Sir Gawain
【答案】英国文学史及选读unite2课后习题答案.docx
【答案】英国文学史及选读unite2课后习题答案.docxUnit twoAnglo-Norman Period1066~13501.In the year 1066, the Norman defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of_____________Hastings______.The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was _the romance_____ _____. It was a long composition , sometimes in _prose _____, some times in _verse _____, describing the life and adventures of _a noble hero______.2.The most popular theme of English literature in the 11~14th century is______.The legend of King Arther and his round table knight3.William Langland's "_the vision of_Piers the Plowman__" is written in the form of aq dream vision.4.What is the influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature?European ideals and customs were introduced into England.Languages mixed.Literature was varied in interest and extensive in range. Romance.5.Make comments on the romance " Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English: Sir Gawayn and te Grene Kny?t) is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is one of the best known Arthurian stories, with its plot combining two types of folklore motifs, the beheading gameand the exchange of winnings. The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ. Written in stanzas of alliterative verse, each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel,[1] it draws on Welsh, Irish, and English stories, as well as the French chivalric tradition. It is an important poem in the romance genre, which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess, and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J. R. R. Tolkien, Simon Armitage, and others, as well as through film and stage adaptations.It describes how Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table, accepts a challenge from a mysterious "Green Knight" who challenges any knight to strike him with his axe if he will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts and beheads him with his blow, at which the Green Knight stands up, picks up his head, and reminds Gawain of the appointed time. In his struggles to keep his bargain, Gawain demonstrates chivalry and loyalty until his honour is called into question by a test involving Lady Bertilak, the lady of the Green Knight's castle.The poem survives in a single manuscript, the Cotton Nero A.x., which also includes three religious narrative poems: Pearl, Purity and Patience. All are thought to have been written by the same unknown author, dubbed the "Pearl Poet" or "Gawain Poet", since all three are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English.[2][3]。
第二章：中世纪英语文学
If the epic reflects a heroic age, the romance reflects a chivalric one. Most of the English romances deal with three major themes: a) “the Matter of Britain” — about the Arthurian legend b) “the Matter of France” — about stories concerning Charlemagne and his knights c) “the Matter of Rome” —about tales of antiquity, from the Trojan war to the feats of Alexander the Great
By the end of 14th century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But by then the English language had already been totally different from Old English, for in the three centuries after 1066 the language had undergone gradual but radical and extensive changes, as not only were borrowed in the course of time thousands of words from French and through French from Latin and also Greek, but many old inflectional forms of native English words had been dropped and formal grammar of the past had become considerably simplified. e.g. Words from Latin: angel/ monk/ pope/ candle English: calf swine (old use or lit, pig) sheep build ask wet French: veal pork mutton construct inquire humid The English language in this transitional stage from Old English to modern English, through some four centuries (from 12th to 15th) of development and change, has generally been known as Middle English.
英语专业英国文学史Sir Gawain and the GreenKnight
Climax
• Gawain meets the Green Knight at the Green Chapel. After faking his first two swings, the Green Knight nicks Gawain on his third swing, only slightly cutting his neck.
The matter of Britain: Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the quest for the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Green Knight
Sir Gawain’s main opposition in the story. He is a richly decorated knight, who has green skin and hair.
King Arthur
The king of Camelot. Uncle of Sir Gawain. It is at his celebration feast that the Green Knight challenges the court to a game.
Historical Background
• Churches: political power & religious authority
• Conflicts: serfs and the peasants against feudal lords
• Languages: Latin, French and English
On Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
On Sir Gawain and the Green KnightIntroduction: Observations on Heroic Quest NarrativesBy this point in Liberal Studies you should be well equipped to recognize the main narrative features of a story like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, because they bear an obvious resemblance to other stories we have read together, especially to Gilgamesh and the Odyssey, stories which involve a heroic journey away from the community into uncharted territory, where the hero experiences a range of unusual experiences not available within the community, followed by a return back to where his adventures started.A major source of the appeal of such stories (if well presented) is obvious enough—they take the reader into fascinating places, provide a rapid and varied succession of adventures, and permit the poet considerable freedom to explore many imaginative possibilities. And a good deal of the pleasure we derive from reading this book emerges from our delight in the details of the strange places the hero explores and the way he is forced to cope with many unexpected events in places where the customary rules by which his normal society functions simply don't operate (the same will be true for two other very different but similarly structured books we read later—Dante's Inferno and Swift's Gulliver's Travels).But such a narrative structure frequently also brings into play important thematic concerns, because the hero undertaking the journey takes with him his own character, his own social, physical, intellectual and moral resources which are inevitably put to the test in various encounters, so that the adventures also enable us (as readers) to appreciate the importance of his different qualities—his courage, ingenuity, restraint, powers of endurance, self-confidence, and so on, those features of his character which we usually sum up with the word virtue. In that sense, such quest narratives are almost always a exploration of human virtue—not just as the presentation of aparticular character but also as a study of what it might mean to be a virtuous person.This exploration may be (in fact, often is) a celebration of the heroic virtues manifested in the hero (as in The Odyssey, for example), but it may also involve a growing awareness in the reader and perhaps in the hero himse lf of some important inadequacy with or limitation to his heroic virtue. Hence, the heroic figure may himself become a vehicle for a critique or a satire of his own virtues.Some of the most thematically interesting heroic quest stories are often those in which the heroic character learns something about himself, so that he returns home significantly different from what he was when he set out. The opportunities for such learning obviously present themselves in an intense way because typically the hero is alone and in unfamiliar territory outside the normal civilization to which he is accustomed, without the support of a status group of peers who can reinforce the traditional codes (even if, like Odysseus or Gulliver, he starts with a group of comrades, in many cases these people will disappear). Hence, the hero has to come to grips with his own character in a unique manner—his inner commitment to the values he believes in is challenged repeatedly and he becomes aware of them in a new way. For obvious reason, a hero's failure to benefit from opportunities to learn about himself in such experiences—or (as I shall argue about Sir Gawain) his willed refusal to acknowledge an opportunity to learn—also can carry important thematic weight.If the hero does learn something important, if he changes in some way, then almost inevitably a major thematic point of the story is going to be nature of the change in the hero's virtue: What has he learned? How has that changed him? Why is that change significant? This issue of the education of the hero through the experiences of the journey bears the major weight of the ending of Gulliver's Travels, for example, since Gulliver has become totallytransformed from the man who set out on his first voyage—and however we assess the ending of his fourth voyage (and the significance of the entire book), we have to address that transformation. Gilgamesh also learns important things about life and about himself on his quest, and so perhaps does Odysseus (although in his case that transformation may not be so clear). If the hero fails to learn in circumstances where we sense he should have learned something important, then the poem may offer something of a critical insight into some important limitation in the heroic virtues, both in the hero and the society to which he returns.Such heroic quest narratives do not usually end with the hero's