Size设成A.并把DRAW Extent改设成Left X与Lower Y在设原点偏移量.Width 与Height设工作区大小设工作格点选Setup一Grids.将Non-Etch的格点设为25后按OK画板框选Add一Line.注意层面须改成BOARD GEOMETRY/OUTLINE.请输入x 0 200iy 2300ix 4000iy –2300ix –100iy –200ix –3700iy 200x 0 200 完毕按右键下的Done定工具孔Tooling Hole选指令Add Pin在右侧的Padstack中输入hole109再按Tab键.请在命令列输入x 100 300x 100 2400x 3900 2400 完毕按Done 结束标尺寸Dimension利用Dimension linear指令,层面会自跳到BOARD GEOMETRY下的DIMENSION.点选被测线段就可拖出其尺寸标注线放上.倒角Chamfer如果画的板框有直角要倒角,可用指令Edit一Chamfer.在右侧Options中TrimSegment的First栏设50.表示未倒角的两边线段长为50mil.试着点要倒角的第一段线,再点它的垂直线,就可做出倒角效果来设走线及摆零件区1先Zoom in到图框的左下角,2选Setup一Area一Route Keepin(走线区)在板框内的50mil(二个格点)内画出其布线限制区.(会在ROUTE KEEPIN下的ALL.)3选Setup一Area一Package Keepin(摆零件)画出相同的限制区设禁止摆零件及走线区选Setup一Area一Route Keepout(走线)画上不能走线的范围,其显示为一填满区.试画过后请Edit一Delete删除(在Find中要勾Shape),否则稍后可布线区域可能不够.其它如ViaKeepout则为禁打贯孔区存板框檔1选File一Create Symbol设入档名如cds_outline后选Save会存成cds_outline.bsm的Board Symbol 檔.2再选File一Save存成cds_outline.dra的图形文件.建立环境档Master Design File (.brd)环境档通常是只先放入板框而未含有逻辑数据的作图文件.利用它把大家讨论过认证的Geometry先设好的存在图档上.达到统一作图环境的目的.当成公司内的标准档.1选File一New,在檔名Drawing Name中敲入如cds_master.请注意格式为Layout 后按OK2设绘图区选Setup一Drawing Size.将图区Size设成B.,小数后位数Accuracy设成2.并把DRAW Extent的Left X设成-5000 ,Lower Y设成-5000完成按OK3放入板框零件,选Place一By Symbol一Mechanical,先点Library键才会列出各Mechanical Symbol,选先前建的cds_outline后按OK键准备放到图上4在命令列敲入x 0 0 ,放到图上(0,0)点.完毕按Done加图框Format Symbols如果要加上图框或其它注意事项宣告1Place一By Symbol 一Format, 先点Library键使列出各Format Symbol.如果点选Asizeh.表示要挂上A Size 横向的图框2利用光标把图框放至工作区上(请并确定板框数据含于图框范围内)3按右键选Next选到Note这个Symbol4请放在图框内板框外的适当区域中预放零件如果有特定的零件位置或固定的某几颗零件如connector.switch.等等.可以先摆到板上1选Place一By Symbol一Package.点Library使列出各实体零件.请选其中的conn140后按OK2在命令列输入x 3775 -200后按Done摆到图上设颜色1进到Color/Visibility中设定显示项目或其颜色.如果先前已存有Script 文件请Replay控制图形效果,请在命令列输入 replay colors层数设定Cross SectionAllegro内定的板层为二层板(指二个电气层).您如果是多层板则必须先宣告其层面结构.如层数.材质.用途.Subclass name.正负底片效果等.而其材质的种类及特性定义在<cds ins dir>/share/pcb/text/materials.dat檔中1选Setup一Cross Section点FR-4层名左侧的Edit后选Insert新增,则在原层之上会加入一个新的FR-4层.请总共新加入8层,因为我们待会要宣告此板为六层板,加上五层FR-4介质层及二层原有的空气层全部为13层.2点选第二个FR-4层准备把改设为内层的GND.请点其材质Material项目改设为铜箔Copper,将层面特性Layer Type改选成Plane,而Etch Subclass name取名成GND.最后把其底片效果由念Positive改为Negative表示此层为负片.3最后设定完成如下.表示此板为47.2mil厚的六层板.如果要删层则点选那一层其左侧的Edit键后按右键选删除Delete即可存环境档宣告完毕要存成环境档,请用File-Save As另存新档设入档名为cds_master1.brd 存入.通常Allegro的环境档可统一放在<course inst dir>/allegro/project1/worklib/esdesign/physical路径下CHAPTER 4加载联机关系与设定规范载入联机关系Load the Netlist联机关后档是一个由线路图程序所产生的文字文件netlist目的在交代零件(外型名称)及联机关系(接点及讯号名).要是零件需要作功能互换(gate swap或pin swap)则需另定零件宣告文件device file.如果有同类型但不同名零件可用对应文件map file宣告其对应不需每颗皆定义.以ORCAD为例,再执行完ERC电器检查后.即可执行其Tools-Netlist将线路图档转出联机关系档,其格式请选用others页面里的Allegro.就可把整份图转成一个联机档 .net或.txt零件若是在布线时会做swap的联机交换则须为零件定义其Device file 以宣告其零件之脚数闸数等到时:7400会对应7400.TXT套入宣告如果二者名称不同可以devices.map档宣告其对应性.以下devices.map为例零件7400会对应到74abcd.txt的device檔而非7400.txt如果要零件宣告文件device file,新版的ORCAD 9.x可用指令Accessories-Allergo Netlist自动产生各零件的device file.不需手动以文字编辑程序逐一编写载入联机 Import Logic1. 选File/Import Logic定来源格式Logic Type为Third party.2. 来源档案 Import From 点选后再选Browse键选文字联机文件的3rdparty.txt.3. 是否替换新零件Replace changed component.设Always4. 是否允许拆原有布线Allow etch removed during eco依情况而定5. 设定转联机关系时取代原图上的逻辑数据supersede All logical.6. 要加载联机成为电路板文件选加载Import.设计规范Allegro的设计规范是在定义设计过程中的条件限制,这些条件的设定是用来作为设计时安全检查的标准.例如我们可以定义层数,各层的规范,特殊讯号的限制条件如线宽间距打贯孔数,或特定区域条件等等,以配合电器或机构考量.而且宣告过的规范存在图档上,可避免以后布线时因考量因素众多而疏漏所造成需重修的情况.设定内定设计规则内定设计规则是给图文件中未经特定宣告的任意讯号(一般线)所套用进入Setup-Constraints请点选内定标准值Default Value设定其线到线,线到点,点到点,线宽,套用的贯孔等设定其它的设计规则在一份图档上有些特殊的线有其不同的规则相对于先前定的内定标准值如CLOCK讯号它的间距如为10 mil不同于先前内定的 5 mil.其步骤为定RULE SET请点选SPACING RULE SET下的SET V ALUE.在DELETE后的空白处输入 10 MIL SPACE后点选加入键加入新的RULE SET.随后输入其各间距的值再按OK键确定宣告相关讯号选ATTACH PROPERTY -NET,选右侧的FIND点选下方的FIND BY NAME切换成NET后再输入CLK2.程序跳出其PROPERTY画面请选NET-SPACING-TYPE, 在其V ALUE中输入其组别名称如CLOCK后按APPLY确定讯号套上RULE SET选在SPACING RULE SET中的ASSIGMENT TABLE设定各个RULE SET之间的规范如CLOCK与NO_TYPE指先前订的CLOCK(本例中只有CLK2)与一般讯号NO_TYPE所套用的间距值为10 MIL SPACE设定实体规范在实体规范PHYSICAL RULE SET中选其SET V ALUE键,在DELETE后的空白处输入10 MIL LINE 后点选加入ADD键,建立新的PHYSICAL SET.随后输入其允许最小线宽MIN LINE WIDTH,缩线后最小线宽,最大线宽,是否形走线,套用的贯孔焊点为何等等.,结束按宣告相关讯号选ATTACH PROPERTY-NET,选右侧的FIND点选下方的FIND BY NAME切换成NET后再输入REF.程序跳出其PROPERTY画面请选NET-PHYSICAL_TYPE在其V ALUE中输入其组别名称如ANALOG后按APPLY确定讯号套上RULE SET选在PHYSICAL RULE SET中的ASSIGMENT TABLE套上各个RULE SET的规范如把ANALOG套上先前订的10 MIL LINE,NO_TYPE指一般讯号请套上DEFAULT.第二项为AREA是当有设定特定区域AREA时才有对应的新值可输入STUB LENGTH,允许最多贯孔数MAX VIA等等而AREA则是以特定区域的方式来宣告其特别的设定值如线宽间距等设计规范存盘我们可将前面所设好的规范存成一个技术文件TECH FILE,请选指令FILE-EXPORT-TECHFILE设好文件名再按执行RUN键即可产生下次开新文件时层面只有二层,也没有特殊线宽或间距等设定,这时你可以加载技术档..这样这些设定即不须重设只须要把新讯号重新指定其对应的规则就可了查属性要检查己订属性可用1选EDIT-PROPERTIES配合右侧FIND2 选DISPLAY-PROPERTIES指令后选要查询的值如NET_SPACING_TYPE,再于V ALUE栏输入查询值如 * 表示任意即可查到先前订的CLOCK.在您绘图的过程中Allegro会以先前订的规范持续的检查你的图档当它有违规时则会有DRC的标记在上面.