学术英语写作Unit-9.Discussion
英文作文discussion
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!As a teenager living in the digital age, I find myself constantly surrounded by technology. Whether it's my smartphone, laptop, or tablet, these devices have become an integral part of my daily life. They allow me to stay connected with friends and family, access information instantly, and entertain myself with various apps and games. However, this reliance on technology has its drawbacks.One of the main concerns is the impact it has on our social interactions. With the rise of social media platforms, it's become easier than ever to connect with others online. While this can be beneficial in many ways,it also means that face-to-face interactions are becoming less common. We often find ourselves glued to our screens, scrolling through endless feeds, instead of engaging in meaningful conversations with those around us.Another issue is the effect of technology on our mental health. The constant exposure to social media can lead tofeelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. Seeing others' seemingly perfect lives can make us question our own worth and happiness. Moreover, the pressure to constantly be connected and available can lead to stress and anxiety.It's important to find a balance and take breaks from technology to prioritize our mental well-being.Furthermore, technology has also had a significant impact on our physical health. Spending long hours on screens can lead to sedentary behavior, which in turn can contribute to obesity and other health problems. Additionally, the blue light emitted by screens can disrupt our sleep patterns, making it harder to get a good night's rest. It's crucial to be mindful of our screen time and incorporate physical activity into our daily routines.In addition to these concerns, there are also ethical issues surrounding technology. The collection and use of personal data by tech companies have raised questions about privacy and security. We need to be aware of how our data is being used and take steps to protect our privacy. Moreover, the development of artificial intelligence raisesethical dilemmas, such as the potential loss of jobs and the responsibility for the actions of autonomous machines.Despite these challenges, it's important to acknowledge the positive aspects of technology. It has revolutionized various industries, making our lives more convenient and efficient. It has also provided us with access to a wealth of information and educational resources. Technology has the power to connect people from different parts of the world and foster global collaboration.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits, it's important to be mindful ofits negative consequences. We must strive to find a balance between our digital lives and our real-life interactions. By being aware of the potential pitfalls and taking steps to mitigate them, we can make the most of the digital age while safeguarding our well-being.。
学术讨论英文作文
学术讨论英文作文英文：As an academic, I believe that discussion is key to the advancement of knowledge and understanding. Through sharing ideas and debating different perspectives, we can arrive at new insights and solutions to complex problems.One example of this is in the field of psychology, where researchers often have differing opinions on the nature of human behavior and the best ways to study it. By engaging in respectful debate and presenting evidence to support their arguments, psychologists can refine their theories and develop more accurate models of the mind.Another example is in the realm of politics, where people with different ideologies and beliefs often clash. By engaging in civil discourse and listening to eachother's perspectives, we can work towards finding common ground and creating policies that benefit everyone.Of course, not all discussions are productive. Sometimes people can become too entrenched in their own views and refuse to consider alternative perspectives. In these cases, it's important to remain respectful and open-minded, but also to recognize when it's time to move on and focus on more fruitful discussions.Overall, I believe that academic discourse is essential for the growth and development of knowledge. By engaging in respectful and thoughtful discussions, we can push the boundaries of what we know and make progress towards a better future.中文：作为一名学者，我相信讨论是推动知识和理解进步的关键。
最新学术英语综合Unit9-译文
第九单元医学Text A谁还需要医生？在变化的时代洪流中与时俱进费格斯•沙纳汉所有的一切都早经由前人说过，但是没有人听，于是我们不得不总是返回起点，从头开始。
——安德烈•纪德通常情况下，医生大都具备适应变化的能力。
但随着变化的脚步逐渐加快，他们会不断面临挑战，所担任的角色也会遭到不少质疑。
尽管医学界在医药方面已经取得了不少成就，但是现代社会对医疗职业却存有的越来越多的疑问；尽管与之前相比，人们变得越来越健康，但是健康仍旧是人们所关注的热门话题。
因此，随着人们对医疗职业的职业满意度越来越低，替代医学逐渐兴起。
美国的新闻杂志借由其封面大声喊出，“谁还需要医生啊？”，而很多医学杂志的评论标题也充斥着负面的情绪：“不高兴的医生”；“现代医学一成不变”；“医学作为一种艺术的失败”；以及“医生会有未来吗？”而这种情绪也在皇家医师学会的报道中有所体现，他们报道的对象正是在变化大潮中不断变化的医生角色。
报道中出现了一些对医生不利的词语与表达：“医疗职业……处于劣势”；“心神不安”；“很多医生看起来都不快乐”；“医生……过时了”以及“医生的角色需要清晰的解释”。
因此，人们呼吁医生们在塑造未来的过程中能够担当起更加积极的角色。
对医疗行业来说，明智之举就是培养更多的领导能力，重点关注如何能使人们保持健康的状态，以巩固医疗行业对社会福利的影响。
但是目前，医疗行业存在的最大挑战将会是在“伙伴关系”方面，也就是医生和病人之间的关系——医患关系。
十多年前有社论观点做出预测称，正是超级专业化，分子医学以及冠以“循证”的一切这些因素促进了医疗行业的变化，而最彻底的变化是在医患关系方面。
这种关系错综复杂，容易受到社会潮流的影响。
而过去的分析倾向于侧重医生们如何确诊疾病，而当前难以捉摸的诊断已经很少见了。
而对于病人来说，医患关系的好坏结果也取决于医生的职业福利，因此这方面需要获得人们的关注。