return home but with the reaction of his society to his return and with his reaction to that society (which he may now be equipped to see with new eyes). Such a reaction is particularly important if the hero has changed significantly, because then we witness something of a clash between what that society believes about itself (its faith in its own virtues) and someone who has, through his own personal experiences, come to something of a new understanding of those virtues (this, of course, is a central point in Plato's Allegory of the Cave). This clash may be minor, and the hero may quickly readjust to normal life once more, or the clash may create major difficulties, since the hero has great trouble going back to a normal life, now that he has come to a different understanding of himself and his society. In either case, the ending of the heroic quest narrative invites us to make some final reflections on how the people in that society's understand themselves and their value system.This social dimension to the heroic quest narrative is particularly evident in those stories in which the hero is clearly established as the finest example of the virtues the society admires and has a high rank in that society (like Odysseus or Gilgamesh), because then he doesn't carry out into the wilderness simply his own character, his own virtue. He brings with him the faith of an entire people. In a sense, the adequacy of their faith in the systemhe represents is on trial in his personal adventures. In such a case, the story can have interesting political ramifications (either as a celebration or a critique of existing political systems) for a society in which the basis of political order and social justice is the virtue of the ruler (so that the just use of the power he possesses depends upon the qualities of his character). It's no wonder that celebratory heroic quest narratives are so popular among aristocratic political orders eager to promote a traditional faith in the virtue of its leaders and ironic quest narratives popular among those who wish to offer a critique of the values in such a social order).One other thematic concern typically raised by these heroic quest narratives (and an obviously important feature of Sir Gawain) is the relationship between the civilized social group and the wilderness beyond the city or castle walls. For the hero's journey almost always takes him beyond those walls into the woods, mountains, seas, or desert—into nature untamed by the rules, habits, customs, and so on of society—and thus forms the basis for a vision of nature (in contrast to the world of the city or court). In fact, the main character's status as a hero often depends upon his willingness to undertake such a journey beyond the walls of civilization (into a world most people within those walls never have to confront). Such a vision, of course, may serve to highlight the importance of certain social values (and of those who exemplify them best), as in The Odyssey or Robinson Crusoe, or it may serve to direct critical or satirical insights into the limitations of certain social arrangements, as in Gulliver's Travels or Huckleberry Finn, or it may do both.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as a Heroic Quest NarrativeAs I mentioned at the outset, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight clearly falls into this narrative pattern. The story begins with Gawain in his normal social environment, and he is quickly established as a pre-eminent member of that aristocratic elite. The poem explicitly and repetitively identifies theparticular qualities which define his virtues. Once his journey begins, these qualities are put to the test again and again, and Sir Gawain consistently demonstrates his excellence (I'll have more to say about these qualities later), until near the end.Gawain's double failure to honour the rules of the game between him and his host and to take the axe blow without flinching expose the limits of his virtue and teach him something important about himself. He brings this knowledge back to Camelot, shares it with his fellow knights, and is re-integrated into Round Table, so that the poem seems to end with the society we saw when we started. But, as I shall mention in a little while, we may need to look at this ending carefully, to see if we can determine just how the ironies latent in this return and the society's response to Gawain might serve to undercut the celebration of the hero's virtues.Given this overall structure to the narrative, I propose to explore the story sequentially, considering, first, the nature of Gawain's society as we see it at the start of the poem, second, the testing of the hero through that part of the story until he reaches Bertilak's castle, third, the testing which goes on in the castle, fourth, Gawain's failure to live up to the highest standards of his virtue, and, finally, the return. I don't want this to be a re-hash of the story, but such a chronological approach seems to make sense here (as in other similar narratives).Arthur's CourtThe poem opens by holding up Arthur's court as a place of the highest honour, not simply in Britain or at a particular period, but through world history. The opening link to the Trojan War may be a conventional narrative device, but it serves to link the heroic life here with the greatest classical models. And the opening description invites us to see Arthur's celebrations, not merely as appropriate to the holiest day of the Christian year, but also asa manifestation of his court's wealth, magnificence, joy, and civility. It is a symbolic evocation of a happy, rich, and well-ordered society, governed by a shared sense of joy in the season, material well being, spiritual discipline, and hierarchical rank—all this is stressed at the very outset (above all by the repetitive insistence on communal feasting and the attendant celebrations).But there's an interesting hint of something amiss. Amid the sophisticated joy, fine manners, abundant food, and general merriment, Arthur seems bored. He has no appetite for the feast and requires something more, some reminder of danger, of something beyond the careful social rituals of an abundant civilized life:His noble announcement that he never would eatOn such a fair feast-day till informed in fullOf some unusual adventure, as yet untold,Of some momentous marvel that he might believe,About ancestors, or arms, or other high theme;Or till a stranger should seek out a strong knight of his,To join with him in jousting, in jeopardy to layLife against life, each allowing the otherThe favour of Fortune, the fairer lot.Arthur craves novelty, the sharp edge of new experience, the reminder (or the experience) of something less predictable and well ordered than the world of his royal court, something that will give him an appetite to enjoy its most important social-religious ritual—without that, he cannot enjoy himself fully, his zest for living is depleted.His desire is answered, of course, by the sudden arrival of the Green Knight himself, who in contravention of any accepted social rules, simply bursts into the room on horseback, issues his challenge, taunts Arthur into a reply,offers them all the sight of his own marvellous beheading and departure, and, in the process, gives Arthur a hearty appetite, so he can now enjoy the feast.It strikes me that this connection between Arthur's dissatisfaction in the midst of his civilized abundance and the Green Knight's initial entry is worth exploring for a moment, because it may point to some useful ways we might like to interpret the precise significance of the Green Knight.The Green KnightCommentary on Sir Gawain (to judge from the relatively little I have read) often seems to spend a disproportionate amount of time linking our understanding of the Green Knight with, for example, references to castration complexes, pagan nature rituals, various literary ancestors, and so on. Such studies, no matter how interesting, may well over-complicate the issue. I'm not sure that diverting our attention away from the poem into such material is all that necessary, for the poem itself surely makes clear the importance of the Green Knight, especially if we see him as some sort of answer to Arthur's dissatisfaction.The most obvious qualities of the Green Knight are the most important—he is huge, powerful, marvellous to behold, and green. And, on his initial entry, he has little respect for polite civility. He barges in, issues a challenge, and taunts Arthur and Gawain into a response. He is thus, first and foremost, an invading force, a foreign intruder into the sophisticated world of the Round Table—something uncivilized from beyond their immediate experience, something from the world beyond Camelot which the normal procedures and institutions of that society do not acknowledge or know about. We can, taking our cue from the intruder's colour, associate that "something" with the raw forces of nature (that seems obvious enough) or with the mysterious wilderness beyond the control of civilized manners and experience ("a phantom from Fairyland").What's particularly interesting here is the reception he gets. Rather than being upset at the intrusion or with the bold, uncivil challenge (although the Green Knight's opening speech is civil enough, he quickly moves to a mo re contemptuous attitude when his challenge is not at once accepted), Arthur welcomes it (he "sensed an