宏观经济学课件Macroeconomics(2).doc

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宏观经济学PPT课件

固定资产投资是用来增加新厂房、新机械设备、新住房的支出。存货投资是指厂商持有的存货价值的变动。存货投资可能是正值，也可能是负值。计入GDP中的投资是指总投资，即重置投资与净投资之和。
政府购买（G）
政府购买(Government Purchase，G)，是指各级政府购买物品和劳务的支出，它包括政府购买军火、军队和警察的服务、政府机关办公用品与办公设施、举办诸如道路等公共工程、开办学校和政府雇员的薪金等方面的支出。
个人可支配收入(Personal Disposable Income， PDI)是一国在一定时期内所有常住单位的家庭或个人能够自由支配的收入。个人收入扣除个人所得税，余下部分才能由个人支配。因此，个人可支配收入表示为：个人可支配收入＝个人消费－个人所得税
国民生产总值——国民生产净值——国民收入—— 个人收入——个人可支配收入
4、企业转移支付及企业间接税企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的社会慈善捐款和消费者呆帐。企业间接税是企业向政府缴纳的销售税、货物税、周转税等税款。
5、资本折旧资本折旧虽不是要素收入，但包括在总投资中，也应该计入国内生产总值。
6、非公司业主收入合伙企业或个人经济企业的收入。
7、公司税前利润它包括公司所得税、社会保险税、股东红利及公司未分配利润等。
6万单位×20美元＝120万美元
220万美元
实际增长了[（220－150）/150＝46.7%]
名义增长了[(340－150)/150＝126.7%]
GDP平减指数

名义GDP 实际GDP
第二节国民收入核算中的其他指标
一、其他指标的含义
在国民收入核算体系中，除了国内生产总值以外，还有国民生产总值、国民生产净值、国民收入（狭义）、个人收入以及个人可支配收入等相关概念。

宏观经济学讲义高鸿业版本PPT课件精品

相互联系
微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，宏观经济现象是微观经济行为的总体表现。两者在政策制定和实施中相互补充。
宏观经济学研究方法
实证分析方法运用统计数据和计量经济学工具，对宏
观经济现象进行定量分析和检验。
历史分析方法通过对历史数据的梳理和分析，揭示
宏观经济现象的演变规律和趋势。
规范分析方法基于一定的价值判断，对宏观经济政策进行评估和比较，提出政策建议。
2023
PART 03
失业与通货膨胀
REPORTING
失业类型及原因
摩擦性失业
由于劳动力市场运行机制不完善或者因为经济变动过程中的工作转换而产生的失业。
周期性失业
由于经济周期或经济波动引起劳动力市场供求失衡所造成的失业。
结构性失业
由于经济结构（包括产业结构、产品结构、地区结构等）发生了变化，现有劳动力的知识、技能、观念、区域分布等不适应这种变化，与市场需求不匹配而引发的失业。
劳动力供给变化
技术进步提高了劳动生产率，使得劳动力供给相对减少。这可能导致劳动力成本上升，企业需要采取措施提高劳动力效率以降低成本。
劳动力市场不平等
技术进步可能导致劳动力市场不平等加剧，高技能劳动力与低技能劳动力之间的收入差距扩大。这需要政府采取措施促进教育公平和职业培训，减少劳动力市场不平等。
税收政策
通过调整税率和税基，影响企业和个人的可支配收入，进而调节总需求。
国债政策
通过发行或偿还国债，调节市场资金供求和利率水平。
货币政策与财政政策配合
松紧搭配的货币政策与财政政策
根据经济运行的实际情况，灵活采用松或紧的货币政策与财政政策组合，以实现特定的经济目标。例如，在经济过热时，可以采用紧缩的货币政策和宽松的财政政策相配合，以控制通货膨胀并促进经济增长；而在经济衰退时，则可以采用宽松的货币政策和紧缩的财政政策相配合，以刺激总需求和增加就业。