随着世界变化日新月异，人们的职业也应在变化的大潮中面对挑战，做出相应的回应，所以医生个人需要与时俱进，并且要思考如何能够信心十足地面对挑战，并且享受挑战。
九英语第九单元作文
九英语第九单元作文Unit 9 English Composition。
Unit 9 of our English course has been an exciting and enriching experience. Throughout this unit, we have delved into various topics, expanding our vocabulary, improving our grammar, and enhancing our reading and writing skills. In this composition, I will share my thoughts and reflections on the different aspects of Unit 9.First and foremost, the vocabulary lessons in Unit 9 have been incredibly beneficial. We have learned a wide range of new words and phrases, allowing us to express ourselves more effectively in English. From everyday conversations to academic writing, the new vocabulary has equipped us with the tools to communicate confidently and fluently. In addition, the vocabulary exercises and quizzes have helped us reinforce our learning and commit the new words to memory.Moreover, the grammar lessons in Unit 9 have been particularly insightful. We have explored complex tenses, sentence structures, and punctuation rules, all of which have contributed to our overall language proficiency. By practicing grammar exercises and applying the rules in our writing assignments, we have honed our grammatical accuracy and precision. As a result, our sentences are now more coherent, and our ideas are conveyed with clarity.Furthermore, the reading materials in Unit 9 have exposed us to a variety of literary genres and writing styles. From fiction to non-fiction, from essays to short stories, we have analyzed and interpreted diverse texts, honing our comprehension and critical thinking skills. By engaging with the reading materials, we have broadened our perspectives and developed a deeper appreciation for the English language and literature.Lastly, the writing assignments in Unit 9 have allowed us to put our knowledge into practice. We have crafted essays, articles, and creative pieces, applying the vocabulary and grammar concepts we have learned. Throughpeer reviews and teacher feedback, we have refined our writing skills and learned to express our thoughts and ideas persuasively. The writing process has been both challenging and rewarding, pushing us to strive for excellence in our written communication.In conclusion, Unit 9 of our English course has been a comprehensive and enriching experience. From vocabulary expansion to grammar refinement, from reading analysis to writing practice, every aspect of this unit has contributed to our language development. As we move forward, we will continue to build upon the foundation laid in Unit 9, furthering our English proficiency and confidence. I am grateful for the knowledge and skills gained in this unit, and I look forward to applying them in future language endeavors.。
关于学术讨论的英语作文
关于学术讨论的英语作文Academic Discussion。
Academic discussion is a crucial part of the academic community. It is a way for scholars to share their research findings, exchange ideas, and engage in critical thinking. Academic discussion can take place in a variety of settings, including conferences, seminars, and online forums. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of academic discussion and its benefits.Firstly, academic discussion is important because it allows scholars to share their research findings with others. This is particularly important in fields such as science and medicine, where research findings can have a significant impact on society. By sharing their research findings, scholars can receive feedback from their peers, which can help them to refine their research and improve their methodology.Secondly, academic discussion is important because it allows scholars to exchange ideas. This is particularly important in fields such as philosophy and social sciences, where there is often no clear answer to a problem. By engaging in academic discussion, scholars can explore different perspectives and develop new ideas.Thirdly, academic discussion is important because it promotes critical thinking. By engaging in academic discussion, scholars are forced to think critically about their own ideas and the ideas of others. This helps to ensure that research is rigorous and that conclusions are based on sound evidence.In addition to these benefits, academic discussion also has practical benefits. For example, it can help scholars to build networks and establish collaborations. This can lead to new research opportunities and can help to advance the field.Despite the many benefits of academic discussion, there are also challenges. One of the biggest challenges isensuring that academic discussion is inclusive and respectful. This means ensuring that all voices are heard and that there is no discrimination or harassment. It also means ensuring that academic discussion is conducted in a professional manner, with a focus on evidence and argument rather than personal attacks.In conclusion, academic discussion is a crucial part of the academic community. It allows scholars to share their research findings, exchange ideas, and engage in critical thinking. By doing so, it helps to ensure that research is rigorous and that conclusions are based on sound evidence. However, it is important to ensure that academic discussion is conducted in a professional and respectful manner.。
