wht-chp1-2
化工原理(第二版)国防工业出版社课后习题及答案【完整版】
22.4 Tp0 22.4 323101.325 所以 ws 0.34193.182 1.088kg/s
习题 1-11 附图 1―壳体;2―顶盖;3― 管束;4―花板;5-空气
进出口。
由于 p Vs p0 Vs 0
T
T0
解 表压强 P(atg)=1gh1+2gh2
=10009.810.52+9169.813.46 =3.62104Pa
绝对压强 P(ata)= P(atg)+ Pa =3.62104+101.33103 =1.37105 Pa
1-4 为测量腐蚀性液体贮槽内的存液
量,采用如本题附图所示的装置。控制调
节阀使压缩空气缓慢地鼓泡通过观察瓶进
h1 为通气管深入液面下方距离,因此
h1
A
R
13.6 103 0.98103
130 103
1.804m
V
1d2 4
h1
h
1 3.14 22 0.2 1.80 6.28m3
4
G V 9.8102 6.28 6.15103kg 6.15t
1-5 一敞口贮槽内盛 20℃的苯,苯的密度为 880 kg/m3。液面距槽底 9m,槽底侧面有一直径 为 500mm 的人孔,其中心距槽底 600mm,人孔覆以孔盖,试求:
gZ1
p1
u12 2
gZ2
p2
u22 2
hf 1
式中 Z1=0m, p1=0(表压), u1≈0 ,Z2=1.5m,
p2=-24.66103Pa(表压),
hf1 2u22
将数值代入,并简化得:
Whirlpool Switzerland 与 Bauknecht AG 产品说明书
Whirlpool Switzerland, www.whirlpool.chBauknecht AG, Industriestrasse 36, 5600 Lenzburg, www.bauknecht.chVerkaufTelefon 0848 801 002Fax 0848 801 017********************Kundendienst Telefon 0848 801 001Fax 0848 801 003********************ErsatzteileTelefon 0848 801 005Fax 0848 801 004******************************Instructions for use AWE 6517GB AWE 65175019 312 10639Whirlpool is a registered trademark of Whirlpool USA.PROGRAMME CHARTN.B. This machine is controlled by sensors. Please avoid excessive detergent dosing.5019 312 10639that they are properly locked.2. Add detergent and additives into the dispenser to no more than the “MAX”level mark, as follows:• Programme with pre and main wash • Main wash programme without prewash • Fabric softeners and conditioners • Stain remover agents• Anti-scale agents (if necessary)3. Close the lid.4. T urn the programme selector to the desiredprogramme and temperature. The lamp next to the “Start/Pause” button flashes. The indication lamp of the predefined spin speed lights up.compliance with standard IEC/EN 60 456. Consumption data in the home may vary with respect to the values in the table in relation to the water supply pressure and temperature, the load and the type of wash.* T o reduce the water temperature, some cold water is added at the end of the main wash cycle, before the pump drains the water out.** Reference Programme for Energy Label.lights to show the the lid can be opened. As long as a wash programme is running, the lid remains locked and must on no account be forced open. In case you have an urgent need to open it during a running programme, refer to “Cancel (Reset) a running programme before the end”.Lighting up of the “Service” indication can be caused by a fault in an electrical component. Refer to the“T roubleshooting Guide” in your “Instructions for Use”; if the fault persists, contact our After Sales Service.“Water tap closed”The appliance has no or insufficient water supply. Open the water tap: if the indications still lights up, refer to the “T roubleshooting Guide” in the Instructions for Use.“Clean pump”Waste water is not pumped out. Check whether the drain hose is kinked or the filter must be cleaned: in the latter case refer to the Instructions for Use (“Removing the Filter”).“Rinse Hold” button• The laundry remains in the last rinse water without progressing to the final spin cycle to avoid creasing and prevent colours from changing.• This option is particularly recommended for the “Synthetics”, “Daily load” and “Delicates” programmes.• It is useful if you want to postpone spinning to a later time, or if you want to drain out only.• If you select “Rinse Hold”, do not leave items to soak for too long.• As soon as the appliance stops in the rinse hold, the “Rinse hold” lamp of the sequence indicator lights up and the lamp next to the “Start/Pause” button flashes.T erminate the “Rinse Hold” option:• Press the “Start/Pause” button; the programme will terminate automatically with the final spin cycle for the present wash programme.• If you do not wish to spin the clothes, turn the programme selector knob to the “Drain”programme and press the “Start/Pause” button.“Half load” button• Reduces water consumption, above all during rinsing.• Suitable for lightly soiled laundry and small loads (max. 3 kg).“Variable spin” button• Every programme has a predefined spin speed.• Press the button to set another spin speed.• If spin speed “0” is selected, the final spinning is cancelled but intermediate spin peaks remain during the rinse. The water is drained out only.Whirlpool is a registered trademark of Whirlpool USA.The indication lamp next to the “Start/Pause” button lights up. The programme sequence indicator shows the current programme phase, running from left to right through Wash, Rinse, Spin/Drain. When the programme phrase is finised, the corresponding indication goes out.• Note: If there is a power interruption or if the appliance is disconnected during the cycle, the programme will run again from the point where it was interrupted.are off, and the “Door open” indication lights up.1. T urn the programme selector to the “Off/O” position.2. Close the water tap.3. Open lid and drum and unload the machine.4. Leave the lid open for some time to allow the interior of the machine to dry.programme. The light flashes.2. Select the new programme, any options and another spin speed if you want.3. Press the “Start/Pause” button again. The new programme continues at the same position where the previous programme was interrupted. Do notadd detergent for this programme.end. Press the “Reset” button for at least 3 seconds. Any existing water is drained out before the door can be opened.any time during the programme. The option will be applied as long as the corresponding programme phase has not been executed yet.“Prewash” button• Only for heavily soiled loads (for example sand, granular dirt) sensible. Increases the cycle time by approximately 20 min.“Intensive rinse” button• The amount of water is increased to ensure a more intensive rinse.• This option is particularly suitable for areas with very soft water, washing baby linen and people with skin allergies.。
Whitehall 温疗仪说明书