宏观经济学ppt(完整版)第2章

货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
货币政策的目标
02
稳定物价
促进经济增长
03
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
实现充分就业
1
保持国际收支平衡
2
货币政策的工具
3
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
法定存款准备金率
02
再贴现率
03
公开市场操作
货币政策的目标、工具及实施效果
01
02
03
04
货币政策的实施效果
研究对象
主要包括国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经济增长、国际收支等宏观经济现象和问题。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
联系
两者都是经济学的重要分支，共同构成了经济学的完整体系。微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，宏观经济学是微观经济学的延伸和拓展。
区别
微观经济学研究个体经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为，而宏观经济学研究整个经济体系的运行和总体经济问题。微观经济学关注个体决策和市场机制，宏观经济学关注总体经济指标和政策效应。
中央银行过度发行货币，导致货币贬值和物价上涨。
失业与通货膨胀的关系及治理政策
关系
长期中，失业率和通货膨胀率之间不存在稳定的负相关关系。
菲利普斯曲线表明，在短期内失业率和通货膨胀率之间存在负相关关系，即通货膨胀率上升时失业率下降，反之亦然。
治理政策
针对失业的政策措施：促进经济增长以增加就业岗位；加强职业培训和再教育以提高劳动者技能；完善劳动力市场以减少信息不对称和就业歧视。
政策实践
政府可以采取多种政策措施来促进经济增长，如加大投资力度、优化产业结构、推动技术创新、改善制度环境等。同时，也需要注意防范潜在风险和挑战，确保经济增长的可持续性。

《宏观经济学第二章》PPT课件

货币政策的目标
02
稳定物价
充分就业
03
货币政策的定义、目标与工具
经济增长
1
国际收支平衡
2
货币政策的工具
3
货币政策的定义、目标与工具
01
法定存款准备金率
02
再贴现率
03
公开市场操作
财政政策与货币政策的协调与配合
财政政策与货币政策的协调
松的财政政策和松的货币政策搭配，即“双松”政策，应用于社会总需求严重不足，社会有效供给不足，物价持续下跌阶段。
策略
经济发展的策略包括促进创新、优化产业结构、推动区域协调发展、加强国际合作等。
经济增长与经济发展的关系
联系
经济增长是经济发展的基础，没有经济增长就难以实现经济发展。同时，经济发展是经济增长的延伸和拓展，强调更全面、更协调、更可持续的发展。
区别
经济增长主要关注经济总量的增加，而经济发展则更注重经济质量的提升和社会全面进步。此外，经济增长是一个相对短期的过程，而经济发展则是一个长期的过程。
开放经济下的汇率制度与外汇市场
汇率制度开放经济下，汇率制度的选择对一国经济发展至关重要。常见的汇率制度包括固定汇率制度、浮动汇率制度等。
外汇市场外汇市场是开放经济下国际间进行货币兑换和资金流动的重要场所。外汇市场的参与者包括商业银行、中央银行、跨国公司等。
汇率波动与风险管理开放经济下，汇率波动会对一国经济产生重要影响。企业和个人需要采取有效的风险管理措施来应对汇率风险。
应得的收入份额以及因从事生产活动向政府支付的份额的角度来反映最
终成果的一种计算方法。
国民收入核算中的其他重要指标
人均国内生产总值
国民总收入（GNI）

宏观经济学ppt课件完整版

一、国内生产总值的定义
•
定义：在某一既定时期一国之内生
产的所有最终产品和劳务市场价值总
和。
•
上述定义包括以下几方面规定：
•
第一，“一国之内…”。GDP按国
土原则计算
•
GDP以领土为统计范围，强调无
论劳动力和其它生产要素是属于本
国、还是外国，只要是在本国领土
生产的产品和劳务的价值都计入本
国的GDP。，
企业家愿意提供的产品越多。
•
—— 供给定理
34
（2）经济理论的图形表达
P
S
O
Q
35
（3）经济理论的数学表达
•
•
•
•
用函数的形式表达供给定理，该理
论可以表示为：
Q
= f（P）
供给量
价格
函数
上式表示供给量是价格的函数。
36
（4）著名的经济学模型：供求模型
•
例如，猪肉的需求函数：
•
Qd = D（P、Y）
流量而不是存量，通常以年度或季
度为单位度量。
存量 VS .流量
•
存量：
在某一时点上存在的数量。
（洗脸盆中的水，你书架上的书和
你储蓄账户上的货币量也是存量。）
•
流量：
在一定时期发生的量。
（打开的水龙头流到洗脸盆中的水。
我们在一个月里买的书和我们在一个
月里赚到的收入也是流量。）
存量 VS .流量
•
化等。
26
值得研究的问题：
•
（1）为什么会有经济增长？决定因
素是什么？
•
（2）如何准确测量经济增长的速度
和成本，经济增长如何维持？如何实