而这个蝴蝶形的标记的两边各有一个英文字母代表它检查的数据种类如L表线段LINE,.V表VIA,P表PAD等等,使我们能很快的知道错误在那儿而侦测到的错误项目又是什么数据间的状况可以马上加以改正.您也可以用SHOW ELEMENT的指令来查看更详细的结果Chaper 5摆放零件在建完零件,传入联机关系,订好规则之后紧接着的就是零件的摆放动作在图示中通常已经挂上了一些有关摆放零件的图标而这些图标就如同指令PLACE下的各个摆放功能请开启位于c:\\allegroclass\user1\ 底下的constrainted.brd手动编名因为置于板上的金手指尚未命名所以我们必须手动的帮它编名请选Logic-Assign RefDes并点选右侧Options下方的RefDes字段中输入J1 点选金手指则会把这颗零件命名为J1设定摆放格点设摆放零件时移动零件的距离请选Setup-Grid下的Non-Etch将其Spacing X:值输入50,Y:值输入50.要不要显示格点则设定左上角的GRID ON以零件名称摆放Placed By RefDes一般摆零件时习惯边看线路图边摆零件,所以我们须将相关的零件逐一叫出这样就会用到此功能请选Place By RefDes指令敲入零件名U5后按OK就可抓出U5到图上准备摆入.如果想要旋转,请按鼠标右键选择Rotate这时零件上就会跑出一根控制杆到光标位置利用鼠标转动即可控制其旋转角度.按左键可停止旋转.移动到要摆的中下图区后按右键选Done放置如果摆上的零件看起来是一个填满的大方块是因为开启了它的限制区.想关闭请至Display-Color/Visibility把Package Geometry/Place_Bound_Top项目勾勾去掉除了此种方法外如果新摆入的零件都须转一个特定角度的话可到Setup-Draw Options选其中的SYMBOL把Angle字段输入或改选成90再点OK键试着抓U7进来摆,你可看到它己是旋转了90度等着您摆入移动零件如果已摆入零件其位置须要挪移请选Edit一Move后再到右侧的Find项中全关只留Symbols.请点选要移动的零件(最好点它的名称字符串)零件就会被抓到光标上,待移到新位置后,点右键按Done即完成移动一群零件同样以Edit一Move指令以鼠标左键框出一个区域,框住要一齐挪移的零件(如果要放弃框选范围可选右键下的Oops).再以左键定其基准点就可一齐移动到时再以右键下的Done确定.再框选时请勿框到 Board Outline,Keepins,keepouts的Board Symbol资料.其它摆放的动作有Place一Component一ICs 摆IC类零件Place一Component一IOs 摆输出入类零件Place一Component一Discrete 摆附属小零件Place一Component一ALL 摆所有零件联机互换的动作有Place一Swap一Component 零件位置互换Place一Swap一Functions 闸联机互换(需有device宣告)Place一Swap一pins 接点联机互换(需有device宣告)联机显示控制联机指点到点间用来表示其电气接续性的表示线.我们会依不同需求开关某些零件或讯号的显示效果来达到评估布线策略的目的显示(关闭)所有联机Display一Show(Blank) Rats一All显示(关闭)单颗零件Display一Show(Blank) Rats一Component显示(关闭)单条联机Display一Show(Blank) Rats一Net产生摆放零件报表您可以产生一份摆放零件报表它可列出图中已摆放及未摆放之零件数据您在摆完零件后可用它来再确认是否有漏网之鱼尚未摆入HAPTER 6 布线布线相关指令设定布线格点随着不同的布线须求.您可为不同层设定不同的布线格点或是设定所谓的不等距格点如8 9 8这样的工作格点.指令为Setup一Grids设定格点,其中左上角的Grids On 为设定是否显示格点.Non-Etch为非电气层格点如摆零件.All Etch为所有电气层之走线格点.Top….为各电气层之走线格点值在布线时我们必须在右侧的Options中设定布线的工作层Act及代换层Alt在走线时首先走在工作层上如果要换层只须连续点二下左键(双击)则您的工作层及代换层会自动互换并打上贯孔试走第一条线1请先关闭所有联机显示,然后选Display一Show Rats一Net按鼠标右键选其中的Net Name输入 clk2使只开此讯号的显示效果2 Zoom in到U15 选择布线图示或Route一Connect将右侧的Options中的Act 层设为Top,Alt层设为IS3,线的角度设45度线宽设5,布线效果RouteType设手动布线Manual.3 试着点线开始布线,一开始走出时是在正面ToP层,如果觉得走得不好请用右键按OoP取消删除布线如果不满意先前所走的布线结果可以用Delete指令予以删除但是请配合右侧Options或Find的选项让使用上更加的便利1.全线删除请选择删除示或指令Edit一Delete在Find下请先选ALL OFF再开Clines请点CLK2的布线,此线会全部高亮请再按右键下的Done就会把它删掉(请救回此线以执行以试作底下其它动作)2.线段删除如果要删掉的只是某些线段非整条布线,请在右侧的下Find关所有项目只留ClineSegs同样点CLK2你会只看到此线段高亮,如果点其它线段则先前的线段即消失被删除了3.二点间线段删除如果要删掉的只是某些线段内的一小段,选Edit一Delete按右键下的Cut,点要删掉线段内的第一点(线段变亮)再点第二点,则剩此区间高亮可删除.布线效果Routing Type在走线的过程中我们有三种效果可以选择,分别是手动布线Manual,循迹布线To Cursor,结点布线To Pick1.手动布线Manual--------在前一光标位置与目前的光标位置间显示出走线’不会自动闪其中的障碍但推线效果明显2.循迹布线To Cursor-----随游标带出布线的走向,可动态的看出将布线的效果,会自动的闪避其中的障碍3.结点布线To Pick--------前后光标点间无法看到动态的布线轨迹,但是会自动闪线且速度比较快右键指令走线的过程中按鼠标右键会出现一些选项Done =>布线停止,回到空-状态IdleOops =>取消前线段动作Cancel =>取消前指令Next =>布线暂停,改走其它线Temp Group =>宣告走bus线讯号Complete =>结束bus线讯号选入动作Reject =>放弃现有选取,可改选其它Add Via =>打贯孔Finish =>以同层自动走完未布线段Snap Rat T =>移动讯号T点位置Neck =>窄线布线,须依Physical Rule Set宣告New Target =>改定同讯号的目的点(布线终点)No Target =>尾段讯号不显示Swap Layer =>走线换层(Act层换到Alt层) Toggle =>出线角度切换(先直再斜或先斜再直) 打贯孔贯孔是用来导通层到层之间的讯号关系,贯孔必须有焊点的特性在布线的过程若加入贯孔则其工作层与代换层就会自动切换走到对应的布线层面.动作为连续点二下左键(双击)或选右键里的Add Via.移线利用移线指令SLIDE可移动先前所布的线段.你只需要选好指令后用左键点选要移动的线段即可动态的移动此线段,而与此线段相连的线段效果也会自动调整保持整体的完整性1请开启档案CDS_ROUTED.BRD稍为Zoom in到局部区域上.请选图标区上的移线图示或ROUTE一SLIDE2在右侧的Find项目中全清只留Via及Segment3以左键点选线段移动看看,也以左键定其新的落点4可以试着改变调整右边设定如角度CORNER或最大斜线长度Max 45 Len看看它的效果修端点VERTEX要挪动,新增,重迭,删除(选右键下的DELETE VERTEX),请利用EDIT-VERTEX或按F7键.即可修整端点自动整线有Route-Custom Smooth或Route-Gloss可执行SPECCTRA自动布线当您执行ROUTE一SPECCTRA-Auto儿时Allegro会发起SPECCTRA的自动布线程序并建立一个同档名的.dsn檔.在自动布线结束后SPECCTRA会产生一个.ses檔在回到Allegro时转入成已布线档SPECCTRA手动布线执行ROUTE一SPECCTRA-Interactive,可转档到Specctra并以其EditRoute作手动布线产生未布线报表在布线完毕后.我们如果要确定定否有未布线点仍然存在.可以执行TOOLS一Reports选输出的资料为Unconnected pins再点Run键就会产生此报表加以查核CHAPTER 7 内层及铺铜如果您的设计超过二层,那么您就须要设定其内层铜箔的效果包括它的铺铜箔效果,所带的讯号名,避开的间距,内层切割等等的问题通常铜箔分二种,正片铜及负片铜.正片铜显示的是含铜的部分,也就是黑的部分以后就是铜箔.在Allegro中的正片铜您可以看到它所挖开的开孔void 及所接的梅花瓣Thermal 它的缺点是一但铜箔的接续性更改如移零件或贯孔.则铜箔须要重铺以重新连结正确的梅花瓣及挖开不同讯号点负片铜显示的是以后要挖掉铜的部分,反而是白色的部分以后才会有铺铜在Allegro中负片铜只是显示一些点在内层上面.随着所设定的讯号.程序会自动判定那些点该是要改成内层要接的Thermal Relief定义效果,那些不接的点其内层必须是挖开的Anti-Pad定义.Allegro并不会把那些焊点挂在层面上.好处是零件或是贯孔可随意移动不须重铺重算.只有在他产生底片输出时才会将焊点数据并入处理.而它的缺点是您无法在图上即看到真实的底片效果.(尤其是梅花瓣)宣告内层负片铜l.Add一Shape一Solid Fill画内层铺铜范围2.Edit一Change Net(Pick)宣告铜箔的讯号名3.Shape一Fill填铜箔1请开cds_routed.brd檔.设定Setup一Drawing Options在Display项目中勾选Thermal Pads(显示梅花瓣) 及Filled Pads and Cline Endcaps(填满式显示)选项2 选Display一Color/Visibility把Group项目改成Stack再把底下的Etch项全关只留VCC层.其它项的PIN与VIA也是只留VCC后跳出3选Add一Shape一Solid Fill在右侧设Etch及VCC层,在板内的走线区范围内Route Keepin画一个Polygon画完按右键Done结束4宣告内层讯号选Edit一Change Net(Name)在列表中选VCC后跳出5填铜箔.选Shape一Fill这样会灌满并显示出Thermal Pad(单线)及AntiPad的效果宣告内层正片铜l.Add一Shape一Solid Fill画内层铺铜范围2.Edit一Change Net(Pick)宣告铜箔的讯号名3Shape一Parameter设定自动挖开铜箔的效果4V oid一Auto执自动清铜动作(讯号不同者挖开,相同者挖开后架上桥接花辫)5Shape一Fill填满铜箔效果。