exploit") as something that will break the routine of the Round Table, will provide something new, something invigorating and strange.Near the end of the poem, we learn that the Green Knight has been sent by the witch Morgan the Fay, Arthur's half sister, who has a very hostile attitude to Arthur's court, especially to Guinevere, whom she wants to scare to death. This fact might suggest that the Green Knight is some diabolical agent hostile to the civilized world of the Round Table and that the world of Morgan the Fay and her brother Arthur are locked into some permanent enmity. That may be so. But, given the effect of the Green Knight on Arthur and the later events in the poem, I prefer to see the Green Knight (and the actions of Morgan the Fay which prompt his invasion of the court) as something necessary, as something healthy—a recurring way of holding at bay (or slowing down) the inevitable decay of an overly sophisticated society which is degenerating into a state where it has lost contact with nature and is failing to understand the limitations of its own most cherished beliefs. More about this later.The Testing of Sir GawainArthur, of course, is prevented from taking up the Green Knight's challenge personally by Gawain's offer to respond to the Green Knight, and from this point on, the central issue in the story is the testing of Gawain's virtue: Has he a sufficiently noble character to live up to the conditions of the agreement he has entered into?The poem explicitly describes for us the particular qualities which are on trial, for Gawain carries out into the wilderness the symbols of his virtue—the pentangle on the outside of his shield (in gold)—a figure indicating the seamless interlocking of his spiritual, intellectual, and social virtues—and the picture of Mary on the inside. These establish Gawain's virtues as pre-eminently those of a Christian knight—especially his commitment to piety.Now, what's interesting about the testing of Gawain is that certain elements are emphasized above the rest. For example, the story provides very little detail about the physical obstacles he encounters and the qualities he requires in order to deal with them. We learn, in a very interesting but relatively short part of the poem (Sections 30 to 32), about all the hardships he faces while on his journey, but the poet does not linger here over any potentially amusing or thrilling encounter—he simply mentions how Gawain copes with the intense loneliness, bitter weather, and hostile animals and monsters by an concentrated spiritual commitment which does not waver.The Seduction of GawainThe first really difficult test occurs in Bertilak's castle with the actions of Lady Bertilak in her attempts to seduce him—something to which the poet gives unusual prominence. Here Gawain's stout faith in Mary faces a challenge apparently much more difficult for him to cope with than ogres, wild beasts, and nasty Welsh winters. The events are, of course, very amusing, but is there a more important point being made here?If Gawain were nothing more than the knight of the Pentangle, the fullest embodiments of all the virtues summed up in that symbol, these scenes would never have taken place—for his interest in the lady and his commitment to her company would not have been sufficient to keep him inthat compromising situation where his erotic feelings get engaged so quickly.The difficulty stems from Gawain's commitment to Courtly Love, from the expectations that he, as a knight of the Round Table, has a duty to "courtesy," to engage in a complex linguistic convention of love, in which erotic urges are translated into a vocabulary of flirtation with only occasional physical actions (like kissing)—in which, that is, the most basic natural urges are sublimated into sophisticated courtship rituals. Such a requirement is much harder to put into practice than the simple devotion of a faith in Mary, Mother of God, since there are no simple rules for negotiating one's way between preserving one's chastity and offending the lady. The obligations to his host Bertilak require Gawain to respect his wife—and that means he must not commit adultery with her but also that he must participate in the courtship-seduction game without offending her. The sophisticated artificiality of Gawain's position, especially the language he has to use in order to deal with the issue (for language is his only defence here) is naturally very funny, because, in a way, the scene is absurd. And that absurdity may well be part of the point (perhaps), if we want to see in the poem some sort of attack on courtly love as part of the knightly code of honour.Let me linger on this point a moment, because how we interpret it will affect our understanding of what follows. The lady is appealing to Gawain's most powerful human instincts in contravention of accepted social practice (adultery), and he is responding by carrying out the linguistic ritual his social ideals require, while at the same time experiencing a sense of the lady's obvious attractions (he finds her more appealing than Guinevere, who sets the standard for civilized beauty in Arthur's court). The tension may be amusing, but it's real enough—for what Gawain's faith requires him to do is to be linguistically erotic (flirt and kiss), but abstain from anything morephysical. His artificial language, that is, must contain and restrain his human urges (either to flee or to have sex with the lady).So it's interesting to ask ourselves what we find amusing about this scene, other than its immediate human drama. One definite possibility is that we are laughing at the absurd contradictions in the ideals Gawain is striving to live up to. And this we might construe in at least two different ways: we might see the Courtly Love convention as amusingly incompatible with Christian vows of chastity and their combination in the knightly ideal as an inherently unnatural displacement of powerful feelings into conventional and highly artificial words, or we might (following Gawain's response near the end of the poem) simply blame the lady as one more manifestation of the inherently uncivilized behaviour of lecherous women who cannot leave noble knights alone but have to get them to break their faith in order to satisfy their sexual feelings (which they, unlike the knight, make little attempt to control) or act out their diabolical wishes.At any event, the lady fails to seduce Gawain. Or does she? The fact that he does finally agree to take her "girdle" suggests that she has awoken in him sufficient erotic desire for life that he is prepared to deceive Bertilak (by not telling him of the gift) and to accept Lady Bertilak's girdle (a symbol of her sexuality) as the token he will take into the encounter with the Green Knight. For it's made clear to us that Gawain does not accept the girdle out of politeness or courtesy, and he does not put it on because it looks good or is valuable or because he harbours any special feelings for Lady Bertilak. He puts it on because he wants to save his life. At this point, he has a priority higher than living up to the virtues on the Pentangle or the image of Mary on the back of his shield. And that priority has come to him as a result of his experiences with Lady Bertilak, which, while they may not have satisfied her erotic desires, certainly aroused his.There is thus a direct link between the seduction of Gawain and his flinching at the Green Knight's blow (his second failure to live up to his own standard)—in both cases Gawain acknowledges (once voluntarily and once involuntarily) an attachment to something beyond his piety, over and above his civilized virtues—a fundamental and irrational desire to live, even at the expense of contravening his honour.The Green Knight recognizes this response of Gawain's as something entirely natural and understandable. It may constitute a breach of the knightly code Gawain strives to uphold, but in the Green Knight's eyes, that is no reason for special reproach:But here your faith failed you, you flagged somewhat, sirYet it was not for a well-wrought thing, nor for wooing either,But for love of your life, which is less blameworthy.What the Green Knight seems to be concerned with, however, is that Gawain learn from the experience—he has the scar from the third blow and the girdle to remind him of the limits to his faith, of something his own conduct has revealed as more fundamental and important to him than the virtues he carried out with him at the start of his quest. That, indeed, seems to be the Green Knight's main concern and the basis of his good-humoured politeness to Gawain after the beheading ritual.What's particularly interesting here is Gawain's reaction (or over-reaction) to his own failure. He is overwhelmed with shame. Instead of seeing his response in the same way the Green Knight does, he turns against himself with an intense bitterness. Throwing away the girdle, he cries out:Lo! There is the false thing, foul fortune befall it!I was craven about our encounter, and cowardice taught meTo accord with covetousness and corrupt my natureAnd the liberality and loyalty belonging to chivalry.There's a sense here that, in his first response, he has failed to listen to what the Green Knight has been telling him about the point of the entire exercise. In taking the girdle and flinching, Gawain is responding to his nature, not corrupting it. The fact that he sees those reactions