宏观经济学2-PPT精选文档

14.怎样理解IS-LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心。
15.简述简单凯恩斯国民收入决定论（以两部门为例）
第六章
宏观经济政策
本章术语
挤出效应自动稳定器公开市场业务
本章复习思考题
1.我们为什么需要宏观经济政策? 2.财政政策的工具有哪些?它们是如何影响总需求的? 3.什么是自动稳定机制?试举例说明。 4.为什么会产生挤出效应?它受哪些因素的影响?试结合图
的效果
18
第七章
总需求-总供给模型
本章术语
总供给总需求价格水平利率效应实际余额效应(财富效应) 所得税效应短期的总供给曲线长期的总供给曲线
本章复习思考题
1.为什么价格水平与总需求水平是负相关关系? 2.请分析价格水平是如何影响总需求的。 3.总需求曲线为什么是向右下方倾斜的? 4.分析财政政策与货币政策是如何影响总需求的。 5.总供给曲线的理论来源是什么? 6.为什么总供给曲线在短期内是倾斜的,而在长期内是垂直
本章复习思考题
1.什么是流动性如何根据流动性来划分货币层次? 2.中央银行具备哪些职能? 3.人们为什么需要持有货币? 4.什么是“流动性偏好”与“流动性陷阱”? 5.影响货币需求的因素有哪些? 6.什么是基础货币?为什么基础货币又被称”高能货
币”? 7.简述商业银行存款创造的原理（银行的货币创造机
制是什么？） 8.试述货币市场的均衡。 9.均衡利率是如何决定的? 10.投机性货币需求存在两种极端情况是什么? 11.怎样理解货币的投机性需求是利率的减函数?
第五章
产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡
本章术语及习题
现值资本边际效率投资边际效率投资函数引致函数 IS曲线 LM曲线 Q比率古典区域凯恩斯区域中间区域

宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)

• 市场贷款利率上升商业银行持有超额准备金的机会成本上升银行的超额准备率降低
• 中央银行的再贴现率上升商业银行向中央银行借款的成本上升商业银行自己多
留准备金实际准备率上升
6.1.4 经济持续稳定增长
• 是指在一个特定时期内经济社会所生产的人均产量和人均收入的持续增长
• 一般用实际国内生产总值年均增长率来衡量 • 持续、稳定、长期的增长是经济社会所追求
的理想状态
6.1.5 国际收支平衡
• 国际收支平衡对开放型经济国家至关重要 • 国际收支会影响一个国家的就业、物价和经
6.2.8 拉弗曲线（属于供给学派理论）
• 一般来说，税率越高，政府的税收就越多，所以提高税率可以增加政府的收入
• 但是，税率的提高超过一定的限度，企业的经营成本提高，它们会减少投资，甚至退出这个地区乃至国家的投资，从而造成政府征税基础的缩小，政府税收的总量因此减少
• 描绘这种税收与税率关系的曲线叫做拉弗曲线
• 充分就业预算盈余：是指既定的政府预算在充分就业的国民收入水平上所产生的政府预算盈余。（为使预算盈余成为判断财政政策的扩张或紧缩而提出）
• 充分就业预算盈余：BS﹡=tY﹡-G-TR • 实际预算盈余： BS=tY-G-TR
充分就业预算盈余
• 如果：Y﹡＜Y，则， BS﹡ ＜ BS • 如果：Y﹡＞Y，则， BS﹡ ＞ BS • 充分就业预算盈余增加或赤字减少，财政政策紧缩 • 充分就业预算盈余减少或赤字增加，财政政策扩张 • 意义：
– 政策乘数大小是多少？ – 政策时滞是多长？ – 挤出效应有多大？ – 不确定性如何排除？
6.2.4 国家预算
• 预算赤字和预算盈余 • 预算赤字：收<支；预算盈余：收>支 • ---年度平衡预算 • ---周期平衡预算（瑞典预算，补偿性财政政策） • 把原来争取年度预算平衡拓展成实现每个经济周期的