chapter 4 phonology

Rule 3: deletion rule(省略规则) A sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. eg.(1) signature, designation, paradigmatic • (2) sign, design, paradigm deleted • In the second group, /g/ is _______.
• 音位有时还可能有free variants
互补分布
当同一个音位的两个或两个以上的音位变体不区别意义，并且永远不会出现在相同的位置上，那么它们被称为处于互补分布。 [p]/[pʰ]是两个不同的音子，即音位/p/的变化形式。[p]只出现在[s]之后，而[pʰ]只出现在其他位置。 /p/→[p]/[s]͟ [pʰ]剩余位置注：——是/p/出现的位置
phonetics and phonology
Phonetics General (concerned with speech sounds as such without reference to their function in a particular language). Descriptive Classificatory Particular (having a particular language or languages in view) Functional (concerned with the working or functioning of speech sounds in a language or languages) Functional phonetics p137
自由变体

DIN螺栓、螺母、垫圈

14 to 18 19 to 23 24 to 28 22 to 26 29 to 33 27 to 31 34 to 38 32 to 36 39 to 43 37 to 41 44 to 48 42 to 46 49 to 53 47 to 51 54 to 56 52 to 53 57 to 61 54 to 58 62 to 66 59 to 63 67 to 71 64 to 68 72 to 76 69 to 73 77 to 81 74 to 78 82 to 86 79 to 83 87 to 91 84 to 88 92 to 96 89 to 93 97 to 101 94 to 98 102 to 106 99 to 103 107 to 111 104 to 108 112 to 116 109 to 113 117 to 121 114 to 118 122 to 127 119 to 123 128 to 131 124 to 128 129 to 133 134 to 138 139 to 143 144 to 148 149 to 153 154 to 158
28 to 32 33 to 37 38 to 42 43 to 47 48 to 52 53 to 57 58 to 60 61 to 65 66 to 70 71 to 75 76 to 80 81 to 85 86 to 90 91 to 95 96 to 100 101 to 105 106 to 110 111 to 115 116 to 120 121 to 125 126 to 130 131 to 135 136 to 140 141 to 145 146 to 150 151 to 155 156 to 160
29 to 33 34 to 38 39 to 43 44 to 48 49 to 53 54 to 56 57 to 61 62 to 66 67 to 71 72 to 76 77 to 81 82 to 86 87 to 91 92 to 96 97 to 101 102 to 106 107 to 111 112 to 116 117 to 121 122 to 126 127 to 131 132 to 136 137 to 141 142 to 146 147 to 151 152 to 156

DIP

DIP百科名片DIP封装DIP，英文单词，也可以是英文缩写形式。

含有多个义项：DIP封装、脱屑性间质性肺炎、软件设计原则之一、蛋白相互作用数据库、缺陷干扰颗粒、定期租船交船地点、设备独立像素等。

目录2.把(手等)伸入[(+into)]She dipped her finger in the water to see if it's hot.她把手指浸入水中,看水热不热。

3.舀取,汲出[(+out/up)]She dipped up soup from the pot with a ladle.她用勺从锅里舀汤。

4.浸染;浸洗5.把...下降后即行升起不及物动词 vi.1.浸一下2.下沉,下降Meat prices are dipping.肉类价格在下跌。

3.倾斜4.舀,掏[(+into)]She dipped into her purse for money.她在钱包中掏钱。

名词n.1.浸泡;蘸湿[C]2.倾斜;下沉[C]The road takes a dip round the corner.那条路在转角处往下倾斜。

3.(价格的)下跌[C]The price of grain took a dip.粮食价格下跌。

4.【口】洗澡[C]We are going for a dip in the sea.我们去洗个海水浴。

5.浸泡动物(的药水)[C][U]6.调味汁[C]7.蜡烛[C]编辑本段DIP封装介绍DIP封装，是dual inline-pin package的缩写，也叫双列直插式封装技术，双入线封装，DRAM的一种元件封装形式。

