闫辉CNP笔记一(1-4)

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1.2 行列式的性质(《线性代数》闫厉著)

a
0
xa
小结
掌握5个性质2个推论
掌握计算行列式的常规方法，见例一
掌握具有特殊结构行列式的计算方法，
见例三
1 1
0 2
D
1
2 1 0
2 1
1 0
解
0 1 1
1 1 0
D
1
2 1
2 1
1
1 1
r1 r2
0 1

1
2
2 1
0
1
1
1
2
2
0
0
2
2
0
0

r3 r1
r4 2r1

1 1
0 1
0 1
2 1
0
1
1
1
2 2
2

2
0
1 1 0 2
0 1 1 2
x n 1 a
D x n 1 a
a
x
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
x n 1 a
a
a
x
1
1
x ( n 1)a 1
a
x
a
a
a
x
a
a
a
1
a
a
x
1
x ( n 1)a
a
xa
a
xa
0
x ( n 1)a ( x a )n1 .
推论1
如果行列式有两行（列）完全相同，则此行列式为零.
证明
把这两行互换，有D D ，故 D 0 .
性质3 行列式的某一行（列）中所有的元素都乘以同一个

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《征服老板：零基础做出高逼格》笔记

《征服⽼板：零基础做出⾼逼格》笔记总述：①思维导图、或者思维导图⽂件直接保存②⽂字版本地收藏可以根据⾃⼰理解和⾃⼰笔记结合修改。

第 1 讲醍醐灌顶！你对PPT的理解过时了1.1如果⼀⽣只选⼀次技能，请选PPT1.2震惊！PPT究竟有多么逆天！1.3幻灯⽚的本质与需求1.4你的PPT为什么丑？如何提升PPT审美？1.5PPT基础设置与界⾯认知1.6PPT快速⼊门1.1如果⼀⽣只选⼀次技能，请选PPT(5分钟）课程核⼼：这节课主要是建⽴好的PPT概念，PPT不重要，重要的是展⽰PPT的场合①PPT常⽤五⼤场景：演讲分享、答辩总结、商业竞标、新年计划、年终总结②PPT常需五⼤技能：演说、⼼理、设计、沟通、逻辑1.2震惊！PPT究竟有多么逆天！（10分钟）课程核⼼：这节课主要是宏观上介绍PPT功能①最亲民的设计⼯具②最简单的视频动画制作⼯具③最简单的绘图⼯具④赚钱⼯具，授课⽼师⼤四PPT年收⼊30万1.3幻灯⽚的本质与需求（6分钟）课程核⼼：PPT的存在是为了帮助谁，演说的轴⼼是谁，主讲⼈or观众①PPT是帮助/辅助主讲⼈表达，演说的轴⼼是观众。

②如何做出好的PPT:PPT做的好的⼈，⼀定是站在观众⾓度思考的⼈③不要做感动⾃⼰的PPT，它是辅助您让观众听懂、享受的⼯具1.4你的PPT为什么丑？如何提升PPT审美？（6分钟）课程核⼼：你的审美决定⼀切，审美是指头脑中⾥对美的理解①问：如何提⾼PPT审美？答：多看。

⽹站：站酷、花瓣。

栏⽬：海报、视觉系统、画册、平⾯、演⽰每天欣赏⼗分钟1.5PPT基础设置与界⾯认知（10分钟）课程核⼼：PPT基础功能①版本：推荐office365、office2013、office2016不推荐WPS，office2010，office2007，功能缺失20%左右最新office2019，测试版不稳定②界⾯：PPT界⾯分为：功能区窗⼝状态控制按钮快速访问⼯具栏幻灯⽚预览窗格幻灯⽚编辑窗格任务窗格状态栏A.界⾯顶部：选项卡、库常⽤按钮放置在功能栏底部⽅便操作（添加到快速访问⼯具栏）提供效率B.界⾯中部：左边预览窗格：拖动边界改变预览⼤⼩，右键新建幻灯⽚中部编辑窗格：中间展⽰区域叫做舞台，外侧灰⾊位置也可放素材，但是播放不会被显⽰右部设置形状格式：右键幻灯⽚空⽩处，选择设置形状格式出现右上⾓⼩三⾓形移动C.界⾯底部：备注：补充ppt上展⽰不下的内容和要点，以免忘记PPT浏览模式：普通模式，阅读模式，幻灯⽚浏览，幻灯⽚放映模式幻灯⽚缩放级别：Ctrl键+⿏标滚轮③PPT初始化设置：A.撤销次数（错误修改）：默认最多30次、⽂件——选项——PowerPoint编辑选项——⾼级——最多可取消操作次数改为150B.⾃动保存（意外防险）：⽂件——选项——PowerPoint选项——保存勾选'保存⾃动恢复信息时间间隔'以及'如果我没保存就关闭，请保留上次⾃动回复的版本'C.幻灯⽚⽐例调整：设计——右侧幻灯⽚⼤⼩——⾃定义幻灯⽚⼤⼩——选择⾃⼰要⽤的各种菜单1.6 PPT快速⼊门（4分钟）课程核⼼：如何建⽴⼀个PPT①四步快速⼊门：第⼀步：打开PPT第⼆步：插⼊图⽚第三步：插⼊⽂字第四步：点击放映②双击打开——点击当前ppt页⾯敲击回车键点击插⼊——选择图或者直接桌⾯拖拽选着插⼊——⽂字框点击播放第⼀章节偏向于总述，⼀部分建⽴⼀个好的PPT概念，⼀部分说明⼀个PPT最好的初始设置和各部分功能。