宏观经济学完整教学课件2

16% 14% 12% 10%
8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
Annual Percentage Increase
2009， 33.5万亿， 8.7% 2010. 39.8万亿, 10.3%
GDP三次产业结构, 1978-2004
2009年1-11月规模以上工业企业实现利润及增长速度单位：亿元
6.06%
4. 利率与汇率
汇率
外汇市场的供求名义汇率和实际汇率：R=ePf/P 名义有效汇率和实际有效汇率人民币进一步升值，对美元中间价6.6 2010年全年，人民币实际有效汇率升4.72%
2005 年6 月至2007 年6 月主要货币有效汇率升值幅度
5. 财政收支
税收
间接税：
权重：食品占34％，衣着占9.1%，家电占6％，交通运输（汽车）占10.4%，娱乐教育 14.2％，医疗 10％，住房 13.2％
2006 1.5%, 2007年4.8%，GDP缩减指数5.6%，
2008年上半年cpi 7.9%，2008年5.9%。 2009年-0.7%, 2010年3.3%，
宏观经济学
宏观经济学 1
导论与国民收入核算
第一章导论
宏观经济学的研究范围主要宏观经济学流派与微观经济学的联系宏观经济学的研究框架主要宏观经济指标
一、宏观经济学的研究范围
宏观经济学的产生
现实背景
1929年大危机与罗斯福新政
理论背景经济与政府关系
凯恩斯《就业、利息与货币通论》1936年
三、与微观经济学的联系
研究对象研究方法结论：
互为前提微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础
四、宏观经济学的研究框架
三个市场：
金融市场商品市场劳动市场

宏观经济学教学课件(全)

➢ （1）促进增长 ➢ （2）稳定经济 ➢ （3）减少失业 ➢ （4）控制物价 ➢ （5）对外平衡
宏观经济学的研究方法
• 宏观经济学的研究方法有其自身的特点。具体来说，有以下几点：
➢ 1、通货膨胀率与价格水平
• 通货膨胀率是价格水平的百分比变化。年通货膨胀率的公式为：
年通货膨胀率
今年的价格水平去年的价格水平去年的价格水平
100%
• 上面公式中的价格水平通常选用消费者价格指数（Consumer price index，简称CPI）的数字。
• 例如，美国1990年12月的消费者价格指数为
• 一国在一定时期（一年、一季度或一个月）所有对外收支总额的对照表称为国际收支账户，它是一种以复式登录的记账方法为基础的会计表格。
• 我们看到，一国的国际收支账户主要包括以下三个内容：
➢ 1、经常项目（Current account）
➢ 2、资本项目（Capital account）
➢ 3、官方结算项目（Official settlement account）
• 我们可以通过表1.1的美国国际收支账户具体了解国际收支账户的构成情况。
• 从国际收支平衡账户中我们可以清楚地了解，当一国出现贸易逆差时，其结果必然是外国资本的净流入（资本项目顺差），或者官方储备的减少（官方结算项目顺差）；而当一国出现贸易顺差时，情况正好相反。贸易不平衡是开放经济这一课题下最核心的问题之一。近年来，贸易逆差问题受到逆差国媒体和政策制定者越来越高的重视。
第一章导论
第一节宏观经济学的研究对象和方法
➢什么是宏观经济学 ➢宏观经济学的研究对象 ➢宏观经济学的研究方法
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学也叫做总量经济学，宏观 (Macro)一词源于希腊文(Makros)，表示 “大”的意思，这是因为宏观经济学这一学科研究的对象是大型经济单位，通常是指一国的国民经济,涉及的内容是整个社会的价格水平、总产量、就业水平和其他经济总量的决定。