指采用双列直插形式封装的集成电路芯片，绝大多数中小规模集成电路均采用这种封装形式，其引脚数一般不超过100。

DIP封装的CPU芯片有两排引脚，需要插入到具有DIP结构的芯片插座上。

当然，也可DIP封装以直接插在有相同焊孔数和几何排列的电路板上进行焊接。

DIP封装的芯片在从芯片插座上插拔时应特别小心，以免损坏管脚。

DBK5 4-通道电流输出卡概述说明书

DBK5 4-Channel Current Output CardOverview (1)Hardware Setup (2)Card Configuration (2)Card Connection (3)CE Compliance (3)Software Setup (4)DBK5 – Specifications (4)This product is not used for LogBook applications.Reference Notes:o Chapter 2 includes pinouts for P1, P2, P3, and P4. Refer to pinouts applicable to yoursystem, as needed.o In regard to calculating system power requirements refer to DBK Basicslocated near thefront of this manual.OverviewDBK5 Block DiagramThe DBK5 can control four 4 to 20 mA current loops. The card connects to the Daq Device’s P1 port anduses one of the Daq Device’s 16 base channels. Up to four DBK5s can share a single base channel for amaximum of 256 channels. The DBK5 card neither sources nor sinks current; instead, it modulates currentin an externally powered loop. In this way, the DBK5 acts as a current-loop transmitter. The DBK5 iscompatible with both regulated and unregulated loop supplies, providing these supplies are within therange of 12 to 45 V and have a loop resistance that does not exceed 1.95 kΩ, according to the followingrelationship:V SUPPLY = V TRANSMITTER + (I LOOP * R LOOP)where:V TRANSMITTER = 6 V, and I LOOP = 20 mA max DAC mA0 4... ...1000 7.9... ...4095 20 The DBK5 provides loop-current control through 12-bit digital-to-analog converters(DACs). The 12-bit range of 0 to 4095 corresponds with 0 to 100% of full-span and anoutput of 4 to 20 mA. As shown in the table, the current output I OUT = 4 mA +(DAC/4095 × 16 mA). Thus, the DAC values for currents between 4 and 20 mA isequal to 255.94 × (I OUT - 4 mA).The 4 channels are optically isolated from the Daq Device and from each other. Isolation allows the loopvoltages to float beyond the Daq Device’s common mode range. An externally powered loop allows theDBK5 to continue to modulate the loop current in the event of a fault or power loss in the Daq Device. Ifthe loop is powered-up before the Daq Device, the DBK5 will maintain the loop current at 4 mA. After afault, the DBK5 will maintain the loop current at the last level set.Hardware SetupCard ConfigurationUp to four DBK5 cards can be assigned to a single Daq device channel. With 16 Daq device channels, 4cards per channel, and 4 inputs per card, up to 256 inputs are possible (16 x 4 x 4).Each card must appear unique to the Daq device. Micro-switches 1 through 4 (On DIP switch S1) set thecard address for the Daq device channel. A card address can be set to a value in the range of 0 to 15,inclusive. Micro-switches 7 and 8 set the sub address to a value of 0, 1, 2, or 3 to distinguish one cardfrom another, for a given Daq device channel.Both addresses are determined by binary-weighted values of the micro-switches. In the following figurethe DIP switch is set for a card address of 15 since micro-switches 1 through 4 are in the “1” position. Thismeans the binary weights add up to fifteen (8 + 4 + 2 + 1). In the same figure the sub address is 3, sincemicro-switches 7 and 8 are in the “1” position giving us 2 + 1. Note that micro-switches 5 and 6 are notused. Since addresses start at “0” instead of “1,” a card’s 15 / 3 address would mean that it is assigned tothe sixteenth Daq device channel and that it is the fourth card.Switch Settings & Resulting AddressesSwitch 1-4SettingsSwitch 7-8Settings1 2 3 4ResultingCardAddress * * 7 8ResultingSubAddress0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 1 5 0 1 11 1 0 0 12 1 0 2 Configuration DIP SwitchShown with a Card Address of15 and a Sub Address of 3.1 1 1 1 15 1 1 38 4 2 1 -- 2 1 --Weights associated with switches when set to “1”*Micro-switches 5 and 6 are not used.Card ConnectionCurrent-loop connections are provided via dual screw terminal connections. The + and - loop connections are shown in the figure. Once all connections are in place, secure wires to the board at captive areas at the end of the board. Nylon tie wraps (not included) work well for this purpose.(1) An external loop-voltage supply must be provided. (2) To meet CE safety specifications, an edge guard (kit p/n 232-0806) must be attachedto the DBK5 card before insertion into a DBK41 expansion chassis. This guard helps prevent accidental access to high-voltage circuits.DBK5 Current Loop ConfigurationCE ComplianceReference Notes :Should your data acquisition system need to comply with CE standards, refer to the CE Compliance section of the Signal Management chapter.DaqBook/100 Series & /200 Series and DaqBoard [ISA type] ConfigurationUse of the DBK5 requires setting jumpers in DaqBooks/100 Series & /200 Series devices and DaqBoards [ISA type].1. If not using auxiliary power , place the JP1 jumper in the expanded analog (Analog Option CardUse) mode. In this mode JP1 jumpers are positioned in the –15 V and +15 V positions.Jumper Configurations in DaqBooks/100 Series & /200 Series devices and DaqBoards [ISA-Type]Note : The JP1 default position, indicated above, is necessary to power the interface circuitry of the DBK5 viathe internal ±15 VDC power supply. If using auxiliary power cards DBK32A or DBK33 you mustremove both JP1 jumpers. Refer to Power Requirements in the DBK Basics section and to the DBK32A and DBK33 sections of this manual.CAUTIONWhen using the SSH output, do not use an external voltage reference for DAC1.Applying an external voltage reference for DAC1, when using the SSH output, will resultin equipment damage due to a conflict on P1, pin #26.2.Place the JP2 jumper in the SSH position (see above CAUTION).3.For DaqBook/100, DaqBook/112 and DaqBook/120 only, place the JP4 jumper in single-endedmode.DaqBook/2000 Series & DaqBoard/2000 SeriesNo jumper configurations are required for these /2000 series devices.Software SetupReference Notes:o DaqView users - Refer to the DBK Setup section in the DaqView document.o LogView users - Not Applicable.DBK5 – SpecificationsName/Function: 4-Channel 4-20 mA Current Output CardConnectors: DB37 male, mates with P1. Screw terminals for signal output.Accuracy/Linearity: 0.1% FSResolution: 4 µA / LSB, monotonicHysteresis: 0.02% FSRegulation: 0.05% FSCompliance: R LOOP = (V SUPPLY - 6) / 0.020 maxIsolation: 500 V。

CadenceAllegro简易手册连载2：零件的整备

CadenceAllegro简易手册连载2：零件的整备Allegro是Cadence推出的先进PCB设计布线工具。

Allegro提供了良好且交互的工作接口和强大完善的功能，和它前端产品Cadence、OrCAD、Capture的结合，为当前高速、高密度、多层的复杂PCB 设计布线提供了最完美解决方案。

本文介绍了Cadence Allegro零件的整备。

Cadence Allegro简易手册连载1：熟悉环境CHAPTER 2 零件的整备本阶段要试建一颗14PIN DIP 零件零件的组成有焊点 PADSACK，零件Package symbol每一个接脚PIN及孔Via皆视为一焊点PADSTACK如以60-38为例进入程序开始→程序集→cadence →PCB Systems→PAD Designer改种类为贯孔Through，单位为mil，精确值为1 (小数后1位)，焊点在每一铜箔层皆要有一般点regular PAD，梅花瓣Thermal-relief PAD，挖开点Anti-PAD的三种效果1、选Layer 页面2、点选Begin Layer3、在一般点项目设形状为Circlewidth为60height为604、在梅花瓣设形状为circle，值为80，Flash项目为TR805、在挖开点设形状为circle，值为80，由于其它层设定相仿，可点左侧Bgn按右键copy复制。