as corruption raises some interesting questions, not just about Gawain, but also about the "liberality and loyalty belonging to chivalry"—just how life affirming are these if they encourage in Gawain that sort of response?Such questions become all the more prominent once Gawain displaces his anger at himself onto women in general—seeking to excuse himself by an appeal to the inherently duplicitous nature of women. Some commentators on the poem seem to take this as a standard example of the long tradition of misogyny on the part of the poet. Well, maybe. But it strikes me, given the context of the speech, that this reflex response to his own failure is far more an indication of Gawain's failure to learn from the experience he has been through. He's defending himself from having to grapple with how his own behaviour may have exposed some deficiencies or unnatural requirements of the chivalric code he so desperately wants to live up to.The fact that this diatribe against women begins with a peremptory dismissal of Bertilak's invitation to Gawain to return to the castle, reacquaint himself with Lady Bertilak, and sort things out in a new spirit of accord is also important. What Bertilak is offering here is an interesting possibility for Gawain to explore the complexities of what he has been through and to learn from it, to make, if you like, the personal acquaintance of Morgan the Fay and her agents and thus extend his understanding of the world, himself, and his own culture. Gawain's reaction is, as I've already said, defensive in the extreme: he wants no more intercourse (social or otherwise) which a world which has taught him his own limits.Gawain's ReturnIt's true Gawain keeps the girdle. But, in doing so, he neutralizes the most important thing it might serve to remind him of. He's going to keep it to remind him of his sin, of "the fault and faintheartedness of the perverse flesh/ How it tends to attract tarnishing sin"—he wants to transform the girdle from a reminder of the importance of life into a reminder of his own sin. And, of course, even that doesn't last, because once Arthur's sophisticated court gets a hold of the girdle, it turns it into a decoration honouring Gawain—without any critical sense of how the complete story of the girdle might challenge the adequacy of the code of the Round Table. A vital insight into Nature is here transformed into mere fashion.Arthur's court, in other words, appropriates the girdle for its own decorative purposes—without delving into what it might really have to reveal— just as it takes reminders of the wildness of nature (e.g., wild animals) and turns them into gorgeous clothing or rich banquets. Here there is an interesting contrast between Bertilak's court and Arthur's, for in Bertilak's court, the hunting is a vital part of the life of everyone, not merely as a vital social activity in which everyone participates, but as a common source of food for lord, servant, and domestic animals. The lengthy description of the treatment of the dead deer, for example, is more than just a fascinating description of a procedure. It is also a social activity in which an entire social group acts together for their mutual benefit in traditional and acknowledged roles in order to explore nature with the hunt, find what the human community needs, bring it back to the court, process it appropriately, and celebrate their success. No one in such an arrangement lacks an appetite.In Arthur's court, by contrast, there's very little sense that much goes on other than the consumption of rich goods by the aristocratic elite in a sophisticated society far removed from the natural origin of the living energies from which everything emerges, the wilderness. No wonder Arthur seems bored at the start of the poem, and no wonder the women in Bertilak's court are so much more important and vital than the women in Camelot (as。
高中英语《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》优质课教案、教学设计
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight教学设计主题语境:“人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育”话题：文学适用对象：高二学生教材分析：本文是根据一首诗歌改编的故事,取自北师大版高中英语必修模块五Literature Spot。
本文篇幅较短，但情节奇特、引人入胜：主要主人公高文爵士勇敢接受生死挑战、抵御贵妇诱惑、守诺引颈直面斧头、含愧回到亚瑟王宫几个场景组成。
其中，对高文爵士抵御贵妇诱惑这一场景的描述只是只言片语，为了引导学生更好的理解并归纳高文爵士抵御美色诱惑这一品质，教师在教学过程中补充了对这一场景描述的两个段落，使主人公高文爵士的形象更为多面化、更为立体。
本课根据教学内容，引导学生了解主要故事情节，分析人物品质，并从文学角度--背景，探讨文章中骑士精神在当时社会所代表的内涵。
学情分析：本次授课对象为高二学生，经过高中一年的学习，他们已经能读懂简单读物、报刊、杂志，基本能理解大意；能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略，逐渐形成用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力；具有明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度；已具备较好的小组合作意识，上课勇于回答问题，思维活跃，敢于张嘴说英语，进一步确保了各个环节的完成，实现学习目标。
课标分析：（一）主题语境“人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育”。
(二)语篇类型选修I 2. 记叙文，如：小说、科幻故事、幽默故事等。
具体解读“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”是一篇小说的概要，通过了解主要故事情节，分析骑士具备的品质，并总结这本小说所承载的文化意义。
（三）语言知识1.词汇知识必修3. 在语境中，根据不同主题，运用词汇给相关事物命名、进行指称、描述行为、过程和特征、说明概念等；具体解读根据上下文，使用brave、honest、temptation 等词描述骑士Sir Gawain 的品质。
罗经国版《新编英国文学选读》笔记
羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. 盎格魯撒克遜時期钱俊@ 2009/8/23 13:08 阅读(291) 无评论推荐值(0)引用通告分类: 學習筆記羅經國《新編英國文學選讀第二版》自製筆記1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sword.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect.One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520.3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines betweenwhich is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united byalliteration, a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up ofan accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)1. Historical background1066, the battle of HastingsThe Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.Accelerated the feudalism in England.Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.A peasant uprising in 1381.2. Middle EnglishFor 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th.Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.3. Religious literatureThe issue of personal salvation.Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels4. Romance and the influence of French literatureThrough French literature the introduction of Italian literature.Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightWritten about 1375-1400.About 2500 lines.Four “fyttes”.Green ChapelFirst day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of GarterA true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical backgroundChaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.But he deserves a period of his own.Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.John Wycliff (1324?-1384)One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.William Langland (1330?-1400?)Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.The visions the poet had on a May morning.A high tower ——TruthA deep dungeon ——the Father of FalsenessPeople from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.Gluttony.Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.Grew up in London.1357, a page at court.1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.1386, PM from KentJohn of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes. Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbur y.The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.The significance of The Canterbury Tales(1). A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.PS: 文中的《十日談》作者意大利作家薄伽丘用的單詞是“Boccacio”，但是維基百科和朗文當代英語詞典查詢出的都是“Boccaccio”。
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。
1反映当时部落社会的面貌。
背景取自欧洲。
2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。
政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。
3历史事实+神话传说。
主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。
自我牺牲精神。
爱护臣民。
有责任感。
简洁明快。
头韵。
隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。
2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。
头韵诗。
2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。
2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。
以重读音节为基础的韵律。
每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。
语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。
反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。
Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。
他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。
他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。
3. Chaucer特点“英国诗歌之父”。
人文主义。
现实主义。
明快、诙谐。
伦敦方言创作。
首创heroic couplet。
钟情于中世纪的文学形式。
第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。
一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。
一方面又以现实的态度思考。
1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。
反对滥用宗教教义。
人物：个人与社会关系的主题。
突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。
幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。
人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。
押尾韵。
八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。
4. Canterbury Tales赏析现实主义。
但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。
轻松、欢快文艺复兴的先驱。
高文爵士和绿衣骑士原型及象征主义分析 优质课件
-----stage 1
Gawain’s experience in the castle and in the green knight’s chapel
Jason’s journey of searching the Golden Fleece
More information
/wiki/Main_Page /medlit/index.html
Thank you!
Spirituality
Valor
Honesty
Justice
I will be kind to the weak. I will be brave and against the strong. I will fight the all who do wrong. I will fight for those who cannot fight. I will help those who call me for help. I will harm no woman. I will help my brother knight. I will be true to my friends. I will be faithful in love.
