OG Vocabulary
OG题目托福口语讲义(教师版)
托福口语讲义Task 1 Personal Preference➢This question asks the test taker to express and defend a personal choice from a given category. For example, important people, places, events, or activities that the test taker enjoys.➢Example: Describe a day that you enjoy the most or is the most special for you, include reasons and details to support your response.ExampleQ：Choose a place you go to often that is important to you and explain why it is important. Please include specific details in your explanation.1.Important Points➢People who listen to your response should be able to easily follow the progression of your ideas. Responses scored at the highest level contain ideas supported with details and elaboration that go beyond simple sculpture. For example, the response “I like this place because it is nice” does not have enough detail. Why is this place nice? Developing this idea more might look like this: “I like this place because it is quiet and peaceful. Listening to the ocean waves on the beach relaxes me and helps me to relieve stress.”2.Sample Answer➢3. Rater Comments➢ The speaker continues speaking throughout the entire 45 seconds. She speaksclearly using a variety of vocabulary and a wide range of grammar. Her reasons are well developed. She uses specific details about why France is an important place for her. Instead of just saying, “I’m interested in this place because it is interesting,” she elaborates by talking about her friend, her interest in France history and culture from a young age, and the food. There is a logical progression of ideas that makes the response easy to understand.4. Basic Expressions➢ TOPICMy point of viewis ….2.I Would say that …3.I remember …TestQ: Your school has a program that allows students to visit work places. Which place would you choose to observe and learn about?➢ A science laboratory➢ A business office➢ A Television studio1. Choose a Topic ：➢ I would like to visit a science laboratory.➢ I’d put a science laboratory at the first place.➢ Going to a business office has been my dream for a while.POINT 1.That's because 2.Beacuse of 3.The reason why DETAIL 1.For example 2.Like 3.What I mean is 4.In other words. 5. For instance 6. I remember 7. Second 8. Another reason why ... is that...➢I would definitely choose a television studio to have a look at.2.Structure 1➢Watching TV is my daily routine.➢I want to be a presenter in the future3.Detail➢I want to know how a TV program is created.➢I’m dreaming of being a TV presenter in the future，but I have no idea if it is too difficult to me.➢I can learn a lot, such as how to work with camera.➢Make some friends.4.Sample AnswerWithout a doubt, I would definitely visit a television studio. There are some reasons for it. First of all, I am a big fan of watching TV. It would be a fantastic experience to observe how a TV program is made. Secondly, I have a dream that one day I will be an influential TV presenter in China. But I have no idea how hard it is to be an excellent one. I guess I could learn how to prepare in advance, how to work with the camera and how to behave accident happens. Last but not least, I might be able to make some friends who are working in the studio.Practice➢Talk about a book you have read that was important to you for some reason.Explain why the book was important to you. Give specific details and examples to explain your answer.➢Choose a place you go to often that is important to you and explain why it is important. Please include specific details in your explanation.➢Parents need to make sure their children lead healthy lives. What can parents do to help their children have healthy lifestyles? (31)➢Students often like to study with others in a group. What do you think are the benefits of group study? Give at least one benefit. Explain your reasons. (32) ➢ A friend of yours wants to go to university next year but cannot decide on a major field of study. What advice would you give your friend to help make thisdecision? (33)➢Your university plans to open a café inside the campus library. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not. (34)➢Talk about a country or culture that you would like to learn more about. What is the country or culture and why would you like to learn more about it? (40) ➢Talk about a person that you admire. Explain why you respect this person. (41)TASK 2 Choice➢This question asks the test taker to make and defend a personal choice between two contrasting behaviors or courses of action.1.Type of Questions➢Would you like to be younger or older than now?➢Do you agree or disagree with the statement that high school should have music class?2.Guide➢Support A or B➢Agree or disagree➢Depends on different situationExampleQ: Some students choose to take courses in a variety t of subject areas in order to get a broad education. Others choose to focus on a single subject area in order to have a deeper understanding of that area. Which approach to course selection do you think is better for students and why?3.Important Points➢In this question, you are asked to make a choice between two given options. In a complete, well-developed response, you should clearly state your choice/preference.You may choose both options, but you must support both of them with reasons thatare detailed. If you think taking a variety of courses is better, make an example:”Taking a variety of courses is better because it gives you an opportunity to learn about subjects outside of your field of study. Because so many fields of study are related, you never know when knowledge from one area will be helpful in another.”This kind of response clearly shows which option was chosen and includes a detailed reason why it was chosen.4.Sample Response➢5.Rater Comments➢The speaker gives a thoughtful, sustained answer with ideas that progress logically.He speaks fluently and demonstrates good control of grammar and vocabulary, with only minor errors that do not obscure the meaning of his ideas. The speaker very clearly states his opinion that the answer depends on whether you are an undergraduate or a graduate student. He continues by giving a detailed reason that supports each perspective.TestQ: Do you think sports courses should be a required a part of every school day? 1.Key Points:➢Agree or Disagree.