6、点internal 的左侧，按右键选右键paste即可贴入，不须重key in7、以同样方法贴到END层8、在SOLDERMASK_TOP层的Regular PAD设circle，大小为709、一样复制到SOLDERMASK_BOTTOM钻孔定义如果定为Through-Hole焊点，须定孔径及钻孔符号在Drill Hole 项目中定Plate Type 为Plated (孔壁镀铜)，孔径38. Drill symbol的Figure为钻孔符号效果，Character为标示字符串，Widthheight为符号的宽及高储存焊点选File →Save as 存到C:\allegroclass \ user1 档名为60C38d.PAD实体零件的建立建立实体零件的格式不同，所以须进入零件建立模式下1、File / New 在DRAWING NAME中敲入新零件名，如DIP14并在DRAWING TYPE中选PACKAGE SYMBOL2、设作图环境选SETUP –DRAWING SIZE在Move Origin项目中的XY各敲入5000使原点调整至适当位置3、加入焊点，选ADD PIN或其图示，并右侧OPTION项目中敲入焊点60S38D后按Tab键状态列会显示出Using ‘60S38D.PAD’4、光标移至状态列点选后敲入x00，会把第一接点放到原点00的位置上(x须为小写)，窗口缩放到PIN1附近5、在右侧OPTION中改焊点为60C38D后按Tab键，在Y的Qty项目中输入66、在状态列输 x 0 100则会放入向下距100mil的2～7接点7、把Y项目的Qty改7个，次序order改up8、状态列输入x 300 –600，会放入第8PIN到14PIN之焊点，但是其脚号仍位于焊点左侧可按右键之OOP取消9、将OPTION中的OFFSET值由-100改为100 (表右边100mil 处)，于状态列输入x 300 -60010、完成按右键中的DONE文字面绘制 SILKSCREEN要调整格点大小时，请以SETUP /GRIDS将NON-ETCH的X、Y 值键入25，表文字面绘制格点为251、选ADD/LINE2、将右侧OPTION选为Package Geometry下的SILKSCREEN_TOP，设画线角度等3、画上文字面的矩形框组装外型绘制Assembly outline (可省略)同文字面之动作但层面为Package Geometry下的Assembly-Top设文字面之零件名称及零件号1、选Layout_Label →Ref Des或其图示2、图面为 refDes下的Assembly_Top3、点选放零件名称的好位置(须在Assembly outline中)4、键入名称如U* (请先注意右侧的字体基准点角度)5、选Layout_Label中→Device6、选适当的位置后键入 dev type后按右键的DONE绘制零件限制区Package boundary (可省略自动抓)定义零件高度(需要有Package boundary才可定义)1、Setup-Area-Package Boundry Height层面为Package Geometry下的Place_Bound_Top2、点先前建的Package Boundry 区域3、输入高度值如180若没设则以Drawing option下的symbol Height为其内定高度值存零件文件(两者都要存)1、选File → Create Symbol存成可放到PCB上的.PSM檔2、选File →SAVE存成供以后修改的图形.DRA檔以自动程序建零件利用Symbol Wizard填入参数自动建零件1、File /New后在Drawing Name键入名称，如dip16，在Drawing type选Package Symbol [Wizard] 后，选OK2、选Package Type为dip后点Next (选零件包装)3、套用CADENDCE规划选Default Cadence Supplied template，套用其它零件则选Custom template后选.Dra档套入，后选Next4、设定使用的公英制，准确位数及名称前字符串prefix5、依不同零件外形，设定其参数，如脚数Number of Pins，脚距LeadPitch，行距Terminal row spacing，文字面的宽及长Width&Length)6、选套用的焊点(一般焊点及第一脚)7、定零件原点为中心center of body或第一脚pin1 of symbol 及是否另存.PSM檔8、选Finish，即OK。

中国文化概论课文 Chapter 4 Arts

Chapter 4 Arts•Calligraphy and Painting•Calligraphy•Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system (mostChinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines. It particularly refers to writing Chinese script with a writing brush. It can be dated back to theearliest days of Chinese history, and is widely practised throughout China to this day. Although it uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know Chinese to appreciate its beauty.•Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty. Chinese calligraphy stresses the overall layout and harmony between words and lines. The graceful shapes evoke deep emotion and are profoundly artistic. Thus, the Chinese saying like ―The handwriting reveals the writer (字如其人)‖ is directly related to calligraphy.•In the past, children were trained at an early age to practise writing. People were often judged by their handwriting. It was believed that the force used in writing betrayed one’s disposition and the written cha racters revealed thecalligrapher’s understanding of life and arts. Devotion to practisingcalligraphy could help a person to achieve relaxation and repel outsidedisturbance. So, it was also regarded as a way to keep mind and body fit and healthy.•Calligraphy is still popular today with exhibitions of ancient and contemporary works and organised competitions among both the young and the old from many walks of life. On the other hand, being a Chinesetraditional art, Chinese calligraphy also found favour in (受到青睐) theneighbouring countries from the early times. Now more and more people in the ―Circle of Chinese Language Learning(汉学圈)‖ ragarded it as one oftheir favourite arts and pastimes.•Strokes of Chinese characters•The structure of a Chinese character is formed with strokes from a variety of traditional shapes. Strokes within Chinese characters can have more than 24 varieties of shapes that fall into six basic categories: dian (dot stroke), heng(horizontal stroke), shu (vertical stroke), pie (curved stroke), zhe (angularstroke) and gou (hooked stroke). The number of strokes within a singleChinese character ranges from a few to more than 30.•Five categories of Chinese scripts•The earliest Chinese characters were inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones of the Shang Dynasty. Chinese scripts are generally divided into five forms: the seal form (zhuan 篆书), the official form (Li 隶书), thecursive form (cao 草书), the regular form (kai 楷书), and the running form (xing 行书). These forms are closely related, but each form has its ownshapes and features, so different methods are employed when writing them. •The seal form is an ancient script that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels (青铜器) during the Warring States and Pre-Qin Periods. In 221 BC, Prime Minister Li Si of the Qin Dynasty collected and categorised all thedifferent systems of writing used throughout the country in an effort to unify the writing system. He simplified the ancient seal script and suggested small seal script (小篆), as the standard form of writing.•The official form came into being between the Qin and Han dynasties. It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of theseal form into linear and flat square (扁方形) shapes. The official form was much easier to use, so that in the Han Dynasty it replaced the seal form. •The cursive form originates from the Han Dynasty. This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of thecharacters appear exaggerated. They may vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims (奇思) of the writer. The flow of the lines and the rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole.Moreover, the mastery of cursive form can better express a person’semotion.•The regular form was developed during the Wei and Jin dynasties, and came to prominence in the Tang Dynasty. This is still today’s standard writing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes. When learning calligraphy, it is helpful to begin with the regular form because the structure is regular and easy to handle and copy. There are four masters of the regular script:Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhengqing, Liu Gongquan and Zhao Mengfu.•The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms, allowing simpler and faster writing. When carefully written withdistinguishable strokes, the running form characters will be very close to the regular style, called ―the running regular form(行楷)‖. When swiftly executed, they will approach the cursive form, called ―the running cursive form (行草)‖.•Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Ji n Dynasty, the ―sage of Chinese calligrapher (书圣)‖, is one of the most famous calligraphers in Chinese history. Among his works, those in the running form are recognised as his best. None of hisoriginal works remain today. Some of his best writings have been preserved on carved stone tablets. Stone rubbings taken from them have beenreproduced and reprinted widely and studied by generations of students,used as models to learn and practise the art of calligraphy.•His running form calligraphy demonstrates the vigor and fluency of this form.For example, in his The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy (《兰亭集序》), he described a summer outing at a place called Lanting. This work is considered the greatest masterpiece of Chinese calligraphy in history. The original of it was acquired by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. He liked it so much that he ordered his court’s calligraphers to make copies of it.When he died, Wang Xizhi’s calligraphy was buried with him.•Painting•Since similar tools and lines were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy.•Chinese traditional painting refers to ink-wash painting (水墨画). It can be traced to the Tang Dynasty and flourished from the Yuan Dynasty onwards.It focuses on the artistic effect of the style, and holds an important place in the history of traditional landscape painting.•Chinese painters dip their brushes in ink or paint to create classic pictures with lines and dots. Variation in shade enables the artists to create human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions. These are the mostcommon themes of traditional Chinese painting. A painting normally consists of calligraphic writing, seal stamps, and the painting itself. So, traditionalChinese paintings are not ―purely‖ paintings. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison （一致）. The paintings are usually mounted (装裱) on a scroll by pasting them on a long piece of paper which can be rolled up or hung vertically on the wall.•Xu Beihong•Xu Beihong is a celebrated modern painter of China and a master of the finearts who achieved eminence both in traditional painting and in Westernpainting. He is the best known for his paintings of horses. His outstandingworks include Running Horses (《奔马图》) and The Foolish Man Moving Mountain (《愚公移山》).•Qi Baishi•Qi Baishi is another celebrated modern painter who achieved great success in painting, calligraphy, poetry, and seal engraving. He completed over10,000 works, among which paintings of flowers and grasses, aquatic (水中的) animals, and insects enjoy great popularity. He once said, ―Theexcellence of a painting lies in its being alike, yet unlike. Too much likeness flatters the vulgar (俗气的) taste; too much unlikeness deceives the world.(画妙在似与不似之间，太似则媚俗，不似则欺世。