INSTRUCTIONS FOR OPERATION AND CARE OFP .O. Box 3527 • City of Industry, CA, 91744-0527, U.S.A.800-782-7706 • 626-968-6681 • Whitehall Manufacutring is a Member of Acorn Engineering’s Family of Companies.6900-101-000 May 2009Dry Heat Theraphy(Models TT-101, TT-101L, and TT-202)TT-101TT-101LTT-202TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction (3)TT-101 Product Information (4)TT-101L Product Information (5)TT-202 Product Information (6)Requirements for Installation (7)Receiving Instructions (7)Specifications (7)Symbol Instructions (8)Instructions for Use and Operating Controls (9)Maintenance of the Unit (9)Changing the Fuse (10)Troubleshooting Guide (11)Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Thermo-Electric’s Thermo Therapy Units are designed to safely provide the benefits of Celstim ® - a specially processed, granulated, sterilized cellulose successively filtered to removed the maximum number of fines- being held in animated suspension and gently and warmly massaging a patient’s hand, wrist, arm or foot, ankle, leg.Model TT-101 is designed principally for home use – but can be used in small clinics and offices – and is constructed with a variable speed blower, variable heat, front and top treatment ports and obtains its air supply through a bottom located filtered and sound baffled fresh air inlet.Although the unit is small and compact and the opportunity for noise control is limited, the unit operates only slightly louder than our larger units because of strategically placed sound baffles.Model TT-101L is of the same construction as the TT-101, but possesses a treatment chamber that is 3” deeper and 2” longer than the TT-101 and is designed for the small clinic or office.An optional stand is available for both the TT-101 and TT-101L models.Model TT-202 is floor mounted. TT-202 has dual blowers and speed controls as well as dual top and rear treatment ports. The unit has permanently installed rubber pads along the top to provide patient under arm comfort.All Thermo-Theraphy Units have an elevated top edge on 3 sides to best capture and prevent the spread of errant Celstim®.The controls located on the control panel are of rugged, long lasting “mechanical” design and any single controlling component can individually and replaced.On all models, the air distribution assembly is separated from the patient by a patient protection grill remaining at nearly the same temperature as the Celstim and also eliminates any shocking from static electricity.The rear upper panels can also be removed by qualified service personnel and the blowers, heating element, etc., are easily and quickly removed and replaced in the event of a malfunction. In fact, the blower(s) are mounted on a board which with the removal of one screw slides out of immediate access.For additional safety, the heating element’s compartment is lined with metal and dual safety switches set specificallynot to exceed 275°F (135°C). Also, a fourth thermostat is located behind the control panel which mimics the control thermostat and assures a maximum Celstim temperature of 125-128°F (51.7-53.3°C).So, congratulations on your new Thermo-Therapy Unit – we welcome your comments, recommendations and/or any questions.Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Hospital Grade PlugTop Inlet Port with Velcro tightening sleevesRemovable Rear Panel for Access to Treatment Cavity and Easy Celstim RemovalReplaceable15 AMP FusesTT-101 ON OPTIONAL STANDCONTROL PANEL TT-101Fresh Air Inletand Filter (Underneath)Strong Rugged Housing Control PanelTightening SleevesTreatment Ports Complete withRemovable VelcroPhone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: TT-101L ON OPTIONAL STANDCONTROL PANEL TT-101LTreatment Ports Complete with Removable VelcroFresh Air Inlet and Filter (Underneath)Strong Rugged HousingTightening SleevesPhone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: TT-202 ON OPTIONAL STANDCONTROL PANEL TT-202Top Treatment PortsRemovable Upper Panelfor Easy Celstim RemovalRemovable Panel for Access by Qualified Repair PersonnelTop and Rear Treatment Ports with Removable Velcro Tightening SleevesAir Intake and FilterHospital Grade PlugControl Panel (See Below)Lower frontstorage compartmentLocking CastersPhone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Models TT-101, and TT-101L are furnished with a hospital grade plug and require up to 13 amps for proper operation. Therefore, as a minimum, a 15-amp breaker and GFI protected outlet should be made available for electric power.Model TT-202 is also furnished with a hospital grade plug but can require up to 17 amps of electric power. Therefore, 20 amp service and a GFI protected outlet should be provided.Since these units produce large volumes of exhausted air, some minimal dusting may occur. Therefore, good ventilation must be considered. Patients and operators sensitive to small amounts of discharged Celstim dust should be provided with a mask and/or the treatment ports and the extremity being treated could be covered with a damp towel.Celstim on any surface, particularly on tile floor is extremely slippery and caution must be carefully exercised. Again, particularly tile floors must be kept free of this material – a frequently swept, thick carpet under the unit is ideal. Also, the floor near the air intake ports must be kept clean to prevent small dirt, dust and Celstim particles from entering the motor chamber.Also, since all the units’ blowers, particularly on the TT-101 and TT-101L, and even though they are sound baffled to the best of our ability, can be considered noisy. Consideration should be made for treatment in a separate room or at the end of a large room.RECEIVING INSTRUCTIONSAll Thermo-Therapy models are shipped complete with the proper amount of sterilized Celstim and as soon as they are carefully unpacked they are “ready to go”.If shipping damage has occurred, notify Whitehall Manufacturing immediately so a proper claim can be made and replacement or repair secured.SPECIFICATIONSTT-101 – the outside dimensions are 19-1/2” (50 cm) L x 16-1/2” (41 cm) H x 10-1/2” (27 cm) When placed on the optional stand, the bottom is 13-1/2” (34 cm) and the top is 28” (71 cm) from the floor. The Celstim capacity is approximately 10 lbs. (4.5 kg) and the treatment chamber is approximately 7-1/2” (19 cm) H x 9” (23 cm) W x15-1/2” (39 cm) L. The blower is driven by a variable speed controlled motor. Variable heat is provided by a finned, dual safety switched 900 watt heater.TT-101L – the outside dimensions are 23” (58 cm) L x 18” (46 cm) H x 10-1/2” (27 cm) W. When placed on optional stand, the bottom is 13-1/2” (34 cm) and the top is 31” (79 cm) from the floor. The Celstim capacity is 12 lbs. (5.4 kg) and the treatment chamber is 8-1/2” (22 cm) H x 9” (23 cm) W x 18-1/2” (47 cm) L. The blower motor and heater are the same for the TT-101.TT-202 – the outside dimensions are 29” (74 cm) L x 35” (89 cm) H x 16-1/2” (42 cm) W. The locking casters are at the extreme width of the unit and are mounted on thick steel plates to protect the units’ bottom from damage when there are uneven floors. The Celstim capacity is approximately 40 lbs. (18 kg) and the treatment compartment is 22” (56 cm) L and 15-1/2” (39 cm) W x 13” (33 cm) H. There are two blower motors combined with the 900 watt heater on model TT-202. Interestingly, the blowers on the TT-202 are individually controlled and through independent speed manipulation can provide varying air flow patterns in the treatment chamber.ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTTT-101 and TT-101L – 120V/15 Amp/60 Hz.TT-202 – 120V/20 Amp/60 Hz.REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATIONPhone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: The instructions below are indicated by specific symbols. Anunderstanding of these symbols, their companion text and the specific instructions and captions must be understood prior to operation of the equipment and patient equipment.ATTENTION- Consult the accompanying documents.Ignoring the following could cause injury orequipment damage.•All internal parts capable of transmitting electric current are grounded through the hospital grade plug. Therefore, the electrical outlet to which the unitis attached must be properly grounded and utilized a compatible hospital grade receptacle.• The floor must be level for proper and safe use.•Thermo-Therapy units are intended for use only where the person utilizing the treatment is under the supervision of trained personnel.• Always disconnect the line cord plug from the receptacle before working on any unit.•For TT-101 and TT-101L, since the air intake is on the bottom, make sure the unit is placed on a hard, inflexible surface as the blower suction will pull up any flexible material and cause the blower to labor.•As previously mentioned, Celstim on a hard surface is slippery and regular cleaning or use of a carpet is required (see page 7).•Treatment temperature must be monitored closely and, of course, a patient’s medical history must be reviewed, as with any heat modality, for heat sensitivity and circulatory problems.•Again, good ventilation should be considered and patients and operators sensitive to dust should with a mask and/or the treatment ports and the extremity being treated could be covered with a damp towel.•Constant supervision is necessary when the unit is used with children, invalids, or any one who cannot safely operate the unit.WARNING -– These are safety infractionsthat can cause serious injury.• Do not use unit outdoors.•Thermo-Therapy units should not be used with electrically susceptible patients without a physician’s approval. The definition of such patient is “a patient being treated with an externally electrically conductive device indwelling or implanted and terminating on or near the heart”.• Refer service and electrical problem to qualified personnel and/or Whitehall Manufacturing only. •Do not use if the unit, cord, or plug has been damaged. Return unit to Whitehall Manufacturing or a qualified service center.• Do not touch cord or plug if you are wet, standing in water or on a wet surface.•Do not use an electrical extension cord. Plug unit directly into a properly grounded receptacle. If there is question on the grounding of the receptacle, call electrician. An outlet with a Ground Fault Circuit •Should water enter the enclosure under any circumstance, the unit should be examined by a qualified service center before further use of this unit.•Again, do not defeat or alter the grounding means of the attachment plug and the power supply cord must be plugged into a properly wired and grounded hospital grade receptacle.EXPLOSION HAZARD•Do not operate any Thermo-Therapy Unit where oxygen or flammable anesthetics are present.!!!Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Please refer the photos on page 4 for TT-101, page 5 for TT-101L and page 6 for TT-202 .Thermo-Therapy Units will only operate with the power switch on and the treatment timer activated.Rotate the Celstim agitation or speed control(s) clockwise to increase air speed and flow. Rotate the controls counter clockwise to decrease the air speed and flow. On the TT-202, speed or agitation is normally balanced between the two blowers- but can be adjusted differently to effect varying treatment modes.Heat is also increased by rotating the heat control knob clockwise- from “A” lowest heat to “K” highest heat. Treatment time is indicated as minutes with 20 minutes highlighted as being the usual treatment cycle.All Thermo-Therapy Units are temperature safety switched at approximately 125° F (51.7°C) and if an operating thermometer ever indicates temperature higher than this, the unit must be referred to a qualified repair service or returned to Whitehall Manufacturing.In an effort to best prolong the motor life, the unit must be turned off between treatments. DO NOT LEAVE THE UNIT ON CONTINUOUSLY . Once the Celstim is at operating temperature and the blowers are turned off, heat loss is approximately 2-3°F (0.55-1.65°C) per hour.Make sure the body part being treated is as dry as possible as moisture in the Celstim will cause “caking”.Also, be careful at all times, to tightly close the sleeves at the treatment ports so minimal amount of Celstim escapes from the unit.MAINTENANCE OF THE UNITThe most important maintenance function on all Thermo-Therapy products is to make sure to keep all the incoming air filters clean and unclogged. If this is not done, airflow will be restricted resulting in less agitation, over-heated motors, and premature motor failure. We have enclosed a spare filter so one filter can always be cleaned and on standby, and a proper wrench to remove the filter cover.The housing can be cleaned with a mild household cleaner without damage as its surface is similar to that found on kitchen counters and cabinets.The treatment port sleeves can be washed and replaced. To remove the sleeves, carefully pull the bottom of the rims toward the center away from the side and at the same time pull or push them up and out of the housing. Then pull the sleeves from the Velcro found underneath the rim. Reverse the procedure to replace the sleeves. If the sleeve or rims become worn, replacements are readily available from Whitehall Manufacturing or your therapy products dealer. On the TT-101 and TT-101L models, remove the outer cover and remove and clean the primary filter. If necessary, remove the four screws to access the secondary filters. Replacements are readily available.On the TT-202, unscrew and remove the filter covers located on the lower rear panel and remove the filters. Again, the filter media can be washed and dried and reinstalled or a replacement can be obtained. A hex or Allen wrench has been provided for removing the filter cover.Pay particular attention to the air inlet on the TT-101 and TT-101L since it is on the units’ bottom and close to whatever surface it is placed upon. Also make sure this surface is rigid as the blower will pull up any flexible material and cause the blower to labor.The Celstim, after prolonged use, may become too fine for effective therapy and can be replaced by removing the top sleeve and “digging” it out or by removing the rear top panel. If the panel is removed, be prepared to contain any spillage. Also, make sure