➢Why you agree or disagree?➢Reason and detail.2. Sample Note➢Agree.➢Reason:Doing sports helps the physical fitness of students.Play as a team improve their friendship3. Point➢Helps the physical fitness of students.➢Play as a team improve their friendship4. Detail➢Movement coming from physical exertion during exercise promotes circulation of blood to all body parts.➢Playing as a team is able to notify their role and worth to reach the same goal.So helps improve their friendship.5. Sample Answer➢From my point of view, sports courses from an essential part of children's education for many reasons. First of all, doing sports helps maintain the physical fitness of students. Movement coming from physical exertion during the exercise promotes circulation of blood to all parts of body. Thus, it results in vigor and stamina which help to prevent diseases and sickness. Moreover, exercise develops sportsmanship among the students. When they play as a team, they are able to identify their role and worth to reach the same goal. It also helps improve their friendship and personality. Therefore, I think sports course should be mandatory in school.Practice➢Some people believe that television has had a positive influence on society. Others believe it has had negative influence on society. Which do you agree with and why?Use details and examples to explain your opinion.➢Some college students choose to take courses in a variety of subject areas in order to get a broad education, Others choose to focus on a single subject area in order to have a deeper understanding of that area. Which approach to course selection do you think is better for students and why?➢Some students prefer to work on class assignment by themselves. Other believe it is better to work in a group. Which do you prefer? Explain why.➢Some people think that materials printed on paper, such as books and newspapers, will one day be replaced by electronic version of those materials. Others believethat printed materials will always be popular. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why. (40)-ITEM➢Some people believe it is important for universities to provide funding for student entertainment, such as movies or concerts on campus. Others believe that university money should only be used for academic purposes. Which view do you agree with? Explain why. (41)-INCIDENT➢Some people prefer living in a big city. Other people prefer living in the countryside, away from urban areas. Which do you think is better? Explain why using specific details in your explanation. (42)-PLACE➢Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Artists and musicians are important to a society. Use details and examples to explain your answer. (45)-PERSON➢Some people like to shop in large grocery stores and department stores. Other people prefer to shop in small specialty stores or shops. Which do you prefer?Explain why (48)-PLACE➢Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the future, people will read fewer books than they do today. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion. (47)-INCIDENTTASK 3➢Preparation: 30″➢Response: 60″➢Article Length: at least 100wordsStructure of reading and listening1.Reading2. Listening3. Response➢ State the opinion of one of the students. ➢ Usually, one person would speak more than the other one.➢ The question would be about this person’s opinion.EXAMPLETwo types Letter Suggestion from student Announcement Decision made by school Opinion Agree Reasons Details Disagree ReasonsDetails1.The purposes of reading passage➢The proposal would not be repeated in listening material.➢The reasons and details would not be given completely in listening material.2.How to read the article3. Listen to the conversation4. Proposed Structure of Response➢ 15s, 1句话陈述文章中的提议或决定+1句话陈述对话中人物的态度➢ 20-25s, 1句话陈述第一个理由+2-3句话陈述支持第一个理由的细节➢ 20-25s, 1句话陈述第二个理由+2-3句话陈述支持第二个理由的细节5. Important Points:➢ The university plans to eliminate the bus service because it is too expensive to runand too few students use it. The man disagree s with the university’s plan. He believes the reasons few students take the bus is that the route goes to neighborhoods where students do not live. If the routes were changed, many more students would ride the bus.➢ The man also disagrees with the way the university plans to use the money it saveson the bus service. Building more parking lots on campus will encourage more students to drive on campus. This would increase noise and traffic on campus.6. Sample Answer •Normally, it will be given in the first or the first two sentences.STEP 1What is the proposal or suggestion?•Practice, form your own habit to save time.STEP2Note key words in your own way.•Remember the relation of reasons and results.STEP3Instead of writing a lot, try to comprehend.•Pay attention to the beginning of the listening.STEP 1Gender / Attitude•Generally, there would be 2 reasons for the person’s opinion.STEP2record reasons and details➢7.Rater Comments:➢The speaker gives a clear and coherent response that is detailed and accurate. He speaks quickly, but this does not prevent him from being understood. He very clearly states the man’s opinion and summarize the man’s reasons for having that opinion.He uses complex grammatical structures and a wide variety of appropriate vocabulary. As a result, his speech seems to flow automatically.8.Model➢In the letter the student suggests that …／In the announcemnet the university decides to...➢The female/male speaker thinks it’s a good/bad idea f or the following reasons.➢First, ...➢Second,...TestQ: ReadingCourses to Be Discontinued➢University administration announced yesterday that the sculpture program, a division of the art department, will be eliminated. “The main reason is a lack of student interest” reported one administrator. “Although the number of art student has increased, fewer and fewer art majors are taking sculpture professor is retiring this year. “Given the art limited budget,” the administrator explained,” It just doesn’t make sense to hire a new full-time professor to teach sculpture for only a handful of students.Listening➢(man) Everything all right?