宏观经济学课件chapter02精选全文

可编辑修改精选全文完整版宏观经济学课件chapter02Macroeconomics, 6e (Blanchard/Johnson)Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book2.1 Multiple Choice Questions1) Fill in the blank for the following: GDP is the value of all ________ produced in a given period.A) final and intermediate goods and services produced by the private sector onlyB) final goods and servicesC) final and intermediate goods and services, plus raw materialsD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 12) When using the income approach to measure GDP, the largest share of GDP generally consists ofA) interest income.B) labor income.C) indirect taxes.D) profits.E) capital income.Answer: BDiff: 13) For this question, assume that 1980 is the base year. Given macroeconomic conditions in the United States over the past three decades, we know thatA) nominal GDP is always smaller than real GDP since 1980.B) real GDP and nominal GDP would be equal for the entire period.C) real GDP is larger than nominal GDP from 2002 to 2008.D) real GDP and nominal GDP were equal in 1980.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 24) Suppose nominal GDP increased in a given year. Based on this information, we know with certainty thatA) real output has increased.B) the price level (GDP deflator) has increased.C) real output and the price level (GDP deflator) have both increased.D) either real output or the price level (GDP deflator) have increased.E) real output has increased and the price level has decreased.Answer: DDiff: 25) Use the following information to answer this question. If nominal GDP rises from $100 trillion to $120 trillion, while the GDP deflator rises from 2.0 to 2.2, the percentage change in real GDP is approximately equal toA) -10%.B) 10%.C) 20%.D) 9.1%.E) 0%.Answer: DDiff: 26) Hedonic pricing isA) the way that luxury goods are priced in a market economy.B) the tendency for the inflation rate to rise by greater and greater amounts.C) the tendency for nominal GDP to rise when the price level rises.D) the process of translating nominal GDP into real GDP.E) the process of pricing individual characteristics of a good or service.Answer: EDiff: 17) In a given year, suppose a company spends $100 million on intermediate goods and $200 million on wages, with no other expenses. Also assume that its total sales are $800 million. The value added by this company equalsA) $200 million.B) $300 million.C) $500 million.D) $700 million.E) $800 million.Answer: DDiff: 28) A firm's value added equalsA) its revenue minus all of its costs.B) its revenue minus its wages.C) its revenue minus its wages and profit.D) its revenue minus its cost of intermediate goods.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) Suppose you are provided with the following data for yourcountry for a particular month: 200 million people are working, 20 million are not working but are looking for work, and 40 million are not working and have given up looking for work. The official unemployment rate for that month isA) 7.7%.B) 9.1%.C) 10%.D) 23%.E) 30%.Answer: BDiff: 110) In the United States, someone is classified as unemployed if he or sheA) does not have a job.B) does not have a job, or else has a job but is looking for a different one while continuing to work.C) does not have a job, has recently looked for work, and is collecting unemployment insurance.D) does not have a job, and is collecting unemployment insurance.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 111) An individual is said to be a discouraged worker if he or sheA) is working, but prefers not to work.B) is working part time, but would prefer a full time job.C) is working in jobs she/he is not suited for.D) wants to work, and is actively searching for a job.E) wants to work, but has given up searching for a job.Answer: EDiff: 112) Which of the following tends to occur when the unemployment rate increases?A) a reduction in the labor force participation rateB) a reduction in the number of discouraged workersC) an increase in the number of employed workersD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 113) Labor income's share in an advanced country is likely to beA) 70%.B) 45%.C) 29%.D) 10%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 214) The labor force in the United States is defined asA) the total number of individuals who are employed.B) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed and the officially unemployed.C) the sum of the total number of individuals who are employed, the officially unemployed, and discouraged workers.D) the total number of individuals who are 16 years old and older, but not retired.E) none of the aboveAnswer: BUse the information provided below to answer the following questions.Suppose a country using the United States' system of calculating official unemployment statistics has 100 million people, of whom 50 million are working age. Of these 50 million, 20 million have jobs. Of the remainder: 10 million are actively searching for jobs; 10 million would like jobs but are not searching; and 10 million do not want jobs at all.15) Refer to the information above. The labor force isA) 20 million.B) 40 million.C) 60 million.D) 80 million.E) 100 million.Answer: CDiff: 216) Refer to the information above. The labor force participation rate isA) .2.B) .3.C) .4.D) .6.E) .8.Answer: DDiff: 217) Refer to the information above. The official unemployment rate isA) .1.B) .2.D) .4.E) .66.Answer: CDiff: 218) The GDP deflator provides a measure of which of the following?A) the ratio of GDP to the size of the populationB) the ratio of GDP to the number of workers employedC) the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDPD) the price of a typical consumer's basket of goodsE) real GDP divided by the aggregate price levelAnswer: CDiff: 119) Which of the following calculations will yield the correct measure of real GDP?A) divide nominal GDP by the consumer price indexB) divide the GDP deflator by the consumer price indexC) multiply nominal GDP by the consumer price indexD) multiply nominal GDP by the GDP deflatorE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 220) The prices for which of the following goods are included in both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index?A) goods bought by householdsB) goods bought by firmsC) good bought by governmentsD) goods bought by foreign households (i.e., exports)E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 221) Suppose we switch the base year from 2000 to 2008. This change in the base year will causeA) nominal GDP in every year to increase.B) nominal GDP in every year to decrease.C) both nominal and real GDP in every year to decrease.D) real GDP in every year to decrease.