the panel is tightly reinstalled to prevent any Celstim from escaping. A “hex” wrench has been provided for removing and replacing the screws from the top panel.Sterilized Celstim, with fines removed, for replacement or addition is readily available in a 10 lb. (4.5 kg) box containing two (2) 5 lb. (2.25 kg) plastic “jugs” for easy adding.Too much Celstim in the treatment chamber can cause a “rolling” action- remove the excess Celstim through a top port.Too little Celstim results in a perceived loss of agitation. Normal capacity is as follows:TT-101 – 10 lbs. (4.5 kg)TT-101L – 12 lbs. (5.4 kg)TT-202 – 40 lbs. (18 kg)INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE AND OPERATING CONTROLSCHANGING THE FUSETurn the Thermo-Therapy unit off via the controls on the frontpanel and then unplug the unit. Allow the unit to cool. Next,position the unit to allow ccess to the rear of the Thermo-Therapy device. Locate the fuse holders at rear of the unitnear cord.Depress the Fuse holder caps with the use of a “common”blade screwdriver or fingers and rotate counterclockwiseapproximately 90° or until the cap becomes loose. Removethe fuse holder cap, exposing the glass fuse. Remove theblown fuse. Once the old fuse has been removed, replace itwith a new fuse of the same kind and amperage. Re-installthe fuse holder cap by depressing and rotating clockwiseapproximately 90° and ensure that the fuse holder caps aresecured. Plug the unit back in to a power outlet. Turn the uniton via front control panel. Allow the unit to warm up to theoperating temperature and use as required.Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: Phone (800) 782-7706 • (626) 968-6681 • Fax (626) 855-4862 • Web: If You NoticeThe Likely Cause IsYou Can Correct It ByCelstim not heating to desiredtemperature but heat on indicator if lit.The heat control thermostat failed or the control knob has slipped.Refer to qualified repair personnelThe Celstim agitation is poor.Check the air filter for collected dust and debris.Or Check the level of Celstim.Clean the air intake filter(s). On TT-101 and TT-101L models, make sure the bottom intake is not obstructed. Too much Celstim will cause a “rolling” action and some should be removed. Too little Celstim will result in poor agitation.The treatment timer is not working.Failed timer.Refer to qualified repair personnel.The power “On-Off” switch does not work or has failed to light.Unit unplugged, unit fuse(s) has blown, electric outlet supply breaker has opened, local GFCI or GFI has opened, or the switch is faulty.Check outlets’ GFCI, otherwise call an electrical or qualified repair personnel.Heat indicating light is not lit when power on and unit is heating.Burned out indicator light.Refer to qualified repair personnel.Blower speed cannot be controlled or will not operate at full speed.Clogged air inlet filter ormalfunctioning speed controller(s).Clean filter or refer to qualified repair personnelThe unit runs but there is not heat.Probable cause is malfunctioning heater or heater temperature safety switches.Refer to qualified repair personnel.Blower motor(s) will not run or is noisy.Malfunctioning blower motor(s).Refer to qualified repair personnel.Temperature reading is inaccurate.Malfunctioning thermometer.Refer to qualified repair personnel.Low Celstim level.After extensive use of Celstim will lessen in volume. This is a normal occurrence.Add or replace Celstim to required amount or so the unagitated level is slightly below the bottom of the front or rear patient access ports.TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDEMailing Address:P.O. Box 3527 • City of Industry, CA 91744-0527 U.S.APhysical Adress:15125 Proctor Avenue • City of Indusry, CA 91746 U.S.APhone 800-782-7706 • 626-968-6681Fax 626-855-4862Web: E-mail:*********************Any questions regarding servicing of products in Europe or the Middle East should be directed to: Niva Medical Company • Olarinluoma 14 B, FIN-02200 Espoo, FinlandPhone 358 9 615 00 540 • Fax 358 9 615 00 545Webwww.nivamedical.fi•*************************Whitehall Manufacturing is a Division of Acorn Engineering Company6900-101-000 May 2009。
人工胃液(ChP)
北京雷根生物技术有限公司
人工胃液(ChP)
简介:
Leagene 人工胃液(ChP)其英文表述为Simulated Gastric Fluid ,是模拟胃液的组分和pH 值的一种溶液。
本试剂采用中国药典表述,人工胃液(ChP)主要由稀酸、胃蛋白酶等组成,未经无菌处理,可用于胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂等检测,尤其适用于以明胶为基质的软胶囊和滴丸的检测。
组成:
操作步骤(仅供参考):
1、 如果是检测胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂等,一般采用升降式崩解仪,主要由金属支架、带有挡板的吊篮组成。
将待测的胶囊剂、肠溶片、滴丸剂6粒或片浸于人工胃液中,1小时内完全崩解,如有1粒或片不能完全崩解,应另取6粒或片复试,均应符合要求。
2、 如果进行其他实验,应根据具体实验要求操作。
注意事项:
1、 人工胃液(ChP) 为非无菌溶液,如有无菌要求,应注意0.22μm 过滤除菌操作。
2、 人工胃液(ChP)避免反复冻融,以免效率下降。
3、 本产品为强酸性溶液,注意做好安全防护。
4、 为了您的安全和健康,请穿实验服并戴一次性手套操作。
有效期: 12个月有效。
4℃可保存2个月。
相关:
编号 名称 CZ0212 Storage 人工胃液(ChP) 500ml -20℃ 使用说明书 1份
编号 名称 CS0001 ACK 红细胞裂解液(ACK Lysis Buffer) DM0007 瑞氏-姬姆萨复合染色液 PW0053 Western 抗体洗脱液(碱性) TC0699 植物总糖和还原糖检测试剂盒(硝基水杨酸法)
TO1013 丙二醛(MDA)检测试剂盒(TBA 比色法)。
有机化学课后习题参考答案完整版(汪小兰第四版)
目录第一章绪论 (1)第二章饱和烃 (2)第三章不饱和烃 (6)第四章环烃 (14)第五章旋光异构 (23)第六章卤代烃 (28)第七章波谱法在有机化学中的应用 (33)第八章醇酚醚 (43)第九章醛、酮、醌 (52)第十章羧酸及其衍生物 (63)第十一章取代酸 (71)第十二章含氮化合物 (77)第十三章含硫和含磷有机化合物 (85)第十四章碳水化合物 (88)第十五章氨基酸、多肽与蛋白质 (99)第十六章类脂化合物 (104)第十七章杂环化合物 (113)Fulin 湛师第一章 绪论1.1扼要归纳典型的以离子键形成的化合物与以共价键形成的化合物的物理性质。
答案:1.2 NaCl 与KBr 各1mol 溶于水中所得的溶液与NaBr 及KCl 各1mol 溶于水中所得溶液是否相同?如将CH 4及CCl 4各1mol 混在一起,与CHCl 3及CH 3Cl 各1mol 的混合物是否相同?为什么? 答案:NaCl 与KBr 各1mol 与NaBr 及KCl 各1mol 溶于水中所得溶液相同。
因为两者溶液中均为Na +,K +,Br -, Cl -离子各1mol 。
由于CH 4与CCl 4及CHCl 3与CH 3Cl 在水中是以分子状态存在,所以是两组不同的混合物。
1.3碳原子核外及氢原子核外各有几个电子?它们是怎样分布的?画出它们的轨道形状。
当四个氢原子与一个碳原子结合成甲烷(CH 4)时,碳原子核外有几个电子是用来与氢成键的?画出它们的轨道形状及甲烷分子的形状。
答案:C+624H CCH 4中C 中有4个电子与氢成键为SP 3杂化轨道,正四面体结构CH 4SP 3杂化2p y2p z2p x2sH1.4写出下列化合物的Lewis 电子式。
a.C 2H 4b.CH 3Clc.NH 3d.H 2Se.HNO 3f.HCHOg.H 3PO 4h.C 2H 6i.C 2H 2j.H 2SO 4 答案:a.C C H H HHCC HH HH或 b.H C H c.H N Hd.H S He.H O NO f.O C H Hg.O POO H H Hh.H C C HHH H HO P O O H HH或i.H C C Hj.O S O HH OH H或1.5下列各化合物哪个有偶极矩?画出其方向。
Philips 加热破壁奶浆电机 1000瓦 2升玻璃混拌杯 HR2087 20商品说明书
Philips Viva Collection 加热破壁料理机1000 瓦2 升玻璃搅拌杯HR2087/20轻松萃取营养,全家的养生之道冷热随心,8 款预设健康料理这款多合一功能的厨房小家电可让您在忙碌的日常生活中享受烹饪。
借助 8 个预设程序,您可以快速完成多种冷热料理。
厨房的进步让生活更加轻松。
易于使用•安全保护系统Easy to clean•配备清洁附件,更易清洗强劲的搅拌性能•马达速度可达 30.000 转/分,能够打破细胞壁•1000 瓦的强劲马达•特制锯齿形刀片,带来良好的碎冰效果制作多种冷热餐食•8 个预设程序,让您轻松制作各种美餐•烹饪功能•数控界面发行日期 2022-02-04版本: 2.2.1EAN: 06 97386 93916 09© 2022 Koninklijke Philips N.V.保留所有权利。
规格如有更改,恕不另行通知。
所有商标是Koninklijke Philips N.V. 或它们各自所有者的财产。
规格加热破壁料理机1000 瓦 2 升玻璃搅拌杯产品亮点30.000 转/分高速加热破壁料理机的马达速度可达 30.000 转/分,能够打破细胞并从食材中释放出更多营养成分。
强劲的马达1000 瓦的强劲马达,获得细腻的搅拌效果。
8 片刀片旨在为您带来顺滑细腻的搅拌效果。
这些特制锯齿形刀片也十分适合粉碎冰块。
烹饪功能带有烹饪功能,能够让您制作喜爱的热餐和饮料。
8 个预设程序无需任何烹饪技巧即可操作本机。
它具有 8 个预设程序,您可以快速制作多种冷热餐食。
数控界面数控操作界面方便操作更易清洗配备清洁附件,更易清洗安全保护系统当盖子和/或搅拌杯组装不正确时,搅拌器会关闭。