(woman) Yeah, I’m just upset about that article I showed you this morning.(man) Why? What’s the big deal?(woman) Well, as an art major, I think it’s a big loss for the department. The university’s got it all wrong.(man) What do you mean?(woman) Well, the low enrollment isn’t because art majors don’t want to take these classes, problem is who has time to take them when there are so many other requirements?(man) I don’t understand.(woman) See, the classes th ey’re eliminating are all optional. The required courses are mostly painting and drawing, and they take up all our time. What we really need are different requirements. Then art majors could take a better variety of classes, all the things we’re interested in.(man) That makes sense. But the thing about the professor …(woman) Well, that’s true. But still, they’re being drastic. If money is the problem, they could hire a part-time professor. Or most of the professors in the department have secondary fields.(man) Really?(woman) Yeah! At least a few painting teachers are also great sculptors. I’m sure one of them could teach the class.QuestionThe woman expresses her opinion of the change that has been announced. State her opinion and explain her reasons for holding that opinionNote:➢T: Woman disagrees with itR1: students are too busy to take the sculpture classD: students are all busy taking required classes, which are limited to drawing or painting; school should offer more required classesR2: no need to hire a full time professorD: part time professors are inexpensive; existing professors can teach sculpture class;they have secondary fieldsSample Answer➢ The university plans to cancel the sculpture class, because not many students take itand the school can’t afford a full time professor. In the conversation, the women disagree with the school’s decision. First of all, students are all busy taking required classes such as drawing and painting. She thinks the school should make the required courses less limited by offering more of them. And second, she thinks saving money is not an excuse. Many teachers in the department have secondary fields. She believes the department who’s both capable and willing to teach the sculpture class. Not to mention the option of hiring part-time teachers which is inexpensive.TASK 4 Academic Course➢ The question asks the test taker to combine and convey important information fromthe reading passage and the lecture excerpt. TopicListeningTypes of questions➢ Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of entertainmentTwo typesOne exampleComplete story Two examplesDifferent stories, two sides of the concept.merchandising.➢Using the example discussed by the professor, explain what cognitive dissonance is and how people often deal with it.➢Explain how the examples from the professor’s lecture illustrate the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication.EXAMPLE1.How to read the article2.Listen to the conversation3. Important Points4.Sample Answer5.Rater CommentsTestQ: ReadingListeningTASK 5 Campus Situation Topic：Problem／Solution➢The question asks the test taker to demonstrate an understanding of the problem and to express an opinion about solving the problem.Topic:➢Campus life➢Time confliction➢Study and LifeRational Structure➢Problem➢Solution➢Reasons➢Elaborate around the key point of the conversation. Use reasons from the conversationStructure of conversation➢Discuss a problem➢The first solution➢The second solutionStep1.The description of the question is complicated usually, need to be concluded.2.Write down the two solutions with rational structure.Solution1Solution2ResponseExample1.Important Points2.Sample Answer3.Rater CommentsTest1.Question2.The Problem3. Solution 14. Solution 2Task 6 Academic Course Topic ：Summary➢ The question asks the test taker to summarize the lecture and demonstrate anunderstanding of relationship between the examples and the overall topic. ➢ Topic ：Subjects you could choose in universityStructure of LectureQuestionImportant Points➢Step 1 The beginning of the lecture doesn’t need to be stated, just for you to comprehend the theme.➢Step 2 Find the Strategy Explanation ExampleResponseModelTest➢Important Points。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对，不过托福阅读题型还是很多的，不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法，具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目：推理题，希望能给大家一些好的建议。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题无论是OG还是Delta，都把阅读的题目分成十类，即：Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.还有很重要的一点，做题的时候，无论考试还是练习，不光要分析对的选项为什么对，更要分析错的选项为什么错。
有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。
有助于你把握出题的思路，培养感觉。
这是非常有用的。
五、推断题应该说推断题属于难度比较大，混淆选项比较难排除的一种。
但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。
OG的说明是：如果文章提到结果，很可能让你推断原因;如果提到二者比较，很可能问你比较的基础;正确答案不是文章明显提到的，而是明显可以推出来的。
最重要的一句话就是：You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。
SAT—OG+真题中的单词