环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟

收稿日期:２０２２－１２－０６ꎮ基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(５２０６４０３７㊁５１７０４１６６)ꎻ江西省自然科学基金项目(２０２０２ＢＡＢ２０４０３０)ꎮ作者简介:李建龙(１９８８ )ꎬ男ꎬ副教授ꎬ博士ꎬ研究方向为大气污染控制ꎮＥ￣ｍａｉｌ:ｊｌｌｉ＠ｎｃｕ.ｅｄｕ.ｃｎꎮ李建龙ꎬ赵艺ꎬ孙泽文ꎬ等.环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟[Ｊ].南昌大学学报(工科版)ꎬ２０２３ꎬ４５(１):９－１５.ＬＩＪＬꎬＺＨＡＯＹꎬＳＵＮＺＷꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｂｙａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗｉｔｈａｎｉｎｎｅｒｃｏｎｅｄｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｒ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＮａｎｃｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ(Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ＆Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ)ꎬ２０２３ꎬ４５(１):９－１５.环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟李建龙ꎬ赵艺ꎬ孙泽文ꎬ吴庆ꎬ钟乙琪ꎬ吴泉泉ꎬ马志飞ꎬ吴代赦(南昌大学资源与环境学院ꎬ江西南昌３３００３１)㊀㊀摘要:为提高除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能ꎬ研究了环形缝隙喷嘴对导流内锥式除尘滤筒清灰性能的改进作用ꎬ采用ＣＦＤ数值模型对喷吹性能进行模拟ꎬ考察了除尘滤筒内部流场特征ꎬ研究了喷吹距离㊁文丘里管增设对喷吹效果的影响ꎮ结果表明:相比于普通喷嘴ꎬ使用环缝喷嘴后滤筒上部的负压几乎消失ꎬ滤筒内压力增大ꎬ喷吹强度提升ꎻ喷吹强度随着喷吹距离的增大呈先增后降的趋势ꎬ且喷吹均匀性逐渐改善ꎬ环缝喷嘴在喷吹距离为４００ｍｍ时ꎬ滤筒的清灰性能最佳ꎬ喷吹强度提升了４４％ꎻ在滤筒上方开口处增设文丘里管可以使滤筒内压力峰值得到较大的提升ꎬ随着文丘里管安装高度升高ꎬ滤筒内的喷吹强度先升高再缓慢降低ꎬ变异系数呈先增后降的趋势ꎬ文丘里管安装高度为－３０ｍｍ时对喷吹强度提升最大(２９％)ꎮ关键词:环形缝隙喷嘴ꎻ导流内锥式除尘滤筒ꎻＣＦＤ数值模拟ꎻ喷吹距离ꎻ文丘里管中图分类号:Ｘ７０１.２㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:Ａ㊀㊀㊀㊀文章编号:１００６－０４５６(２０２３)０１－０００９－０７ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｂｙａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗｉｔｈａｎｉｎｎｅｒｃｏｎｅｄｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｒＬＩＪｉａｎｌｏｎｇꎬＺＨＡＯＹｉꎬＳＵＮＺｅｗｅｎꎬＷＵＱｉｎｇꎬＺＨＯＮＧＹｉｑｉꎬＷＵＱｕａｎｑｕａｎꎬＭＡＺｈｉｆｅｉꎬＷＵＤａｉｓｈｅ(ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔꎬＮａｎｃｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＮａｎｃｈａｎｇ３３００３１ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｕｓｔｒｅｍｏｖａｌｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅꎬｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｔｈｅａｎ￣ｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅｏｎｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｄｕｓｔｒｅｍｏｖａｌｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗｉｔｈａｎｉｎｎｅｒｃｏｎｅｄｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｒｉｎｔｈｅｇｕｉｄｅｆｌｏｗｗａｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ.ＴｈｅＣＦＤｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅꎬｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｆｌｏｗｆｉｅｌｄｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｄｕｓｔｒｅｍｏｖａｌｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗａｓｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅａｎｄＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｗｅｒｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔꎬｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｎｏｚｚｌｅꎬｔｈｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅａｌｍｏｓｔｄｉｓａｐｐｅａｒｅｄａｆｔｅｒｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅꎬｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎ￣ｃｒｅａｓｅｄｆｉｒｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｎｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｓｐｒａｙｉｎｇｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｔｙｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗａｓｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｊｅｔｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｗａｓ４００ｍｍꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｊｅｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｂｙ４４％.ＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅꎬｔｈｅｊｅｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｎｓｌｏｗｌｙｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｆｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｈｏｗｅｄａｔｒｅｎｄｏｆｆｉｒｓｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｎｄｅｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅｗａｓ－３０ｍｍｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｊｅｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｔｈｅｍｏｓｔ(２９％).第４５卷第１期２０２３年３月㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀南昌大学学报(工科版)ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＮａｎｃｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ(Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ＆Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ)Ｖｏｌ.４５Ｎｏ.１Ｍａｒ.２０２３㊀ＫｅｙＷｏｒｄｓ:ａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅꎻｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｗｉｔｈｉｎｎｅｒｃｏｎｅｄｅｆｌｅｃｔｏｒꎻＣＦＤｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎꎻｊｅｔｄｉｓ￣ｔａｎｃｅꎻＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅ㊀㊀近年来城市化和工业化的迅猛推进ꎬ带动着能源消耗的增加[１－２]ꎬ煤炭㊁矿山㊁水泥㊁电力等行业生产过程中产生大量的粉尘颗粒物[３]ꎬ导致空气中颗粒物污染尤为严重ꎬ高质量浓度的ＰＭ２.５会产生雾霾ꎬ影响环境质量和空气能见度ꎬ干扰交通运输㊁生产作业ꎬ危害人类身心健康[４－６]ꎮ在当前除尘领域中ꎬ滤筒除尘器因其除尘率高㊁过滤面积大㊁价格低和占地面积小等优点ꎬ广泛应用于各行业[７]ꎮ滤筒清灰作为除尘器运行中的关键一环ꎬ直接影响设备的除尘效率和稳定性[８]ꎮ目前ꎬ除尘行业使用的清灰技术主要为脉冲喷吹清灰[９]ꎬ但此种清灰技术存在滤筒上部压力小导致清灰效果差的问题[１０－１１]ꎮ为改善滤筒的脉冲喷吹清灰性能ꎬ国内外学者对此开展诸多研究ꎮＳｈｉｍ等[１２]研究发现使用普通喷嘴对滤筒进行脉冲喷吹时容易出现清灰不均匀㊁不彻底和滤筒尘饼残留等问题ꎮ张硕等[１３]通过对单拉瓦尔喷嘴和双拉瓦尔喷嘴脉冲喷吹气体动力学特性的对比模拟ꎬ发现双拉瓦尔喷嘴脉冲喷吹可使滤筒顶端的脉冲峰值压力增加１８２％ꎬ有效解决滤筒顶端清灰难的问题ꎮ郗元等[１４]提出在喷嘴上加装锥形散射器ꎬ采用计算流体力学数值方法对除尘器清灰过程的流场进行模拟ꎬ研究发现加装锥形散射器后ꎬ滤筒上中下侧壁的正压峰值呈现出随喷吹距离增加先提升后降低的变化趋势ꎬ在喷吹距离为２００ｍｍ时ꎬ喷吹强度提升１３％ꎮ薛峰等[１５]对比研究了普通直角喷嘴㊁上部开口散射器㊁诱导喷嘴条件下滤筒清灰效果ꎬ结果表明在喷吹压力为０.４ＭＰａ时ꎬ上部开口散射器可有效提升清灰强度㊁延长清灰周期ꎬ平均清灰间隔相比使用普通直角喷嘴和诱导喷嘴分别延长了４８％㊁２３％ꎮＬｉ等[１６]在滤筒顶部和底部安装了２个喷嘴ꎬ进行对撞脉冲喷吹清灰ꎬ实验发现脉冲喷射强度比仅顶部安装喷嘴提高了１５６％ꎮ在滤筒结构优化方面ꎬ李建龙等[９]提出了导流内锥式除尘滤筒ꎬ即在普通圆筒形滤筒内增设锥形过滤面ꎬ增加了单位空间的过滤面积ꎬ并且通过内锥的导流作用ꎬ提高了滤筒内压力分布的均匀性ꎮ该研究对导流内锥式除尘滤筒进行了脉冲喷吹数值模拟ꎬ发现滤筒内喷吹压力的蓄积效果更好ꎬ清灰不足的区域更小ꎮ另外ꎬ文丘里管经常被用于改善滤筒清灰性能的研究中ꎬ安装文丘里管可延缓滤筒气体出流ꎬ提升气流在滤筒内的蓄积时间ꎮ张情等[１７]通过实验对比了加装文丘里管前后滤筒内脉冲喷吹清灰性能ꎬ研究发现在喷吹压力０.６ＭＰａ时ꎬ加装文丘里管ꎬ滤筒上中下测点的压力峰值分别提高了６３％㊁７２％㊁４０％ꎮＬｉｕ等[１８]采用典型文丘里管和新型文丘里管对过滤袋进行实验ꎬ实验证明新型文丘里管改变了袋口附近的清洗压力分布ꎬ有效延长了清洗周期ꎬ降低了能耗ꎮ本研究选择导流内锥式除尘滤筒作为研究对象ꎬ探究环形缝隙喷嘴(以下简称环缝喷嘴)改进滤筒脉冲喷吹清灰效果ꎬ通过构建ＣＦＤ数值模型研究了滤筒内脉冲喷吹流场ꎬ考察了喷嘴的喷吹距离及文丘里管的增设对喷吹性能的影响ꎬ研究结果对于除尘滤筒的设计与优化具有重要意义ꎮ１㊀试验方法１.１㊀实验系统与模型构建模拟以脉冲喷吹滤筒除尘器实验系统为原型ꎬ实验系统主要结构见已报道文献[１１]ꎬ其中原除尘器内安装为普通滤筒(滤筒长度６６０ｍｍꎬ直径２４０ｍｍꎬ滤料厚度０.６ｍｍ)ꎬ现将普通滤筒更改为导流内锥式除尘滤筒(内锥高度７６０ｍｍ㊁底部开口直径２００ｍｍ)ꎬ如图１(ａ)所示ꎮ滤筒上方设置有普通喷嘴ꎬ喷嘴直径为２５ｍｍꎮ现设计了环缝喷嘴(内环直径９２.００ｍｍ㊁外环直径９５.３４ｍｍꎬ如图１(ｂ)所示)对喷吹性能进行改进ꎮ普通喷嘴和环缝喷嘴喷吹出口的截面积相同ꎬ均为４９０.６ｍｍ２ꎮ(ａ)导流内锥式除尘滤筒(ｂ)环缝喷嘴图１㊀导流内锥式除尘滤筒与环缝喷嘴实物图Ｆｉｇ.１㊀Ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｄｉａｇｒａｍｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｎｅｒｃｏｎｅｄｕｓｔｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅａｎｄｔｈｅａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｇｕｉｄｅｆｌｏｗ０１南昌大学学报(工科版)２０２３年㊀在数值模拟中ꎬ由于滤筒除尘器为中心轴对称结构ꎬ为节省计算量ꎬ将其简化为二维模型ꎬ简化后的模型如图２所示ꎬ二维模型绕对称轴旋转３６０ʎ即为全尺寸滤筒除尘器ꎮ文丘里管图２㊀数值模拟几何模型Ｆｉｇ.２㊀Ｇｅｏｍｅｔｒｙｏｆｔｈｅｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ１.２㊀模拟的边界条件本次研究采用ＡｎｓｙｓＦｌｕｅｎｔ软件进行数值模拟ꎬ模拟边界条件如下:喷嘴设置为压力入口ꎬ除尘器的顶面和底面分别设置为压力出口ꎬ滤筒滤料层设置为多孔介质区ꎬ经课题组相关实验测试与计算[１１]ꎬ所用滤筒黏性损失系数１/α为２.０ˑ１０１１ｍ－２ꎮ模拟使用的流体假设为理想气体ꎬ认为流体可压缩㊁非稳态㊁等温㊁湍流ꎬ选择Ｒｅａｌｉｚａｂｌｅｋ－ε湍流模型和压力－速度耦合算法ꎬ并且不考虑粉尘的运移及滤筒形变对模拟的影响ꎮ１.３㊀研究方案１)选取初始气包压力０.５ＭＰａ㊁脉冲宽度０.１５ｓ对应的喷嘴出口压力作为模拟的入口边界ꎬ入口压力的设置参考已有文献[１９]ꎬ在喷吹距离４００ｍｍ条件下对比使用普通喷嘴和环缝喷嘴时滤筒内喷吹压力的时空分布ꎮ２)在滤筒内壁设置压力测点Ｐ１~Ｐ５用于监测滤筒内喷吹压力的变化ꎬ各测点离滤筒顶部距离分别为１１０㊁２２０㊁３３０㊁４４０㊁５５０ｍｍꎮ考察２００~７００ｍｍ的喷吹距离对喷吹压力的影响ꎬ对比普通喷嘴和环缝喷嘴条件下的喷吹强度与变异系数ꎬ确定最佳喷吹距离ꎮ喷吹强度是指滤筒内各测点压力峰值的平均值ꎬ变异系数是指各测点压力峰值标准差与平均值比值ꎬ变异系数越小ꎬ说明滤筒内压力分布均匀性越好[１１]ꎮ３)在环缝喷嘴最佳喷吹距离条件下ꎬ对比增设文丘里管(高１２０ｍｍ㊁上部开口直径１３６ｍｍ㊁下部开口直径２１０ｍｍ㊁中间喉部直径１１０ｍｍꎬ安装位置如图２所示)前后滤筒内喷吹压力ꎬ考察文丘里管安装高度ｈ为－１２０~６０ｍｍ时对喷吹压力的影响ꎮ其中ꎬ安装高度ｈ为文丘里管底部距滤筒顶部的距离ꎬ文丘里管与滤筒间用挡板连接ꎮ１.４㊀网格独立性与实验验证为验证网格的独立性ꎬ选取普通喷嘴在喷吹距离ｌ为３００ｍｍ条件下对网格进行加密ꎬ加密前后的网格节点总数分别为３１３２２和４６９７７个ꎮ在喷吹压力为０.５ＭＰａ㊁脉冲宽度为０.１５ｓ条件下ꎬ对比了加密前后滤筒中间测点的压力Ｐ变化ꎬ如图３所示ꎮ可以发现网格加密前后的压力变化曲线几乎重合ꎬ认为网格已达到网格独立性要求ꎬ选择加密前网格的划分策略ꎮ为了验证模型的准确性ꎬ对比了模拟与实验结果ꎬ如图３(ａ)所示ꎮ模拟压力与实验值变化趋势基本吻合ꎬ但相比于模拟值的压力变化曲线ꎬ实验值波动较剧烈ꎬ主要是因为喷吹过程中滤筒的震动ꎬ引起压力传感器的震动ꎬ从而导致数据的波动ꎮ总体认为ꎬ模拟的结果符合实际分析要求ꎮ模拟值1(网格加密前)模拟值2(网格加密后)实验值12001000800600400200P/Pa0.250.200.150.100.0500.30ｔ/ｓ(ａ)实验与模拟数据对比普通喷嘴内锥(ｂ)网格加密前(ｃ)网格加密后图３㊀网格独立性与实验验证Ｆｉｇ.３㊀Ｇｒｉｄｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎｄｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎ１１第１期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀李建龙等:环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟２㊀结果与分析２.１㊀喷吹压力的时空分布图４和图５分别为在喷吹距离ｌ为４００ｍｍꎬ气包压力为０.５ＭＰａꎬ脉冲宽度为０.１５ｓ条件下ꎬ采用普通喷嘴和环缝喷嘴时静压力云图和流线图ꎮ(ａ)(ｂ)(ｃ)(ｄ)(ｅ)(ｆ)(ａ)ｔ＝０.０１ｓꎻ(ｂ)ｔ＝０.０２ｓꎻ(ｃ)ｔ＝０.０３ｓꎻ(ｄ)ｔ＝０.０６ｓꎻ(ｅ)ｔ＝０.１０ｓꎻ(ｆ)ｔ＝０.１２ｓꎮ图４㊀普通喷嘴条件下除尘器内静压力云图和流线Ｆｉｇ.４㊀Ｓｔａｔｉｃｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｃｌｏｕｄｄｉａｇｒａｍａｎｄｓｔｒｅａｍｌｉｎｅｏｆｄｕｓｔｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｕｎｄｅｒｎｏｒｍａｌｎｏｚｚｌｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ(ａ)(ｂ)(ｃ)(ｄ)(ｅ)(ｆ)(ａ)ｔ＝０.