DIP_Lecture_5

T HFH
• F is an N N image matrix • H is an N N transformation matrix • T is the resulting N N transform
2013
Digital Image Processing
• Transformation matrix H contains Haar basis functions, hk ( z )
2D Discrete Cosine Transform
Walsh - Hadamard Transform
Karhunen – Loeve Transform Haar Transform Wavelet Transform
2013
Digital Image Processing
• Haar transform is a special wavelet transform • Its basis functions are the oldest and simplest orthonormal wavelets • Haar transform can be expressed in a matrix form
0 p n 1
q 0or1 p 1 q 2 p0 p0
2013
Digital Image Processing
• Then, Haar basis functions are
T a1 AK T aK
K MN
- New transforms
g K AK ( f - m f )
ˆ AT g m f K K f
2013
Digital Image Processing

关于日语条件句句末语气的考察——以「ば」「たら」「なら」「と(精)

广西大学硕士学位论文关于日语条件句句末语气的考察——以「ば」「たら」「なら」「と」条件句为中心姓名：叶秀华申请学位级别：硕士专业：外国语言学及应用语言学指导教师：杨政华20090630关于日语条件句句末语气的考察一一以ｒ蹑Ｊｒ危易Ｊｒ投ｂＪｒｅＪ条件句为中心摘要本文主要考察了日语条件句的句末语气。

日语的句子是由命题和语气两个性质完全不同的部分构成，其中命题是表示客观事态的部分，而语气则是表示主观态度的部分。

在日语中，句末形式的研究是语气研究的主流，作为分析语句结构的有效手段之一，被广泛应用于句子构造的分析和研究中。

［缓］、［允岛］、［教岛］、［岂］四个条件文相互之间具有很大的相似性和差异性，在不同的场合之下旬末接续的语气也不尽相同，因此在如何准确把握和区别使用条件文方面，对于日语学习者来说历来是一大难题。

迄今为止，条件旬的研究大多数集中在意义、语法以及与其他语言的对比考察方面。

关于条件句句末语气的考察虽然屡屡被提起，但都是作为一种补充说明而存在，专门对句末语气进行系统的考察则几乎没有。

基于上述原因，本文在先行研究的基础上，参照小林（１９９６）的条件句分类，即从恒常条件、假定条件、确定条件出发，以日研（２００３）提出的语气体系作为参考标准，通过对实例的分析和说明，对条件句的句末语气进行了详尽的考察。