Aplea 1. 请求,恳求[C][(+for)][+to-v] 2. 借口,托辞[the S][(+of)][+that] trauma . (感情等方面的)创伤Cachaic 1. 古体的4. 古式的edemic 1. (疾病等)地方性的2. 某地特有的tonic 1. 滋补的4. 【语】声调的idiosyncratic 1. 有气质的;有特性的cathartic 1. 导泻的2. 净化的holistic 1. 全部的agnostic 1. 【哲】不可知论的(diagnostic)Dstarched 1. 浆硬的;硬挺的2. 拘泥刻板的wicked 1. 坏的;缺德的;邪恶的[R][(+of)][+to-v]warped 1. 反常的;乖戾的2. (变)弯曲的;变形的withered 1. 枯萎的;凋谢的;憔悴的uncluttered 1. 不凌乱的;整齐的syncopated 1. 【音】切分音的;切分音乐的unprecedented 1. 无先例的,空前的[Z]convoluted 1. 旋绕的;回旋的复杂的purported 1. 传说的;可能是真的torpid1. 不活泼的,懒散的,迟钝的languid 1. 软弱无力的,倦怠的2. 不感兴趣的,没精打采的reprimand 1. 训斥,斥责;谴责[C][U]rescind 1. 废止;取消;撤回confound 1. 使混乱;使困惑;使不知所措Etuculence 1. 野蛮;残酷2. 刻薄,粗暴intemperance 1. 不节制;过度2. 酗酒jurisprudence 1. 法律学omniscience 1. 全知2. (O-)上帝seclude 1. 使隔离;使孤立;使隐退,使隐居[(+from)]entourage 1. 随行人员;随员2. 周围的事物allege 1. (无充分证据而)断言,宣称[O2][+(that)] 2.提出[(+as)][+(that)] commendable 1. 值得赞美的;可钦佩的2. 可推荐的dependable 1. 可靠的;可信任的unscramble 1. 使恢复原状2. 解读(密码)debacle 1. 灾害2. 瓦解;崩溃3.解冻vehicle 传播媒介;工具,手段finagle 1. 欺骗(finale)rattle 1. 使发出咯咯声1. 咯咯声;吵闹声[S]scuttle 1. 急跑;急赶[Q][(+away/off)] 2. 逃避;逃脱1. 天窗;气窗bedazzle 1. 使晕眩,迷惑opine 1. 想;以为;认为stevedore 1. 码头工人;装卸工1. 装卸货船censure 1. 责备;谴责(census)rebate 1. 退还;对...给回扣;对...贴现desiccate 1. 使干燥;使脱水repudiate 2. 否认,否定;驳斥,批驳consummate 1. 完美的;圆满的;绝顶的2. 熟练的,技艺高超的;高明的procrastinate 1. 延迟;耽搁intemperate 1. 不节制的;过度的2. 酗酒的3. (天气)酷烈的(寒冷的、酷热的) perforate 1. 穿孔于,打眼于perquisite 1. 额外补贴;临时津贴2. 特权harangue 1. 高谈阔论,热烈的演说[C]bereave 1. 使丧失(近亲等)[(+of)]reprieve 1. 缓刑;暂缓;暂免oppressive 1. 压迫的,压制的;不公正的;苛重的palliative 1. 缓和的;减轻的2. 掩饰的ostracize 2. 放逐;排斥temporize 2. 妥协3. 拖延,应付Fmiff1. 小争执;微怒scoff 1. 嘲笑,嘲弄1. 贪婪地吃[(+up)]2. 抢劫;偷窃Goverarching 1. 支配一切的,包罗万象的howling 1. 咆哮的;哭哭啼啼的scintillating 1. 闪烁的unwitting 1. 不知情的2. 不知不觉的;无意的unnerving 1. 使人胆怯的;使人紧张不安的smug 1. 沾沾自喜的,自鸣得意的Hsuelch 1. 压扁3. 镇压;粉碎dispatch 1. 派遣;发送;快递[(+to)] 2. 迅速处理,迅速了结;匆匆吃完rehash 1. 重新处理;改写;重讲priggish 1. 一本正经的;傲慢的;矫饰的;自以为了不起的famish 1. 使挨饿[H]garish 1. 炫耀的;过分装饰的2. 过分鲜艳的,耀眼的boorish 1. 粗野的,粗鲁的;笨拙的2. 乡巴佬的,土里土气的wrath 1. 愤怒,狂怒4. (自然现象等的)严酷Kslick 1. 光滑的;滑溜溜的2. 熟练的;灵巧的flock 1. 羊群;(飞禽,牲畜等的)群1. 聚集;成群地去(或来)[Q]debunk 1. 揭穿;拆去...的假面具shirk 1. 逃避义务(或责任等),偷懒Lregal 1. 帝王的,王室的2. 庄严的;豪华的,堂皇的feral 1. 野生的aural 1. 耳的;听觉的;听到的2. 气味的;香味的3. 预感的,先兆的4. 【电】电风的,辉光的filial 1. 子女的;孝顺的gubernatorial 1. 【美】州长的quintessential 1. 精髓的;典型的temperamental1. 气质的,性情的;性格的[Z] 2. 易兴奋的;易怒的counsel 1. 商议,审议[U] 2. 忠告,劝告[U]hail 3. 招呼curtail 1. 缩减,削减;缩短,省略quell 1. 镇压;平息;压制pill 3. 无法避免的讨厌事,屈辱事[C][S1]overhaul 1. 拆开检修,大修tactful 1. 机智的;圆滑的;老练的;乖巧的Mfathom 1. 测量...的深度2. 推测;揣摸fatalism 1. 宿命论modicum 1. 少量consortium 1. 合伙;联合2. 国际财团;国际借款团hokum 1. 噱头,逗笑之手法2. 空话,胡扯humdrum 1. 平凡的2. 单调的;无聊的tantrum 1. 发脾气;发怒Nprotean 1. 变化多端的2. 一人演几个角色的diversion 4. 娱乐,消遣[C]imprecation 1. 诅咒2. 咒语invocation 1. 祈愿renunciation 1. (权利等的)宣告放弃;抛弃[C][U][(+of)]indignation 1. 愤怒;愤慨,义愤[U][(+about/at/over)]recrimination 1. 反责;反控dissemination 1. 散播;宣传dejection 1. 沮丧,灰心,泄气[U]predilection 1. 嗜好;偏爱insurrection 1. 起义;暴动;造反;叛乱[C][U]benediction 1. 祝福;祝愿sermon 1. 布道,说教2. (令人生厌的)冗长讲话3. 训斥4. (自然物给人的)启示venison 1. 鹿肉mutton 羊肉timeworn 1. 陈旧的2. 陈腔滥调的spurn 1. 一脚踢开[(+away)] 2. 轻蔑地拒绝;摒弃,唾弃Oobject to 1. 对...反对(subject to)manifesto 1. 宣言;告示Pquip 1. 妙语;讽刺语2. 托辞3. 怪事cusp . 尖，尖顶, 尖端, 尖突Ravuncular 1. 伯父的;叔父的2. 像叔伯的;慈祥的insular 1. 岛屿的,海岛的4. 与世隔绝的philander 1. (男人)与女人调情;玩弄女性defer 1. 推迟,使展期1. 听从,顺从[(+to)]pilfer 1. 偷窃meager 1. 瘦的2. 粗劣的;不足的;贫乏的counterfeiter 1. 伪造者quartermaster 1. 【军】军需官,军需主任2. 【海】舵手deter 1. 威慑住,吓住;使断念[(+from)]globe-trotter 1. 环球观光旅行者beleaguer 1. 围攻2. 使...烦恼valor 1. 英勇,勇气,勇猛[U] valorousdemeanor 1. 举动,行为;风度[U]illustrator 1. 插图画家2. 说明者3. 起实例作用的事物connoisseur 1. (尤指艺术品的)鉴赏家,行家[C][(+in/of)] raconteur 1. 善谈者,健谈者scour 1. 擦净;擦亮;洗涤imprimatur 1. 【拉】出版许可;认可Spathos 1. (文学、人生等引起的)悲怆,怜悯,同情remiss 1. 疏忽的;不小心的;无力的courteous 1. 殷勤的,谦恭的,有礼貌的[(+to/towards)] tenacious 2. 坚持的,顽强的,固执的compendious 1. 摘要的;简明的studious 1. 勤奋好学的,用功的punctilious 1. 精密细心的;一丝不苟的2. 拘谨的copious 1. 丰富的,大量的;多产的2. 冗长的;滔滔不绝的nefarious 1. 恶毒的;穷凶极恶的multifarious 1. 多种的;繁杂的;多方面的imperious 1. 专横的;飞扬跋扈的;傲慢的2. 绝对必要的;紧急的;迫切的penurious 1. 小气的2. 穷困的;不足的ostentatious 1. 豪华的;铺张的2. (人)炫耀的,卖弄的facetious 1. 滑稽的;好开玩笑的expeditious 1. 迅速完成的;迅速的(expedition)callous 2. 无感觉的;麻木不仁的,冷酷无情的tremulous 1. 震颤的;颤抖的2. 胆小的;害怕的odoriferous 1. 香的;芬芳的3. 臭的;令人反感的serendipitous 1. 善于作意外发现的;侥幸得到的seditious 1. 煽动性的libelous 1. 诽谤的;含有诽谤文字的conspicuous 1. 明显的,易看见的;显著的(perspicuous) tumultuous 1. 吵闹的,喧哗的2. 骚乱的,骚动的;混乱的TSacrosanct 1. 极神圣的;不可侵犯的defunct1. 死的;非现存的;已废止的deconstruct 1. 解构,拆析(区分: destructive)gait 1. 步伐,步态[C]tacit 1. 缄默的,不说话的2. 不明言的,默示的forfeit 1. (因犯罪、失职、违约等)丧失(权利、名誉、生命等)exploit 1. 功绩,功勋;辉煌的成就;英勇的行为[C]miscreant 1. 恶棍;歹徒sycophant 1. 谗言者,诽谤者pliant 1. 易曲折的;柔软的2. 顺从的;能适应的(compliant)vigilant 1. 警戒的;警惕的(valiant)supplant 1. 代替;取代（suppliant）petulant 1. 任性的,脾气坏的flippant 1. 轻率的;不认真的;无礼的exorbitant 1. (要求,收费等的)过高的;过分的resplendent . 灿烂的;光辉的;华丽的[(+in)]despondent 1. 沮丧的imprudent 1. 不谨慎的;轻率的;鲁莽的cogent 1. 使人信服的;切实的;有力的insurgent 1. 起事者;暴动者;叛乱者2. 【美】(政党内的)反党分子,反对派redolent 1. 芳香的;有...气味的;令人想起...的succulent 1. 多水分的2. 【植】肉质的3. 有趣味的inducement 1. 引诱;劝诱[U][+to-v] 2. 引诱物;诱因;动机[C][+to-v]deterrent 1. 威慑的;遏制的circumvent 1. 以智取胜;规避;防止...发生2. 环绕;包围fervent 1. 热烈的;热情的;强烈的quaint 1. 古雅的;奇特而有趣的2. 古怪的;不适当的3. 精巧的;雅致的discount 3. 不全信4. 漠视;低估,贬损5. 预计到grunt 1. 咕哝着表示;咕哝着说[(+out)][+that] 2. 嘀咕声,哼声3. 【美】【口】普通工作人员unkempt 1. 未梳理的,蓬乱的;不整洁的thwart 1. 反对,阻挠;使受挫折;挫败2. 【旧】横过,穿越overt 1. 明显的;公然的2. 【律】蓄意的protagonist 1. 主演;主角2. 主要人物;倡导者revisionist 1. 修正主义者;修正的社会主义者oust 1. 驱逐,撵走[(+from)]Wcallow 1. 羽毛未生的;乳臭未干的;年轻缺乏经验的winnow 1. 簸;扬2. 精选;除去3.吹拂5. 识别overthrow 1. 打倒;推翻;废除Xvex. 1. 使生气;使痛苦;使烦恼;使困惑[H][(+about/with/at)] 2. 详细讨论,争论Yfallacy 1. 谬误;谬论;谬见[C]poignancy 1. 尖锐;沉痛;辛辣contingency 1. 意外事故;偶然事件[C] 2. 可能性;偶然性[U]corpulency (corpulence). 肥胖toady 1. 谄媚者parody 1. 讽刺性模仿诗文;诙谐的改编诗文2. 拙劣的模仿;蠢事motley 1. 杂色的,五颜六色的mollify 1. 缓和;减轻fortify 2. (在肉体,精神等方面)增强,加强4. 提高(食品)的营养价值6. 支持;证实clergy 1. 神职人员;牧师;教士[the S][G]bibliography 2. 参考书目( biography)treacly 1. 糖蜜似的2. 甜蜜的worldly 1. 世间的;尘世的;今世的[Z][B]otherworldly1. 来世的2. 空想的;超脱尘俗的bully 1. 恃强欺弱者;恶霸1. 威吓,胁迫;欺侮[(+into/out of)]flatly 1. 断然地2. 单调地;冷漠地dichotomy 1. 两分;分裂;二分法2. 叉状分枝3. 弦月apothecary 1. 药剂师;药材商[C]corollary 2. 必然的结果mercenary 1. 为金钱的;图利的;贪财的2. 雇佣的condolatory 1. 吊唁的;吊慰的hereditary 1. 世袭的,传代的salutary 1. 有益的,有利的wary 1. 小心翼翼的;警惕的mockery 1. 嘲笑;嘲弄[U]cursory 1. 匆忙的;粗略的pry 1. 窥探;窥视[(+into/about)] 1. (用杠杆等)撬,撬起,撬动[O][O8]gaiety 1. 快乐,兴高采烈[U]infelicity 1. 不幸2. 不适当paucity 1. 少数;少量;缺乏lucidity 1. 清晰;清澈2. 神志清醒floridity 1. 颜色鲜丽venality 1. 贪赃枉法;腐败fidelity 1. 忠诚;忠贞2. 尽责3. 精确4. 保真度futility 1. 无益,徒劳[U]equanimity 1. 平静;镇定vanity 1. 自负;虚荣(心)[U]disparity 1. 不同;不等savvy 1. 懂;知晓。
SAT官方指南OG词汇Test 1
OG TEST 1SECTION 21.2.1Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn‟s ____ proved keenest when he accurately predicted that his books would someday appear in his native Russia.A. foresightB. nostalgiaC. follyD. despairE. artistry1.2.2The simple and direct images in Dorothea Lange‟s photographs provide ____ reflection of a bygone social milieu.A: an intricateB: a candidC: an ostentatiousD: a fictionalE: a convolutedOstentatiousCharacterized by or given to ostentation; pretentious炫耀的，夸耀的；自命不凡的They were neither aggressive nor ostentatious.他们不好斗, 也不爱炫耀自己。
