GRE issue提纲—文化、艺术、历史

第七类文化6. "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."了解当代文明最有效的途径就是去分析当代年轻人的潮流。

It is more or less true to say that contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.1.We live in an age when old people are marginalized in society.2.What we call mass culture produced by the mass media is, as a matter of fact, a reflection of thetrends among the youth.3.There is urgent need for the younger generation and the older generation to fill the gap betweenthem and to build a more balanced contemporary culture.文明潮流和年轻人潮流的关系。

------------------------------10. "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."政府必须要确保主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以保存和发展。

Disagree1.Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.2.Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. Philanthropy isalive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.3.Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as theprimary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nation’s cultural traditions.城市和国家的关系之文化传统------------------49. "Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance."想象作品，比如小说、戏剧、电影、神话和传奇要比真实的叙事作品更能精确而有意义的展现人类的经历。

因为虚构作品的作者们重点刻画现实而不是通过文学手段报道现实，所以他们的创作具有更加深远的意义。

1.Admittedly, most fictional works rely on historical settings for plot, thematic, and characterdevelopment.2.Only imaginative works can bring an historical period alive—by way of creative tools such asimaginary point of view.3.Only imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devicessuch as symbolism and metaphor.4.Examples of important films underscore the point that creative accounts of the humanexperience hold more lasting significance than bare factual accounts.想象作品------------------------------63. "To truly understand your own culture--no matter how you define it--requires personal knowledge of at least one other culture, one that is distinctly different from your own."为了真正理解你自己的文化----无论你如何地定义它----都至少需要了解另外一种文化，并且该文化与你自己的文化是截然不同的。

Agree1.Staying within one culture makes one take for granted everything that the culture provides.2.Knowledge of another different culture provides one with an opportunity to compare alternativeways of life and make choices.3.In an age of globalization, one should learn to tolerate cultural differences.旁观者清------------------------------147. "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."传统和现代化是水火不容的。

人们必须二者选一。

I agree that in certain cases the two are mutually exclusive. For the most part, however, modernization does not reject tradition; in fact, in many cases the former can and does embrace the latter.A.In the first place, oftentimes so-called “modernization”is actually an extension or new iterationof tradition, or a variation on it. This is especially true in language and in law.B.In other areas modernization departs from tradition in some respects, while embracing it inothers.C.Admittedly, in certain instances, tradition must yield entirely to the utilitarian needs of modernlife. This is true especially when it comes to architectural artifacts.------------------------------172. "Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time."重要的真理一开始都是令人难以容忍的，或者至少是令人不快的，而且都是在反对当时的权威思想。

It is customary fate of new truth to begin as heresies.1.Copernicus’heliocentric theory in the 16th century was a direct attack upon the acceptedwisdom of the time, a geocentric view of the universe postulated by Aristotle and Ptolemy.2.When Darwin first declared that the wide variety of animal species was due to a process ofdevelopment over many millennia, he challenged the traditional Christian belief and outraged the religious fundamentalists.3.In former socialist countries, it took a long and painful time for people to give up the old idea ofstate-owned economy and to accept the idea of market economy.------------------------------173. "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."1.The notion that so-called “originality” is actually variation or synthesis of existing ideasfinds its greatest support in linguistics and in law.2.Even in the arts—where one might think that true originality must surely reside—socalled “new” ideas almost always embrace, apply, or synthesize what came earlier.3.When it comes to the natural sciences, however, some new ideas are truly original whileothers put established ideas together in new ways.4.However, in other instances great advances in science are made by putting togethercurrent theories or other ideas in new ways.创新并不意味着一定要想一些人们从未想过的东西；它意味着用新方法来重组老观点。