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 222) Pure inflation occurs whenA) nominal wages rise faster than all prices.B) all prices rise faster than nominal wages.C) all prices and nominal wages rise by the same percentage.D) the GDP deflator and Consumer Price Index rise by the same percentage.E) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 223) One of the reasons macroeconomists have concerns about inflation is that inflation causesA) real GDP to rise.B) nominal GDP to fall.C) wages to rise as fast as prices.D) real GDP to exceed nominal GDP.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 124) Changes in GDP in the short run are caused primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) technology.D) capital accumulation.E) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 225) Changes in GDP in the medium run are determined primarily byA) demand factors.B) supply factors.C) monetary policy.D) all of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 226) Changes in GDP in the long run are determined primarily byA) monetary policy.B) fiscal policy.C) demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 227) Which of the following prices will be used when calculating the rate of growth of real GDP between the year's 2005 and 2006 using the chain method?A) prices in the base year (2002)B) prices in 2005C) prices in 2006D) the average of prices in 2005 and 2006E) prices in 2005, 2006, and in 2002 (the base year)Answer: DDiff: 228) Which of the following factors is NOT believed to affect output in the long run?A) technologyB) monetary policyC) the size of the labor forceD) the capital stockAnswer: BDiff: 129) The Okun's law shows the relationship betweenA) inflation and unemployment rate.B) output growth and unemployment.C) inflation and output growth.D) output growth and money supply.Answer: BDiff: 230) The Phillips curve describes the relationship betweenA) output growth and unemployment.B) inflation and output growth.C) output growth and money supply.D) inflation and unemployment .Answer: DDiff: 231) Prices for which of the following are included in the GDP deflator, but not included in the Consumer Price Index?A) firms' purchases of new equipmentB) intermediate goods and servicesC) consumption of goodsD) consumption of servicesAnswer: ADiff: 132) Macroeconomists are concerned about changes in the unemployment rate because changes in the unemployment rate provide information aboutA) the state of the economy.B) the welfare of those who are unemployed.C) none of the aboveD) both A and BAnswer: DDiff: 133) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents nominal GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: BDiff: 134) Deflation generally occurs when which of the following occurs?A) the consumer price index is greater than the GDP deflatorB) the consumer price index decreasesC) the rate of inflation falls, for example, from 4% to 2%D) nominal GDP does not changeAnswer: BDiff: 135) During the mid-1980s, we observed a significantreduction in oil prices. In the United States, we would expect that this reduction in oil prices would causeA) a larger reduction in the CPI compared to the GDP deflator.B) an equal reduction in the CPI and GDP deflator.C) a larger reduction in the GDP deflator compared to the CPI.D) no change in the CPI and a reduction in the GDP deflator.Answer: ADiff: 236) Suppose nominal GDP in 2009 does not change (compared its previous level in 2008). Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP increased during 2009.B) the GDP deflator increased during 2009.C) both the GDP deflator and real GDP fell during 2009.D) more information is needed to answer this question.Answer: DDiff: 237) During the late 1990s, Japan experienced reductions in the GDP deflator. Given this information, we know with certainty thatA) real GDP fell during these periods.B) real GDP did not change during these periods.C) the overall price level in Japan decreased during these periods.D) both real GDP and the overall price level decreased during these periods. Answer: CDiff: 238) Hedonic pricing is used toA) convert nominal values to real values.B) calculate the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP.C) measure the rate of change in real GDP.D) obtain chain-weight indexes.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 139) GDP in current dollars is equivalent to which of the following?A) real GDPB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in 2000 dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 140) Which of the following does NOT represent real GDP?A) GDP in current dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) GDP in constant dollarsAnswer: ADiff: 141) which of the following represents real GDP?A) GDP in constant dollarsB) GDP in terms of goodsC) GDP in base year dollarsD) all of aboveAnswer: ADiff: 142) According to convention, a recession is referred to if an economy goes throughA) at least two consecutive quarters of negative growthB) at least three consecutive quarters of negative growthC) at least four quarters of negative growthD) at least two consecutive months of negative growthAnswer: ADiff: 143) Based on the notation presented in Chapter 2, which of the following expressions represents real GDP?A) Y tB) P t Y tC) Y t/P tD) $Y t/P tAnswer: ADiff: 144) Measures of aggregate output have been published on a regular basis in the United States sinceA) 1947.B) 1933.C) 1917.D) 1946.Answer: ADiff: 145) Which of the following about capital income is NOT correct?A) it refers to a firm's revenue.B) it is also called profit income.C) it goes to the firms.D) it accounts for less than 35% of income in advancedcountries.Answer: ADiff: 146) Which of the following about the Phillips curve is NOT correct?A) It shows the relation between GDP growth and unemployment.B) It has been redefined