０１ｓꎻ(ｂ)ｔ＝０.０２ｓꎻ(ｃ)ｔ＝０.０３ｓꎻ(ｄ)ｔ＝０.０６ｓꎻ(ｅ)ｔ＝０.１０ｓꎻ(ｆ)ｔ＝０.１２ｓꎮ图５㊀环缝喷嘴条件下除尘器内静压力云图和流线Ｆｉｇ.５㊀Ｓｔａｔｉｃｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｃｌｏｕｄｄｉａｇｒａｍａｎｄｓｔｒｅａｍｌｉｎｅｏｆｄｕｓｔｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｕｎｄｅｒａｎｎｕｌａｒｓｌｉｔｎｏｚｚｌｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ在普通喷嘴条件下ꎬ气流从喷嘴喷出后ꎬ产生卷吸作用ꎬ诱导周围气体进入滤筒ꎬ静压在滤筒自下而上蓄积ꎬ到ｔ＝０.０３ｓ时基本达到稳定ꎬ滤筒中下部的静压明显大于上部ꎮ主要是因为气流进入滤筒后ꎬ撞击滤筒底部后发生蓄积反弹ꎮ滤筒上部出现负压ꎬ容易造成滤筒上部清灰不足ꎬ其主要原因为喷吹气流在未充分膨胀的情况下高速进入滤筒ꎬ在滤筒上部依然存在较大的气流卷吸作用ꎮ在环缝喷嘴条件下ꎬ气流从喷嘴喷出后会卷吸中心气流ꎬ形成负压ꎬ负压使得环形喷吹气流向中心聚拢ꎬ同时通过环缝喷嘴中心卷吸上方气流ꎮ在ｔ＝０.０２ｓ时刻ꎬ喷嘴下方产生一个较大范围的负压区域ꎬ主要是因为在相同喷嘴断面积条件下ꎬ环缝喷嘴边缘较长ꎬ喷吹气流与周围空气接触面显著增大ꎬ气流卷吸作用进一步增强ꎮ从喷吹气流随空间的变化特征中可以发现ꎬ滤筒内部几乎不存在负压ꎬ主要是因为环形喷吹气流携带大量气体进入滤筒ꎮ与普通喷嘴相比ꎬ使用环缝喷嘴可以提升滤筒内部的喷吹压力ꎬ缓解滤筒上部清灰不足ꎬ增加滤筒内较高喷吹压力持续时间ꎬ清灰性能更佳ꎮ２.２㊀喷吹距离对清灰性能的影响为探究喷嘴在不同喷吹距离下的脉冲喷吹清灰性能ꎬ对比了喷吹距离ｌ为２００~７００ｍｍ时滤筒内各测点压力峰值Ｐｋꎬ如图６所示ꎮ12001000800600400200P k /P a600500400300200700ｌ/ｍｍ(ａ)普通喷嘴12001000800600400200P k /P a600500400300200700ｌ/ｍｍ(ｂ)环缝喷嘴图６㊀测点压力峰值随喷吹距离的变化Ｆｉｇ.６㊀Ｐｅａｋｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｐｏｉｎｔｃｈａｎｇｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｐｒａｙｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ使用普通喷嘴条件下ꎬ在喷吹距离ｌ为２００~５００ｍｍ范围内ꎬ随着喷吹距离的增加ꎬＰ１㊁Ｐ２测点压力峰值呈现增大趋势ꎬＰ３测点压力峰值呈现先减小后增大的趋势ꎬＰ４㊁Ｐ５测点压力峰值呈现减小趋势ꎬ即增加喷吹距离可以显著提升滤筒上部喷吹压力ꎬ但会略微减小滤筒下部喷吹压力ꎮ主要是因为在喷吹距离较小时ꎬＰ１㊁Ｐ２测点在喷吹气流的卷吸区ꎬ喷吹气流膨胀效果较差ꎬＰ４㊁Ｐ５在喷吹气流的扩２１南昌大学学报(工科版)２０２３年㊀散区ꎬ喷吹气流膨胀充分且存在气流的蓄积反弹作用ꎬ而Ｐ３同时受此两区域影响ꎮ增加喷吹距离使得喷吹气流的卷吸区与扩散区上移ꎮ当喷吹距离超出５００ｍｍ后ꎬ喷吹气流的扩散区逐渐上移到滤筒外部ꎬ因此各测点的喷吹压力都下降ꎮ使用环缝喷嘴条件下ꎬ在喷吹距离ｌ为２００~４００ｍｍ时ꎬ随着喷吹距离的增加ꎬＰ１㊁Ｐ２㊁Ｐ３测点压力峰值呈现增大趋势ꎬＰ４㊁Ｐ５压力峰值呈现减小趋势ꎮ当喷吹距离超过４００ｍｍ后ꎬ除了Ｐ３先增大后减小外ꎬ其余测点压力均下降ꎮ造成这些现象的原因与上述普通喷嘴条件下类似ꎬ均与喷吹气流的卷吸与扩散位置相关ꎮ对比２种喷嘴可以发现ꎬ使用环缝喷嘴的滤筒内压力峰值都大于普通喷嘴ꎬ尤其增大了滤筒上部的喷吹压力ꎬ主要是环缝喷嘴具有更强的卷吸作用ꎮ1000800600400200P /P a600500400300200700PCV0.40.30.20.10C Vｌ/ｍｍ(ａ)普通喷嘴1000800600400200P /P a600500400300200700P CV0.40.30.20.10C Vｌ/ｍｍ(ｂ)环缝喷嘴图７㊀喷吹强度与变异系数随喷吹距离的变化Ｆｉｇ.７㊀Ｃｈａｎｇｅｏｆｓｐｒａｙｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙａｎｄｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｏｆｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｓｐｒａｙｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ图７为普通喷嘴与环缝喷嘴在不同喷吹距离ｌ下的喷吹强度Ｐ与变异系数ＣＶ变化ꎮ使用普通喷嘴条件下ꎬ喷吹强度随着喷吹距离的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势ꎬ且喷吹均匀性逐渐改善ꎬ在喷吹距离ｌ为５００ｍｍ时ꎬ其喷吹强度达到最大值ꎬ为７０９Ｐａꎬ对应的变异系数为０.０４ꎮ使用环缝喷嘴条件下ꎬ喷吹强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势ꎬ并且其喷吹均匀性得到一定程度的改善ꎬ在喷吹距离ｌ为４００ｍｍ时滤筒清灰性能最佳ꎬ对应的喷吹强度为９３５Ｐａ㊁变异系数为０.０５ꎬ喷吹强度较普通喷嘴提升了４４％ꎮ由此可见ꎬ使用环缝喷嘴可以增加滤筒内喷吹强度ꎬ并且在更小的喷吹距离下实现其喷吹强度最大值ꎬ这主要是由于环缝喷嘴使喷吹气流进入滤筒时已实现更充分的扩散ꎮ在喷吹距离较小(２００~４００ｍｍ)时对均匀性的改善显著ꎬ有利于解决滤筒上部清灰不足ꎬ下部清灰过度的情况ꎮ２.３㊀文丘里管的增设对清灰性能的影响图８为环缝喷嘴在最佳喷吹距离４００ｍｍ㊁文丘里管安装高度０ｍｍ条件下的静压力云图和流线图ꎮ滤筒内部压力先整体升高ꎬ在ｔ＝０.０２ｓ时刻ꎬ在文丘里管外侧产生一个较大范围的负压区域ꎬ主要是因为气流通过文丘里管ꎬ由粗变细ꎬ气体流速加快ꎬ导致气体在文丘里管外侧形成一个负压区ꎬ从而加强了气流的卷吸作用ꎮ(ａ)(ｂ)(ｃ)(ｄ)(ｅ)(ｆ)(ａ)ｔ＝０.０１ｓꎻ(ｂ)ｔ＝０.０２ｓꎻ(ｃ)ｔ＝０.０３ｓꎻ(ｄ)ｔ＝０.０６ｓꎻ(ｅ)ｔ＝０.１０ｓꎻ(ｆ)ｔ＝０.１２ｓꎮ图８㊀增设文丘里管条件下除尘器内静压力云图和流线Ｆｉｇ.８㊀ＳｔａｔｉｃｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｃｌｏｕｄｄｉａｇｒａｍａｎｄｓｔｒｅａｍｌｉｎｅｏｆｄｕｓｔｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆａｄｄｉｎｇＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅ图９为增设文丘里管前后各测点喷吹压力峰值1400120010008006004002000P k /P aP4P3P2P1P5增设文丘里管前增设文丘里管后图９㊀增设文丘里管后喷吹压力对比Ｆｉｇ.９㊀ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅａｆｔｅｒａｄｄｉｎｇＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅ３１第１期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀李建龙等:环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟Ｐｋ对比ꎮ增设文丘里管后ꎬ各测点的喷吹压力均得到较大的提升ꎮ因为文丘里管可以汇聚卷吸周围空气ꎬ更均匀地混合喷吹与卷吸的气流ꎬ提升滤筒内部的喷吹压力ꎬ进一步加强了滤筒清灰性能ꎮ进一步考察了文丘里管在不同安装高度ｈ(－１２０~６０ｍｍ)时各测点压力峰值Ｐｋ变化ꎬ如图１０所示ꎮ文丘里管安装高度ｈ在－１２０~－６０ｍｍ时ꎬ随着文丘里管安装高度升高ꎬＰ１~Ｐ５测点压力均呈现升高趋势ꎬ文丘里管安装高度ｈ在－６０~６０ｍｍ时ꎬ随着文丘里管安装高度升高ꎬＰ１~Ｐ２测点喷吹压力下降ꎬＰ３~Ｐ５测点喷吹压力变化较小ꎮ观察图１０(ｂ)可以发现ꎬ随着文丘里管安装高度升高ꎬ滤筒内部的喷吹强度先升高再缓慢降低ꎬ变异系数呈现先增大后减小的趋势ꎮ14001300120011001000900800P k /P a300-30-60-90-12060P1P2P3P4P5ｈ/ｍｍ(ａ)测点压力峰值14001300120011001000900P /P a300-30-60-90-12060P CV0.100.080.060.040.02C Vｈ/ｍｍ(ｂ)喷吹强度和变异系数变化图１０㊀文丘里管安装高度对喷吹性能影响Ｆｉｇ.１０㊀ＩｎｓｔａｌｌａｔｉｏｎｈｅｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅｈａｓａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎｔｈｅｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ造成这种现象主要是因为ꎬ文丘里管安装高度较低时ꎬ文丘里管与滤筒的内锥阻碍了喷吹气流进入滤筒内部ꎬ导致滤筒内部气流量减少ꎮ因此ꎬ文丘里管安装高度ｈ在－３０~６０ｍｍ时ꎬ可以得到较好的喷吹强度及均匀性ꎬ在安装高度为－３０ｍｍꎬ喷吹强度最大ꎬ提升了２９％ꎮ环缝喷嘴和文丘里管改善滤筒喷吹性能的原理如图１１所示ꎬ可见文丘里管有汇聚气流㊁均匀混合喷吹气流与卷吸气流的效果ꎬ并且进一步加强了气流的卷吸作用ꎬ环缝喷嘴和文丘里管组合可优化滤筒清灰性能ꎮ文丘里管图１１㊀环缝喷嘴和文丘里管改善喷吹性能的原理Ｆｉｇ.１１㊀ＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｏｆｃｉｒｃｕｍｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｎｏｚｚｌｅｓａｎｄＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｔｕｂｅｓｔｏｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｓｐｒａｙｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ４１南昌大学学报(工科版)２０２３年㊀３　结论㊀㊀１)环缝喷嘴显著提升了喷吹气流与周围空气的接触面ꎬ增强了气流卷吸作用ꎻ相较于普通喷嘴ꎬ使用环缝喷嘴条件下滤筒上部的负压几乎消失ꎬ滤筒内部的喷吹压力明显提升ꎬ较高喷吹压力持续时间延长ꎬ脉冲清灰性能更佳ꎮ２)普通喷嘴和环缝喷嘴条件下ꎬ喷吹强度均随着喷吹距离呈先增后降的趋势ꎬ其中环缝喷嘴对应的喷吹强度更大ꎬ且在较小喷吹距离(２００~４００ｍｍ)时喷吹均匀性的改善显著ꎬ主要是因为环缝喷嘴喷吹气流与周围空气接触面更大ꎬ具有更强的卷吸作用ꎻ在喷吹距离ｌ为４００ｍｍ时ꎬ对滤筒的清灰性能改善最佳ꎬ喷吹强度提升了４４％ꎮ３)文丘里管的增设可汇聚并均匀混合卷吸空气ꎬ进一步加强气流的卷吸作用ꎬ环缝喷嘴和文丘里管组合可提高滤筒内的喷吹压力ꎻ文丘里管安装高度在－３０ｍｍ时对喷吹强度提升最大ꎬ为２９％ꎮ参考文献:[１]㊀刘媛ꎬ张蕾ꎬ陈娱ꎬ等.２００３２０１６年中国ＰＭ２.５质量浓度时空格局演变及影响因素解析[Ｊ/ＯＬ].地理科学ꎬ２０２３:１－１１(２０２３－０１－２０)[２０２３－０２－０３].ｈｔｔｐｓ://ｋｎｓ.ｃｎｋｉ.ｎｅｔ/ｋｃｍｓ/ｄｅｔａｉｌ/２２.１１２４.Ｐ.２０２３０１１８.１９１４.００６.ｈｔ￣ｍｌ.[２]ＬＩＡＮＧＣＳꎬＤＵＡＮＦＫꎬＨＥＫＢꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｒｅｖｉｅｗｏｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓꎬｓｏｕｒｃｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｃｏｕｎ￣ｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｏｆＰＭ２.５[Ｊ].ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌꎬ２０１６ꎬ８６:１５０－１７０.[３]庄学安.小保当矿井粉尘高效治理技术探讨[Ｊ].煤炭技术ꎬ２０２２ꎬ４１(２):１４９－１５２.[４]ＺＨＡＮＧＳＧꎬＬＵＷＧꎬＷＥＩＺＱꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃａｒｄｉａｃａｒｒｈｙｔｈｍｉａｓ:ｆｒｏｍｅｐｉｄｅｍｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｎｄｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｅｖｉ￣ｄｅｎｃｅｓｔｏｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓ[Ｊ].ＦｒｏｎｔｉｅｒｓｉｎＣａｒｄｉｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅꎬ２０２１ꎬ８:７３６１５１[５]李德文ꎬ赵政ꎬ郭胜均ꎬ等. 十三五煤矿粉尘职业危害防治技术及发展方向[Ｊ].矿业安全与环保ꎬ２０２２ꎬ４９(４):５１－５８.[６]罗敏ꎬ李建龙ꎬ吴代赦ꎬ等.滤膜泄漏对颗粒物过滤性能影响的实验[Ｊ].南昌大学学报(理科版)ꎬ２０２０ꎬ４４(１):７０－７５.[７]杨燕霞ꎬ张明星ꎬ秦文茜ꎬ等.脉冲喷吹内置锥形滤筒的清灰性能[Ｊ].中国粉体技术ꎬ２０１９ꎬ２５(１):７６－８０. [８]ＬＩＱＱꎬＺＨＡＮＧＭＸꎬＱＩＡＮＹＬꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｐｅａｋｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅａｎｄｒｅｓｉｄｕａｌｄｕｓｔｏｆａｐｕｌｓｅ￣ｊｅｔｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｆｉｌｔｅｒ[Ｊ].ＰｏｗｄｅｒＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１５ꎬ２８３:３０２－３０７.[９]李建龙ꎬ陈源正ꎬ林子捷ꎬ等.除尘滤筒脉喷清灰技术研究进展与展望[Ｊ].金属矿山ꎬ２０２２(１１):２３－３５. [１０]牛兵兵ꎬ樊越胜ꎬ李哲然ꎬ等.滤筒除尘器环形射流脉冲喷吹清灰的模拟研究[Ｊ].煤气与热力ꎬ２０２１ꎬ４１(８):５－８.[１１]艾子昂ꎬ吴泉泉ꎬ孙燕ꎬ等.气流隔板改善滤筒脉喷清灰性能的数值模拟[Ｊ].南昌大学学报(工科版)ꎬ２０２１ꎬ４３(４):３８４－３９１.[１２]ＳＨＩＭＪꎬＪＯＥＹＨꎬＰＡＲＫＨＳ.Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆａｉｒｉｎｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｎｏｚｚｌｅｓｏｎｆｉｌｔｅｒｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆｐｕｌｓｅ￣ｊｅｔｂａｇｆｉｌ￣ｔｅｒ[Ｊ].ＰｏｗｄｅｒＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１７ꎬ３２２:２５０－２５７. [１３]张硕ꎬ谭志洪ꎬ刘丽冰ꎬ等.脉冲喷吹流动对带双拉瓦尔喷嘴滤筒除尘特性的影响[Ｊ].环境污染与防治ꎬ２０２１ꎬ４３(４):４１１－４１５.[１４]郗元ꎬ姜文文ꎬ代岩ꎬ等.基于ＣＦＤ的锥形散射器强化清灰特性数值模拟及优化[Ｊ].轻工机械ꎬ２０２１ꎬ３９(１):９８－１０３.[１５]薛峰ꎬ李朋ꎬ黄琬岚ꎬ等.喷嘴型式对滤筒脉冲定阻清灰效果的影响[Ｊ].中国粉体技术ꎬ２０２２ꎬ２８(５):４８－５６. [１６]ＬＩＪＬꎬＷＵＤＳꎬＷＵＱＱꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｄｅｓｉｇｎａｎｄｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎｏｖｅｌｃｏｌｌｉｄｉｎｇｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｆｏｒｄｕｓｔｆｉｌｔｅｒｃｌｅａｎ￣ｉｎｇ[Ｊ].ＳｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｕｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬ２０１９ꎬ２１３:１０１－１１３.[１７]张情ꎬ钱云楼ꎬ刘东ꎬ等.文丘里对脉冲滤筒除尘系统清灰影响的实验研究[Ｊ].环境科学与技术ꎬ２０１５ꎬ３８(７):１３３－１３７.[１８]ＬＩＵＸＣꎬＳＨＥＮＨＧ.ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＶｅｎｔｕｒｉｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆａｐｕｌｓｅｊｅｔｂａｇｈｏｕｓｅ[Ｊ].ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓꎬ２０１９ꎬ９(１８):３６８７.[１９]ＷＵＱＱꎬＬＩＪＬꎬＷＵＤＳꎬｅｔａｌ.ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｏｖｅｒａｌｌｌｅｎｇｔｈａｎｄＯＤｏｎｏｐｐｏｓｉｎｇｐｕｌｓｅ￣ｊｅｔｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇｆｏｒｐｌｅａｔｅｄｆｉｌｔｅｒｃａｒｔｒｉｄｇｅｓ[Ｊ].ＡｅｒｏｓｏｌａｎｄＡｉｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈꎬ２０２０ꎬ２０:４３２－４４３.５１第１期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀李建龙等:环形缝隙喷嘴改进导流内锥式除尘滤筒脉冲喷吹性能的数值模拟。