Unit9-DiscussionYN-NEW
35 - 4
2. Look at Text 2 and underline the part of sentence which indicates the author’s position towards the information.
3. The following statements come from the “Discussion” section of different research papers. Determine the information element each sentence represents, and indicate it in the space provided.
35 - 14
Explaining or limiting findings: past; present; modal auxiliaries
1. Thus, it is possible that pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation was autonomously restricted and that each progenitor cell was capable of giving rise to only a fixed amount of tissue. (Restricted to study: Past)
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY: Essay on Love
Main Sections to be Covered
I. Tasks for Critical Thinking and Discussion II. Language Conventions
Key points
学术英语社科类unit9原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1.Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture, but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theory argues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 9
UNIT 9 Medical EducationTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 9, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.To begin with, ask Ss to brainstorm the personal attributes that a qualifiedphysician should possess. In doing so, Ss need not only to write down the words denoting these qualities such as “caring”, “compassionate”, “knowledgeable”, etc., but to provide the reasons as well. When explaining why a particular attribute is essential, Ss may recount the current healthcare situations or their past medical experiences.The following is a list of suggested key words:A good physician is usually•motivated, mature, compassionate, organized, adaptable, stress-resilient;•with high level of integrity and strong leadership;• a good listener and communicator;…2.Make a summary on the discussion and introduce the topic of Text A.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.2.Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when the signpost language ofreformulation is covered.3.To conclude the discussion of the text, lead Ss to do Task 1 / Critical readingand thinking / Text A, which will enable Ss to not only understand individual words, sentences and paragraphs in the text, but also see its structure clearly.Language focus1.I have suggested on several occasions that in order for the medical educationcommunity to be clear about the kind of changes that are needed, the community needs to define more clearly the purpose of the educational program. (P210, Para. 1)… in order for the medical education community to be clear about … 中可以省略in order。
学术英语(医学)_Unit_9
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Useful expressions
•There are many text that describe in eloquent terms the value that patients place on being truly cared for by a physician. •Members of the medical profession have too often equated caring with treatment, and have tended at times to limit their role to providing treatment leading to a cure.
•The changes that have been adopted are truly impressive, yet there is still more to be accomplished.
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Unit 9 Medical Education
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
3 Why is it wrong to equate becoming a physician with possessing a body of knowledge and a set of skills? • A body of knowledge and a set of skills required vary depending upon the particular career path a physician has chosen. • Besides a body of knowledge and a set of skills a physician also should possess some personal attributes to meet the public’s expectations and to define the essence of what it means to be a physician.