设计•颜色: 红•功率: 1000 W•随附: 清洁工具, 搅拌杯, 量杯•电线长度: 1 m •原产地: 中国•控制板颜色: 红色、黑色和不锈钢•搅拌杯容量: 2 l •速度设置档数: 10•产品功能: 自动关机功能, 电源线存储装置, 数字触摸屏, 可放心用洗碗机清洗, LED 屏幕, 防滑底座, 开/关按键, 预设烹饪功能, 暂动, 安全锁, 温度控制, 可拆卸盖子•预设程序: 8•RPM (最大): 30000 r/min •搅拌杯加工容量(冷): 1.75 lTechnical specifications •Working capacity jar (hot): 1.4 l 表面处理•附件材料: 塑料•机身材料: 注塑(带金属喷漆)•刀片材质: 不锈钢•搅拌杯材料: 玻璃服务•2 年全球保修可持续发展•用户手册: 100% 再生纸•包装: > 90% 可回收材料。
Bambrew 绿色塑料棒替代品说明书
Turn over*P70676A* P70676A©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.L:1/1/1/2P70676AIndian based Bambrew is helping to put an end to single-use plastic straws For Vaibhav Anant to see a tortoise struggling in pain because it was caught up in plastic waste, was a difficult sight to witness. Plastic waste, including plastic straws, is accumulating in lakes and oceans, becoming a global crisis. Anant used product innovation to help tackle this problem and formed his business Bambrew .After researching for over a year and a half for materials that do not harm theenvironment, Vaibhav Anant found that bamboo was the best alternative material to plastic to make straws. Bamboo is available in high quantities in India. Bambrew developed a technology for making straws from bamboo fibres and bamboo waste. These materials are natural and biodegradable which means the products can decay naturally and do not have a negative impact on the environment.Secondary research helped him to collect quantitative data. He found that there are about 137 bamboo species, but not all of them are suitable for making straws. Heresearched the best areas in India to source the bamboo and identified communities in India who could manufacture the straws.Bambrew is now developing disposable bamboo food containers and packaging as well as straws and exporting these to the US, UK, and Canada. The marketing strategy used by Bambrew is business to business (B2B). Customers include Zomato , a food delivery business, and Lalit Hotels , a luxury hotel chain.According to reports, the global biodegradable packaging market, which was valued at $3.92bn in 2018, will be worth $21bn by 2025.Extract BBambrew : Our productsAt Bambrew we believe the Earth has the right to live without pollution. All our products are 100% handmade, reusable and the perfect natural substitute for plastic. They are lightweight and fully biodegradable. No chemicals or pesticides are used in the production of our products. Our aim is not just to protect the environment, but to help and support local communities who produce our products. We act ethically to ensure the communities are supported and are paid a fair price for the straws.5 10152053Turn over P70676AAbout AldiAldi was founded by the Albrecht family in Germany. The family had owned grocery stores since 1914 when Anna Albrecht opened a small store. Aldi remains a family business and is now run by brothers Theo and Karl Albrecht.Aldi believes that great quality should not come at a high price, rather that great quality should come with everyday low prices. Aldi focuses on giving customers quality food, good customer service, low prices and a quick and easy efficient shopping experience with only four to five store aisles but with all grocery essentials.Aldi sources much of its produce from local suppliers. The stores partner with localgrowers and farmers to offer a wide variety of fresh produce, including organic fruits and vegetables.There are thousands of Aldi stores throughout Europe and it has expanded into the US. Aldi is one of the UK’s fastest growing supermarket chains and plans to have 1,200 stores in the UK by 2025. Aldi has won numerous awards for offering competitive rates of pay and excellent working environments for all its employees.In the UK Aldi is known for promoting its ‘Super 6 fruit and vegetables’. Each week there are six types of fruits or vegetables offered at a reduced price. Aldi sponsors the UK Olympic team to promote a healthier lifestyle and advertises its Super 6 products using TV and other media.Extract DWhat does the future hold for the UK grocery industry?In response to changing social trends in the UK, supermarkets are having to adapt. The rise of the German-based stores, Aldi and Lidl , which both sell at low prices, have forced the UK’s largest supermarkets (Tesco , Asda , Sainsbury’s and Morrisons ) into changing how they operate.The way that people in the UK shop for groceries is changing. People are shopping more frequently for fresh groceries and using online services. Tesco is planning to offer a one-hour delivery service. Fewer shoppers are loyal to a specific supermarket as more are using price comparison websites to compare supermarkets.5101554P70676AExtract EMarket share (by sales revenue) of the top 10 UK SupermarketsUK Supermarket % share January 2019% share January 2020Tesco 26.7%26.5% Sainsbury’s 14.9%14.8%Asda 13.9%13.6%Morrisons 9.9%9.6%Aldi 8.5%9.0%Lidl 6.0% 6.6%Co-operative 4.6% 4.6% Waitrose4.3% 4.2%Marks and Spencer 3.5% 3.5%Iceland2.4%2.4%5 P70676ASource for use with Section CExtract FNike’s new consumer experience distribution strategyNike is currently the largest global sports footwear and clothing brand. It has a plan forgrowth called the Triple Double Strategy. Through this, Nike plans to double its speed of innovation, double its speed to market and double its connections with consumers.This is based on changes to its distribution strategy by reducing the number ofwholesalers and retailers. At present Nike sells its products through a variety of large andsmall businesses. It now plans to reduce the number of businesses it sells through and concentrate on those larger businesses that offer quality service and superior customer experiences.While the company has not yet revealed the full list of these larger businesses, thereare reports that Foot Locker, JD Sports, Amazon, Zalando, Tmall, and Asos, are amongthe chosen businesses. These businesses are expected to offer exclusive service for Nike products and employ Nike experts to give personal advice to customers. Currently over60% of its North American sales are from smaller retailers that may no longer be able tosell Nike products.The strategy aims to increase the number of online sales. A new app has been developedby Nike that improves the shopper experience and gives access to the NikePlus rewards programme. This loyalty programme offers members exclusive products, access to Nike advisers, personalised workouts and free delivery.Nike continues to open new stores in major cities. In 2020 it opened flagship stores inNew York, Los Angeles and Shanghai.51015206P70676ABLANK PAGE7 P70676ABLANK PAGE8P70676ABLANK PAGEAcknowledgementsExtract A adapted from: https:///2019/06/startup-bambrew-bamboo-plastic-straws-zomato Extract B adapted from: https://www.bambrew.in/get-to-know-usExtract C adapted from: https:///en/aldi-history/ and https:///about-us/Extract D adapted from: /whitepaper/what-does-the-future-hold-for-the-uk-grocery-sector/ and https:///aldi/how-aldi-keeps-getting-things-right/576426.articleExtract E adapted from: https:///blog/2020/02/muted-uk-grocery-sales-despite-surge-in-veganuary-dry-january/*P70676A0116*Turn over P70676A©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.L:1/1/1/Instructions• Useblack ink or ball-point pen.