LPN48-3

LABORATORY PRIMATENEWSLETTERVol. 48, No. 3Ju ly 2009JUDITH E. SCHRIER, EDITORJAMES S. HARPER, GORDON J. HANKINSON AND LARRY HULSEBOS, ASSOCIATE EDITORS MORRIS L. POVAR AND JASON MACHAN, CONSULTING EDITORSELVA MATHIESEN, ASSISTANT EDITORALLAN M. SCHRIER, FOUNDING EDITOR, 1962-1987Published Quarterly by the Schrier Research LaboratoryPsychology Department, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode IslandISSN 0023-6861POLICY STATEMENTThe Laboratory Primate Newsletter provides a central source of information about nonhuman primates and related matters to scientists who use these animals in their research and those whose work supports such research. The Newsletter (1) provides information on care and breeding of nonhuman primates for laboratory research, (2) disseminates general information and news about the world of primate research (such as announcements of meetings, research projects, sources of information, nomenclature changes), (3) helps meet the special research needs of individual investigators by publishing requests for research material or for information related to specific research problems, and (4) serves the cause of conservation of nonhuman primates by publishing information on that topic. As a rule, research articles or summaries accepted for the Newsletter have some practical implications or provide general information likely to be of interest to investigators in a variety of areas of primate research. However, special consideration will be given to articles containing data on primates not conveniently publishable elsewhere. General descriptions of current research projects on primates will also be welcome.The Newsletter appears quarterly and is intended primarily for persons doing research with nonhuman primates. Back issues may be purchased for $10.00 each. We are no longer printing paper issues, except those we will send to subscribers who have paid in advance. We will not accept future subscriptions, unless subscribers are willing to pay $100/year. (Please make checks payable to the Brown University Psychology Department.) Readers with access to electronic mail may receive a notice when a new issue is put on the Website by sending the message subscribe LPN-WARN your-own-name to listserv@.(Send the message subscribe LPN-PDF to receive PDF files by e-mail; or the message subscribe LPN-L to receive the nongraphic contents of each issue.) Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at </primate>. Persons who have absolutely no access to the Web, or to the electronic mailing, may ask to have paper copies sent to them.The publication lag is typically no longer than the three months between issues and can be as short as a few weeks. The deadline for inclusion of a note or article in any given issue of the Newsletter has in practice been somewhat flexible, but is technically the tenth of December, March, June, or September, depending on which issue is scheduled to appear next. Reprints will not be supplied under any circumstances, but authors may reproduce their own articles in any quantity.PREPARATION OF ARTICLES FOR THE NEWSLETTER. – Articles, notes, and announcements may be submitted by mail, e-mail, or computer disk, but a printed copy of manuscripts of any length or complexity should also be sent by regular mail.. Articles in the References section should be referred to in the text by author(s) and date of publication, e.g., Smith (1960) or (Smith & Jones, 1962). Names of journals should be spelled out completely in the References section. Latin names of primates should be indicated at least once in each note and article. In general, to avoid inconsistencies within the Newsletter, the Latin names used will be those in Mammal Species of The World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd Ed. D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder (Eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. For an introduction to and review of primate nomenclature see The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, by N. Rowe, Pogonias Press, 1996.All correspondence concerning the Newsletter should be addressed to:Judith E. Schrier, Psychology Department, Box 1853, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912 [401-863-2511; FAX: 401-863-1300]e-mail address: primate@Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at/primateACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Newsletter is supported by Brown University.Cover photograph of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta),taken at the San Diego Zoo by Paul Wilde, 1997Copyright © 2009 by Brown UniversityThe Effects of Exposure to an Expanded Environmental Enrichment Program onSelect Individual Behaviors in BaboonsAmy K. Goodwin, Susan A. James, Kelly E. Lane, Michael C. McDermott, Rebecca L. Rodgerson, and Nancy A. Ator Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of BehavioralBiologyIn our laboratory, we had often discussed our desire to create an area in which our singly housed, adult male ba-boons could be released to exercise. The opportunity to do so arose when an environmental enrichment grant from the Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins University provided funding for such a project. Thus, the goals of the present study were to cre-ate an area large enough for baboons to safely engage in species-specific behavior (i.e., free movement, explora-tory behavior, foraging) and to learn whether exposure to this environment would be correlated with changes in target behaviors considered indicators of psychological well-being.MethodsSubjects: Six adult male baboons (Papio anubis; Primate Imports, New York, NY, or Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX) served as sub-jects in the present study. The six baboons (BB, DC, SY, CY, DE and SC) had been in the laboratory for at least three years and had been subjects in behavioral pharma-cology studies. During the present study, the behavioral pharmacology studies in which they participated included acute exposure to psychoactive compounds. Subjects were individually housed in stainless steel primate cages equipped with a bench running along one cage wall. The home cages, which provided 10 square feet of floor space (46.5 cubic feet total space), also served as the experi-mental chambers, so the behavioral pharmacology ex-periments took place in the home cage. Such experiments typically involve the use of one or more levers, stimulus lights, tones, and food pellet delivery. The baboons had visual and auditory access to other baboons.The baboons had continuous access to tap water from a spout at the front of their cages and received a daily ration of Lab Diet (®PMI Nutrition International) or Pri-mate diet (®Harlan Teklad) biscuits, one or two pieces of Amy K. Goodwin, Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med., Behav-ioral Biology Research Center, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Suite 3000, Baltimore, MD 21224 [410-550-2781; fax: 410-550-2780; e-mail: Goodwin@].The establishment of the enrichment room was made possi-ble through an Animal Welfare Enhancement Award made by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. The authors would also like to thank Dan Rodgerson for the technical expertise he lent to the project, and Robert J. Adams, DVM, for helpful comments during the protocol review process and manuscript preparation.fresh fruits or vegetables daily, and children’s chewable multivitamins. Daily feeding occurred in late morning (never prior to time spent in the enrichment room). The enrichment program already established in the colony, which included human interaction, access to three or more toys (forage boxes, puzzle feeders, mirrors, Kong® toys, wood logs), and music continued without change during the present study.The overhead lights in the housing room were on for 13 h/day (6:00-19:00 h) and off for the remaining 11 h/day. Natural light also illuminated the room.Routine physical examinations (under ketamine hy-drochloride anesthesia) occurred every two weeks or ap-proximately once per month, depending on the study in which each subject was serving.All protocols were approved by the Johns Hopkins University Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal care and use and facility maintenance followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996) and the U. S. Animal Welfare Regulations. Johns Hopkins University is accredited by the Association for Assess-ment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care Inter-national.Room Construction: It was vital that the time and effort required to create the enrichment room space be manage-able and that the expense stay below the $6000 received for the project from the Animal Welfare Enhancement Award. Ultimately, by using resources already available to us, we were able to manage the time and effort required without affecting the normal daily functioning in the labo-ratory.The space designated for the enrichment room had been constructed as an animal housing room (i.e., wall and floor surfaces met Guide standards; air was vented externally), and all environmental aspects (e.g., tempera-ture and humidity) were controllable by laboratory per-sonnel. The space was not needed for housing animals when the project began. The room has 145.8 square feet of floor space (663.5 cubic feet of total space), a fully functional sink, and a steel railing on three walls.A door had to be constructed such that baboons would be able to be safely transferred in and out of the room using the shuttle system described below. In order to accomplish this without permanently altering the room, a door measuring 83.25” by 47.25” was made of aluminumsheets in a frame of 3” x 1.25” 6061 architectural alumi-num, and installed in the existing door frame in front of the existing door (see Figure 1). A sub-frame containing a portion of the front wall of an old baboon cage was mounted in the center of the new aluminum door and welded to the larger door frame such that the shuttle cage could be connected to the embedded guillotine-style door. Once the shuttle is attached, the guillotine-style doors on the shuttle cage and the new “cage front” door are opened and the baboon is able to pass from the shuttle into the room. The cage front door is shut behind the baboon. When a baboon is not in the room, the aluminum door functions as any door would, allowing personnel into theroom so that it may be cleaned between baboons.Figure 1: The door constructed to safely transfer baboons in and out of the enrichment room.A painted wooden structure was also manufactured to block baboon access to the sink and its pipes (see Figure 2).The structure is hinged at the front, allowing easy ac-cess to the sink by personnel; fasteners prevent the baboon from opening the lid to the sink. Electrical outlets were covered with metal plates that were screwed in over them. Experimental Design and Procedures: The psychologi-cal well-being of nonhuman primates must be based on individual needs, thus a single-subject design was used in which each subject served as his own experimental control (Sidman, 1960). A subject’s target behavior was meas-ured before the intervention (i.e., exposure to enrichment room) and then measurements in the home cage continued as baboons were periodically exposed to the enrichment room. Prior to any enrichment room exposure, the fre-quency of the target behavior in the home cage was re-corded using a time-sampling procedure (Martin & Pear, 1992) in which 2-minute observations were conducted every hour for 8 hours (i.e., every hour from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.) at least three days a week, over at least three weeks (i.e., a minimum of 72 two-minute observations). After subjects began spending time in the enrichment room, the home cage observations occurred once per week on a day when the baboon was not scheduled to be in the enrich-ment room (e.g., eight 2-minute observations on Fridays). Figure 2: A baboon in the enrichment room. The wooden structure on the left is the painted and hinged structure used to block baboon access to a sink located in the enrichment room. Shown in the picture are various types of plastic zoo balls, plas-tic tires, tree branches, mirrors, plastic chains, and cardboard for shredding. In addition, small food items (e.g., raisins, peanuts, cashews, popcorn, sunflower seeds, etc.) are placed throughoutthe room to encourage foraging behavior.The frequency of behaviors was recorded by the ob-server marking a behavioral checklist that included the following behaviors: pacing, rocking, bouncing, circling, self-biting, self-grooming, sleeping, huddled posture, masturbating, aggressive behaviors, playing with toy, lip-smacking, grunting, eating, and drinking. Similar behav-iors have been defined previously in our lab as a part of assessments to examine acute and chronic drug effects (Ator et al., 2000; Goodwin et al., 2005; Goodwin et al., 2006).Three baboons (BB, DC, and SY) were identified as exhibiting behaviors in their home cages for which a de-crease in the frequency may indicate improvement in psy-chological well-being. For baboon BB, the behaviors were pacing and circling in his home cage. For baboons DC and SY, a “huddled” posture, operationally defined assitting with chin on chest and being unresponsive to nor-mal stimuli (e.g., our saying his name or offering food treats), was identified as such a behavior. In addition, baboon SY was identified as engaging in excessive grooming. For all three baboons, manipulating items/toys provided in the home cage was identified as a behavior for which increases in frequency may signal improve-ments in psychological well-being and was also recorded.Periodic cage washes (e.g., every two weeks) require baboons to be transferred out of their home cages and into a temporary cage via a “shuttle”. After the shuttle is at-tached to the front of a baboon’s home cage, the guillo-tine style doors on the cage front and shuttle front are lifted and the baboon is able to enter the shuttle. The doors are then shut, and the baboon is transferred to a temporary cage while his home cage is washed. The same procedures are used to transfer the baboons back to their home cages. Although most baboons readily par-ticipate in this procedure, some baboons consistently re-quire coaxing to enter the shuttle. Typically, veterinary technicians attempt to coax baboons into the shuttle by placing fruit in it, and when this fails, the back wall of the home cage is cranked forward so baboons have no choice but to enter the shuttle. In these extreme situations, ba-boons may experience some level of stress associated with the cage wall being cranked forward.Three baboons (CY, DE, and SC) from the colony were identified as consistently required coaxing and/or cranking of the back wall in their home cage in order to transfer them in the shuttle for routine cage washes. De-creasing the time taken for these baboons to enter the shuttle was presumed to lower the stress levels experi-enced by these baboons when they require such transfer.Exposure to the enrichment room began after pre-intervention data had been collected. Between 7 a.m. and 12 p.m. (i.e., prior to daily feedings), individual baboons were transported from their home cages to the enrichment room in the shuttle 2-3 times per week. Two dependent variables were used to measure the effectiveness of expo-sure to the enrichment room:1.Target Behaviors: For baboons BB, DC, and SY, the frequency of the behavior(s) identified for each baboon as described above (i.e., circling/pacing, huddled posture, excessive grooming, and handling toys) were systemati-cally recorded by a trained observer before any subject entered the room (i.e., in the weeks prior to entering the enrichment room the first time) using checklists described above.2.Shuttle Behavior: For baboons CY, DE and SC, the latency to enter the shuttle for transportation was re-corded in multiple instances before any exposure to the enrichment room; recording continued after exposure to the enrichment began. The maximum latency to enter the shuttle voluntarily was defined as five minutes, after which time the back wall was cranked forward to leave the baboon with no choice but to enter the shuttle.Each baboon spent 30 minutes in the enrichment room where he had access to numerous objects and toys manu-factured or otherwise suggested for nonhuman primates, including tires, various types of plastic balls, trees, mir-rors, wood pieces, knotted ropes, plastic chains, etc. (see Figure 2; Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ; Desert Plastics, Al-buquerque, NM; Otto Environmental, Milwaukee, WI; Primate Products Inc., Woodside, CA; and Steiner Enter-prises, Lafayette, IN). The same objects were kept in the room, but were cleaned and arranged differently between baboon visits. In addition, small food items (e.g., raisins, peanuts, cashews, popcorn, sunflower seeds) were placed throughout the room for each baboon to encourage forag-ing behavior. The objects manipulated and duration spent in the enrichment room were recorded for each baboon.After 30 minutes, the shuttle was pushed up against the guillotine door to the room and the doors on the shut-tle and the cage door were raised for transportation to the home cage. Baboons typically returned readily to the shuttle. If a baboon did not do so, a technician placed a piece of fruit in the shuttle to coax the baboon into it. As noted above, daily feeding (i.e., primate biscuits and fresh produce) was restricted to post-enrichment room partici-pation, to increase the likelihood that baboons resisting entering the shuttle might be coaxed with the fruit.Data Analysis: Data are presented for individual ba-boons. As subjects were also participants in on-going behavioral pharmacology studies, only data collected on days when no drugs were administered were included in this data analysis. As described above, a time-sampling procedure was used to assess the frequency of a specific behavior in the home cage for any given day Martin & Pear,1992).Thus, the total number of episodes across the eight 2-min.observations (one each hour for eight con-secutive hours)that occurred in one 24-hr period was av-eraged across days for the periods before and after en-richment room exposure. In addition, the 2-min. observa-tions were combined within each day by adding the fre-quency of occurrences of any given behavior and then dividing the total frequency by the number of total min-utes spent observing in order to express a rate. In this way, the rate for each day served as an independent ob-servation for comparing frequencies before and during exposure to the enrichment room using Student’s t-test (one-tailed).For the individual latencies to enter the transport shuttle, logarithmic transformation of individual latencies were analyzed using Student’s t-test (one-tailed). Changes in the mean frequency of a specific behavior, or the mean latency to enter the shuttle, were deemed statis-tically significant at the 0.05 level or better for individual baboons after exposure to the enrichment room.The data are also presented in graph form as (1) the mean (±SD) frequency of each measure for each baboon prior to any exposure in the enrichment room (PRE) and (2) the frequency of that measure following each expo-sure to the room. In this way, patterns of change over time as a result of repeated exposure to the enrichment room may be detected.ResultsFor baboon BB, repetitive pacing/circling in the home cage was identified as the target behavior prior to the start of this study. Using the time-sampling procedure de-scribed above, the mean (±SD) frequency of pac-ing/circling episodes in the home cage prior to any visits to the enrichment room was 2.19 (±1.39) (see Figure 3). After exposure to the enrichment room, the mean (±SD) number of pacing/circling episodes significantly de-creased to 0.643 (±0.63) (t=3.948; p=0.0002).Figure 3: The mean frequency of pacing/circling episodes per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon BB. Data here, and in Figures 4, 5, and 6, are the mean (±SD) frequency ob-tained using a time-sampling procedure before exposure to the enrichment room (PRE), and the frequency observed following exposure to the enrichment room.For baboons DC and SY, a “huddled” posture was identified as a target behavior for which a decrease fol-lowing exposure to the enrichment room may indicate an improvement in psychological well-being (see Figure 4). As noted previously, the “huddled” posture is defined as sitting with chin on chest and being unresponsive to nor-mal stimuli. For baboon DC, the mean (±SD) frequency of the “huddled” posture prior to exposure to the enrich-ment room was 5.25 (±1.29). The mean frequency after exposure decreased to 4.21 (±1.31), a statistically signifi-cant decrease (t=2.02; p=0.03; see Figure 4). For baboon SY, the frequency of “huddled” posture observed in the home cage also decreased after exposure to the enrich-ment room. Prior to the first exposure to the enrichment room, the mean (±SD) frequency of a “huddled” posture for SY was 1.88 (±1.37). This was significantly de-creased to 0.71 (±0.83) (t=2.92; p=0.003).Figure 4: The mean frequency of “huddled” posture per two-minute interval in the home cages of baboons DC and SY.Excessive grooming was also identified as a target behavior for baboon SY for which a decrease in the fre-quency may signal an improvement in his psychological well-being (see Figure 5). The mean (±SD) frequency of grooming episodes prior to exposure to the enrichment room was 3.77 (±1.45). The mean (±SD) frequency of grooming episodes after exposure decreased to 2.36 (±0.74), a statistically significant decrease (t=3.34;p=0.0008).Figure 5: The mean frequency of grooming episodes per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon SY.Figure 6: The mean frequency of episodes of “playing with toys” per two-minute interval in the home cage of baboon BB.Behaviors for which an increase in frequency might signal improved psychological well-being were also char-acterized. For baboon BB, there was a significant in-crease in the frequency of “playing with toys” in his home cage after exposure to the enrichment room (t=4.48; p<0.0001). As shown in Figure 6, the frequency since exposure to the enrichment room generally increased. Prior to enrichment room exposure, the mean (±SD) fre-quency of baboon BB “playing with toys” in the home cage was 2.27 (±1.91). After the first exposure, the mean (±SD) frequency was 4.9 (±1.54).Figure 7: The mean (±SD) latency (min.) to enter the shuttle from the home cages of baboons DE and CY before (PRE) ex-posure to the enrichment room and after exposure. The maxi-mum latency was five min., after which the back wall of the home cage was cranked forward.Some of SY’s and DC’s behaviors in the home cage that may signal improvement in psychological well-being when increased (i.e., playing with toys, lip smacking, and grunting) were not significantly changed (data not shown) after exposure to the enrichment room.The latency to enter the shuttle for transportation from the home cage to the enrichment room was studied in three baboons (DE, CY, SC) known to require coaxing, and often cranking the back wall of the home cage, to get them into the shuttle. As shown in Figure 7, baboon DE required a mean (±SD) latency of 3.45 (±1.82) minutes to enter the shuttle prior to any exposure in the enrichment room. After the first exposure, the mean latency to enter the shuttle significantly decreased (t=7.4; p<0.0001). For baboon CY, the mean (±SD) latency to enter the shuttle prior to exposure was 0.53 ± 0.57 minutes, a significant decrease after exposure (t=2.1; p=0.023).Despite coaxing with fruit, one baboon (SC) failed to return to the shuttle after entering the enrichment room. Fortunately, the baboon was one who readily pressed his thigh up against the bars for ketamine injections in the home cage and also did so in the enrichment room. While ketamine is routinely used in lab settings for its sedative effects, it is a drug with potential for abuse, and studies have illustrated that nonhuman primates will self-administer ketamine (Lukas et al., 1984; Moreton et al., 1977). Thus, since intramuscular ketamine clearly served as a reinforcer for this baboon, the veterinary technician was able to sedate the animal with ketamine in order to remove him from the room. When this also needed to be done at the end of his second visit to the room, this ba-boon was dropped from the study.DiscussionThe objective of the present study was to improve the quality of life for baboons in our lab through exposure to an expanded environmental enrichment program. We could not simply assume, however, that exposure to the enrichment room would result in an improvement in the psychological well-being of our subjects. Thus, we iden-tified three baboons with maladaptive behaviors in their home cages and compared the frequency of these behav-iors prior to enrichment room exposure to the frequency of the same behaviors after exposure, and found signifi-cant decreases in their frequency.In addition, we found that two baboons would more readily enter the transport shuttle after exposure to the enrichment room. That is, the stress resulting from crank-ing the back wall forward and “forcing” baboons out of the cage and into the shuttle for transport no longer oc-curs for these baboons, since they now readily enter the shuttle. This is important because baboons must be trans-ported out of their home cages for regular cage washes.Thus, our data support the idea that exposure to the enrichment room improved the psychological well-being of the baboons. In addition, while only one of the ba-boons showed an increase in the use of toys in his home cage, it is possible the baboons experienced significant increases in their psychological well-being that were un-detected by our outcome measures. Moreover, by docu-menting the smaller objects manipulated (e.g., Kong® toys, balls made of different materials, plastic chains, mirrors) while the baboons were in the enrichment room, we also were able to identify individual toy preferences for individual baboons. This has resulted in more effec-tive enrichment being provided in the home cages.Another goal was simply to increase the amount of activity in which the baboons were able to engage. Tech-nicians consistently noted in the records that baboons spend a majority of time in the enrichment room moving around and “exploring.”A discussion of promoting the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates in laboratories would not be complete without mentioning possible causes of abnormal cage behaviors. While it is not possible to know why one baboon engages in maladaptive behaviors when others do not, one theory with an abundance of evidence asserts that removing an infant from his mother’s care too soon can result in the formation of abnormal cage behaviors later in life (Altmann, 2001; Bellanca & Crockett, 2002). Neither information about the age at which a baboon was removed from his mother’s care, nor descriptions of early life experiences, are routinely provided with nonhuman primates upon arrival at research facilities. For example, while the actual age of baboon BB is not known, he was a wild-caught baboon who weighed a mere 8.2 kg and was lacking his canine teeth upon arrival, leaving no doubt he arrived as a juvenile. Moreover, when he arrived at quar-antine (and for a period of time after arriving in our facil-ity), BB was housed with a second male baboon that was bigger and dominated BB. Thus, the cage behaviors ex-hibited by BB later in life may have been shaped as a consequence of being taken from his mother too soon and/or being caged with a dominant older male early in life. While many factors certainly influence the formation of maladaptive behaviors, housing and rearing conditions, early life experience, and colony procedures clearly play a role. Indeed, a retrospective analysis in a colony of rhesus macaques concluded that factors influencing the development of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors in rhesus macaques included intrinsic factors (i.e., males exhibit more maladaptive behaviors than did females), rearing conditions, housing conditions, colony manage-ment practices, and research protocols (Lutz et al., 2003). Regardless of the cause of abnormal cage behaviors, it is important to examine how environmental enrichment may be useful for decreasing these behaviors.Since we ended our data collection, the enrichment room has been available for all baboons in our colony, and we have encountered baboons that do not readily return to the shuttle for transportation back to their home cages. Specifically, we have had three instances, other than the one reported above, when baboons would not readily exit the enrichment room. In these instances, the technicians tried to coax the baboon into the shuttle by placing fruit in it, but found it required considerable time before the baboons would exit. That is, after a period of 1-4 hours baboons eventually returned to the shuttle, and those baboons are not currently visiting the enrichment room. Other methods for encouraging return to the shut-tle, however, are being tried. For example, we have found that turning off the room light was successful with one baboon. Based on our experience during and after the present study, 30-45 minutes seems to be the ideal amount of time in the room after which the majority of baboons will readily exit the room without incident.It is our hope that other laboratories will use an en-richment room for caged nonhuman primates and will find it a valuable tool for increasing their psychological well-being. Facilities that house very large numbers of nonhuman primates may find it difficult to expend the time, space, and money to offer such enrichment to all animals. While it would be wonderful to give all the animals in a lab access to an enrichment room, it would not be as expensive to at least provide it to those animals who need it most. Indeed, our data support the notion that the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates exhibiting maladaptive behaviors can improve by expo-sure to an enrichment room.It should be noted, however, that some unique vari-ables may have contributed to our success. The veteri-nary technicians in the Division of Behavioral Biology are responsible for the daily care of the same animals, and the baboons serve as subjects in behavioral experiments for a number of years (i.e., studies are not terminal). Thus, the baboons are extremely familiar with their vet-erinary technicians. In addition, the baboons have a his-tory of shuttling for cage washes and so the act of moving from their home cages to the enrichment room was famil-iar to them. Nonetheless, exposing baboons with target behaviors indicative of poor psychological well-being to the enrichment room resulted in an apparent improvement in psychological well-being. The ease of replication of the enrichment room in other nonhuman primate colonies is contingent on the availability of space, time, and some financial support.In conclusion, participation in the expanded enrich-ment program enhanced the standard enrichment provided in the home cages, and also appeared to improve the psy-chological well-being of individual baboons with identi-fied maladaptive behaviors in our research program. We。