托福写作新题型学术讨论Academic Discussion备考附范文+评分标准
托福写作新题型学术讨论Academic Discussion备考附范文+评分标准01题型介绍该试题会模拟线上课堂讨论，要求考生针对指定话题阐述观点并提供论据。
时间限制10分钟，需要学生阅读材料后，完成一篇约100词左右的回答。
Academic Discussion要求学生们更多的发表自己的看法和评论。
更符合美高和美本学生的作业要求、课堂讨论风格，以及重点检测文本分析能力和批判性思维。
02评分标准ETS官方目前已经更新了关于托福写作新题型的评分标准：5分：紧密切题，对学术讨论进行了非常成功的观点补充，展现了充分的语言使用能力。
·内容充分回应题目，能够充分的解释观点；·句式使用恰当熟练，用词准确并符合语言习惯；·几乎没有词汇和语法错误，允许有个别完全不影响内容表达的小错误(如常见的笔误/拼写错误等)。
4分：文章切题，对学术讨论进行了观点补充，能够做到清晰易懂地表达观点。
·内容充分回应题目，较充分的解释观点；·句式使用较为多样，用词恰当；·有少量词汇和语法错误。
3分：该分数段文章大部分切题，对学术讨论进行了较为清晰的补充，而且能展现出一定的语言应用能力。
·内容展开尚可，但论据如解释、例子、细节充足，不够清晰，或跑题；·有一定的句式使用和用词能力；·有明显的词汇和语法错误，包括句子结构，词性，搭配等。
2分：文章几乎无法成功地回应题目，虽然尝试对学术讨论做出补充和贡献，但有限的语言应用能力会导致文章内容难以理解。
·内容展开不充分，或只有部分切题；·句式词汇有限；·存在大量句子结构，词性，其它语言使用等方面的错误。
1分：文章无法对学术讨论做出补充和贡献，语言应用能力的限制影响了观点表达。
·尝试使用词汇和短语去回应任务，但是几乎没有或完全没有连贯的观点表达，句式词汇的使用极其有限；·有严重且频繁的语言错误；·几乎没有原创的内容；任何连贯的表达几乎都是从材料中照搬的。
季佩玉、范烨学术英语综合-Unit-9
7. Academic language and discourse
• Acquire some medical terms. • Learn how to make a definition. • Comprehend stylistic differences between
formal and informal English and acquire some formal expressions
8
Unit 9
Medicine
Text A In-depth analysis
1. Contribute as much as possible what you know about the following:
• alternative medicine • doctor-patient relationship • desktop medicine
11
Unit 9
Medicine
Text A Supplementary information
3. Desktop medicine
Desktop medicine, an emerging concept in medicine, describes how a desk with a networked computer is transforming medical science and, in turn, medical practice. Historically, bedside medicine has been used to diagnose and treat diseases, incorporating the standard elements of the history, the chief complaint, the review of systems, the physical exam, and the diagnostic studies. In contrast to traditional bedside medicine, desktop medicine features researchers’ discovering riskfactor based diseases and physicians’ diagnosing and treating patients with these diseases. While bedside medicine focuses on the presence or absence of diseases, desktop medicine concerns the management of the risk of diseases.
英语作文万能模板初二unit9
英语作文万能模板初二unit9Unit 9: The World of Work。
In Unit 9, we have learned about the world of work and the different careers and jobs that people have. We have also learned about the skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace. In this article, we will discuss some of the key concepts and ideas that wehave explored in Unit 9.One of the main themes of Unit 9 is the idea of career exploration. We have learned about the importance of exploring different career options and finding a job thatis a good fit for our skills, interests, and values. Wehave also learned about the different factors that can influence our career choices, such as our family background, our education, and our personal experiences.Another important concept that we have explored in Unit 9 is the idea of career readiness. We have learned aboutthe skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace, such as communication skills, teamwork, problem-solving abilities, and a strong work ethic. We have also learned about the importance of developing a positive attitude and a growth mindset, and the importance of being adaptable and open to learning new things.Unit 9 has also introduced us to the concept of career planning. We have learned about the importance of setting goals and creating a plan for our future career. We have also learned about the different resources and tools that are available to help us with career planning, such as career assessments, job shadowing, and informational interviews.In addition to these key concepts, Unit 9 has also introduced us to the world of work and the different types of jobs and careers that are available. We have learned about the different sectors of the economy, such as the service sector, the manufacturing sector, and the technology sector. We have also learned about the different types of jobs that are available within each sector, suchas healthcare, engineering, finance, and education.Overall, Unit 9 has provided us with a comprehensive overview of the world of work and the different aspects of career exploration, career readiness, and career planning. We have learned about the skills and qualities that are important for success in the workplace, and we have explored the different types of jobs and careers that are available. As we continue to explore these concepts and ideas, we will be better prepared to make informed decisions about our future careers and to pursue our goals with confidence and determination.。
academic discussion 官方范文
Academic DiscussionIntroductionAcademic discussion plays a crucial role in the field of education and research. It provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and students to exchange ideas, debate theories, and challenge existing knowledge. This article aims to explore the significance of academic discussion,its benefits, and the various methods used to facilitate productive discussions.Importance of Academic DiscussionAcademic discussion fosters critical thinking, encourages intellectual growth, and enhances the overall learning experience. It allows individuals to explore diverse perspectives, evaluate evidence, and develop logical reasoning skills. Moreover, academic discussions provide an opportunity to refine ideas, identify knowledge gaps, and stimulate further research.Benefits of Academic Discussion1.Enhancement of Knowledge: Engaging in academic discussionsenables participants to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Through