See Synonyms at showy参见showy1.2.3Kate‟s impulsive nature and sudden whims led her friends to label her ____.A. capriciousB. bombasticC. loquaciousD. dispassionateE. decorousimpulsiveInclined to act on impulse rather than thought.冲动的：容易受冲动而不是思考的驱使产生行动an impulsive man一个易冲动的人whimA sudden or capricious idea; a fancy怪念头：突然或变化无常的想法；幻想Bombasticmarked by or given to bombast : POMPOUS, OVERBLOWN夸大的，言过其实的：夸大之词的参见pompous, overblownDispassionateDevoid of or unaffected by passion, emotion, or bias冷静的，不动感情的；公正的，不带偏见的：不带有或不受激情、感情或偏见影响的A dispassionate judge公正的裁判1.2.4Neurosurgeon Alexa Canady maintained that choosing a career was a visceral decision rather than ____ judgment; that is it was not so much rational as ____.A.An emotional… intellectualB. A chance… randomC.An intuitive… impulsiveD. A deliberate… instinctiveE.An intentional… logicdeliberateArising from or marked by careful consideration深思熟虑的：经过谨慎考虑的a deliberate decision一个经过深思熟虑而做出的决定See Synonyms at voluntary参见voluntaryvisceralInstinctive本能的visceral needs本能的需要See Synonyms at instinctive参见instinctiveIntuitive（OC1.2.3出现过）Of, relating to, or arising from intuition; known or perceived through intuition直觉的，有直觉能力的；通过直觉获知的He seemed to have an intuitive knowledge of how I was feeling.他好像凭直觉就知道我的感受。
OG test 5
OG test 5 vocabulary dosageinanebeautifyscrutinizesustainjeopardizeturbulencebrachiopodclamlikebivalvesubstractretrievemultifariousscarceanachronistic extrapolatecontrivebyzantineadroitnefariouslackadaisical devious slipshod prevailing cynical spontaneous preachy multifaceted temperament longevity sculpture theorem whimsical reproach sentimental breadth crampdrabbaskcozy stagger contemplateparadox oblivious crisp exquisite alpha memorabilia vague extinct dramatize scoff provoke discrete ruthless demystify generical aesthetic surrealistic predominate grieve rejoice chronical condescending solemn march vascular repeal landlord verbalsheer fertilizer microorganism filter nutrient artificial accentuate freight metropolitan belligerent plagueshiverearlbarter patronagebarter incoherence sophistry receptivity supplement substantiate remedy disparage reinforce curtail detest epitome proponent embodiment debunker belittler reversal partisanship intemperance acumen irreverence baffle digression ingenuous arcane abstruse didactic lucid concise esoteric openhanded constituent reconcile insolence magnanimity pettiness solicitousness inexorable bumper rugged connotation concoction subtlety tramplehype surveillance stiryearn engender unspoiled aura nonconformity bulk escalating wealthy ghastliness fissure censor wholesome exude condescension propaganda ascendprosefactual testimony casualty dissonance apocalyptic impediment alienate ostensible heir uncanny swing pendulum munition subservient loom explicit covert overt morbid gloat pacifist lorry munition loathingmenial dehumanize endorse discrepancy outweigh disparity deterioration status quo scarcer wardrobe erratic egotistical tactful steadfast courteous tenacious manipulative outspoken consecration effacement decree detain conformist apolitical seditious insurrectionist subversive nonpartisan spectrum tribute corollary precursor deference toffee fluorescent sheenpeekswirlduetgiggle rehearsal cello novitiate reverenceserenity voluptuous plump pandemonium wedge surreptitious gangle molasses mob fraternity crumble mustypilescroll bumblebee aerodynamical prop monotony erratic forebode offbeat sanctity infatuation humming immerse agonize bliss overriding resemble cunning frail volatile mediocrity clumsiness gracefulness sanctuary tideland espouse queasy invertebrate repulsive walruses blubber。
GMAT-OG阅读文章重点词汇总结
GMAT OG阅读文章重点词汇总结OG 阅读第1篇Membrane薄膜，膜Inhibit 抑制，约束Counter v, 对抗，反击，adv,相反的，n,计算器，柜台Prolong 延长，拖延Elevate 提拔，振奋，举起，使上升，使抬高Buttress v.支持，扶住，n.支持物，支柱Property 财产，所有物，属性，特征Reconcile 使和解，使和谐，使顺从Dislodge 搅乱，移动。
驱逐Underlying 潜在的Refute 反驳，驳斥OG 阅读第2篇Excavate 挖掘，开凿，挖出Archaeology 考古学Anthropology 人类学Architecture 建筑物Architect 建筑师Outrageous 令人震惊的Stroke n,一击，一敲，v.抽打，行动,抚摸Authenticate 证明。
是确实的Bulge 膨胀，使有效OG 阅读第3篇Pragmatically 实际的，注重实效的，实用主义的Prudent 谨慎的，精明的OG 阅读第4篇Tactical 战术的，有策略的Manoeuvre n.策略，调动，v.用策略，操纵Intuition 直觉Rational 理性的，合理的Cognitive 认知的，认识的，有感知的OG 阅读第5篇Embryo n.胚胎，a.初期的OG 阅读第6篇Cessation 终止，停顿，停止Pursuit 追击，从事的事业Encompass 包围，环绕，包含Infestation 大批，出没OG 阅读第7篇Erosion 腐蚀，侵蚀Sacral 圣礼的Predicate 断言Taboo 禁忌，禁止Mortality 死亡率Resist 对抗Intangible 触摸不到的，难以理解OG 阅读第8篇Receptivity 接受度Jurisdiction 司法权，审判权Initial 开始的，最初的Catalyst 催化剂OG 阅读第9篇Variation 变更，变化，变异Chronology 年代学，年表，编年史Deduce推论，演绎OG 阅读第10篇Impression 印象，感想，观念Intricate 错综复杂的Allegation 声称，断言，理由OG 阅读第11篇Speculation 推测，推断，思索Critiques 评论Discredit 怀疑Transcription 抄写，录制，改编，Stringent 严厉的，迫切的，严密的OG 阅读第12篇Simultaneous 同时发生的OG 阅读第14篇Velocity 速度，风速Eject v,住处，喷射，n推断的事务Meteor 流星，大气现象Disintegrate 分裂OG 阅读第15篇DictatePension养老金，退休金OG 阅读第18篇Scepticism怀疑Brotherhood 同志会，手足情意，兄弟关系Sleep-car 卧铺车厢Porter 搬运工Grievance 不满，怨恨Exert 运用，努力，尽力Interception 中途夺取，截断Stereotype 陈旧观念Assume 假定，承担，具有…属性Antagonism 对抗Formidable 强大的，令人畏惧的Solidarity团结一致的Mitigate减轻，缓和Overturn推翻，推倒Ambivalence 矛盾的Dissent 异议的OG 阅读第19篇Dignity 尊严，高尚Gimmick 花招，小玩意儿OG 阅读第20篇Epidemic a.流行的，n流行病Foster v.养育，促进。
OG-listening-vocabulary
OG listening vocabulary—TEST 1Listening 11.grad school application研究所申请2.purpose = aim = goal 目的意图3.separate adj. 单独的；分开的4.capture vt. 俘获；夺得5.overboard adj. 极其热心的；全身心投入的6.unique adj. 独特的，独一无二的7.proof vt. 试验；校对n. 证明；证据；8.presentation n. 描述，陈述；赠送listening 21.resistant adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；顽固的2.resistance n. 阻力；电阻；抵抗；反抗3.resist v.抵抗4.antibiotic 抗生素5.bacteria 细菌6.weaken v.削弱7.cell 细胞8.gene 基因9.inherit v. 继承10.transposon n. 【生】转位子listening 31.manage vt. 管理；经营；2.hydrogeologist n. 水文地质学家3.hydrologic cycle/circulation 水循环4.aquifer 蓄水层5.underground water地下水6.recharge vt. 再充电；再袭击；再控告7.deplete vt. 耗尽，用尽；使衰竭8.safe yield [建] 安全产量；安全出水率9.ignore v. 忽视，忽略10.equation n. 方程式，等式；相等；11.discharge point卸载站；排放点（地下水流出地面的泉源）12.sustainable adj. 可持续的，可以忍受的promise vt. 妥协；危害14.availability n. 可用性；有效性；实用性15.incompatible adj. 不相容的；矛盾的；listening 41.goodness adj. 善良，优秀2.justice n. 正义just 公正的3.ethic n. 