2023年中级经济师人力三色笔记

2023年中级经济师考试备考笔记1. 关于2023年中级经济师考试2023年中级经济师考试是对经济学专业知识和技能进行全面考察的一次重要测试。

准备参加考试的考生需要系统掌握宏观经济学、微观经济学、经济基础知识、财经法规等相关内容，在备考过程中，要有计划、有步骤地进行复习，科学、高效地利用时间，提高复习质量，做到“看深、看透、看精”。

2. 人力资源管理在企业管理中，人力资源管理是一个至关重要的环节。

要搞好人力资源管理就要善于变革，提高管理、服务效率，适应市场经济环境的要求，适应企业从传统制造业向现代服务业发展的需要。

在这个过程中，要不断提高企业在人才引进、培训、使用、福利待遇等方面的管理水平，提高劳动者素质，使之适应市场需求。

3. 三色笔记的使用三色笔记是一种高效的记笔记方法，它将重点、次重点、基本信息分别用不同颜色的笔进行标记，提高信息的分类和整理能力，有助于记忆。

在备考的过程中，考生可以将重点知识用红色笔进行标注，次重点知识用蓝色笔进行标注，基本信息用黑色笔进行标注，这样可以在复习的时候，更加清晰地看到自己的重点掌握情况，帮助自己更加迅速地找到需要重点关注的知识点，提高复习效率。

4. 个人观点和理解在备考2023年中级经济师考试的过程中，我将充分利用人力资源管理的知识，不断完善自己的复习计划和方法，提高复习效率和复习质量，在复习的过程中，我会尝试使用三色笔记的方法来记笔记和整理资料，提高记忆和复习的效果。

总结回顾2023年中级经济师考试备考过程中，一定要系统、完整地掌握宏观经济学、微观经济学、经济基础知识、财经法规等相关内容，善于变革，提高人力资源管理的水平，提高劳动者素质，同时要科学、高效地利用时间，提高复习质量，在这个过程中，三色笔记是一个值得尝试的高效学习方法，希望借助这些方法和技巧，可以取得优异的考试成绩，为自己的未来打下坚实的基础。

至此，我对2023年中级经济师考试备考笔记的撰写就此完成。

零基础学短视频一本通阅读笔记

《零基础学短视频一本通》阅读笔记1. 短视频基础知识短视频是一种时长通常在几分钟以内的视频内容，以快速传递信息、展示生活片段和娱乐为目的。

随着智能手机和网络技术的普及，短视频已成为大众获取信息、社交娱乐的重要方式之一。

短视频的发展经历了从早期的简单视频分享，到如今的短视频内容创作、社交媒体营销等多个阶段。

随着移动互联网的快速发展，短视频行业也在不断创新和变革。

短视频类型多样，包括娱乐、教育、美食、旅行、生活等多个领域。

其特点包括时长短、节奏快、内容精炼、形式多样等。

短视频还具有互动性强、传播速度快、易于制作等优点。

学习短视频制作，首先需要了解视频拍摄的基础知识。

包括相机或手机的选择与设置、拍摄角度与构图、光线与场景选择等。

掌握这些基础知识，能够大大提高短视频的视觉效果和观感。

除了视频画面，音频也是短视频的重要组成部分。

学习如何录制和处理音频，包括降噪、增强音质等技巧，对于提升短视频的质量至关重要。

后期制作是短视频制作的关键环节，包括剪辑、特效、字幕、音效等。

掌握常用的视频编辑软件，如Adobe Premiere、Final Cut Pro 等，能够更高效地制作高质量短视频。

了解各大短视频平台的运营策略和推广方式，对于创作者来说非常重要。

学习如何制定有效的运营策略，提高短视频的曝光率和影响力，也是创作者必须掌握的技能之一。

1.1 短视频概述一种时长通常在数秒至数十分钟之间的视频内容形式，以其短小精悍、内容多样、节奏紧凑的特点在互联网时代大受欢迎。

短视频可以包含各种类型的媒体元素，如动画、实景拍摄等，具有视觉化、直观化的表达优势。

短视频的传播主要依赖于各类社交媒体平台和短视频应用，通过这些平台，用户可以轻松创建、分享和观看短视频。

其特点主要包括时长短、内容精、形式多样化、互动性强等。

短视频的发展可以追溯到移动互联网的普及和智能手机的广泛运用。

随着网络技术的不断进步，短视频从最初的简单片段分享，逐渐发展为包含更丰富内容、更多元表现形式的艺术形式。

闫辉CCNA_学习笔记05

1.Cisco设备外部构造：Console线内部实际为反转线；Aux口（Auxiliary port）：通过连接专用model再连接PC进行网管；ISDN BRI口用于ISDN网络中；AUI口用来连接模块然后再连接RJ45线缆，支持10Mbit/s。

2.Cisco设备内部构造：RAM：随机存储器，断电丢失，用作内存，可保存running-config；ROM：只读存储器，用作存储IOS残像，可还原IOS；Flash：闪存，即硬盘，用作存储完整的IOS；NVRAM：非易失性RAM，断电不丢失，用作保存startup-config以及Configuration Register；Interfaces；CPU；Mother Board：背板；3.Router Power-On Boot Sequence：⏹Perform power-on self-test (POST)；⏹Load and run bootstrap code；⏹Find the Cisco IOS Software；⏹Load the Cisco IOS Software；⏹Find the configuration；⏹Load the configuration；⏹Run the configured Cisco IOS Software。

4.Finding the Cisco IOS Image（只有boot system command作为命令不在第六步中，而位于第2.5步）：5.ROMMON=ROM monitor。

6.查看启动配置：show startup-config。

7.Configuration Register Values：8.Router Startup Flowchart：9.常用show命令：Show version；Show flash；10.Overview of Router Modes：11.查看当前模式下的权限级别：Show privilege。

伍朝辉黄金解套笔记K线1234

伍朝辉黄金解套笔记:K线1篇K线1：那么我们在讲课期间，大家认真的做好笔记就行了。

有一些我讲得语气比较重的地方，你就赶紧记下来。

另外一个呢就是我会偶尔做一下板书。

那么第二个问题就是什么呢，我们在这个讲课的过程当中是不允许摄像的，就是你们这些针孔摄影机，这个就呵呵，统统的收起来。

是吧。

那么第三个我要讲的就是这次我们学习的这个黄金解套这个课程呢，已经是一个最高端的课程了，再高端以上就是学操盘手啦。

那么这个课程他学到有几个好处，不是一个好处啊。

这几个好处就是：首先，第一个，你会发现所有的牛股你拿用眼睛一瞄，你就知道他是不是牛股。

（学完之后）第二个，他可以容纳，不论多大的资金都可以展开操作，那怕就是一百个亿，照样可以做。

他可以从一万块钱到一百个亿都没有问题，学黄金解套。

第三个呢，这个技术既可以做短线，也可以做中线，更可以做长线，他可以有三种操作的功能。

第四个呢，他是一个比较稳的交易技术。

他不需要我们天天在里面追涨杀跌。

你只要按照我们技术的要求去进行交易就ok的啦。

第六个当然是最重要的，学完这个课之后，如果有人跟你谈股票，他只要说一个股票出来，你就知道他的水平处在哪个地方。

所以这五天的课程呢，基本上可以让大家达到这样一个效果。

能够看明白，能够看的懂，能够展开操作，能够在接下来的这个交易当中，能够按照自己的这种思维特征和交易策略去进行稳定的交易。

再也不会像过去那样了。

要注意啊，这是这几天学黄金解套课的一个会产生的结果。

但是最终的结果是什么呢？我们每个月呢，会有一个考核，这个考核就是：从下一月开始，这个课程结束时开始，每个月资金的总收益率是20%，叫过关，他的考核。

哪怕你是一个亿也要做到这一点。

20%是检验你有没有把黄金解套技术掌握的一个指标。

你掌握了就20%，你没掌握呢就没有。

那么我的，接下来对大家的这个后续的工作是什么呢？首先第一个，我们每一个月的月尾，我们会选出下一个月需要操作的目标股票。

这个股票呢，一共是三十只。

2023年中级经济师金融专业三色笔记

2023年中级经济师金融专业三色笔记2023年中级经济师金融专业三色笔记【引子】1. 从过去的笔记经验来看，良好的笔记对于统考中级经济师金融专业的学习至关重要。

在2023年的考试中，为了更好地备考，我结合自己的学习经验和前辈的建议，总结出了一种高效的笔记方法——三色笔记。

这种方法不仅可以帮助我理清知识脉络和重点理论，还能够通过颜色分类使笔记更加直观易懂。

现在，我将与大家分享这种笔记方法和我的学习心得。

【主体】2. 为什么选择三色笔记？- 分类明确：使用三种不同颜色的笔（如红、蓝、绿）可以将不同类型的知识清晰地区分开来，例如定义、关键词、实例等。

- 突出重点：通过使用不同颜色的笔在重点知识上做标记，可以方便我在复习时更快地找到重要素材。

- 养成良好的学习习惯：通过彩色笔记的方式，我可以更加主动地去思考和总结笔记，加深对知识的理解和记忆。

3. 如何使用三色笔记？- 红笔：用于标记定义、公式、定理等重要概念。

红色的鲜艳和醒目可以吸引我的注意力，使这些重要内容一目了然。

- 蓝笔：用于写关键词、解析步骤、观点等。

蓝色比较柔和，让我能够更好地理解和串联不同知识点之间的关系。

- 绿笔：用于写实例、案例、拓展内容等。

绿色给人一种温和和积极的感觉，适用于陈述例子和其他扩展资料。

4. 三色笔记的例子：- 对于一个名词定义，我可以用红笔将其突出标记，并用蓝笔记录关键词和解释步骤，用绿笔给出实例辅助理解。

- 如果是一道计算题，我可以用红笔标记公式，用蓝笔记录计算步骤，用绿笔写出一些类似的实例以及相关的拓展内容。

【个人观点和理解】5. 我个人认为，三色笔记不仅对2023年中级经济师金融专业的考试备考有很大帮助，而且在学习其他知识领域时也同样适用。

通过使用不同颜色的笔记录笔记，我们可以更好地整理和理解知识，加深记忆和理解。

通过这种分类和归纳的方法，我们可以更好地掌握知识的重点和难点，提高学习效率。

【总结】6. 2023年中级经济师金融专业的备考对我们来说是一个重要的挑战。

2023中级经济师考试经济基础新版三色笔记

2023中级经济师考试经济基础新版三色笔记摘要：1.2023 年中级经济师考试经济基础概述2.三色笔记的概念与作用3.新版三色笔记的主要内容4.如何有效利用新版三色笔记备考正文：【2023 年中级经济师考试经济基础概述】2023 年中级经济师考试经济基础是广大考生在备考过程中需要重点关注的内容。

中级经济师考试经济基础涉及的知识点较多，需要考生掌握一定的经济学、财会学、统计学等专业基础知识，以便在考试中取得好成绩。

【三色笔记的概念与作用】三色笔记是一种高效的学习方法，通过将知识点分为三个层次（重要、次重要、不重要），并使用不同颜色的笔进行标注，帮助考生快速掌握重点，提高学习效率。

对于中级经济师考试经济基础的学习，三色笔记具有很好的适用性。

【新版三色笔记的主要内容】新版三色笔记根据2023 年中级经济师考试经济基础的考试大纲，系统地梳理了各个知识点，并将其分为三个层次。

具体内容包括：1.重要知识点：包括经济学、财会学、统计学等领域的核心概念、原理和方法，以及历年考试中出现频率较高的考点。

2.次重要知识点：包括一些具体的应用案例、相关法律法规及政策解释等，这些知识点在考试中出现频率较低，但对于理解和掌握重要知识点有一定帮助。

3.不重要知识点：主要是一些具体的数据、数字和细节性描述，这些知识点对于理解和掌握核心知识点没有太大影响，可以在备考过程中适当忽略。

【如何有效利用新版三色笔记备考】1.系统学习：在开始备考之前，先系统地学习一遍新版三色笔记中的重要知识点，对整个考试内容有一个全面的了解。

2.分层掌握：根据三色笔记的分类，对不同层次的知识点采取不同的学习策略。

对于重要知识点，要深入理解、熟练掌握；对于次重要知识点，要了解其基本概念和应用；对于不重要知识点，可以适当忽略。

3.练习巩固：在学习过程中，要结合历年真题和模拟题进行练习，以检验自己对知识点的掌握程度，并及时发现并弥补知识盲点。

4.复习策略：在备考后期，要重点复习重要知识点，同时关注次重要知识点的掌握。

网络系统建设与运维(高级)电子教案全书教案完整版精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）
教学流程设计（理实一体化）。