• Fill in the boxesat the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number.• Answerall questions in Sections A, B and C.• Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need .Information• The total mark for this paper is 80.• The marks foreach question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question .• Calculators may be used.Advice• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.• Try to answer every question.• Check your answers if you have time at the end.*P70676A0216*2SECTION ARead Extracts A and B in the Source Booklet before answering Question 1.Write your answers in the spaces provided.1 (a) Define the term ‘quantitative data’. (Extract A, line 12)(2).........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................There is increasing publicity about animals suffering from waste plastic and other non-biodegradable waste in the oceans of the world.(b) Construct a supply and demand diagram to show the impact of increasingpublicity on the biodegradable packaging market.(4)(c) Analyse two entrepreneurial characteristics shown by Vaibhav Anant that mayhave helped Bambrew to succeed.(6) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) Discuss the benefits for Vaibhav Anant of using secondary market research whenstarting his business.(8) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(e) Assess if there is likely to be a trade-off between an ethical stance and profit forBambrew.(10) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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HT WT PLUS消耗品说明书
HT WT PLUS Consumables for Biomek ™ FX P Target Prep ExpressCatalog Numbers 902508Pub. No. MAN0019741 Rev.B.0WARNING! Read the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)and follow the handling instructions. Wear appropriate protective eyewear, clothing, and gloves. Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are available from /support .Product useThe Applied Biosystems ™HT WT PLUS Consumables forBiomek ™FX P Target Prep Express contains plastic consumablesthat are needed for target preparation on the Biomek ™FX P usingthe GeneChip ™HT WT PLUS Reagent Kit. The accessory kit contains consumables sufficient for 4x24 or 4x96 reaction runs.See the GeneChip ™HT WT PLUS Reagent Kit Assay AutomatedWorkflow for GeneChip ™Whole Transcript (WT) Expression Arrayson Biomek ™FX P User Guide (Pub. No. 703208) for instructions on using the consumables.Kit components[1]Reusable. See the GeneChip ™HT WT PLUS Reagent Kit Assay AutomatedWorkflow for GeneChip ™ Whole Transcript (WT) Expression Arrays on Biomek ™ FX P User Guide (Pub. No. MAN0017733) for instructions.StorageThe HT WT PLUS Consumables for Biomek ™FX P Target Prep Express must be stored at room temperature.Ordering informationComponent imagesFigure 1 96-well deepwell microplate.Figure 2 Greiner Bio-One ™ U-bottom (round) plate.For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.Figure 3 Bio-Rad ™ Hard-Shell ™PCR plate (blue or white).Figure 4 Corning ™96-well UV plate.Figure 5 Costar ™96-well U-bottom plate.Figure 6 24-well plate.Figure 7 FrameStar ™Break-A-Way plate.Figure 8 'P' Pad for lid, arched with Microseal ™'P' Pad.'P' PadLimited product warrantyLife Technologies Corporation and/or its affiliate(s) warrant their products as set forth in the Life Technologies' General Terms and Conditions of Sale at /us/en/home/global/terms-and-conditions.html . If you have any questions, please contact Life Technologies at /support.Affymetrix Pte Ltd | 7 Gul Circle #2M-01 | Keppel Logistics Building | Singapore 629563Revision history: Pub. No. MAN0019741The information in this guide is subject to change without notice.DISCLAIMER : TO THE EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW, THERMO FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC. AND/OR ITS AFFILIATE(S) WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, MULTIPLE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH OR ARISING FROM THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING YOUR USE OF IT.Important Licensing Information : These products may be covered by one or more Limited Use Label Licenses. By use of these products, you accept the terms and conditions of all applicable Limited Use Label Licenses.©2023 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries unless otherwise specified. Biomek is aregistered trademark of Beckman Coulter, Inc. Bio-Rad, Hard-Shell, and Microseal are registered trademark of Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Greiner Bio-One ™is a registered trademark of Greiner Bio-One GmbH. Costar is a registered trademark of Corning, Inc. FrameStar is a registered trademark of 4titude Ltd.2HT WT PLUS Consumables for Biomek ™FX P Target Prep Express Product Information Sheet/support | /askaquestion 25 January 2023。
旋转式单联合成碳膜电位器
旋转式单联合成碳膜电位器
1. WH5-1A 、WH5-2A 、WHI18-1 ,WH118-2 型合成碳膜电位器
该组电位器的外形如图3- 门所示.它们的主要参数见表3-6。
该组电位器的外形如图3-12 所示,它们的主要参数见表3-7 。
该组电位器的外形如图3-13 所示,它们的主要参数见表3-8 。
该组电位器的外形如图3-14 所示,它们的主要参数见表3-9 。
5 , WH130-2 、WH125 、WH155 、WH165 型合成破膜电位器 该组电位器的外形如图3-15 所示,它们的主要参数见表3-10 。
6. WH109-1 、WH109-2 、WH142-1、WH142-3 型合成碳膜电位器该组电位器的外形如图3-16 所示,它们的主要参数见表子3-11。
7. WH0913-A 和WH0913-B 型合成碳膜电位器
WH0913-A、WH0913-B 型合成碳膜电位器的外形如图3-17 所示,其主要参数见表3-12 。
双串口单片机(51单片机)
15. 串行口 ...............................................................................................................................55 15.1 模式 0....................................................................................................................56 15.2 模式 1....................................................................................................................56 15.3 模式 2....................................................................................................................58 15.4 模式3.....................................................................................................................59 15.5 贞错误检测............................................................................................................59 15.6 多机通信 ...............................................................................................................60
杰威尔仪器有限公司产品:WHP无线湿度温度传感器系列说明书
Wireless products are intended for use in U.S. territories, Canada and Mexico only.