the exchange of ideas and information, individuals can broaden their knowledge base and explore new areas of study.2.Cultivation of Critical Thinking: Academic discussions promotecritical thinking by encouraging participants to analyze, evaluate, and question existing theories and concepts. This helps in thedevelopment of analytical skills and the ability to thinkindependently.3.Stimulates Creativity: By engaging in academic discussions,individuals are exposed to different perspectives and ideas. Thisexposure stimulates creativity and encourages innovative thinking, leading to the generation of new research ideas and approaches.4.Collaborative Learning: Academic discussions provide anopportunity for collaborative learning. Participants can learnfrom each other’s experiences, share resources, and collaborateon research projects, leading to a more comprehensiveunderstanding of the subject matter.Methods to Facilitate Productive Academic Discussions1.Establishing Ground Rules: To ensure productive discussions, itis essential to establish ground rules such as maintaining respect for others’ opinions, active listening, and avoiding personalattacks. These rules create a safe and inclusive environment forparticipants to freely express their ideas.2.Moderation and Facilitation: A skilled moderator or facilitatorcan guide the discussion, maintain focus, and ensure equalparticipation. They can also encourage participants to delvedeeper into the topic, ask thought-provoking questions, andprovide relevant examples.ing Structured Formats: Structured formats, such as debates,panel discussions, and roundtable discussions, can be employed to facilitate academic discussions. These formats provide a framework for organized and structured conversations, allowing participants to present arguments, counter-arguments, and evidencesystematically.4.Incorporating Technology: Technology can play a significant rolein facilitating academic discussions, especially in virtual oronline settings. Platforms such as discussion forums, videoconferences, and collaborative document editing tools enableparticipants to engage in discussions regardless of geographicallocation.ConclusionIn conclusion, academic discussions are an integral part of the educational and research landscape. They promote critical thinking, foster collaboration, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge. By establishing ground rules, employing effective moderation techniques, utilizing structured formats, and leveraging technology, productive academic discussions can be facilitated, leading to intellectual growth and innovation.。
学术讨论的通知英语作文
学术讨论的通知英语作文Notice of Academic Discussion。
Dear all,。
We are pleased to announce an upcoming academic discussion that will be held on __________ (date) at__________ (time) in __________ (venue). The theme of the discussion is __________ (theme), and we have invited several distinguished scholars to share their insights and research findings on the topic.The discussion will be divided into several sessions, each focusing on a specific aspect of the theme. Our keynote speakers include __________ (speaker 1), __________ (speaker 2), and __________ (speaker 3), who will present their latest research and engage in a lively exchange of ideas with the audience. In addition, we will also have a panel discussion where experts from different fields will discuss the implications of the theme for their respectiveareas of study.We believe that this academic discussion will provide a valuable platform for scholars, researchers, and students to share their knowledge and ideas, and to foster interdisciplinary collaboration. We encourage all those who are interested in the theme to attend and participate in the discussion.Please RSVP by __________ (date) to confirm your attendance. For more information, please contact __________ (contact person) at __________ (contact email/phone).We look forward to seeing you at the discussion.Sincerely,。
人教版英语八年级下unit9写作素材与话题讨论
人教版英语八年级下unit9写作素材与话题讨论本文将为您提供人教版英语八年级下册第九单元的写作素材和话题讨论。
写作素材1. Cultural differences: Discussing the cultural differences between China and other countries, such as customs, traditions, festivals, and food.2. Environmental protection: Exploring the importance of environmental protection and discussing ways to reduce pollution and promote sustainability.3. Leisure activities: Sharing different leisure activities that teenagers enjoy, such as sports, music, reading, and hobbies.4. School life: Describing the daily routines, subjects, and extracurricular activities in a typical Chinese middle school.5. Dream jobs: Exploring various dream jobs that students may aspire to and discussing the skills and qualifications required for those jobs.话题讨论1. 青少年与传统文化的关系：探讨现代青少年对传统文化的理解和态度的变化，以及对传统文化的保护和传承的意义。
2. 如何保护环境：讨论人们应该如何参与环境保护，提出个人和社会层面上的解决方案，如节约能源、减少废物等。
学术英语(人文)Unit 9
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
• Text A The Rise of Modern Philosophy
– Classroom activities – Supplementary information
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
Text A
Classroom activities
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
Text A
Supplementary informrn Philosophy
Work in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2 / Critical Reading and Thinking / Text A. P179
Unit 9 Modern Philosophy
学术英语 人文
Academic English
学术英语写作Unit-9.Discussion
• 8. The writer notes that one of the achievements or contributions of this work is its novelty.