as a relation between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.C) It was first explored by A. W. Phillips.D) The curve is downward sloping.Answer: ADiff: 12.2 Essay Questions1) Explain the three ways GDP can be measured.Answer: GDP can be measured three ways. First, GDP represents the market value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given period. This would be obtained by adding C, I, G, and NX. Second, GDP is the sum of the value added by firms. The value added for a firm equals the value of the production (at that stage of the production process) minus the value of the intermediate goods (excluding labor services). The final value of aggregate output can be calculated by either summing the value of all final goods and services OR by summing the value added of all goods and services at each stage of production. And finally, GDP is also the sum of all incomes earned in a given period.2) First, define nominal GDP and real GDP. Second, is it possible for nominal GDP in a year to be less than real GDP in the same year? Explain.Answer: Nominal GDP represents the value of goods and services produced using current prices. Real GDP measures the value of the same goods and services using some base year prices. It is possible for nominal GDP to be less than real GDP in a given year. Given the definitions of the two variables, this will occur if prices in that year are simply less than prices in the base year. If, for example, the base year is 2002, it will generally be the case that nominal GDP will be less than real GDP for those years prior to 2002 given that prices have generally risen in all years. 3) Explain whether it is possible for nominal GDP to increase and real GDP to decrease in the same period.Answer: Nominal GDP can rise because either the price level is rising or the real quantity of goods and services produced has increased. Nominal GDP can increase while real GDP falls if the increase in the aggregate price level is larger (in a proportionate sense) than the drop in real economic activity.4) Explain the difference between the unemployment rate and the participation rate.Answer: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force (those employed and unemployed) that is unemployed. The participation rate is the percentage of the working age population that is in the labor force.5) Explain how the existence of discouraged workers alters the extent to which the official unemployment provides an accurate measure of the use of labor resources.Answer: Discouraged workers are those individuals who have decided to stop searching for employment because they have become "discouraged" about employment opportunities. At some point, these individuals will no longer be considered as part of the labor force. The existence of discouraged workers willcause the official unemployment rate to provide an under-estimate of the underutilization of labor.6) Briefly explain why the reported official unemployment rate in Spain in 1994 may have provided an over-estimate of unemployment in Spain.Answer: The relatively high unemployment rate in Spain is partly the result of a relatively large underground economy. The underground economy is that part of the economy not measured in official statistics. After taking into account those individuals who are "employed" in the underground economy, the unemployment rate in Spain would have been lower (but still relatively high).7) What are the social and economic implications of unemployment? Explain.Answer: Economic implications: signal of economic activity and measure of the utilization of labor. Social implications: the emotional and psychological suffering that occurs as a result of being unemployed.8) Explain what factors cause changes in output in: (1) the short run; (2) medium run; and (3) long run.Answer: In the short run, demand factors primarily cause changes in output. In the medium run, factors such as the technology, amount of capital, and the skill and size of the labor force (supply factors) affect output. And in the long run, the education system, saving rate, and role of government affect economic activity.9) Will the CPI and GDP deflator always move together? Explain.Answer: No they will not. Some of the goods included in the GDP deflator (some investment goods) are not included in theCPI. Some of the goods included in the CPI (foreign goods) are not included in the GDP deflator.10) Explain how inflation can lead to distortions.Answer: First, not all prices and wages adjust automatically when inflation occurs. Second, variations in relative prices (which occur when there is not pure inflation) can lead to uncertainty. Inflation can also lead to distortions if the tax system is not adjusted when inflation occurs (e.g. nominal income tax brackets).11) Explain why economists care about inflation.Answer: Inflation will cause relative prices to change. It will also cause changes in the distribution of income. Inflation will lead to other distortions such as tax distortions and uncertainty.12) Explain Okun's Law.Answer: It shows the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment rate. If output growth is high, unemployment will decrease.13) Explain the Phillips curve.Answer: It shows the negative relationship between inflation rate and unemployment rate. After 1970s, it was redefined as the relationship between the change in the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate.14) Explain why the Phillips curve on average is downward sloping.Answer: When unemployment becomes very low, the economy is likely to overheat and this will lead to upward pressure on inflation.15) Explain why economists care about unemployment.Answer: First, they care about unemployment because of its direct effect on the welfare of the unemployed. Unemployment is often associated with financial and psychological suffering.Second, they care about unemployment because it provides a signal that the economy may not be using some of its resources efficiently.16) Can an economy maintain high output growth, low unemployment, and low inflation at the the same time? Explain.Answer: It would be very hard to achieve the three objectives at the same time. High output growth leads to low unemployment, which is likely to put pressure on inflation.。