English literature along with Canterbury Tales
BACK
King Arthur Knight of the Round Table Lancelot Sir Gawain
Chivalry
Humility
外国英文名字大全及解析
英语姓名的一般结构为：教名+自取名+姓。
如 William Jafferson Clinton。
但在很多场合中间名往往略去不写，如 George Bush，而且许多人更喜欢用昵称取代正式教名，如 Bill Clinton。
上述教名和中间名又称个人名。
现将英语民族的个人名、昵称和姓氏介绍如下：I. 个人名按照英语民族的习俗，一般在婴儿接受洗礼的时候，由牧师或父母亲朋为其取名，称为教名。
以后本人可以在取用第二个名字，排在教名之后。
英语个人名的来源大致有以下几种情况：1. 采用圣经、希腊罗马神话、古代名人或文学名著中的人名作为教名。
2. 采用祖先的籍贯，山川河流，鸟兽鱼虫，花卉树木等的名称作为教名。
3. 教名的不同异体。
4. 采用（小名）昵称。
5. 用构词技术制造新的教名，如倒序，合并。
6. 将母亲的娘家姓氏作为中间名。
英语民族常用的男子名有：James, John, David, Daniel, Michael, 常见的女子名为：Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Ann, Sarah, Catherine.II. 昵称昵称包括爱称、略称和小名，是英语民族亲朋好友间常来表示亲切的称呼，是在教名的基础上派生出来的。
通常有如下情况：1. 保留首音节。
如 Donald => Don, Timothy => Tim. 如果本名以元音开头，则可派生出以'N'打头的昵称，如：Edward => Ned.2. +ie 或 -y 如：Don => Donnie, Tim => Timmy.3. 采用尾音节，如：Anthony => Tony, Beuben => Ben.4. 由一个教名派生出两个昵称，如：Andrew => Andy & Drew.5. 不规则派生法，如：William 的一个昵称是 Bill.III. 姓氏英国人在很长的一段时间里只有名而没有姓。
William Langland
features
• 1. its simple language. In the verse form and language.
the colloquial expressions. expressions.
• Romance: the heroic adventure for adventures’’ Romance: adventures
sake
Popular Ballads（民谣） Ballads（民谣）
• 1. Definition: anonymous narrative songs that have Definition:
•
• • • •
一部悲壮的、融合血泪传奇的史诗巨片 苏格兰人民的追求自由之路 在刀光剑影的残酷争战中，缠绵着荡气回 肠的铁血以柔情 《勇敢的心》又名《情世未了缘》，它以 勇敢的心》又名《情世未了缘》 13-14世纪英格兰 的宫廷政治为背景， 以战争 13-14 世纪英格兰的宫廷政治为背景 ， 为核心， 讲述了苏格兰起义领袖威廉· 为核心 ， 讲述了苏格兰起义领袖威廉 · 华莱士 与英格兰统治者不屈不挠斗争的故事。 与英格兰统治者不屈不挠斗争的故事。 本片是由好莱坞著名影人梅尔· 吉布森自编、 本片是由好莱坞著名影人梅尔 · 吉布森自编 、 自导、自演的， 自导、自演的，影片在为人们展开一幅气势恢 宏、动人心魄、催人泪下的历史画卷的同时， 动人心魄、催人泪下的历史画卷的同时， 也让人们看到了一个创造电影奇迹的英雄。 也让人们看到了一个创造电影奇迹的英雄。
4.Varieties of themes:
• • • • • • •
a. matters of class struggle b.the border wars between England and Scotland c.conflict between love and wealth d.the cruel effect of jealousy and treachery e.the struggle of young lovers against their feudal families f.of humors g.some about supernatural ghost and spirits
英国文学文学史作家加名词解释
Period one: Medieval literature(450-1066)The Celts (7-3 BC);The Roman Conquest (55BC--410 AD)The Norman Conquest (1066)Noun explanation:Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple but full of magnificence. Today,some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people are also called epic.Beowulftribal society; use of alliteration; heroicPeriod two: Medieval literature:(1066-1500)Bkg:Norman Conquest:Religiously: Catholic ChurchPolitically:Feudalismlanguages: languages, 3 languages co-existedliterary form: Romance; chivalric(骑士)literary content:Matter of Brit ain/ France/Rome”Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士); king ArthurNoun explanation:A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzans, with the second and the fourth lines rhymed. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.The Robin Hood Ballads:fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energyGeoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)founder of English poetry; forerunner of humanisim(praises man's energy, intellect, affirms men and women's right to pursue their happiness on earth and oppose the dogma of church) Literary Career:Works translated from FrenchWorks adapted from the Italian (Troilus and Criseyde) Purely English works(The Canterbury Tales) heroic coupletachievement: presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age developed his characterizationHe anticipated a new era，the RenaissanceAnd he greatly contributed to the maturing of English prosodyNoun explanation:Heroic couplet is a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter (aa, bb, cc)，often containing a complete thought．Period three: The Renaissance (1516-1660)Bkg:medieval to the modern worldbourgeois cultural movementEnglish bkg: The Hundred Years' War（1337-1453）The War of the Roses (1455-1485)Reformation of the church The Enclosure MovementThe Commercial Expansion and the War with SpainThe Introduction of PrintingThe Oxford Reformers the movement seems to be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, caused(stimulated) by a series of historical events, such as (the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture)the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion .Two features are striking of this movement , the one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literatur. Another is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanists is the key-note of the Renaissance.Three parts: 1516-1578, beginning1578-162, flowering1625-1660, epilogueHow to define the Humanism?Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man．Thomas More(1478-1535)"giants" of the Renaissance; one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Masterpiece: UtopiaNoun explanation:Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. The term "sonnet" derives from the Latin sonitus (meaning "sound") and the Italian sonetto (meaning "sound", "song") English sonnets, in terms of structure, largely fall into two classes: the Petrarchian or Italian form and the Shakespearian or English form.blank verseThis term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)1ine in poetry．Spenser, Edmund, 1552?-1599The Poet's poeta perfect melody;a rare sense of beauty;a splendid imagination;a lofty moral purity seriousnessa dedicated idealismThe Shepherd's Calendar：marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The Faerie Queene，Spenser's greatest workNoun explanation:Spenserian stanzaA Spenserian stanza is one that consists of eight five-foot iambic lines, followed by an iambic line of six feet, rhyming ababbcbcc. It is so named because it was Spenser that first used this form in his masterpiece The Faerie Oueene.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern sciencephilosophical ones The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organuliterary works (Essays) professional works, (Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Usesdirectness, terseness,（简洁，精炼）and forcefulnessChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)As the most gifted of the "University Wits", Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, parts I & II (1587-1588),Doctor Faustus (1589？),The Jew of Malta (1590)Marlowe was the greatest of the pineers of the English dramma. "mighty line"William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 16世纪后半期到17 世纪初叶伊丽莎白时代literary career can be divided into four periods.1)Period of Early Apprenticeship. (1590-1594)2)Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity. (1595- 1600 ）3)Period of Gloom and Depression. (1600- 1607 )4)Period of Calm after Storm. (1608-1613)achievements：1）Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2）Shakespeare is amazingly prolific. 3）Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization 4）Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction.5）Shakespeare is a great master of the English language.154 sonnets fall into two groups, divided at sonnet 126.The first group was addressed to a Mr. W.H.The second group was addressed to a Dark Lady.period 1:Romeo and Juliet is earliest great success.period 2:greatest comedies:The Merchant of Venice; As you like it; Twelfth Night; Much Ado about nothingperiod3:greatest tragedies: Othello; King Lear; Macbeth; HamletThe melancholy of HamletPeriod fourth: Rovolution&RestorationBkg: the weakening of tie between monarchy and bourgeoisiethe clashes between the king and parliamentthe outburst of the English revolutionthe split within the revolutionary campthe religious cloak of the English RevolutionLiterature:Unitity,patriotic---resent to the kinginspiring---sadness/gloom/pessimismromantic---nothing romanticJohn Milton (1608-1774)Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups:(1)the early poetic works, （Lycidas）(2)the middle prose pamphlets （Areopagitica，The Defence of the English People)(3)the last great poems （Paradise Lost (1667) Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671).achievements：Milton was political in both his life and his art.Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature.Milton is a master of the blank verse.Milton is a great stylist.his sublimity（壮严, 崇高, 气质高尚)thought and majesty of expression.John Bunyan(1628-1688)poor; sensitive imagination; military; live in political struggles adopted the form of religious struggle; put in prison;Masterpiece: The Prigrim's Progress(spitural journal)The book become one of the most popular works in English languageBunyan's prose is admirable: solemn dignity and simplicity of the languageJohn Donne(1572?-1631)Works:The Songs and Sonnets《歌与短歌》, love is the basic themeHoly Sonnets 《圣歌集》, struggles with unparalleled force artistic features: 1. Conceit(奇思妙想)Noun explanation:Conceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more original.2．ArgumentThe form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved，with God, or with himself. In metaphysical poetry emotions are shaped and expressed by logical reasoning.3. Dramatic and Conversational StyleMost of Donne's poems employ a central speaker who takes effort to argue, to persuade, to analyze or to confess. His voice resembles that of stage character's in the sense that the messages are conveyed in conversations, though in most cases, only the voice of one talker can be heard.Metaphysical Poetry:"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.John Dryden:(1631-1700)the most distinguished literary figure of the restoration period, poet, playrighter and critic. works:All for love(best-known play)An Essay of Dramatic poesy(most famous prose composition)key words: classicism, reason, law&orderHe makes the English prose precise, concise and flexible and raised English literary criticism to a new level. He was the forerunner of the English classsical school of literature in the next school of the literature.Period five: the Eighteenth Century1.Enlightenmenta progressive intellectual movementan European movementa furtherance of the Renaissancepurpose: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideasBkg: comparatively peaceful (political)Industrial Revolution(economic)Influenced by the enlightenment in Europe(cultural)Noun explanation: Classicism P128The classicists tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Owing to the need of the English middle class, classicism achieved a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century.Richard Steele (1672-1729)The TatlerJoseph Addison(1672-1719)The spectatorContribution: 期刊随笔的创始人P134Pope:Alexander Pope（1688-1744）Essay on Criticism (1711)heroic couplets, many lines have become proverbial maxims(谚语格言)The rape of the lock (1714)mock-heroic poemThe Dunciad (1728-1742)a satirical poemEssay on man(1732-1734)philosophical poemPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. He is singularly direct and compact. He was at his best in satire and epigram(警句). He was an example of conscious literary artists.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)Swift' s chief works are:A Tale of a Tub (parable,寓言，比喻satire upon religious sects)The Battle of the BooksThe Drapier' s Letters ( 1724-1725 )Gullive ' s Travels(Lilliput, 小人国；Brobdingnag, 大人国；Flying island 飞岛和巫人岛；houyhnhnms 智马国)A Modest Proposal (1729).Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist and his irony is deadly and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)merchant; journalist; novelistRobinson Crusoe one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeoisie of the 18th century.Other works: Colonel Jacque; Captain Singleton; Moll FlandersSamuel Richardson (1689-1761)insight into the secrets of the female heart; storyteller, letter writer and moralistPamela: life and love between of ordinary people;entertainment & moral instructionthe first English psycho-analytical novelClarissa--the best of Richardson's novel.His main achievement lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves with the author himself absent from the stage,refusing to intervene in theaction.Henry Fielding (1707 - 1754)drama: The Coffee-House Politician (1730)The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)Pasquin (1736)The Historical Register for the Year (1736-1737)Novel: The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a “comic epic in prose”.The History of Jonathan Wild, the Great points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling a masterpiece on the subject of human nature,Tom became a national hero , brings its author the name of the "Prose Homer"The History of Amelia the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.Why is Henry Fielding regarded as "Father of the English Novel"1). His contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel …comic epic in prose" laugh mankind out of their favorite follies and vices".2). Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series of letters), or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character. But Fielding adopted …the third-person narration‟, in which the author becomes the …all-knowing God"Features:1, the story was told directly by the author2, satire3, educational function of the novel4, style: easy; unlaboured and familar, vivid and vigorousLaurence Sterne(1713-1768)sentimentalism; humorist; "stream-of-consciousness"Thristram Shandy&A sentimental Journey Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)masterpiece: The school for scandalThe Rival(Mrs Malaprop, 大词小用)theme：moralitytechniques: conventionalplots well organizedcharacters are all sharply drawnunity dialogueneat&decent languagethe best English comedy since Shakespeare and before Bernade ShawSamuel Johnson (1709 - 1784)A poet, dramatist, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.poems: London (1738)The Vanity of Human Wishes 《人类欲望的虚幻》(1749);romance：The History of Rasselas《拉塞拉斯的历史》Prince of Abyssinia 《阿比西尼亚王子》(1759);a tragedy: Irene《艾琳》(1749); comments on 52 poets in Lives of the Poets 《诗人传》(1779-1781). lexicographer:A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)"To the Right Honorable the Earl Of Chesterfield”A letter to patronThomas Gray(1716-1771)sentimentalism; 墓畔派Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardPre-Romanticism: protest the bondage of Classicism;the claims of passion and emotionWilliam Blake（1757-1827)Song of Innocence(1789)Songs of Experience(1794)The Marriage of Heaven and Hall(1790)a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th centuryRobert Burns (1759-1796)“A Red, Red Rose,”“John Anderson, My Jo,”“My Heart's in the Highland,”“Auld Lang Syne”Features:Scottish; peasant; musical qualityPeriod Six: Romantic periodBkg: Industrial Revolution(complicated social contradictions)French Revolution(liberty; equality; fraternity)William Wordsworth（1770-1850）One of the earliest and perhaps the greatest, of the English Romantic poets.Wordsworth had a long poetic careerhis first volumes (Descriptive Sketches, an Evening Walk, 1793) the Lyrical BalladsThe PreludeAccording to the subjects, Wordsworth's short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.