Mounting
Set Point
Model
Configuration Adjustment
WHP-D05 Duct
No
WHP-OSA OSA
4-5/32 [105.41]
3X 1/2˝ NPT 6 [152.40]
DUCT MOUNT
SPECIFICATIONS Relative Humidity Range: 0 to 100%. Temperature Range: -40 to 185°F (-40 to 85°C). Accuracy: ±0.3°C, ±2% RH. Temperature Limits: Ambient: 32 to 140°F (0 to 60°C). Power Requirements: (2) 3.6 V ER14505AA lithium ion batteries, included, user replaceable. Battery Life: 5-8 years (approximately). Transmitter Interval Rate: Approximately 10-15 seconds. Housing Material: ABS plastic. Enclosure Rating: UL 94 V-0. Antenna: 418 MHz - Built inside enclosure. Weight: Dust/OSA: 1.25 lb (567 g); Wall: 0.25 lb (113 g). FCC Approval: FCC ID# T4F061213RSO. Agency Approvals: RoHS.
WH-1温控器器说明书
WH-1温控器器说明书
1、安装、操作和运行前,请认真阅读本说明书。
2、在进行变压器耐压试验前,应先将传感电缆插头及电源线与温控器分离,以免损坏温控器。
3、为了保证温控器能够正常投运,在搬运、安装时尽可能小心轻放。
4、尽可能将温控器安装在变压器外壳或墙体上。
5、禁止用明火烧烤测温探头进行温控检测,若需要检测温控器的输出状态,请检测温控器的模拟输出功能。
6、外部接线时请参照温控箱门背面的接线图,注意接线端子是有源还是无源,并参考本册中对继电器接点容量的说明。
荷尔登生物医学检测产品说明书
1mL
R
1mL
SST, R, GL
1mL
No capillary
1mL
collection
Order of Draw: 1. BLOOD CULTURES 2. LT BLUE 3. RED 4. SST 5. PST/LH GRN 6. LAV 7. GRAY
M2909 (1-19)
Microtainer Microtainer 1 mL
2 Microtainers Microtainer
2 mL FILL TO LINE 1 mL 1 mL Microtainer 1 mL 1 mL Microtainer
SST, R, GL
STAT to lab in 10 min
Also known as CMP SST, R, GL SST, R, GL
TOBRAMYCIN TOTAL PROTEIN TROPONIN TSH
TYPE AND CROSSMATCH
TYPE AND SCREEN URIC ACID
VANCOMYCIN VALPROIC ACID VITAMIN D
FEA
6LA LHC 6LIP
6LIVER 6LIPID LIA 6MG 6METX 6MONO PHNOC 6PFA 6PHOS 6PBNP 6PCAL 6KA 6PTIMEN PSAC 6PTT 6RETCT 6RENAL WHRIG 6SAL SYPHB TBSATA TT3C T4C TESTOC THEOC
CHEM8
QUICK CHEM 8 CBC/AUTO DIFF CKMB
COMP CREATININE CREATININE X-RAY EVALUATION D-DIMER DIGOXIN DILANTIN ELECTROLYTES FERRITIN FSH GLUCOSE
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——求粒度参数 求粒度参数
储
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分 布 规 律 : 非 标 准 正 态 分 布 曲线越陡, 曲线越陡,颗粒越均匀 尖峰越靠右, 曲线越靠右, 曲线越靠右,颗粒越粗 尖峰越靠右,颗粒越粗 粒度组成曲线可定性表征岩石颗粒分布特征。 定性表征岩石颗粒分布特征 ★粒度组成曲线可定性表征岩石颗粒分布特征。 尖峰越高, 尖峰越高,颗粒越均匀
方法选择:依据颗粒大小和岩石致密程度。 方法选择:依据颗粒大小和岩石致密程度。
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(2)测定原理 (2)测定原理 筛析法、 筛析法、沉降法 首先根据岩样胶结物成分不同,用不同的方法去 首先根据岩样胶结物成分不同, 掉胶结物,松散成颗粒状,从而分析。 掉胶结物,松散成颗粒状,从而分析。
Vs
+ Vp
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岩石模型边长为L, L,沿任一 设:岩石模型边长为L,沿任一 边长排列n个球,模型中共有n 边长排列n个球,模型中共有n3 个球;球直径为D 个球;球直径为D; 单个球表面积为πD2; 单个球表面积为πD 所有球的表面积为n 所有球的表面积为n3πD2; 岩石的外表体积为n 立方体) 岩石的外表体积为n3D3(立方体) 以岩石外表体积为基数的比面表达式: 以岩石外表体积为基数的比面表达式:
储
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<筛析法原理> 筛析法原理>
分离: 分离:用振动筛将粉碎 的岩样分离成不同粒径 di)范围的颗粒; (di)范围的颗粒; 称量: 称量:用天平称出各 筛中颗粒重量; 筛中颗粒重量; 计算:按上公式算出各筛中颗粒的百分含量, 计算:按上公式算出各筛中颗粒的百分含量, 即得岩石粒度组成。 即得岩石粒度组成。
25% A 75%
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di(mm)
lg(di)
尖峰越高,颗粒分布越均匀, 均匀, 均匀; 尖峰越高,颗粒分布越均匀, ①比②均匀, ③比④均匀; 尖峰越靠右,颗粒直径越大, 直径大; 尖峰越靠右,颗粒直径越大, ③、 ④比① 、 ②直径大; 陡峭段越陡,颗粒分布越均匀, 均匀, 均匀; 陡峭段越陡,颗粒分布越均匀, ①比②均匀, ③比④均匀; 陡峭段越靠右,颗粒直径越大, 直径大; 陡峭段越靠右,颗粒直径越大, ③ 、④比① 、 ②直径大;
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的Hale Waihona Puke 骨架性质