通过本论文的考察和分析，对先行研究中所提出的相关观点进行检验的同时，修正了一些不足之处，进一步阐明了条件句的构造和体系。

同时也发现了一些问题，例如当前我们所普遍采用的条件表现的分类以及语气的分类标准存在一些不足之处，这些将作为今后的课题，有必要进行对其做进一步探讨。

从意义上讲，本文的考察有助于从事日语教育的工作者和日语学习者以及日语研究者进一步了解四个条件句的区别以及构造体系。

此外，在进一步了解语气的整体范畴以及条件句其他方面的研究上也具有一定的参考价值。

关键词：条件句语气恒常条件假定条件确定条件日本器条件表现。

采矿工程专业英语词汇

Introduction （绪论）mine n. 矿山，矿井。

v. 米矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤underground mining 地下开采surface mining 露天开采reserve n. 储量coal-bearing adj. 含煤的high production and high efficiency 高产高效development n. 开拓preparation n. 准备mining method 采煤方法subside v. 下沉，沉陷subsidence n. 沉降，沉陷mining subsidence n. 开采沉陷mechanize v. 使… 机械化mechanization n. 机械化blind shaft 暗立井drawn shaft 溜井chute n. 溜煤眼adit n. 平硐drift n. 平硐crosscut n. 联络巷；石门coal crosscut 煤门entry n. 平巷haulage n. 运输main haulage roadway 主要运输平巷main return-air roadway 主要回风平巷head entry 区段运输平巷tail entry 区段回风平巷slope n. 斜井rise n. 上山dip n. 下山rock rise 岩石上山coal rise 煤层上山coal haulage rise 运煤上山Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Mine （矿井基本概念）coalfield n. 煤田mining area n. 矿区mine field n. 井田divide v. 戈Ll 分division n. 戈Ll 分material transporting rise 运料上山return-air rise 回风上山men-walking rise 行人上山inclined roadway of a strip 分带斜巷inclined coal haulage roadway of a strip运煤斜巷分带mine production capacity 能力(MPC) 矿井生产inclined material haulage roadway of a strip分带运料斜巷mine service life 矿井服务年限production scale of mine 井型small mine 小型矿井middle mine 中型矿井large mine 大型矿井huge mine 特大型矿井strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向dip angle 倾角workable adj. 可采的workable reserve n. 可采储量opening n. 通道，开口mine opening n. 矿山井巷passageway n. 通道shaft n. 立井roadway n. 巷道chamber n. 硐室main shaft 主立井auxiliary shaft 畐廿立井air shaft 风井development roadway 开拓巷道preparation roadway 准备巷道gateway 回采巷道pit bottom 井底车场shaft bottom 井底车场station n. 车场，车站mining district station 采区车场horizon n. 阶段level n. 水平haulage level 运输水平return-air level 回风水平mining level 开采水平interval between levels 阶段垂高mining district 采区panel n. 盘区sublevel n. 分段strip district n. 带区inclined length 斜长strike length 走向长度district sublevel 区段Open-off cut n. 切眼coalface n. 采煤面working face 工作面production n. 生产；产量production system 生产系统coal haulage system 运煤系统ventilation n. 通风ventilation system 通风系统fresh air 新鲜风dirty air 乏风，污风refuse n. 矸石material and refuse transportation system 运料排矸系统drain v. 排水drainage system 排水系统power supply system （electric power, compressedair）动力供应（电、压风）communication and monitoring system 通讯、监测系统drive v. 掘进excavate v. 开挖，开掘hoist v. 提升winch n. 绞车Chapter 2 Coal Mining methods 采煤方法）stope 采场mining works/units 回采工作basic operation 基本工序break v. 破碎load v. 装载haul v. 运输auxiliary operations 辅助工序roof support 顶板支护gob treatment 采空区处理auxiliary transportation 辅助运输ventilation 通风drainage 排水power supply 供电,emulsion supply 供液（乳化液）等winning/mining technique 采煤工艺mining system 采煤系统mining roadway layout 回采巷道布置classify v. 分类dry mining 旱采wall mining system 壁式开采full-seam mining 整层single longwall mining methodlongwall mining on strike 走向长壁开采longwall mining on inclineii 倾向长壁开采sublevel caving 放顶煤shield 掩护支架slicing method 分层inclined slicing 倾斜分层horizontal slicing 水平分层oblique slicing 斜切分层top-slicing system of sublevel caving 水平分段放顶煤pillar mining system 柱式开采room and pillar mining method 房柱式room method 房式hydraulic mining 水采underground liquefaction 地下液化和气化underground gasification 地下液化和气化roof caving 垮落法（自然垮落、强制放顶）packing 充填法pillar support 刀柱式nearly horizontal coal seam 近水平煤层gently inclined coal seam 缓斜煤层inclined coal seam 倾斜煤层steeply inclined〜急倾斜厚煤层：thin coal seam 薄煤层middle thick coal seam 中厚煤层thick coal seam 厚煤层steeply inclined coal seam with an hugethickness 急倾斜特厚煤层blasting mining technology 炮采conventionally mechanized mining technology 普通机械化采煤工艺fully mechanized mining technology 综合机械化采煤工艺fully mechanized mining with top coal cavingtechnology 综采放顶煤工艺continuous miner 连续采煤机shuttle car n. 梭车universal extensible conveyor 万向接长机bolt v. 打锚杆；n. 锚杆mining method 采矿方法；mining operation 采矿作业；单一长壁采煤法ground control 顶板管理；recovery 回采率；subsidence control 地表沉陷控制cover 覆盖层；overburden 上覆地层；immediate roof 直接顶；floor 底板；hardness 硬度；strength 强度cleavage 解理gas , methane 瓦斯daily operation 日常工作single operation 单一工序unit operation 单元作业auxiliary operation 辅助作业cutting n. 切割，掏槽；lighting n. 照明outcrop 露头，露出地面的岩层development stage 开拓阶段production stage 生产阶段haulage capacity 运输能力main entry 主巷barrier pillar 隔离煤柱butt entry 区段平巷shearer 滚筒采煤机planer ，Plow 刨煤机auger mining 螺旋钻开采rapid excavation 快速掘进ocean mining 海洋采矿Chapter3 Concepts of Mine Development 田开拓的概念)mine boundary 井田边界terrain n. 地形geological structure 地质构造fault n. 断层fold n. 褶皱down fold n. 背斜upfold n. 向斜coal quality 煤质occurrence 赋存mine geological reserve usable reserves ( A 储量temprary useless resrves 暂不能利用储量mine industrial reserveZg=(A +B + C) 矿井工业储量future reserve ( D) 远景储量workable reserve 开采储量designed lost reserve 设计煤炭损失recovery rate 回采率Mine Production Capacity (MPC) coalface output 采煤工作面产量mining district production capacity能力cost per ton coal product 吨煤成本mine service life 矿井使用年限mine field development 井田开拓development roadway 开拓巷道development way 开拓方式development system 开拓系统portal type 井筒类型shaft development 立井开拓combined development 综合开拓development roadway layout 开拓巷道布置main roadway for single seam 分层大巷gathering main roadway 集中大巷gatering main roadway for each coal seam group分组集中大巷single level 单水平mutiple level 多水平preparation type 准备方式rise type 上山式rise and dip Type 上下山式combined rises and dip 上山、上下山混合式industrial area 工业场地mining level 开采水平pit bottom 井底车场development deepening 开拓延深replacement of mining level 水平接替transportation facility 运输设备electromechanical mine operation 矿井机电作业capital investment 基本建设投资。