*“worshipper of nature.”Wordsworth is a nostalgic poet* life is a cyclical journeyHis language :simplicity and puritySamuel Taylor Coleridge?(1772 - 1834)The demonic group includes his three masterpieces:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798)Christabel (1797-1800)Kubla Khan (1797)philosophy and his viewpoints towards literary criticism:His most important prose work is Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions (1817)Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school.George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)romanticist&realist1)Narrative poems:Don Juan(epic satire), Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1816)The Prisoner of Chillon(1816)2) Poetic drama: Cain3) Other poemsShe Walks in BeautyNoun explanation: Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Influence: his work was widely read among the workers. his influence has shown itself in the works of the Chartist poets in England and the progressive poets in many other countries.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Long poems:Queen Mab (1813), The Revolt of Islam (1818)The immortal four-act poetic drama:Prometheus Unbound (1820)Distinguished lyrics are:Ode to the West Wind (1819), To a Skylark (1820), and The Cloud (1820)Chief prose work:The Defence of Poetry (1821)Point of View:Influencd by free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, he held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.Influenced by Christian humanism, he realized that the evil was also in man's mind.So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions could benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this "genuine society," where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.John Keats (1795-1821)Long Poems：Endymion 《安底弥翁》、Isabella 《伊莎贝拉》and" Hyperion" 《赫坡里昂》Short Poems:Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》, Ode on an Grecian Urn, 《希腊古瓮颂》, To Autumn.Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)The first major historical novelist, exerting a powerful literary influence both in Britain and on the Continent throughout the 19th century. 1.The group on the history of Scotland, Rob Roy 《罗布·罗伊》2.The group on English history, Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》3.The group on history of European countries, Quentin Durward 《昆丁·达威特》The death of Scott remarked the end of the Romanticism非重点：Charles Dickens（1812-1870）The First Period（1836-1837）" The Pickwick Papers"《匹克威克外传》1837-1838"Oliver Twist"《奥利弗·特威斯特》1840-1841 "The Old Curiosity Shop"《老古玩店》The Second Period1846-1848 “Dombey and Son”《董贝父子》1849-1850" David Copperfield"《大卫·科波菲尔》The Third Period1852-1853 "Bleak House” 《荒凉山庄》1854"Hard Times" 《艰难时世》1855-1857" Little Dorrit" 《小杜丽》1859"A Tale of Two Cities" 《双城记》1860-1861"Great Expectations" 《远大前程》Thackeray: Vanity FairJane Austen (1775-1817)1) She wrote her first three novels in the period of 1795 to 1798 : Sense and Sensibility (1811)Pride and Prejudice (1813)Northanger Abbey (1818)2) Austen's second period : Mansfield Park (1814)Emma (1815)Persuasion (1818)The Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte : Jane EyreEmily Bronte is better known today as the author of that most fascinating novel, Wuthering Heights.D. H. Lawrence(1885-1930)Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》;The White Peacock;The Trespasser;Lady Chatterley‟s Lover 《查特莱夫人的情人》;his masterpieces: The Rainbow 《虹》;Women in Love 《恋爱中的女人》.George Bernard Shaw（1856-1950）Shaw held that art should serve social purpose by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.Works: Plays Pleasant;Widower‟s House;Caesar and Cleopatra; St. Joan 《圣女贞德》Mrs. Warran‟s Profession;James Joyce（1882-1941）stream-of-consciousness novelist;Ulysses 《尤利西斯》first novel is A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManJohn Galsworthy（1867-1933）His first trilogy: The Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》; The Man of Property; In Chancery; To Let His second trilogy: A Modern Comedy. Absurd literature (the literature of the absurdist). In the mid-1950s and early 1960sSamuel BeckettWaiting for Godot is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.Robert Browning（1812-1889）dramatic monologue.The Ring and the BookMy Last DuchessT. S. Eliot （1888-1965）Works: Prufrock; The Waste Land 《荒原》; The Hollow Men.He is a verse dramatist: Murder in the Cathedral; The Cocktail Party.He is also a prose writer: his famous essay …Tradition and Individual Talent‟Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) The Princess 《公主》;The main theme of The Princess is the women's rights and position.In Memoriam 《悼念》Idylls of the King 《国王叙事诗》Thomas Hardy（1840-1928）The Return of the Native;The Mayor of Casterbridge;Tess of the D‟Urberv illes 《德伯家的苔丝》;Jude the Obsure 《无名的裘德》;Under the Greenwood Tree.Virginia Woolf( 1882—1941 )The V oyage Out (1915) and Night and Day (1919)Jacob's Room (1922), Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse ( 1927) , Orlando (1928) The Waves (1931)The Years (1938),and Between the Acts (1941).The Victorian age1. The early period 1832-18482. The middle period 1848-18703. The last period 1870-1901Euphuism 绮丽体John Lyly。
高中英语_Sir Gawain and the Green Knight教学设计学情分析教材分析课后反思
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight教学设计主题语境:“人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育”话题：文学适用对象：高二学生教材分析：本文是根据一首诗歌改编的故事,取自北师大版高中英语必修模块五Literature Spot。
本文篇幅较短，但情节奇特、引人入胜：主要主人公高文爵士勇敢接受生死挑战、抵御贵妇诱惑、守诺引颈直面斧头、含愧回到亚瑟王宫几个场景组成。
其中，对高文爵士抵御贵妇诱惑这一场景的描述只是只言片语，为了引导学生更好的理解并归纳高文爵士抵御美色诱惑这一品质，教师在教学过程中补充了对这一场景描述的两个段落，使主人公高文爵士的形象更为多面化、更为立体。
本课根据教学内容，引导学生了解主要故事情节，分析人物品质，并从文学角度--背景，探讨文章中骑士精神在当时社会所代表的内涵。
学情分析：本次授课对象为高二学生，经过高中一年的学习，他们已经能读懂简单读物、报刊、杂志，基本能理解大意；能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略，逐渐形成用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力；具有明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度；已具备较好的小组合作意识，上课勇于回答问题，思维活跃，敢于张嘴说英语，进一步确保了各个环节的完成，实现学习目标。
课标分析：（一）主题语境“人与社会”主题群中的主题群“文学、艺术与体育”。
(二)语篇类型选修I 2. 记叙文，如：小说、科幻故事、幽默故事等。
具体解读“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”是一篇小说的概要，通过了解主要故事情节，分析骑士具备的品质，并总结这本小说所承载的文化意义。
（三）语言知识1. 词汇知识必修3. 在语境中，根据不同主题，运用词汇给相关事物命名、进行指称、描述行为、过程和特征、说明概念等；具体解读根据上下文，使用brave、honest、temptation等词描述骑士Sir Gawain的品质。
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
girdle, then sets off with Gringolet to seek the Green Knight. A guide accompanies him out of the estate grounds. When they reach the border of the forest, the guide promises not to tell anyone if Gawain decides to give up the quest. Gawain refuses, determined to meet his fate head-on. Eventually, he comes to a kind of crevice[5krevis](墙壁, 岩石等的)裂缝 in a rock, visible through the tall grasses. He hears the whirring of a grindstone, confirming his suspicion that this strange cavern is in fact the Green Chapel. Gawain calls out, and the Green Knight emerges to greet him. Intent on fulfilling the terms of the contract, Gawain presents his neck to the Green Knight, who proceeds to feign假装 two blows. On the third feint 佯攻, 虚击, the Green Knight nicks刻痕于 Gawain’s neck, barely drawing blood. Angered, Gawain shouts that their contract has been met, but the Green Knight merely laughs.