23年中级经济师人力资源三色笔记

23年中级经济师人力资源三色笔记23年中级经济师人力资源三色笔记第一篇：看趋势三色笔记一、人力资源管理的背景和趋势1. 人力资源管理的背景20世纪70年代以来，全球化和信息化的浪潮席卷全球，国际贸易和跨国公司的兴起，以及人力资源管理理念的不断发展推动了人力资源管理的兴盛。

人力资源管理不再仅仅是一种人力资源规划和招聘培训的职能，而是由一个组织中的人力资源统筹、发展和应用的一系列管理人的活动的总和。

它关注如何有效地运用和管理组织的人力资源，从而实现组织的战略目标。

经济全球化和信息技术的发展使得组织面临更为复杂和多样化的挑战，如人员流动性增加、全球化竞争的加剧、多元文化的冲突等。

因此，人力资源管理需要不断适应变化的环境和组织需求，不断发展和创新。

2. 人力资源管理的趋势a. 全球化趋势经济全球化的加剧使得组织不再局限于本国人才市场，而是面临全球范围内的人才竞争。

因此，招聘和培养具备全球背景和跨文化能力的人才成为重要的趋势。

而人力资源管理也需要具备国际视野和全球招聘、培训和管理能力。

b. 技术化趋势随着信息技术的不断发展，人力资源管理也进入了数字化时代。

人力资源管理需要借助信息系统和大数据分析来支持招聘、绩效评估和人力资源规划等活动。

此外，人力资源管理还需要关注人力资本和知识管理，不断提高组织的人力资源效益。

c. 多元化趋势多元化是现代组织面临的一个重要挑战。

组织需要拥有多元化的员工队伍来应对不同的市场需求和文化背景。

因此，人力资源管理需要关注多元化的招聘和培训，以及多元文化的管理和沟通能力。

二、人力资源管理的核心要素1. 人力资源规划人力资源规划是人力资源管理的基础工作，也是实现组织战略目标的关键。

它涉及到组织对人力资源需求的预测、现有人力资源的评估和补充、以及人力资源流动和离职的管理。

人力资源规划需要关注组织的长期发展目标和市场需求，以及人才的供求情况。

2. 招聘和选拔招聘和选拔是组织获取人才的重要方式。

左玉辉第二版环境学经典笔记2018版(精品笔记同类院校真题答案习题集课件课本)

版块一关于本套笔记整体格式与内容说明............................................................................................................ 1 一、笔记章节框架内容设置说明.....................................................................................................................1 ◇ 备考指南.................................................................................................................................... 1 ◇ 知识点解读................................................................................................................................ 1 ◇ 环境考研中心补充资料汇总.................................................................................................... 1 ◇ 经典例题详解............................................................................................................................ 1 二、关于笔记中各知识点权重的说明.............................................................................................................2 三、关于笔记中内容组织格式说明.................................................................................................................2

第12课台阶课堂笔记。

本次课程主题：金融风险。

1.金融风险定义。

金融风险是指在金融活动中，由于各种不确定因素所导致的投资亏损、资金流失等损失的风险。

2.金融风险类型。

（1）市场风险：指由于市场价格波动的不确定性所带来的风险；
（2）信用风险：指债务人因为违约、延迟支付、破产等而产生的损
失风险；
（3）操作风险：指在金融机构日常运营中出现的人为错误、疏忽、
欺诈等所带来的风险；
（4）流动性风险：指无法及时平仓或者以正常价格变现资产的风险。

3.金融风险管理方法。

（1）风险识别：识别并了解各种风险的存在和程度；
（2）风险测量：对风险进行科学的测量和评估；
（3）风险控制：确定风险控制措施，通过对风险进行有效的控制和
管理；
（4）风险监控：对风险控制措施进行监控和检查，及时进行调整和
优化。

4.衡量金融风险的指标。

（1）价值风险：客户的投资价值出现波动的风险，度量指标是价值-at-risk（VaR）;。

（2）信用风险：评估债券和贷款违约的风险，度量指标是债券和企业评级；
（3）利率风险：评估因利率波动导致的投资价值损失，度量指标是久期(Duration)；
（4）市场风险：评估由于市场价格波动而导致的没有出现实际损失的潜在风险，度量指标即VaR。

2023年中级经济师三色笔记资料

2023年中级经济师三色笔记资料2023年中级经济师考试是由中国人力资源与社会保障部主管的国家职业资格考试，其主要目的是评估考生对经济学原理、经济法规、经济政策等方面知识的掌握程度。

以下是我对于2023年中级经济师考试的准备过程中整理的三色笔记资料。

1.黄色笔记：概念和公式概念和公式是经济学考试的重点内容。

考生需要掌握各种经济学领域的重要概念，并熟悉相关的公式和计算方法。

在黄色笔记上，我记录了各种概念的定义和解释，并编写了易于理解的公式说明。

例如，我记录了市场需求曲线、供给曲线和均衡价格的计算方法，还记录了国民生产总值（GDP）的计算公式以及相关的指标解释。

2.绿色笔记：理论和原理经济学考试还涉及到各种理论和原理的学习。

在绿色笔记上，我整理了主要的经济学理论和原理，并用简洁明了的语言进行解释和说明。

例如，我记录了亚当·斯密的劳动价值论、约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯的总需求理论和米尔顿·弗里德曼的货币理论等。