伦理；道德规范ethical4.virtuous adj. 善良的；有道德的；5.soul 灵魂6.ancient Greeks 古希腊7.Plato n. 柏拉图（古希腊哲学家）8.overview n. [图情] 综述；概观9.faculty n. 科，系；能力；全体教员10.appetite n. 食欲；嗜好11.intellect n. 智力，理解力；知识分子12.rational adj. 合理的；理性的13.flourish vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；14.self-control 自我控制15.high spiritedness 高尚精神16.courageous. adj. 有胆量的，勇敢的17.moderation n. 适度；节制；温和；缓和18.harmony n. 和谐；harmonious 和谐的19.consist of 由…构成20.characteristic 特点特征21.characterize vt.具有…的特征listening 51.botany 植物学2.root system [植] 根系；根轴系3.meticulous adj. 一丝不苟；小心翼翼4.rye 黑麦5.fertilizer n. [肥料] 肥料6.overwater 过度加水7.bubble vt. 使冒泡n. 气泡，泡沫8.houseplant 室内盆栽9.oxygen 氧气10.respiration n. 呼吸；呼吸作用11.respire v. 呼吸12.make a difference 有影响有关系13.versus prep. 对；与...相对；对抗14.mineral 矿物质矿物listening 61.typical adj. 典型的2.structure n. 结构；构造3.expertise n. 专门知识；专门技术；4.certain adj. 某一；必然的；确信；5.adapt to 使适应于…6.lifeblood n. 生机的根源；生命必须的血液7.eliminate vt. 消除；排除8.redundancy 冗余多余9.uniformity n. 均匀性；一致；同样10.efficiency n. 效率；效能；功效11.wanna=want to12.gotta=have got to13.gonna=going to14.primary reason= key reason15.downside 负面16. a hybrid of 一种混合的17. a combination of 综合18.vicious violation恶性违反19.vicious circle 恶性循环20.mold=mould 模具模子21.functional adj. 功能的functionally22.project 项目23.architect 建筑师24.finance n. 财政，财政学；金融25.dedicated adj. 专用的；专注的；献身的26.dedicated to奉献给，献身于27.engineering department工程部；技术科28.chief engineer 主工程师29.be in touch with有联系；与…有接触30.consistency 一致性31.disperse into vt. 分散；使散开；传播32.separate into33.divide into34.allegiance n. 效忠，忠诚；忠贞35.coordinator n. 协调者mand n. /v. 指挥，控制；命令37.principle n.原则38.particular adj. 特别的；详细的；39.specialize vt. 使专门化；40.specific adj. 特殊的，特定的；41.disrupt vt. 破坏；使瓦解；adj. 分裂的42.standardization n. 标准化standard 标准的43.conflict 冲突44.violate vt. 违反；侵犯45.in terms of依据；按照；在…方面；以…措词OG listening vocabulary—TEST 2LISNTEING 11.assignment 作业任务2.interview 面谈采访面试3.entrepreneur 企业家4.people off campus 校外的人们5.personality 性格特征6.have the guts to do sth.拥有胆量做某事7.instinct 本能listening 21.calendar 日历2.rotation n. 旋转；循环，轮流3.messy adj. 凌乱的4.fraction n. 分数；部分；小部分5.Stonehenge n. 巨石阵；史前时期巨大石柱群6.monumental adj. 不朽的；纪念碑的7.deny v否定，否认8.prehistoric 历史前的9.temple n. 庙宇；寺院；神殿；太阳穴10.tomb n. 坟墓；死亡11.Mayan 玛雅人12.priest 牧师神父13.royalty n. 皇室；版税；王权14.the planet Venus [天]金星15.the planet Jupiter n. [天] 木星16.incorporate vt. 包含，吸收；体现17.sophisticated= complicated 复杂的18.astrology n. 占星术；占星学；星座19.astrological adj. 占星的；占星学的20.orbit 轨道21.lunar calendar 农历22.solar calendar 日历23.the Roman 罗马人listening 31.dolphin海豚2.vocal 发声的3.vocalization 发声4.modify vt. 修改，修饰；更改5.6.figure out 解决；算出；想出；7.precise adj. 精确的；明确的8.burst pulse 短脉冲9.whistle vt. 吹口哨；10.signature n. 署名；签名；信号11.forage vi. 搜寻粮草；搜寻12.be out of sight 看不见13.sonar n. 声纳；声波定位仪14.navigate vi. 航行，航空15.dimensional adj. 空间的；尺寸的16.interference n. 干扰，冲突；干涉17.squawk vt. 粗声叫出；诉苦18.squeal vt. 告密；长声尖叫19.bark vt. 吠叫；咆哮；咳嗽20.groan vt. 呻吟；抱怨21.dominance n. 优势；统治；支配22.mate vt. 使配对；结伴；使一致23.bubble stream24.impartial 公平的，公正的25.field work 田地实践listening 41.put off推迟；扔掉；阻止2.permission n. 允许，许可3.in person 亲自地listening 51.astronomy n. 天文学2.Mars 火星3.spacecraft n. [航] 宇宙飞船，航天器4.orbit 轨道5.reshape vt. 改造；再成形6.an abundance of adj. 大量的……7.sort of---sorta 有几分地；到某种程度；稍稍8.kind of有点儿；有几分--kinda9.telescope n. 望远镜10.science-fiction 科幻小说11.imaginative adj. 虚构的；富于想像的；12.scary adj. 提心吊胆的13.crater n. 火山口；弹坑14.bitterly adv. 苦涩地，悲痛的15.atmosphere n. 气氛；大气；空气16.atmospheric adj. 大气的，大气层的17.fossil n. 化石；僵化的事物18.fascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的19.carbon dioxide [无化] 二氧化碳20.flyby n. 飞越；飞近探测21.riverbed n. 河床22.massive adj. 大量的；23.sophisticated adj. 复杂的；精致的；久经世故的24.notion n. 概念；见解；打算25.gully n. 冲沟；水沟26.speculation n. 投机；推测27.ingenious adj. 有独创性的；机灵的listening 61.colossal statue 巨大的雕像2.exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地memorate vt. 庆祝，纪念4.Pharaoh n. 暴君；法老5.ancient Egypt 古埃及6.legend 传奇7.the Colossus of Rhodes 罗德港巨人雕像8.the Greek god Helios9.colossus=colossal adj. 巨大的；异常的，非常的10.fund n. 资金；基金vt. 投资；资助11.reexamine vt. 重考，复试；再调查12.tax-paying13.erect vt. 使竖立adj. 竖立的；笔直的14.Mount Rushmore（位于美国南达科他州）；总统山15.representation n. 代表；表现16.George Washington 乔治·华盛顿（美国第一位总统）17.Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰斐逊，美国第三任总统18.Theodore Roosevelt 西奥多·罗斯福（美国第三十二任总统）19.Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕·林肯（第十六任美国总统）20.carve vt. 雕刻；切开；开创21.economic depression 经济萧条22.unravel vt. 解开；阐明；解决；拆散23.fabric n. 织物；布；组织；构造；建筑物24.erode adj. 侵蚀的25.clamor vt. 喧嚷着说出26.symbolize vt. 象征；用符号表现27.symbolism n. 象征，象征主义；符号论；记号28.endurance 耐力；忍耐；持久；耐久29.colossal monument 庞大的纪念碑30.conceive vt. 怀孕；构思31.sculptor n. 雕刻家32.oversee vt. 监督；俯瞰；审查；偷看到，无意看到33.prominence n. 突出；突出物；显著；卓越34.permanence n. 持久；永久35.greatness36.loftier –lofty的比较级，崇高37.The Statue of Liberty自由女神像38.shift n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班39.beacon n. 灯塔，信号浮标vt. 照亮，指引40.plaque n. 匾；血小板；饰板41.pedestal n. 基架，基座；基础42.perceive vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知43.tribute n. 礼物；[税收] 贡物；颂词44.be strengthened 被加强pletion n. 完成，结束；实现46.immigration n. 外来移民；移居。
【菜鸟入门篇】 OG摘要——了解题型,熟悉答题规范
【菜鸟入门篇】OG摘要——了解题型，熟悉答题规范（笔者所持OG为2007年英文版本，白色间酒红色封面，如有引用，误差请自己把持）1， TOEFL IBT READING阅读包括三到五篇文章，每篇文章约700字，有12-14道题目。
以每篇文章20分钟为时限，总共阅读时间为60-100分钟。
如无加试，阅读量为三篇文章，分两部分。
第一部份仅有一篇文章，20分钟，时限到自动退出。
第二部分有两篇文章，总时限40分钟，两篇章不需要按顺序做，意为：如果第一篇文章仅用18分钟读完，余下的2分钟可用在第二篇阅读上；第二篇阅读完毕也可以跳回第一篇检查。
40分钟时限用尽后自动退出。
阅读文章是大学水平教科书内容的节选。
节选时尽量不作改动，因为托福考试的考察目标是考生阅读英语学术性文章的能力。
所选阅读文章可按写作目的分为三类：A，说明（exposition）B，议论（argumentation）C，历史研究（historical）所选文章常用的四类结构为：A，分类（classification）B，比较/对比（comparison/contrast）C，原因/效果（cause/effect）D，问题/解决方案（problem/solution）IBT阅读题型按照考察目的分为十类：A，考察基础信息理解能力及推论能力（basic information and inferencing questions）题型1：事实细节题，3-6每篇（Factual Information Questions）考察明确出现在原问中的事实细节，通常包括事实，细节，定义等。
不考察全文主题。
Tips：a、回原文查询b、剔除与原文相反的选项c、不要只因为某答案在原文出现就选之，要答其所问。
题型2：反面事实细节题（Negative Factual Information Questions）0-2每篇选出有明确表述、不是事实或未出现在文中的信息。
Tips：a、需比题型1阅读更多篇幅才能做对，因为答案以外的选项出现在原文的范围是全文。
英语词汇学chapter1 vocabulary
lexic-
-ology
Lexicon lexis
vocabulary
eg. biology psychology …
Briefly, it is the “science of the word”, and a branch of linguistics dealing with vocabulary of a language.