英美文学史 第一部分 盎格鲁
第一部分盎格鲁——撒克逊时期III. 名词解释1. Epic (or Heroic Poetry)It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical of events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual, thereby giving unity to the composition. Typically, an epic includes several features: the introduction of supernatural forces that shape the action; conflict in the form of battles or other physical combat; and stylistic conventions such as an invocation to the Muse, a formal statement of the theme, long lists of the protagonists involved, and set speeches couched in elevated language. Commonplace details of everyday life may appear, but they serve as background for the story and are described in the same lofty style as the rest of the poem. Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The characteristics of the hero of an epic are national rather than individual, and the exercise of those traits in heroic deeds serves to gratify a sense of national pride. At other times epics may synthesize the ideals of a great religious or cultural movement. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses the faith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queene by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in English and like Paradise Lost by the English poet John Milton, represents the ideals of Christian humanism.2. AlliterationA repeated initial consonant to successive words. In Old English verse, any vowel alliterates with any others, and alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the first and third, and often on the first, second, and third, primary-stressed syllables of the four-stressed line. Thus, from The Seafarer:hreran mid hondum hrincaelde sae(“to stir with his hand the rime-cold sea”)In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spenser uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: “much daunted with that dint, her sense was dased.” In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more "musical".IV .1.What is the theme of Beowulf?Beowulf, which centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, is mainly about his three major adventures. It reflects a life of fights and feasting, of ceremony, of brilliant gold and sudden darkness. Here is a world of sacred obligations, feud and vengeance with heroic figures who are proud of their birth and their physical strength. But beyond this, the forces of wyrd (fate) seem to control man's destiny with mysterious omnipotence, while evil itself is both primordial and powerful. However, thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. For those interested in symbols, thesimplest interpretation of the myths in the poem is to regard Beowulf’s successive fights against the three monsters as the overcoming of the hostile forces of nature by man’s indomitable will and perseverance. For instance, the battle between Beowulf and the Dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn and ruddy fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winter’s breath.2.What is the heroic ideal of Beowulf?Beowulf is essentially an aristocratic poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship in North Europe. The social patterns ascribed in the poem are rigidly feudal, highly violent. Battle is a way of life. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The hero-king strove to do better than any one else the things that are vitally important to the happy life of his people. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf's wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.3.What is the structure of Beowulf?According to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts:Part I: the fight against GrendelPart II: the fight against Grendel’s motherPart III: the fight against DragonBeowulf is an oral poem and for centuries the bards sing it to the people. As it is quite long, the bard could only sing a part of the story each night. Usually he would sing one adventure on the first night about the battle with Grendel. Then on the second night, he would continue and sing about Beowulf's fight against Grendel’s mother. However, there might be some new listeners. So before he came to the second adventure, he would give a short summary about what he sang the night before. And on the third night, he would give a longer summary about what happened on the first two night. There is also a prelude to invent an allusion to the real story. The poem begins with the funeral of a king and rounds up with that of another.4.Give a description of style in Beowulf.“Beowulf”towers above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon, chiefly because it is a powerful poem about a people’s hero written in true epic style, and not so much because the other extent writings of the period are mediocre or fragmentary. Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people. Setting aside the supernatural elements pervading the poem as an inevitable limitation of the tribal-feudal age, “Beowulf” deserves to be ranked among the great heroic poems of northern Europe through it has not been as well known as the “Nibelungenlied”. In artistic form the epic tells the tale in a leisurely way, full of elaborations in legendary details, and the verse rises at places to heights of poetic grandeur, particularly in the descriptions of the hero’s nobility ofcharacter and in the narrations of his courageous battlings with malevolent foes.尼伯龙根之歌（Nibelungenlied）是著名的中世纪中古高地德语叙事诗。
高文爵士与绿衣骑士 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
14世纪《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》是英语韵文浪漫斯的杰出代表。
全诗共2529行，作者不详，创作于诺曼时期向新时代过渡的14世纪。
基本情节是：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。
高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。
那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。
一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，来到一座城堡。
城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。
最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。
绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。
绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。
高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。
那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。
《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》的题材属于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的传说系列。
它以巨大的艺术表现力反映了骑士制度的理想，是中世纪封建贵族文化的精髓。
在艺术上，此诗语言优美含蓄，情节完整紧凑，人物性格细腻丰满，诗中对大自然的精确而富于魅力的描写尤为引人注目，代表了中古英格兰北部头韵体诗歌艺术的最高成就。
《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》长2,530行,被称为英语中最好的一部“亚瑟传奇”。
全诗分四部分。
第一部分按中古传奇传统，从特洛伊灭亡、埃涅阿斯流亡西土、布鲁特定居不列颠说起，引出亚瑟王。
亚瑟王在卡米洛和他的圆桌骑士正在庆祝15天的圣诞节，在元旦这一天忽然来了一个骑士，身躯高大，穿着绿色盔甲，骑一匹绿马，一手拿着一枝冬青，一手拿着一把板斧，向亚瑟的骑士挑战，看谁敢用斧子把他的头砍下，第二年元旦去受他一斧。
高文接受了挑战，砍下骑士的头，绿衣骑士拾起自己的头颅，叫高文第二年元旦到绿色教堂去找他，不准爽约。
第二部分写春夏秋过去，冬天到来，亚瑟设宴为高文送行。
盎格鲁撒克逊时期
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a preeminent work in medieval England.The plot of this story is veryinteresting and it attached me to explore more detail about it. After reading this story, i found that there are so many differences between foreign classical literature and Chinese classical literature. But they are all teched people how to live and have their principles to tell what is right and what is wrong. The theam of Sir Gawain and the green knight is the nature of chivalry, though Gawain is not a perfect person , but he finally realized his defcect and to amended it.I really admire Gawain, because he is a very brave and firm person. His experience in this story tells people to obey the agreement and try to defeat our fearness.The green gridle meant sinfulness and excessive love of mortal life to Gawain, but he still weared it until he perished. What's more, his follower also wear the green gridle to support him. To my opinion, I think it may try to tell people that we should be honest and keep our words.The game is not just the game we used to play, it also means laws, a word that evokes two covenants represented by the Old and New Testaments. Gawain,though knows that following the letter of the law means death, is getermined to see his agreement through to the end because the sees this as his knightly duty. Besides, he can not accept his sin and absolve for the rest of his life. The green gridle is a little like the lock ringon the Monkey king's head. The rest of his life is companed by the green gridle, in other side, it also means the punishiment used by the nobilities to rule the knight. What's more, That is a commendable writting wayto . correspond the changing seasons to Gawin's changing psychological state,from cheerfulness to bleakness. The lesson Gawain learns as a result of the Green Knight's challenge is that,at a basic level, he is just a valuable set of ideals toward which to strive,but a person must above all remain conscious of his or her own mortality and weakness. That is what it teaches me too, and I think it can enlighten people.Gawain also quest for the Green Chapel, and it also made me associated it with theKuaFu Runs after the Sun. These classic lecturers are stilldeeply emblazoned in my mind. This shows that the classic lecture has a huge impact on a nation. Maybe that is the reason why England can be so powerful nowndays.As for me, I learnt a lot from this story.In my opinion, Gawain is a conscientious people and he will do what he want to do at once. what's more, he spare no pains to complete the contract. With regard to the temptation，although he failed to hold on, but he ultimately corrected his mistake and he bagan to strict with himself that is what I admired.。
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
A Romance
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is
a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the poem, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin, save for his red eyes.
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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Reading the story, I admired Gawains’ bravery that he had couraged to accept the challenge. What is more, the King Knight was also be praised. He did not kill the Gawain although Gawain treated him. Here is the story.
King Arthur and his knights were holding a feast for celebration about the arrival of the new years, then a Green Giant came in with a huge axe. He put forward a challenge to all the knights, but only Gawain accepted it. A year later, Gawain set off to look for the Green Knight to receive the cut. After going through many adventures, he found a castle stayed there for three days. On the first and second day, the hostess gave Gawain a kiss. On the third day, she gave Gawain a magic green girdle to protect him form any injury. Gawain received it but he did not tell the host. Three days later, Gawain leaved the castle and found the Green Giant. He bent over for the cut. Twice he was not injured at all, the third time his should was a slight wound. Then the Green Giant told Gawain that he was the host of the castle, the last blow wounded him because he concealed the girdle. At last, the Green Giant sent the girdle to Gawain as a gift. Finally, Gawain came back his kingdom and told the thing. King Arthur commended that everyone weared a green girdle to remember this shameful thing.
This passage described the chivalry for us. I think the chivalry is
bravery, loyalty, honesty, politeness and so on.。