在每个原理的旁边，我还注明了相关的图表和实例，以帮助我更好地理解和记忆。

3.蓝色笔记：案例分析和解题技巧经济学考试常常要求考生分析和解决一些实际案例和问题。

在蓝色笔记上，我记录了一些典型的案例，并提出了解决问题的技巧和方法。

例如，我记录了如何分析市场失灵的案例，并提出了解决方案，还记录了如何进行成本效益分析和投资决策的案例。

在蓝色笔记中，我还记录了经济学考试中常见的选择题和计算题的解题技巧，以及常用的解题公式和方法。

通过整理这样的三色笔记资料，我可以更好地掌握和理解经济学的知识，提高解题能力和应试技巧。

在备考过程中，我还通过阅读经济学相关的书籍和文献，参与模拟考试和讨论，进一步扩充了自己的知识面和思维能力。

我相信，只要充分准备和努力，我一定能够顺利通过2023年中级经济师考试。

1-s2.0-S0144861711010290-main

Carbohydrate Polymers 87 (2012) 2554–2562Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectCarbohydratePolymersj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c a r b p olPreparation and properties of oxidized starch with high degree of oxidationYu-Rong Zhang,Xiu-Li Wang ∗,Guo-Ming Zhao,Yu-Zhong Wang ∗Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials,College of Chemistry,National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610064,Chinaa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 5August 2011Received in revised form 9November 2011Accepted 9November 2011Available online 22 November 2011Keywords:Oxidized starch Carbonyl content Degree of oxidation Hydrogen peroxidea b s t r a c tA highly efﬁcient method for preparing oxidized starches with a high degree of oxidation (DO)was devel-oped,using CuSO 4and H 2O 2respectively as a catalyst and an oxidant.The effect of different parameters including starch origin,oxidant content,temperature,catalyst content,and reaction time on the DO was investigated systematically.In the present study,only 0.5%of catalyst was added,and the reaction time could be reduced to 1h,while in the previous study the reaction time of 72h was necessary to achieve almost the same DO without a catalyst.The structures and properties of oxidized starches were char-acterized by FT-IR,DSC,TGA,XRD,and transmittance light testing.The oxidation reduced the intrinsic viscosity and thermal stability of the oxidized starches,and could change the crystalline structures into amorphous states when the DO reached 56.3%.When temperature and/or DO increased,the transmittance of suspended solution of oxidized starch increased correspondingly.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.1.IntroductionStarch has been widely used in industry for a long time,due to its low cost,biodegradability,and renewability (Fishman,Cofﬁn,Konstance,&Onwulata,2000;Le Corre,Bras,&Dufresne,2010).It is composed of amylose,a linear polymer of ␣-(1-4)glucose units,and amylopectin,a branched polymer of linear ␣-(1-4)glucose units polymer with periodic branches of ␣-(1-6)linkages (Serrero et al.,2010).The hydroxyl groups of starch are easily subjected to various types of reactions,such as oxidation,esterﬁcation,ether-iﬁcation,etc.(Zdanowicz,Schmidt,&Spychaj,2010;Zhang et al.,2007).In particular,the oxidation of starch has been extensively investigated.Oxidation,as a chemical way of starch modiﬁcation,is com-monly used to obtain modiﬁed starches with low viscosity at high solid concentrations.The oxidized starch has been reported to have excellent ﬁlm-forming properties (Kuakpetoon &Wang,2001),and its use can improve the strength and printability of paper.In addition,the oxidized starch has also been widely used in indus-tries such as textile,laundry ﬁnishing,etc.(Kuakpetoon &Wang,2001).Hydroxyl groups,primarily at C-2,C-3,and C-6positions,are transformed to carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups by oxida-tion (Kuakpetoon &Wang,2006;Kurakake,Akiyama,Hagiwara,&Komaki,2009).Therefore,the number of these carboxyl and car-bonyl groups of oxidized starch indicates the level of oxidation.∗Corresponding authors.Tel.:+862885410259;fax:+862885410259.E-mail addresses:xiuliwang1@ (X.-L.Wang),yzwang@ (Y.-Z.Wang).Currently hypochlorite oxidation is the most common method for production of oxidized starches on an industrial scale.The oxidation reaction is usually performed in a mild to moderate alkaline solution in order to favor the yield of carboxyl groups.In commercial conversions,usually sodium or calcium hypochlo-rite are used as the oxidizing agents (Kuakpetoon &Wang,2008;Wang &Wang,2003).Permanganate (Silva et al.,2008;Takizawa,Silva,Konkel,&Demiate,2004),persulfate and periodate (Zhang et al.,2007)are also investigated as oxidizing agents in the labora-tory.Different oxidation procedures directly affect the molecular structure and properties of oxidized starch.Although those oxi-dations are chemically efﬁcient,they lead to the formation of large amounts of inorganic wastes such as chlorinated products (Sorokin,Kachkarova-Sorokina,Donze,Pinel,&Gallezot,2004).With envi-ronmental concern in a priority,the oxidant hydrogen peroxide,has drawn researchers’great interest because of its low cost and green water decomposition product.Generally,an accessible and inexpensive transition metal catalyst is added so as to speed up the reaction.Although oxidized starch prepared by hydrogen peroxide has already been investigated (El-Sheikh,Ramadan,&El-Shaﬁe,2009;Parovuori,Hamunen,Forssell,Autio,&Poutanen,1995;Wing &Willett,1997;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,&Wang,2009;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,Chen,&Wang,2009),most researchers focus on the prepa-ration of oxidized starch with a low DO,usually below 10%.Dialdehyde starch prepared by sodium periodate has been studied by our group before (Zhang et al.,2010,2007).However,the cost of oxidant is very high and the decomposed reaction products would pollute the environment.We have also prepared oxidized starch with a high DO using hydrogen peroxide,but the reaction time was0144-8617/$–see front matter © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.036Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers87 (2012) 2554–25622555too long(Wang,Zhang,Zhang,&Wang,2007;Zhang,Zhang,Wang, &Wang,2009;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,Chen,et al.,2009).For exam-ple,when oxidized starch with DO51.2%was prepared at a2:1ratio of oxidant to starch(molar ratio based on the glucose unit in starch molecules)at35◦C,the reaction time was72h.In this study,Cu(II)ion was added as a catalyst,which had been used to accelerate the reaction before(Achremowicz,Gumul,Bala-Piasek,Tomasik,&Haberko,2000;Parovuori,Hamunen,Forssell, Autio,&Poutanen,1995).The effect of the reaction conditions, including starch origin,oxidant content,temperature,catalyst con-tent,and reaction time on DO was well discussed.The thermal transition behavior,thermal stability,XRD,and transmittance of oxidized starch were also investigated.2.Materials and methods2.1.MaterialsCorn starch,pea starch and sweet potato starch containing 11–13%of moisture were obtained from Langfang Starch Company (Technical Grade,Langfang,Heibei,China).Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2,30%)and CuSO4·5H2O(analytical grade99.5%)were pur-chased from KeLong and Chengdu Chemical Reagent Factory respectively(China).2.2.OxidationThe oxidation procedure was modiﬁed according to the method of Wang et al.(2007),Zhang,Zhang,Wang,and Wang(2009)and Zhang,Zhang,Wang,Chen,et al.(2009).Starch slurry was pre-pared by adding10g starch and100ml distilled water into a250ml three-neck round bottomﬂask equipped with a mechanical stirring and heating device.The mixture was heated to80◦C with modest stirring to gelatinize the starch about0.5h.After that,the temper-ature was decreased to reaction temperatures ranging from15to 60◦C.The CuSO4·5H2O was dissolved in distilled water before being added to the starch.The CuSO4solution wasﬁrst added to the starch slurry,followed by the addition of H2O2in half an hour.Molar con-tents of CuSO4and H2O2were both based on the glucose unit of starch molecules.When the reaction was completed,the oxidized starch was precipitated in a large amount of ethanol and then sep-arated by centrifuging(Bragd,Besemer,&van Bekkum,2000).The product was dried for24h at50◦C in the vacuum oven and then at 80◦C for24h.Finally it was milled into powder.2.3.Determining degree of oxidationThe degree of oxidation was expressed as the number of total carboxyl and carbonyl groups per100glucose units.In most stud-ies on oxidized starch(Kuakpetoon&Wang,2001;Wing&Willett, 1997),the contents of carbonyl groups,and carboxyl groups were determined separately by two different analytical methods.The content of carboxyl groups was determined by titrating a sam-ple solution with a standard NaOH solution,while the carbonyl group content was determined by reacting carbonyl groups with hydroxylamine reagent and then back-titrating with an HCl solu-tion.A simpler method was developed to determine the total degree of oxidation of oxidized starch according to the literature (Kuakpetoon&Wang,2001;Wing&Willett,1997)with some mod-iﬁcations.A dry sample(0.1g)was slurried in distilled water(50ml)and then10ml of0.1M NaOH was added.After that,the slurry was heated to a boil to make it completely soluble.The cooled solu-tion was adjusted to a pH value of lower than7.0with10ml of 0.15M HCl aqueous solution.Because of the water evaporation in the process of heating,some water was added to keep the solution content the same as before heating.Then,the solution was heated to boil again for1min and the mixture was rapidly back-titrated with0.10M NaOH to the phenolphthalein end-point.A blank test was performed with nature starch.All samples were tested three times.DO=C NaOH V NaOH−C HCl V HClm/162×100%(1) DO S=DO T−DO B(2) where C NaOH and C HCl represented the concentrations of NaOH and HCl solutions,respectively;V NaOH and V HCl were the volumes of used NaOH and HCl solutions;m was the weight of dry or oxi-dized starch;DO S represented the DO of the samples,and DO B represented the DO of the blank sample.2.4.Intrinsic viscosity measurementIntrinsic viscosity was measured with a Ubbelohde capillary vis-cometer with a capillary diameter of0.58mm at25±0.1◦C.The mixture of83vol%dimethyl sulfoxide and17vol%water was used as a solvent.10mg of dried sample was dissolved in the25ml sol-vent.From theﬂowing time of the polymer solution(t)and the solvent(t0),the relative viscosity(Ár=t/t0)was obtained.Speciﬁc viscosity was calculated from the formulaÁsp=(t−t0)/t0.Intrin-sic viscosity could be obtained by one point method according to the following equation(Abdel-Azim,Atta,Farahat,&Boutros,1998; Solomon&Ciuta,1962).Á=2(Ásp r)Cwhere C represented the concentration of polymer solution(g/ml);Árepresented the intrinsic viscosity.2.5.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopyFTIR spectra of the native starch and the oxidized starches with different DO were recorded on a Fourier transform infrared spec-trometer(Nicolet6700,Thermo Scientiﬁc,MA,USA)in a range of wave numbers from4000to400cm−1.The samples were kept in a vacuum oven at60◦C for72h to remove the absorbed water before the test.The resolution was4cm−1and the scan number32.2.6.Thermogravimetric testing(TG)Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)of samples(4–5mg)was carried out by using a NETZSCH thermal analyzer(TG209F1, NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH,Selb/Bavaria,Germany)under nitro-gen atmosphere at a heating rate of10◦C/min after the samples were kept in a vacuum oven at60◦C for48h.The range of scanning temperature was from40to500◦C.2.7.Differential scanning calorimetry testing(DSC)Thermal properties of the samples were studied by using dif-ferential scanning calorimetry(Q200,TA,New Castle,USA)under nitrogen purge.The samples(4–5mg)were heated from room tem-perature to120◦C within10min to eliminate any residual water, and then cooled to20◦C at10◦C/min.After that the samples were heated up to200◦C at the same heating rate.An empty capsule was used as a reference.2.8.Wide angle X-ray scattering(WAXS)Powder X-ray patterns of oxidized and native cornstarches were obtained using an X-ray diffractometer(X’Pert Pro,Philips,Almelo,2556Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers87 (2012) 2554–2562Netherlands).The2Ârange was10–40◦.Ni-ﬁltered Cu K␣radiation was used as the X-ray source.2.9.Transmittance of oxidized starch suspensionTransmittance was determined by a UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-240,Japanese Shimadzu Corporation,Kyoto,Japanese)accord-ing to the method of Chang,Park,Shin,Suh,and Kim(2008).The suspension containing0.2%(w/v)starch(dry weight basis)was kept in separate water baths at60◦C,70◦C,and80◦C respectively for 20min each,and then those suspensions were stored at4◦C for 1d,followed by the transmittance tests of625nm.3.Result and discussionThe starch granule has a highly organized structure and unique thermal properties and functionalities that have permitted its wide uses in food products and industrial applications,but native starch granules cannot disperse in cold water.Therefore,before being modiﬁed,they generally are subjected to a gelatinization process that breaks down the inter-and intramolecular bonds of starch molecules in the presence of water and heat,allowing the hydrogen bonding sites to engage more water,which would make the modiﬁ-cation easier(Ratnayake&Jackson,2008,chap.5).In this paper,all oxidized starches were prepared after gelatinization.The effects of starch origin,oxidant content,temperature,catalyst content,and reaction time on the DO were thoroughly investigated.3.1.Effect of different starch origins on the degree of oxidationDifferent starch origins have different granular sizes,shapes, and molecular structures which can affect how hydrogen perox-ide oxidizes starch(Kuakpetoon&Wang,2001).In this study,we chose cornstarch,pea starch,and sweet potato starch,which have different amylose contents in order to study the effect of starch origins on the reactions.From Fig.1a,it can be clearly seen that the cornstarch has the highest DO,up to40.5%,while the DO of pea and sweet potato starch is21.1%and34.5%respectively,which indicates that pea starch is not easier to be oxidized than corn-starch and sweet potato starch.Among three kinds of starch origins, pea starch processes the highest content of amylose(29%)as com-pared to cornstarch(23%)and sweet potato starch(23.7%)(Noda et al.,2009;Orford,Ring,Carroll,Miles,&Morris,1987),which resulted in the lower DO.In the work of Kuakpetoon and Wang (2008),they also came to the same conclusion that amylopectin was more prone to oxidation than amylose,but the reasons were different.In their work,starch was in an intact granular state during oxidation.The oxidation was more likely to occur near the branch-ing points of amylopectin chains because these branching points were located in the amorphous lamellae,where an easier access could be provided for the oxidizing agent to react with the starch. However,in the current work,the starch has already been gela-tinized.The accessibility of hydroxyl groups on starch molecules by the oxidizing agent is not limited by the ordered structure in the granule anymore.Although the total number of free OH-groups was the same for a branched and a linear molecule at a given DP, more amylopectin content was beneﬁt for oxidation.This was due to the fact that the branched chains would lead to increase the space distance between the amylopectin and amylopectin/amylose chains compared with that of amylose and amylose chains,which will make it more facile for hydrogen peroxide to enter and oxide the hydroxyl groups of starch.With the increase of amylopectin content,the oxidative efﬁciency is enhanced correspondingly. Therefore,to get a higher DO,cornstarch is used in subsequent experiments.3.2.Effect of molar content of catalyst on the degree of oxidationMetal ions are often used in the oxidation of starch by hydro-gen peroxide to increase the content of functional groups in the modiﬁed starch in the same period of time(Parovuori et al.,1995). Fig.1b shows the effect of varied catalyst contents on the DO.We found that CuSO4could act as a catalyst and increased the efﬁ-ciency of oxidation signiﬁcantly.It is shown that when the CuSO4 content is lower than0.5%(molar content based on glucose units of starch),the DO increases dramatically.When only0.02%catalyst is added,the DO increases rapidly from5.9%to33.5%,ﬁve times higher than that of oxidized starch without catalyst.The result conﬁrms that CuSO4is an effective catalyst for the oxidative sys-tem.In the reaction,Cu2+can help to form hydroxyl radicals,which could oxidize hydroxyl groups in glucose units to carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups.Meanwhile,hydrogen peroxide inevitably decom-poses to the oxygen and water(Parovuori et al.,1995).When0.1%of catalyst is added,the DO signiﬁcantly increases from5.9%to40.5%. However,when its content increases from0.1%to0.5%,the increase of DO inconspicuously rises,only from40.5%to48.7%.Compared to our previous studies(Wang et al.,2007;Zhang,Zhang,Wang, &Wang,2009;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,Chen,et al.,2009),when oxi-dized starch with a DO of51.2%was prepared under the following conditions:the reaction temperature and time were35◦C and72h, respectively,and the ratio of oxidant content to starch(molar ratio based on glucose unit in starch molecules)was2:1.In the present study,if only0.5%of catalyst was added the reaction time could sharply be reduced to1h.While the catalyst content is from0.7%to 1%,the DO reaches a plateau at46.9%.The results can be explained as follows:when the catalyst is excessive,there will be no sufﬁcient oxidant to be catalyzed and the redundant catalyst cannot show its catalytic performance.However,oxidized starch has good complex properties and heavy metals can be retained by carboxyl functions in the modiﬁed starch.The high metal content in modiﬁed starch will cause undesirable coloration,which prevents its use where brightness and/or low metal content are required.A low concen-tration of Cu2+(say0.02%)has had an obvious catalyst effect,and can produce a white product.Therefore,0.02%of Cu2+is chosen asa proper dosage.3.3.Effect of reaction temperature on the degree of oxidationFig.1c displays the effect of reaction temperature on the DO.When reaction temperature increases from15to55◦C,DO increases from25.4%to53.8%,but when reaction temperature con-tinues to increase from55to60◦C,DO drops to48.3%,which is the combined result of several factors.For example,an increase of temperature would result in the enhanced activity of hydrogen peroxide as well as the swelling of the starch gels.However,when temperature is higher than55◦C it causes the decomposition of oxidant,resulting in the drop of DO.3.4.Effect of reaction time on the degree of oxidationAs shown in Fig.1d,the DO increases with the increase of the reaction time.A signiﬁcant increase in DO appears in the reaction time ranging from5to60min,corresponding to22.1–40.5%,while from60to660min the DO increases only from40.5%to51.8%.At the beginning,the oxidant concentration is higher and the oxidation is easier.As the reaction was conducted,the oxidant was consumed, resulting in decreasing reaction efﬁciency.Therefore60min is the optimal reaction time.Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers87 (2012) 2554–25622557Fig.1.Effect of different reaction parameters on DO.3.5.Effect of the content of oxidant on reactionThe reaction mechanism of starch oxidized by hydrogen per-oxide is very complex and has been reported to be a radical chain reaction(see Scheme1).In the presence of metal catalyst,hydro-gen peroxide is rapidly decomposed,forming hydroxyl radical (HO•).This highly reactive free radical oxidizes the glucose unit by subtracting hydrogen from a C–H group on the sugar ring, forming a radical(R•CHOH)that further reacts with metal ion or hydrogen peroxide yielding a carbonyl groups(Sangseethong, Termvejsayanon,&Sriroth,2010a).Fig.1e shows effect of oxidant content on the DO of the starches.When oxidant increases from 0.5to10(molar content based on glucose unit in starch molecules), the DO increases from19.5%to56.3%accordantly.The DO increases2558Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 87 (2012) 2554–2562Scheme 1.Proposed oxidative mechanism when hydrogen peroxide and transition metal ion (TMI)were used as oxidant and catalyst respectively.more rapidly from 19.5%to 40.5%when the molar content of the hydrogen peroxide is below 1.5.However,while the oxidant con-tent increases from 1.5to 10,DO increases only from 40.5%to 56.3%.Those results can be explained as follows:at constant cat-alyst content,when the oxidant content increases from 0.5to 1.5,the amount of catalyst is enough.However,while its content is kept on increasing,catalyst cannot be sufﬁcient to react with hydrogen peroxide forming hydroxyl radical (HO •),which leads to the lower reaction efﬁciency.At the same time,hydrogen peroxide is prone to decompose at high concentration.The results indicate that 1.5of oxidant (molar content based on glucose unit)is an appropriate content.3.6.Effect of degree of oxidation on the intrinsic viscosity of oxidized starchThe intrinsic viscosity of oxidized starches was measured by one point method,in which only one concentration is needed to be determined.If the concentration of the solution is low enough,intermolecular interaction between polymers can be neglected (Abdel-Azim et al.,1998;Solomon &Ciuta,1962).The depolymer-ized extent of starch during oxidation depends on the content of catalyst and oxidant,reaction time,and temperature.Fig.1b–e all show that when DO increases the intrinsic viscosity decreases.Those results are in agreement with earlier reports (Saˇınchez-Rivera,Garcıˇıa-Suaˇırez,Velaˇızquez del Valle,Gutierrez-Meraz,&Bello-Peˇırez,2005;Wang et al.,2007;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,&Wang,2009).The decrease in viscosity is caused by the partial cleavage of the glucosidic linkages during the extensive oxidation,resulting in a decrease in molecular weight of starch molecules (Kuakpetoon &Wang,2001).When starch is oxidized by hydro-gen peroxide,not only hydroxyl groups are oxidized to carbonyl and carboxyl groups,but also carbohydrate chains are cleaved.The reduction rate of viscosity is faster at the beginning and slower later when catalyst content (at 0.1%molar content),reactiontimeFig.2.IR curves of the native starch and the oxidized starches with different DO.Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers87 (2012) 2554–25622559Fig.3.Thermogravimetric and DTG curves of the native starch and the oxidized starches with different DO.(at60min),or oxidant content(at1.5molar content)increased respectively.The reason is that hydrogen peroxide rapidly depoly-merized amylopectin at the beginning of the reaction,which is proved by the observation of a rapid decrease in viscosity(Whistler &Schweiger,1959).Observed from Fig.1c,when temperature rises from15to60◦C,the reduction rate of viscosity is almost the same with the increase ratio of DO.It can be proposed that the amount of hydroxyl groups at C1and/or C2react with hydrogen peroxide is in a certain ratio to the amount of those at C3.This ratio is almost kept constant when temperature increased from 15to60◦C.But when catalyst content(lower than0.1%molar content),reaction time(shorter than60min),or oxidant content (lower than1.5molar content)increased,the hydrogen peroxide preferentially oxidizes hydroxyl groups at C2and/or C3of glu-cose units to carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups.The presence of oxidation at C2or C3will weaken the bond at the C1position accompanied by the opening monomeric rings and depolymeriza-tion of starch chains via␤-elimination(Sangseethong et al.,2010a). This also gives a hint there why DO increased faster in the begin-ning of the reaction.When the catalyst content(higher than0.1%), reaction time(longer than60min)or oxidant content(higher than1.5molar content)continued to increase,hydrogen perox-ide mainly oxidized the hydroxyl groups at C1of anhydroglucose units,which made the reduction rate of viscosity more modest. 3.7.Infrared spectroscopyOxidation leads to the change of hydroxyl groups into carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the starch molecules.The introduction of carbonyl groups could be conﬁrmed by FT-IR spectroscopy.The FTIR spectra of native and oxidized starches with different degrees of oxidation are shown in Fig.2.The spectra a–c show that native and oxidized starches have similar proﬁles.In the fundamental region,the absorption peaks at3426.7cm−1and2927.7cm−1are from the–OH and–CH2stretching vibration of the glucose unit.The absorption at1642.7cm−1is a typical band residing in the spectra of starch and its derivative,which is attributed to an H2O bending vibration(Luo,Huang,Fu,Zhang,&Yu,2009;Wang et al.,2007); numbers of hydroxyl groups in starch molecules lead to the absorp-tion of pared with native starch(a),a new absorption band at1735.6cm−1can be seen in spectrum b(DO=40.5%)and c(DO=56.3%),and it is assigned to the C O stretching vibration (Hui,Qi-he,Ming-liang,Qiong,&Guo-qing,2009;Kweon,Choi, Kim,&Lim,2001;Para,2004).Moreover,with an increasing DO,we observed the enhanced absorption at1735.6cm−1in curve(c), which suggested that more carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups were formed.The results indicate that native starch was successfully oxi-dized by hydrogen peroxide,and hydroxyl groups were changed to carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups.3.8.Thermal stability of oxidized starchTGA tests were performed for native and oxidized starches with different DO s;as shown in Fig.3,the weight loss and the degrada-tion of products are monitored as a function of temperature.T5%, the temperature corresponding to5%weight loss,was obtained from Fig.3a and listed in Table1.T max,which is the temperature at the maximum rate of weight loss,is determined from derivative thermogravimetry(DTG)curves.DTG curves of native and oxidized starches varied with DO s are shown in Fig.3b and the values of T max are listed in pared with T5%of native starch at275.9◦C, T5%of the oxidized starches dramatically decrease to as low as 210.2◦C.However,T5%of the oxidized starches do not vary signif-icantly with the DO although it increases from5.9%to56.3%.T max decreased from317.2to294.7◦C with the increase of pared with native starch,there is a reduction in thermal stability with the increase of the DO of the samples.The reason might be that the oxidation leads to the depolymerization of molecular chains,which causes the molecular weight decrease with the increase of DO.So the thermal stability was decreased when the DO ually the thermal processing temperature can be lower than210◦C(T5% of oxidized starch)and this indicates that the obtained oxidized starch can be thermally processed into products.3.9.Thermal transition behavior of oxidized starchWhen starch is used as a thermoplastic,plasticizers such as glycerol and water are usually added due to its the lack ofTable1Thermogravimetric parameters of the native starch and the oxidized starches with different DO.T5%(◦C)T max(◦C) Native starch275.9317.2 Oxidized starch5.9%210.9314.5 Oxidized starch19.5%211.0310.1 Oxidized starch40.5%210.2305.6 Oxidized starch56.3%217.7294.72560Y.-R.Zhang et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 87 (2012) 2554–2562Fig.4.DSC curves of the native starch and the oxidized starches with different DO.thermoplasticity.If the glass transition temperature can be found for the obtained oxidized starch,this indicate that it has some thermoplasticity and can be used alone as a material without the addition of a plasticizer.When hydroxyl groups are changed to car-bonyl groups,the hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups are not as strong as that between hydroxyl groups.So when the carbonyl content is high enough,a glass tran-sition is expected.We determined the glass transition of the native and oxidized starches with different DO s from the DSC measure-ment.As depicted in Fig.4,no glass transition is found in the oxidized starches from 20to 200◦C,although the DO increases from 5.9%to 56.3%,just like native starch.Even though the oxidation changes the hydroxyl groups to carbonyl groups,which weakens the hydrogen bonds between molecules,there are so many intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in starch which restrain the movement of molecules leading to no glass transition in the oxi-dized starch.So oxidized starch is not thermoplastic,which means that its thermoplastic processing can only be accomplished by adding plasticizers,just as we studied before (Zhang,Zhang,Wang,&Wang,2009;Zhang,Zhang,Wang,Chen,et al.,2009).3.10.X-ray diffraction of oxidized starchThe crystal type of starch is divided into A,B and C.Native starch commonly exists in a granular structure with about 15–45%crys-tallinity,which belongs to type A (Ma,Jian,Chang,&Yu,2008).The X-ray diffractograms of the two oxidized,gelatinized starch,and native corn starches are depicted in Fig.5.The native corn starch has sharp peaks in curve 1at 15.3◦,17.2◦,18.1◦,and 23.3◦,which represents the typical pattern of type A corn starch (Ma et al.,2008).Although the crystal structure of gelatinized starch was completely destroyed when it was in gel,the retrogradation would happen when it was dried because most of the hydrogen bonds between starch molecules were restored.We tested the crystallinity of gela-tinized starch before (Zhang,Zhang,Wang,&Wang,2009).The intensity of peaks of gelatinized starch at 15.3◦,17.2◦,18.1◦,and 23.3◦are much lower than those of the native starch,which means that the gelatinization lower the degree of crystallinity,as shown in Fig.5(curve 2).However,when the starch is oxidized,the crys-talline structure is changed.The carboxyl and/or carbonyl groups play an important role in stabilizing the linear amylose molecules and minimizing retrogradation.For oxidized starch with a DO of 40.5%(O S 40.5%),as described in Fig.5(curve 3),the intense peaks appeared at 2Âvalues of 17.1◦and 20.0◦,respectively.However,the other peaks disappear,meaning that the original crystalstructureFig.5.Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of native cornstarch and the oxidized starches.of the native starch is subjected to a great change:a portion of origi-nal crystalline structure is destroyed during the reaction and a new crystal structure is formed.No peak is found from the diffraction pattern when the DO reaches 56.3%and the peaks of native starch completely disappear,exhibiting an amorphous phase.However,our results are different from those reported by Carolina,Wang,and Luis (2008).They found that there were no XRD pattern changes for the oxidized starches with different oxi-dation levels.The main reason might be that the starch granules did not destroy through gelatinization and the reactions mainly hap-pen in the amorphous lamellae.In our study,starch was gelatinized before reaction to free all the hydroxyl groups in the amylose and amylopectin chain.When starch is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide,the molecular chain depolymerizes with the increase of oxidation and the type of crystal structure is changed (Li &Vasanthan,2003).The DO of oxidized starch they prepared is too low and the oxida-tion did not penetrate into the starch granular to change the crystal structure.It is very interesting to ﬁnd that oxidized starch with low and high DO has different impacts on the type and degree of crystallization.3.11.Transmittance of oxidized starch suspensionTransmittance of the suspension of the oxidized starch with different DO s and native cornstarch are shown in Table 2.The trans-mittance increases greatly as the degree of oxidation and/or heating temperature increases.Native starch does not increase its trans-mittance very signiﬁcantly,only from 2.44%to 3.22%,when the temperature increases from 60to 80◦C.However,as the tempera-ture increases from 60to 70◦C,the transmittance of the oxidized starch with DO s of 5.9%and 40.5%markedly increases,from 12.68%to 35.20%and from 28.98%to 61.87%,respectively.When the tem-perature continues to increase,the increase of transmittance isTable 2Transmittances of suspensions of the oxidized starches and the native starch respec-tively in different temperature.60◦C70◦C80◦CNative starch2.44±0.0593.00±0.055 3.22±0.067Oxidized starch 5.9%12.68±0.44935.20±2.18341.40±1.734Oxidized starch 40.5%28.98±3.69361.87±2.45375.04±0.622Oxidized starch 56.3%69.80±2.74070.22±1.57275.57±0.622。