• The main reasons (sources) for the frequent appearance of neologisms are three:
– Marked progress of science and technology – Socio-economic, political and cultural changes – The influence of other cultures and languages
14
1.2.2 The growth of present-day English vocabulary
• The 19th and 20th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in scientific vocabulary as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the scientific exploration and discovery.
– The vocabulary of the Old English consisted mainly of Anglo-Saxon words, 85% of which was no longer in use now.
OG test 1 填空单词
OG 第一套填空单词巧记section 2keenest(keen的最高级)keen: adj. 敏锐的；厉害的accurately adv. 准确地accurate adj. 精确的pre dict预言，预测dict表示说，写pre-提前+ dict-说/写：预言同词根词dict ate听写(dict说/写+ate表动词→口授，听写)in dict控诉,起诉(in进去+dict说话/写→进去说)vin dict ive报复性的(vin力量+dict说/写→adj.报复性的)contra dict vt. 反驳(contra 反+dict说/写→反着说)fore sight n. 先见；预见fore-向前+ sight –视野：视野是向前的—先见，预见nost algia n. 怀旧；乡愁folly n.，愚笨比较：fool傻瓜re flect ion n. 反映；反射词根flect = bend,表示"弯曲"re flect re-回来+ flect 弯曲—弯回来—反射，反照de flect偏斜(de离开+flect弯曲→弯离，偏斜)by gone adj. 过去的go by: 时间流逝，gone是go的过去分词— bygone 时间已经流逝milieu n. 周围；环境音似：迷离，名流（社会环境中有迷离的，也有名流）in tric ate adj. 复杂的tric k：把戏+ in-内部intricate：内部是有把戏的—复杂的cand id adj. 坦率的，直白的词根：cand 表示"白光"cand le：蜡烛cand id坦白的,直率的(cand白光→白的→坦白的)cand idate侯选人(cand白的+ate人→白色的人→候选人)osten tatious adj. 讲排场的，注重外表，不重实质osten- 外表的（out，oust）—只做表面文章的，不重实际fiction al adj. 虚构的；小说的fiction：n. 小说，虚构con volute回旋，盘旋volute—无路的，只能回旋，绕着走convoluted：复杂的，盘旋的im puls ive adj. 冲动的；任性的impulse 冲动记忆：(im内+pulse跳动/脉搏→内在推动→冲动)w him：n. 一时的兴致；突然的念头w 这个字母是弯弯曲曲的，him-他一个人一会这，一会那，想起什么就做什么，一时的兴致。
OG 词汇
OG test 6 vocabulary totalitarianregimetoppleindictmentmockerynavigation temperamentalcongenialreclusivecutlerythimblescrewknackpenchantpilferpredilectionraidtheologylegitimacyderiveprofundity anachronism rival perquisite monarchical tribulation irreproachable reprehensive affliction commendable botanistslothereticwary itemize neatly pigeonholed apprehend cynicism bafflement marvelous bulbobsessive affliction outlandish fraud proclamation trickery acted-out phonograph antiquate livelihood novelty enchantmill rudimentary crank incredulous infatuate envision influx delineate kinesthetic penumbra maneuver withhold disclaim negate disparate deviation grasp moisture spatial choreography invocation rebuttal estrangement unwarranted gullibility lull terminology hierarchy patronage cherish unhindereddiscretionary rotunda uprooting tornadoripsummit grandeur expedition quiz aboriginal daredevil escapade generic eradicate referral impend polecat skunk crawlsniff bundle scoot agonistic eclectic empiric phobic quixotic ascertain merriment infectious gaiety conspicuousness brevity demagogue hysteria subdue orangutanape indigenous transitory recessivepliant arboreal unswervingantagonistic extol condense censure disparage gubernatorial undoingnaïvetéfurtiveness venality sarcasm nautical mischief excavate decipher enigmatic script miscellaneous gleanzeal speculative partisanship wrack pesticide induce rigortoxic prophecy calamity befall depletion immediacy entrench doom appraisal array futility irreparable undercut wickedness incarnate siege trumpet prevalenceliberal literallytrite staunch aspersion ineptitude parody leaningrailblatant quasi underpinning grudgedire layperson coerce disincline graphologist circumvent depersonalize ameliorate condone belabor reportory expendable paucity libelous rehash repetitive cacophony preclude foreshadow confound suppress disseminate elucidate nihilism scope repertoire mischievous gluttonous supple adroit docilecordial petition abolitionist segregate veteran expedient tacit inadvertent supersede tactfulhail audible summon deluge frivolous sympathetic deterbud hygiene。
OG-Verbal分册第二版阅读详解
1.The Gross Domestic Product(GDP),which measures the dollar value of finished goods and services produced by an economy during a given period, serves as the chief indicator of the(5) economic well-being of the United States. The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may (l0) possess, but simply because they were produced and bought. Additionally, only those goods and services involved in monetary transactions are included in the GDP. Thus, the GOP ignores the economic utility of such things as a clean(l5) environment and cohesive families and communities. It is therefore not merely coincidental, since national policies in capitalist and non capitalist countries alike are dependent on indicators such as the GDP, that both the environment and the social (20) structure have been eroded in recent decades.Not only does the GDP mask this erosion, it can actually portray it as an economic gain: an oil spill off a coastal region "adds to the GOP because it generates commercial activity. In short, the nation's(25)central measure of economic well-being works like a calculating machine that adds but cannot subtract.原作者参考感悟：【考点】主旨题、句子与文章的结构、细节的推论文章不难，但是没有把握好几句重点句子的意思对文章的理解出了极大偏差导致错误率极高= = 没有意识到这句the GDP ignores the economic utility是全文主旨，还有The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price这句话里solely的意思Questions 1-6 refer to the passage above.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨题）小心选项中的比较级，可能文中都不曾存在。
SAT八套OG真题填空题词汇整理
SAT八套OG真题填空题词汇整理SAT考试是世界上最受欢迎的大学入学考试之一，对于想要进入美国高校学习的学生来说，备考SAT是一项重要任务。
其中，SAT填空题是阅读部分的重要组成部分，考察学生对于词汇的理解和运用能力。
为了帮助大家更好地备考SAT填空题，本文将对SAT八套OG真题中的常见词汇进行整理和总结。