• 9. The writer refines the implications of the results, including possible applications.
• 3. The writer revisits the methodology used in this study.
• 4. The writer revisits and summarizes the
results.
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• 5. The writer shows where and how the present work fits into the research ‘map’ in this field.
• When you discuss the results, you should
• (1) focus on the major findings • (2) explain what is new in your
work and why your results are important
11
9
Contents of Discussion
• (1) review of the original purpose of research
• (2) introduction to major findings • (3) explanation of major findings • (4) comparison and contrast between your
学术英语社科类unit9原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1.Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture, but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theory argues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
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• 1. The writer revisits previous research.
• 2. The writer revisits the Introduction to recall specific weakness in the methodology used in previous studies.
• 6. The writer recalls an aspect of the results that represents a positive achievement or contribution of this work.
• 7. The writer focuses on the meaning and implications of the achievements in this work.
Unit 9
How to Write Discussion
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• Function • Sample Analysis • Contents • Grammar and Writing Skills
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Function of Discussion
• The primary function of Discussion is to show the relationships among observed facts and indicate what new information is provided by the present study.
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• Naturally, this is the most subjective section of a scientific research article .
• This is where the authors combine their experience, background knowledge, and creativity to explain the data and use it as evidence in their interpretation .
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• 8. The writer notes that one of the achievements or contributions of this work is its novelty.
• 9. The writer refines the implications of the results, including possible applications.
• Introduction should have posed one or more questions. Discussion should indicate how the findings answer the questions.
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Sample Analysis
Here are the sentence descriptions:
• The damage
.
• (may not have been/might not have been caused by heat exposure)
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Contents of Conclusion
1) a brief summary of what you did and what you found
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• 1) Perhaps the damage was caused by heat exposure.
• The damage
.
• (may/might have been caused
by heat exposure)
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• 2) It’s possible that the damage wasn’t caused by heat exposure.
Grammar and Writing Skills • odal verbs
• may, might, can, could, must
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• The drop in pressure was due to a crack in the pipe.
• The drop in pressure may have been due to a crack in the pipe.
• The drop in pressure must have been due to a crack in the pipe.
• Being certain that something is true and knowing it to be true are not the same thing at all.
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Fig. 1 The shape of a research article Abstract
Introduction
Materials/ Methods
(what you did/used)
Results
(what you found)
Discussion/ Conclusion
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• Introduction and Discussion should function as a pair.
findings and existing knowledge on the topic • (5) theoretical implications and practical
applications of the results • (6) significance of the paper
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• 3. The writer revisits the methodology used in this study.
• 4. The writer revisits and summarizes the
results.
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• 5. The writer shows where and how the present work fits into the research ‘map’ in this field.
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Contents of Discussion
• (1) review of the original purpose of research
• (2) introduction to major findings • (3) explanation of major findings • (4) comparison and contrast between your
2) the significance of your findings 3) limitations of your research 4) recommendations for future
researches
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• When you discuss the results, you should
• (1) focus on the major findings • (2) explain what is new in your
work and why your results are important
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• 10 &11. The writer describes the limitations which should direct future research.
• 12. The writer suggests a specific area to be addressed in future work.