logistic回归模型在甲状腺良恶性结节超声诊断中的价值

中国临床保健杂志　２０２３年６月第２６卷第３期　ＣｈｉｎＪＣｌｉｎＨｅａｌｔｈｃ，Ｊｕｎｅ２０２３，Ｖｏｌ．２６，Ｎｏ．３·临床研究·ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型在甲状腺良恶性结节超声诊断中的价值闫晓玉，张清，韩鑫，李静怡，汪德锋，于阿丽安徽省太和县人民医院（皖南医学院附属太和医院）超声医学科，阜阳２３６６００［摘要］　目的　应用ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型筛选出能够鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的声像图特征并建立回归模型，评估回归模型在甲状腺良恶性鉴别中的诊断价值。

方法　回顾性分析１７５例经手术病理证实的甲状腺良恶性结节的临床资料和常规超声特征，应用单因素及多因素二元ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析评价临床一般资料、常规超声特征在鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节中的价值。

结果　２组患者的性别、年龄、肿块内部回声均匀性、血液供应程度、血液供应模式及有无合并弥漫性甲状腺病变比较，差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ值均＞０．０５）；结节的直径、内部回声、回声水平、边界、边缘、内部微钙化情况、纵横比、后方有无声衰减、甲状腺外包膜有无侵犯组间比较，差异均有统计学意义（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）；ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ多因素回归分析显示：微钙化对甲状腺结节的鉴别有统计学意义（ＯＲ＝３．２８０，９５％ＣＩ：１．０３１～１０．４３５，Ｐ＜０．０５）；结节纵横比对甲状腺结节的鉴别有统计学意义（ＯＲ＝３．６５３，９５％ＣＩ：１．０１３～１３．１７４，Ｐ＜０．０５）；结节边缘对甲状腺结节的鉴别有统计学意义（ＯＲ＝５．７３１，９５％ＣＩ：１．９９５～１６．４６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。

以手术病理结果及回归模型预测甲状腺恶性病变的概率绘制ＲＯＣ曲线，结果显示ＲＯＣ曲线下面积为０．８９５（９５％ＣＩ：０．８４５～０．９４４）。

结论　甲状腺良恶性结节具有一定的超声特征性，ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型有较高的诊断价值。

［关键词］　甲状腺结节；甲状腺肿瘤；Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型；超声检查；诊断技术，心血管ＤＯＩ：１０．３９６９／Ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１６７２６７９０．２０２３．０３．０２０ＴｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｕｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓｏｆｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓＹａｎＸｉａｏｙｕ，ＺｈａｎｇＱｉｎｇ，ＨａｎＸｉｎ，ＬｉＪｉｎｇｙｉ，ＷａｎｇＤｅｆｅｎｇ，ＹｕＡｌｉＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＵｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄ，ＴａｉｈｅＣｏｕｎｔｙＰｅｏｐｌｅ′ｓＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，Ｆｕｙａｎｇ２３６６００，Ｃｈｉｎａ［Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ］　Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　Ｔｏｕｓｅｔｈｅｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｔｏｓｃｒｅｅｎｏｕｔｔｈｅｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｔｈａｔｃａｎｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｔｈｅｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓａｎｄｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈａｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｔｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｔｈｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｖａｌｕｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓ．Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ　Ｔｈｅｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｄａｔａａｎｄｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｕｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆ１７５ｃａｓｅｓｏｆｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｅｄｂｙｓｕｒｇｅｒｙａｎｄｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｙｗｅｒｅｒｅｔｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｇｅｎｅｒａｌｄａｔａａｎｄｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｕｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｎｇｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓｗａｓｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄｂｙｓｉｎｇｌｅｆａｃｔｏｒａｎｄｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｆａｃｔｏｒｂｉｎａｒｙｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ．Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　Ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｎｏｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓｉｎｇｅｎｄｅｒ，ａｇｅ，ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｅｃｈｏｕｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｔｙ，ｂｌｏｏｄｓｕｐｐｌｙｄｅｇｒｅｅ，ｂｌｏｏｄｓｕｐｐｌｙｐａｔｔｅｒｎ，ａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅｏｒａｂｓｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｉｆｆｕｓｅｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｄｉｓｅａｓｅ（Ｐ＞０．０５）；ｔｈｅｄｉａｍｅｔｅｒ，ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｅｃｈｏ，ｅｃｈｏｌｅｖｅｌ，ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ，ｅｄｇｅ，ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｍｉｃｒｏｃａｌｃｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ａｓｐｅｃｔｒａｔｉｏ，ｓｉｌｅｎｔａｔｔｅｎｕａｔｉｏｎａｔｔｈｅｂａｃｋ，ａｎｄｉｎｖａｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｏｕｔｅｒｃａｐｓｕｌｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｇｌａｎｄｗｅｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｍｕｌｔｉｖａｒｉａｔｅｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｍｉｃｒｏｃａｌｃｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｈａｄｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓ（ＯＲ＝３．２８０，９５％ＣＩ：１．０３１－１０．４３５，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｔｈｅａｓｐｅｃｔｒａｔｉｏｏｆｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓｗａｓｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（ＯＲ＝３．６５３，９５％ＣＩ：１．０１３－１３．１７４，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｔｈｅｅｄｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｄｕｌｅｈａｄｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅｉｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓ（ＯＲ＝５．７３１，９５％ＣＩ：１．９９５－１６．４６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）．ＴｈｅＲＯＣｃｕｒｖｅｗａｓｄｒａｗｎａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｓｕｒｇｉｃａｌｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｒｅｓｕｌｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｂａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｃｙｂｙｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌ．ＴｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｒｅａｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅＲＯＣｃｕｒｖｅｗａｓ０．８９５（９５％ＣＩ：０．８４５－０．９４４）．Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ　Ｔｈｅｂｅｎｉｇｎａｎｄｍａｌｉｇｎａｎｔｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅｓｈａｖｅｃｅｒｔａｉｎｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｉｃｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｈａｓｈｉｇｈｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｖａｌｕｅ．［Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ］　Ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｏｄｕｌｅ；Ｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｎｅｏｐｌａｓｍｓ；Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃｍｏｄｅｌｓ；Ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ；Ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，ｃａｒｄｉｏｖａｓｃｕｌａｒ作者简介：闫晓玉，主治医师，Ｅｍａｉｌ：４０４７９７４１４＠ｑｑ．ｃｏｍCopyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved. 超声检查是甲状腺结节首选且重要的检查方法［１］。

2023年中级经济师基础三色笔记

2023年中级经济师基础三色笔记以下是2023年中级经济师基础三科的重点笔记，包括宏观经济学、微观经济学和金融学。

每个科目将涵盖关键概念、理论模型和政策应用等内容。

1.宏观经济学1.1关键概念-国民生产总值（GDP）：衡量一个国家或地区经济活动总量的指标。

-通货膨胀率：价格水平上涨的速度，反映货币购买力的下降。

-失业率：劳动力中没有工作的人口所占比例。

-货币供应量：在一定时间内经济体中流通的货币总额。

-经济增长率：国内生产总值在特定时间内的增长速度。

1.2理论模型-供给与需求模型：通过分析市场上产品和劳动力的供给与需求关系，解释价格和数量的决定因素。

-凯恩斯经济学：强调总需求对经济活动的影响，主张通过财政政策和货币政策来稳定经济。

-新古典经济学：侧重于供给和生产要素的效率，主张市场自由竞争和限制政府干预。

1.3政策应用-财政政策：通过调整政府支出和税收来影响经济活动。

-货币政策：通过调整货币供应量和利率来影响经济活动。

-经济增长政策：鼓励投资、提高生产率和创新等措施来促进经济长期增长。

-外汇政策：管理国际支付和汇率等问题，保持国际收支平衡。

2.微观经济学2.1关键概念-边际效用：消费者对一单位商品或服务的额外满足程度。

-生产要素：用于生产商品和服务的资源，包括劳动力、土地、资本和企业家才能。

-市场结构：市场中买卖双方的数量和力量关系，如垄断、寡头垄断、完全竞争等。

-弹性：衡量市场对价格或收入变化的敏感程度。

2.2理论模型-供给与需求模型：分析市场上商品和服务的供给与需求关系，解释价格和数量的决定因素。

-消费者行为模型：研究消费者如何做出购买决策，包括效用最大化和预算约束等。

-生产者行为模型：研究生产者如何决定生产量和价格，以达到利润最大化。

2.3政策应用-税收政策：通过调整税收来影响市场行为，例如减税鼓励消费和投资。

-行业监管政策：通过制定规则和限制来维护市场公平竞争和消费者权益。

-劳动力市场政策：包括最低工资、劳动法规和职业培训等，以提高就业率和工人福利。

宝哥考研书屋已经完成的资料清单

宝哥考研书屋已完成的资料清单宝哥考研书屋淘宝店注册于2014年8月20日，主营全国高校数学考研考博资料。

我们的目标是发展成全国首屈一指的数学考研考博资料专卖店。

编者为南京航空航天大学理学院基础数学专业出身，具有非常广博和扎实的专业基础，编写出来的资料的准确性和权威性毋庸置疑。

虽然目前资料还不是很多，但资料每一本都是呕心沥血编写出的精品，而且随着不断努力，以后一定会向着既定目标努力前进的。

另外，本店还专门提供提供在线答疑服务。

现在本店已经先后完成了如下的资料：(1) 南京航空航天大学矩阵论考博真题解析，包含从1994年到2009年一共18份真题解析。

(2) 南京航空航天大学线性代数考博真题解析，包含从2004年到2009年春秋两季共12份以及2012和2014年两份共14份真题解析。

(3) 戴华版矩阵论课后习题全解，包含南航戴华老师《矩阵论》课后所有习题的详细解答。

(4) 南京航空航天大学考研数学分析和高等代数真题解析，包含1999年到2014年南京数学分析和高等代数考研真题解析一共31份(所缺的一份为2009年数学分析，找不到卷子)(5) 东南大学考研数学分析和高等代数真题解析，包含东南大学数学分析从1998年到2011年以及2013年回忆题，高等代数1997年到2011年以及2013年回忆题全部真题解析。

(6) 南京邮电大学考研数学分析和高等代数真题解析，包含南邮2007,2008,2009, 2011,2012数学分析和高等代数以及2010年数学分析共11份真题解析。

(7) 北京航空航天大学矩阵论考研考博真题解析，包含了十几份北航矩阵论考研考博真题和研究生矩阵论期末考试试题解析以及大量的复习题和学生上课笔记等。

(8) 东南大学矩阵论考博真题解析，包含了东大考博矩阵论若干份真题和研究生期末考试试题以及3份模拟题解析以及大量的复习题。

(9) 南京航空航天大学矩阵分析课后习题全解，包含了南航研究生矩阵分析课程全部的课后习题解答。