宏观经济学2PPT课件

MPL
MPL
生产函数的斜率等于MPL
1
L 劳动
15
２边际产量递减规律
在其他条件不变的情况下，随着一种要素投入的增加，它的边际产品在下降在资本固定时，随着劳动力投入的增加，将导致：对于每个工人来讲，将会拥有少量的机器更低的生产效率
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测验:
下面哪种函数的劳动边际产量递减?
需求方：消费、投资和政府购买的决定
均衡：产品市场可贷资金市场
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3
有用的假设：
不考虑货币的作用
没有与其它国家发生贸易往来
只存在两种生产要素
资源得到了充分利用
资本存量、劳动力和生产技术是不变的
没有考虑短期粘性物价的作用
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第一节是什么决定了产品与服务的总生产
23
中国国民收入分配现状
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第三节什么因素决定产品与服务需求
封闭经济体中的总需求构成：
C = 消费需求 I = 对商品的投资需求 G = 政府购买需求
(封闭经济: no NX )
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C 消费需求,
定义可支配收入是由总收入减去总的税收:
41
答案
S Y C G Y 0 .8 ( Y T) G 0 .2 Y 0 .8 T G
a. S100
b . S0 .8 1 0 08 0
S c . 0 .2 1 0 0 2 0
Y L d . M P L 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 ,
S Y 0 . 2 0 . 2 2 0 0 4 0 .

宏观经济学Microeconomics

n
I+G=S+T
n
I = S + (T-G)
n
( T=TA-TR)
n T:为净税收, TA:为总税收,TR:为转移支付.
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学Microeconomics
两部门国民收入流量循环图
生产要素市场
PPT文档演模板
Y
工资，租金，利息，利润
家庭储蓄金融机构投资企业
S
I
购买各种产品和劳务
第二节什么因素决定物品与劳务的总生产
1. 生产要素劳动资本土地企业家的才能
2. 生产函数 Y = F ( K, L) 规模收益不变: zY = F (zK, zL)
3. 物品与劳务的供给 Y = F ( K, L )
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学Microeconomics
第三节国民收入如何分配给生产要素
宏观经济学Microeconomics
部门法
n 一块面包的GDP的部门法核算
生产部门
市场价值（元）附加价值（元）
农资公司（种子化肥）
0.10
0.10
农场（种小麦）
0.20
0.10
面粉厂（磨面粉）
0.35
0.15
面包厂（烤面包）
0.55
0.20
批发商（批发）
0.75
0.20
零售商（销售）
PPT文档演模板
品的总支出即最终产品的总卖价来计量GDP的。
GDP=C+I+G+(EX-IM)
国民收入=消费支出+投资支出+政府购买支出+净出口支出
2.收入法( Income Approach) 即用要素收入亦即企业生产成本核算GDP。国民总收入=工资+利息+利润+租金 +间接税和企业的转移支付+折旧

宏观第2章161页PPT文档

1995 7 5 9 5 .7 2 7 8 9 3 .7 7 8 1 1 .2 1 6 1 4 7 .4 5 9 4 4 8 .1
1997 1 0 3 1 2 .2 4 1 5 4 0 .3 1 0 2 4 5 .0 1 3 6 0 6 .6 7 5 7 0 4 .1
13
第二节国内生产总值及核算
14
第二节国内生产总值及核算
（三）最终产品法
1.个人支出（消费）（ C ） • 本国居民对最终商品和服务的支出表现为消费
（Consumption）（C）
——耐用消费品（如，购买一辆新轿车）、非耐用消费品（如，服装，食品）、劳务（医疗服务）三项
15
第二节国内生产总值及核算
（三）最终产品法
2.政府对产品和服务的支出（ GP ） • 它不包括政府的转移支付：国债利息支付与
（二）收入法
• 4.公司利润指所有公司在一定时期内所获得的利润，是公司的销售收入扣除工资、利息、租金以及其他成本项目以后获得的净剩余。
• 5.利息净额指个人从企业获得的因资金借贷所产生的利息，不包括个人之间因借贷关系而发生的利息和由国家公债所支付的利息。
• 6.企业间接税指企业交纳的营业税、货物税等税额，它不同于被称作直接税的公司利润税。
7.折旧指对一定时期内因经济活动而引起的固定资本消耗的补偿。
12
第二节国内生产总值及核算
实
例
表 2-1：中国按收入法计算的 G D P（ 90 年代若干年份；亿元）
项目固定资产折旧劳动者报酬生产税净额营业盈余总计
1992 3 5 3 7 .4 1 2 0 5 2 .4 3 2 7 3 .8 7 7 8 0 .6 2 6 6 4 4 .3