本节目的: 本节目的: 明确储层岩石骨架结构的复杂性; 明确储层岩石骨架结构的复杂性; 掌握粒度组成的定义, 掌握粒度组成的定义,粒度分布曲线的分析方法和 粒度参数的计算方法; 粒度参数的计算方法; 掌握比面的三种定义及常规测定方法。 掌握比面的三种定义及常规测定方法。
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(4)C (4)C-M图
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C-M图是利用每个岩心样品的 值和 值构成 图是利用每个岩心样品的C值和 图是利用每个岩心样品的 值和M值构成 点群绘制的图件。 点群绘制的图件。
C—粒度组成累积分布曲线上 处对应的粒径。 粒度组成累积分布曲线上1%处对应的粒径 粒度组成累积分布曲线上 处对应的粒径。 M—粒度组成累积分布曲线上 粒度组成累积分布曲线上50%处对应的粒径。 处对应的粒径。 粒度组成累积分布曲线上 处对应的粒径
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§2. 储层岩石的骨架性质
对于砂岩 类型的储层岩石, 对于 砂岩 类型的储层岩石 , 其骨架是由性质 砂岩类型的储层岩石 不同、 形状各异、 大小不等的砂粒胶结 而成。 不同 、 形状各异 、 大小不等的 砂粒胶结 而成 。 颗 砂粒胶结而成 粒的大小、 形状、 排列方式, 胶结物的成分、 粒的大小 、 形状 、 排列方式 , 胶结物的成分 、 数 量、性质、以及胶结方式必将影响到储层性质。 性质、以及胶结方式必将影响到储层性质。 岩石的粒度 比面是反映岩石骨架构成的最 岩石的 粒度 和 比面 是反映岩石骨架构成的最 粒度和 主要指标, 也是划分储层、 主要指标 , 也是划分储层 、 评价储层的重要物性 参数。 参数。
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本节重点: 本节重点: 岩石粒度组成和比面的定义; 岩石粒度组成和比面的定义; 粒度分布曲线的分析和粒度参数的计算; 粒度分布曲线的分析和粒度参数的计算; 比面的马略特瓶法测定原理。 比面的马略特瓶法测定原理。 本节难点: 本节难点: 粒度分布曲线分析; 粒度分布曲线分析; 比面的马略特瓶法测定原理。 比面的马略特瓶法测定原理。
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<沉降法原理> 沉降法原理> 岩石颗粒大小不同, 岩石颗粒大小不同,其在液体中的沉降速度v 不 同。测出颗粒的沉降速度v,据v 可计算颗粒大 小: 颗粒粒径: Stokes公式 公式, 颗粒粒径:由Stokes公式,
18γυ d= g(ρs / ρL −1 )
式中: 液体运动粘度; 重力加速度; 式中:γ-液体运动粘度;g-重力加速度; ρs-颗粒密度; ρL-液体密度。 颗粒密度; 液体密度。
油层物理
储层岩石的物理特性
第一章
储层岩石的物理特性 储层岩石的物理特性
本章内容
§1 §2 §3 §4 §5 §6 §7 §8 多孔介质的分类 储层岩石的骨架性质 岩石的孔隙结构及孔隙性 储层岩石孔隙中的流体饱和度 储层岩石的渗透性 储层物性参数平均值计算方法 储层岩石的敏感性 储层岩石的其它物理性质(自学) 储层岩石的其它物理性质(自学)
式中: 粒级i 式中:di——粒级 的颗粒平均粒径; 粒级 的颗粒平均粒径; 与粒级i di’、di”——与粒级 相邻的前 、 与粒级 后两层筛子的孔眼直径。 后两层筛子的孔眼直径。
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4、粒度组成的表示方法:数字列表法和作图法 粒度组成的表示方法:数字列表法和作图法 (1)数字列表法 (1)数字列表法
+ 6.6
4 φi = −log 2 di
评价标准( 评价标准(表1-4):σ 越小 越→0),颗粒的分选越好。 4): 越小(越 ,颗粒的分选越好。 σ=1为分界线 为分界线 σ<1,越小,岩石分选性越好,岩石越均匀 ,越小,岩石分选性越好, σ>1,越大,岩石分选性越差,岩石越不均匀 ,越大,岩石分选性越差,
α = d60 /d10
评价标准: 越 评价标准:α越→1,颗粒越均匀,分选越好。 ,颗粒越均匀,分选越好。 α=1~2.4 均匀 α>2.4 不均匀
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(2)分选系数 (2)分选系数 S(sorted coefficient) coefficient) 以累积分布曲线上累积重量75% 以累积分布曲线上累积重量75%所对应的颗粒直径 75%所对应的颗粒直径 d75与累积重量25%所对应的颗粒直径d25比值的1/2 与累积重量25% 25%所对应的颗粒直径 比值的1/2 次方表示
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骨架 孔隙
砂岩:指颗粒经胶结物胶结而成,砂含量 砂岩:指颗粒经胶结物胶结而成, 50%的陆源碎屑岩。(颗粒大小、形状、 。(颗粒大小 >50%的陆源碎屑岩。(颗粒大小、形状、 排列方式、胶结物等) 排列方式、胶结物等) 砂岩中含:砾石、 粉砂、 砂岩中含:砾石、砂、粉砂、泥等碎屑颗 粒径为0.1 0.1的碎屑颗粒称为砂。 粒。粒径为0.1-1mm 的碎屑颗粒称为砂。
S = d75 /d25
评价标准: 评价标准:S=1~2.5 S=2.5~4.5 S>4.5 分选好, 分选好,岩石颗粒均匀 中 差
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(3)标准偏差 (3)标准偏差σ(standard deviation) deviation) 福克· 福克·沃德公式
σ=
φ84 −φ16 φ95 −φ5
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(2)作图法 (2)作图法 直方图、累积曲线图、频率曲线图、 直方图、累积曲线图、频率曲线图、概率曲线图等 常用: 常用: 粒度组成分布曲线(直方图) 粒度组成分布曲线(直方图):各种粒径的颗粒所占 的重量百分数
di ~
×100% ∑Wi
W i
粒度组成累积分布曲线(累积曲线图) 累积曲线图)
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(3)粒度组成结果分析的关键 (3)粒度组成结果分析的关键
筛析、沉降法测出的粒径并不是一个定值,而 筛析、沉降法测出的粒径并不是一个定值, 是一个范围,该范围内的平均粒径为: 是一个范围,该范围内的平均粒径为: 平均粒径计算: 平均粒径计算:
1 1 1 1 = ( ' + '' ) di 2 di di