快速诱惑中文版 Speed_seduction中文版_罗斯_杰弗瑞

如果说，谜男方法是注重吸引，那么，杰弗瑞的方法，就是关注如何诱惑，摧毁最后一刻的抵抗。

本电子书是罗斯杰弗瑞，快速诱惑的中文翻译版本，英文版原名是《Speedseduction》。

这本书是杰弗瑞的代表作，在美国行销上百万册。

影响了众多AFC的情感命运。

在美国，杰弗瑞的知名度是高于迷男的。

迷男的书偏重于理论，而杰弗瑞的书，拿来就能当成模版使用。

罗斯杰弗瑞创立的急速诱惑学，成为了美国PUA的鼻祖。

一直统治者美国恋爱学江湖。

他将NLP引入恋爱界，改变了以往所有的恋爱技巧。

其技术之精湛，效果之良好，指导了很多人的爱情挫男摆脱情感的苦闷。

而本书这是杰弗瑞的代表作。

这本书详细的指导了一个人如何结识女孩子并成功TD的所有技巧和方法。

诱惑阶段是其核心章节。

这本书的价值点是什么？毫无疑问，这本书，之所以能够影响数百万人，其核心的亮点在于诱惑阶段。

在美国，只要吸引到你的目标，那么发生性关系是十分自然的事情。

但是这是发生在性开放的美国。

尽管在中国性解放已经开始，但是国人普遍矜持的心理状态依然突出。

很多女孩子和你确立了男女朋友关系，只是让你吻和抱，就是不让推到。

在中国这种背景下，诱惑阶段是个必须学习的阶段。

你如果想成为PUA，你不得不精通每一个阶段。

而诱惑阶段却是临门一脚。

A和C阶段如果做错了还有弥补的机会。

但是在S阶段你一旦展开诱惑，就不再有回头路，要么成功，要么前功尽弃。

S阶段真的太重要了。

如何把气氛忽然调高到暧昧状态，如何开始调情，如何开始脱衣服，如何面对TD前的突发事件。

这一切书中第十八章有详细的解释。

比如举个例子，很多人认为亲吻她的嘴，能够让她迅速激情，其实是错误的，书中一再告诫，必须迅速离开她的嘴，不要在那里浪费时间，脖子才是你要进攻的重点。

学过迷男，你学会了吸引和避免错误，但是当你学过了杰弗瑞的东西，你就真的成为诱惑大师。

你只要让女人进房间，你就不会失手。

看看型男的把妹达人里面是怎么描述他的吧：片段一：杰佛瑞，一位高瘦、脸上坑坑疤疤、自称来自加州国王港(MARINADELREY)的怪胎。

英语词汇基础CHAPTER1

CHAPTER 1challenge principaldependent solitaryfertile suitablepeculiar surpluspreference transformTen Words in ContextIn the space provided, write the letter of the meaning closest to that of each boldfaced word. Use the context of the sentences to help you figure out each word's meaning.1.challenge/ 'tʃælindʒ/ -noun●Ginny enjoys rock climbing. It's a difficult challenge, but she feels very proudafter making a climb.●When the baby sitter arrived, he stared at the four active little boys he wasexpected to watch. “This will be quite a challenge,” he sighed._____ Challenge means a. reason. b. something boring. c. something requiringeffort.2. dependent/dɪ'pɛndənt / -adjective●Some animals can take care of themselves as soon as they are born, but humanbabies are dependent upon their parents for years.●Tyrone's father said to him, "Y ou are still much too dependent on me. It's abouttime you got a job and supported yourself."_____ Dependent means a. relying. b. leading. c. puzzling.3. fertile/ 'fə:tail / -adjective●Because its soil is so fertile, Iowa has many farms.●Our daughter's pet hamsters were so fertile that we ended up selling many babyhamsters back to the pet store._____ Fertile means a. common. b. large. c. able to produce.4. peculiar/pi'kju:ljə(r)/ -adjective●Jack didn't know why people were giving him peculiar looks until he realizedthere was a large hole in his pants.●My brother thinks my chip-and-dip sandwiches are peculiar, but I don't thinkthey're as strange as the peanut-butter-and-tuna sandwiches he eats._____ Peculiar means a. attractive. b. unusual. c. innocent.5. preference /'prefərəns / -noun●There are Chinese, Italian, and Indian restaurants nearby. What's your preferencefor dinner tonight?●What is your color preference for the living room? Do you like cool blues andgreens or warm oranges and yellows?_____ Preference means a. choice. b. skill. c. effect.6. principal/'prinsəpəl / - adjective●The principal cause of most success is hard work, not luck or talent.●The queen of England has no real power. The principal leader of England is theprime minister._____ Principal means a. most recent b. false. c. chief.7. solitary /'sɔlitəri / -adjective●After taking a solitary vacation in my cabin for two weeks, I was ready to returnto the company of other humans.●In the mood to be by herself, Melba looked forward to spending the evening insuch solitary activities as reading and taking a long bubble bath._____ Solitary means a. friendly. b. proper. c. done alone.8. suitable/'sju:təbl / -adjective●Sharon asked her mother if her blue dress was suitable for a funeral, or if she hadto wear black.●Because the prices and food are so good, we decided that the Red Lion Inn wouldbe suitable for our bowling banquet._____ Suitable means a. right. b. too expensive. c. important.9. surplus/'sə:pləs / -adjective●More and more restaurants are donating their surplus food to homeless people. ●The Barkleys had more kitchen supplies than they needed, so they gave theirsurplus pots and pans to their son, who had just gotten his own apartment._____ Surplus means a. strange. b. extra. c. main.10. transform/traens'form/ -verb●I plan to transform this messy attic into an attractive office.●The magician seemed to transform a chicken's egg into an egg the size of abasketball._____ Transform means a. to accept. b. to repeat. c. to change.Matching Words with DefinitionsFollowing are definitions of the ten words. Print each word next to its definition. If you look closely at each word in context, you will be able to figure out its meaning.1. Producing or able to produce much fruit, large crops, ormany children2. Most important; main; leading3. Relying on others for aid or support4. Extra; more than what is used or needed5. Odd; strange6. A test of one's abilities; anything that calls for a special effort7. Happening or done alone8. To change in form or appearance9. Right for a certain purpose; proper; fitting10. Choice; first choice; something preferredCAUTION: Do not go any further until you are sure the above answers are correct. Then you can use the definitions to help you in the following practices. Y our goal is eventually to know the words well enough so that you don't need to check the definitions at all.Sentence Check 1________ 2.If land is always planted with the same crop, it will become less _____.Changing crops from one year to the next keeps the soil rich.________ 3.Although my _____ is for a daytime job, I will work at night if necessary.________ 4.Max and Helen had more clothes than they needed, so they donated their _____ clothes to a thrift store.________ 5.I can't imagine what that _____ odor is from — it's like a mixture of burning tires and freshly cut grass.________ 6.A man lived by himself in a cave most of his life —yes, his was a _____ life.________ 7.I know you have reasons for quitting school. What's the _____ reason? ________ 8.Baby-sitting with a lot of children isn't easy — it's a _____.________ 9.My neighbors are looking for _____ homes for the eight puppies their collie gave birth to. They want homes where the pups will be well caredfor.________ 10.S ometimes Estela felt like giving up, but she knew she couldn't because she had three young children and an elderly mother who were _____ onher.Sentence Check 2Using the answer lines, complete each item below with two words from the box._______ 1-2. When I'm not feeling well, my _____ is to have lots of company, but when my husband is sick, he prefers to be _____._______ 3-4. In the last year, our neighbors have _____ ed their unattractive yard into something beautiful. The _____ change they made was to put insome lovely flowering plants; all of the other changes were smallones._______ 5-6. Ben is happy to live at home, pay no rent, and use his mother's car, but I don't think it's _____ for a grown man to be so _____ on hisparents._______ 7-8. Our tomato plants are almost too _____. It is a _____ to use or giveaway all the tomatoes before they spoil._______ 9-10. W e had so many tomatoes that we ended up inventing some _____ recipes to use up the _____ fruit; perhaps the strangest was "PeanutButter Tomato Pie."Related WordsOnce you learn a new word, you can more easily understand many related words. Below are ten words related to the core words of this chapter. Use their definitions toperfectly.________ 2.A baby's _____ on its parents is complete; it needs them to do everything for it.________ 3.By the age of 2, most children have moments of wanting to be _____, and they will push their parents away, saying, "Me do it!"________ 4.There are two hotels in town — the Burke and the Oakwood Towers —but in my opinion, the Burke is _____ because it is quieter and has aswimming pool.________ 5.At my ten-year high-school reunion, I saw several people who had gone through an amazing _____ —one quiet, shy girl had become anoutgoing beauty, and one of the wildest boys in the class had become ato _____ the garden.________ 7.Myrna is a nice person, but she does have one _____: she won't eat anything that she hasn't prepared herself.________ 8.My beginning math course was easy enough, but I found algebra much more _____.________ 9.Jaime is the most _____ friend I have — he's always there when I need him.________ 10.W hen my sister and her husband realized they were _____, they decided to adopt three children who were brothers and sisters.Word PartsA. The prefix trans- can mean "across" or "change to."Examples: transport— to take from one place across to another________ 1.Trina's job is to _____ business letters from Spanish into English.________ 2.Y ou can _____ a room simply by painting it a different color.________ 3.The doctor _____ed one of Mark's kidneys into his sister.________ 4.Since my grandmother doesn't drive and there is no public _____ in her area, she depends on me to take her shopping.________ 5.The ship will cross the Atlantic Ocean next week. The ship's _____ trip begins in New Y ork City and ends in England.B. The prefix sur- means "over," "upon," beyond," or "additional."Examples: surpass— to go beyondsurtax— an additional tax________ 7.My garden produced so much zucchini that I gave big bagfuls of _____ squash to all of my neighbors.________ 8.In addition to the usual taxes, people who earn over a certain amount will have to pay a _____.________ 9.The drive to raise money for the children's hospital was so successful that the money raised _____ed the goal that was set.________ 10.B ecause we brought so much luggage on our trip, we had to pay the airline a _____.Final CheckRead the passages carefully. Then fill in each blank with the word that best fits the context.a strange sight. His (1)________ clothing included cloth sacks for shirts and a tin pot for a hat.In western Pennsylvania, where Johnny lived, many people grew apples. But there weren't any apples in the lands further west, which were just then being cleared and settled. So Johnny wandered among his neighbors, asking them for their (2)________ apple seeds. During his lifetime, Johnny walked thousands of miles, making many long trips from his home to the valleys of Ohio and Indiana.Everywhere he went, he scattered seeds. Many of those seeds fell on (3)________ ground and grew into strong trees.Johnny often wandered through areas where Native Americans fought with the white settlers. Since Johnny was a loner, his travels were always (4)________, and he carried no weapon — yet he was never harmed. The Indians believed that the Great Spirit especially loved people like Johnny, who was not like other people. In his own quiet way he (5)________ed the American wilderness, filling it with thousands of flowering, fruit-filled trees.are still (6)________ upon many lower forms of life. The (7)________ way that this is true, of course, is our use of meat to eat and skins to wear. But there are other ways, sometimes strange ways, that we rely on other creatures. Take, for example, the leech. It would be a (8)________ for anyone to really like a leech. It is a disgusting-looking worm that lives in freshwater ponds and streams. As many people have discovered when they've gone swimming, a leech's (9)________ for dinner is human blood. It loves to attach itself to a swimmer's foot and sink in its teeth — as many as three hundred of them. The bite does not cause any pain. But the leech can suck out eight times its own weight in blood. "How disgusting," you are probably thinking. But listen to this. In recent years, doctors have found that leeches are the most (10)________ way to remove extra blood from a person after an injury, especially around the eyes. Y es, leeches are honored guests in many modern hospitals.。