一、常见词汇汇总1. ambivalent: 矛盾的，含糊其辞的2. analogous：类似的，相似的3. assert：断言，主张4. coherent：连贯的，一致的5. corroborate：证实，支持6. delineate：描绘，描述7. dispel：驱散，消除8. exacerbate：加剧，恶化9. facilitate：促进，帮助10. impartial：公正的，无偏见的11. ingenious：聪明的，有创造力的12. mitigate：减轻，缓和13. paradox：悖论，自相矛盾的情况14. rebut：反驳，否认15. speculate：推测，猜测二、词汇用法详解1. ambivalent- The students felt ambivalent about the new school policy.- Some people have ambivalent feelings towards social media.2. analogous- The relationship between a teacher and a student can be seen as analogous to that between a parent and a child.- The behavior of the CEO is analogous to that of a dictator.3. assert- The author asserts that climate change is the most pressing issue of our time.- She asserted her right to freedom of speech.4. coherent- The essay is well-structured and coherent.- The witness provided a coherent account of the events.5. corroborate- The DNA evidence corroborates the defendant's alibi.- Her story was corroborated by several eyewitnesses.6. delineate- The artist used fine lines to delineate the contours of the subject.- The report clearly delineates the steps needed for the project.7. dispel- The teacher dispelled the students' fears about the upcoming test.- The sunny weather helped to dispel the gloomy atmosphere.8. exacerbate- The lack of rainfall exacerbated the drought conditions.- His careless comments only exacerbated the already tense situation.9. facilitate- The new software will facilitate the completion of the task.- The organization provided resources to facilitate the implementation of the program.10. impartial- The judge was known for being fair and impartial.- The article provided an impartial analysis of the political situation.11. ingenious- The engineer came up with an ingenious solution to the problem.- Her ingenious invention revolutionized the industry.12. mitigate- Planting more trees can help mitigate the effects of climate change.- The doctor prescribed medication to mitigate the patient's symptoms.13. paradox- It is a paradox that she is both shy and confident.- The paradox of the situation is difficult to understand.14. rebut- The defense lawyer attempted to rebut the prosecution's argument.- The scientist provided evidence to rebut the theory.15. speculate- Experts speculate that the stock market will rebound in the coming months.- She refused to speculate on the reasons behind his sudden departure.结语通过对SAT八套OG真题中常见的填空题词汇进行整理和总结，希望能够帮助大家更好地备考SAT考试。
学术英语 Vocabulary Test答案
Unit One1. neuron2. visit3. scan4. practice5. blood pressure6. maintenance7. mammogram8. physical9. side effect 10. panic 11. practicing 12. transplant13. budget 14. tablet 15. childproof 16. randomized 17. allocation 18. prognosis 19. control 20. follow-up21. ward 22. hepatitis 23. malaise 24. metabolism 25. liver 26. pathophysiology 27. literature28. investigation 29. incidence 30. epidemiology31. bed rest 32. stay 33. jaundice 34. course35. intravenous 36. diastolic 37. perfusion 38. primary39. bypass 40. informed 41. humanitarian42. Cross 43. relief 44. casualty 45. emergencyUnit Two1. re-emerging /re-emergent /resurgent2. strain3. vaccine4. infectious5. emerging6. prevention7. plague8. pathogenic 9. authorities 10. resistance 11. course12. fever 13. virulence 14. pandemic 15. antigen 16. genetic 17. neurological 18. immunity 19. infrastructure 20. case 21. swine 22. tuberculosis23. morbidity /incidence 24. professionals 25. latent26. skin test 27. screening 28. interferon 29. toxicity 30. curable 31. intractable 32. pathogen 33. ulcer34. exposure 35. recombination 36. bioterrorism 37. foodborne Unit Three1. adrenaline2. residency3. autoimmune4. stamina5. transient6. bedridden7. block8. model9. neurodegeneration 10. excrete 11. optimize 12. load 13. relapse 14. self-experimentation15. trial 16. neuromuscular 17. therapist 18. micronutrient 19. function 20. track 21. coordination22. cardiovascular 23. rapport 24. synchronization25. contagion 26. regulate 27. psychobiological28. solace 29. imaging 30. activate 31. mandatory 32. dubious 33. background 34. concept 35. regimen 36. complications 37. anti-tumor 38. standard 39. pharmacological 40. solubility 41. in vivoUnit Four1. complementary2. alternative3. paradigm4. acupuncture5. adjunct6. nausea7. post-operative8. clinical9. physical 10. therapeutic 11. intervention 12. design13. resonance 14. emission 15. analgesia 16. establishment 17. rehabilitation 18. licensed 19. strategies 20. formulas21. array 22. integrative 23. acute 24. administer 25. procedure 26. evaluation 27. prevalence 28. conventional 29. evidence-based 30. management 31. peripheral 32. mechanisms 33. reductionistic 34. cost-effectiveness 35. outcomes36. preclinical 37. plausible 38. manipulative39. homeopathic 40. naturopathic 41. meditationUnit Five1. crisis2. symptoms3. vitality4. immune5. virus6. lifestyle7. robust8. fragile9. balance 10. spiritual 11. blockages 12. repressed13. genuine 14. psychological 15. integrated 16. decaying17. nutrition 18. waistline 19. bottled 20. intake21. appetite 22. protein 23. obesity 24. lean25. dietary 26. quality 27. dairy 28. diabetes29. contentUnit Six1. nursing2. hospice3. failure4. around-the-clock5. coronary6. respond7. facility8. end-of-life9. comfort 10. discharge 11. care 12. palliative13. fatal 14. pulmonary 15. experimental 16. advisors17. discontinue 18. dialysis 19. smear 20. provider21. care-as-usual 22. preventive 23. beaten 24. mold25. renew 26. fertilization 27. basic 28. stem cell29. collaborate 30. test-tube 31. reproductive 32. hormones 33. immature 34. empirical 35. pioneering 36. endoscope 37. ethical 38. concern 39. infertile 40. inherited41. fibrosis 42. dilemmasUnit Seven1. station2. life-support3. measures4. withdraw5. paternalistic6. empowerment7. ethicists8. principles9. ideal 10. patient-centered 11. autonomy12. options 13. exclusive 14. emergency 15. restraint16. anxiety 17. transgression 18. practice 19. metastases20. aggressive 21. primary 22. follow-up 23. record24. emboli 25. tomography 26. infiltrates 27. chest28. lower-lobe 29. labored 30. team 31. chronic32. psychosocial 33. guidelines 34. implementUnit Eight1. subject2. biomedical3. therapy4. protocol5. beneficence6. justice7. autonomous8. diminished9. exposed to 10. Oath 11. distribution 12. consent 13. procedures 14. operating 15. obligation 16. pediatric 17. perform 18. flow 19. intensive 20. adoptive 21. biological 22. psychological 23. medical 24. occupational 25. contract 26. infection 27. vessel 28. circulation 29. welfare 30. disapprove 31. protocol 32. liabilityUnit Nine1. curriculum2. community3. expectations4. attributes5. value6. maladies7. diagnostic8. manifestations9. civic mindedness 10. chatter 11. manner 12. directories 13. integral 14. underserved15. shortage 16. certification 17. address 18. basics19. teaching 20. academic 21. affiliate with22. continuing medical educationUnit Ten1. coverage2. Medicaid3. single-payer4. subsidize5. deliver6. duplicative7. sustained8. deficits9. echocardiogram 10. thrombus 11. stroke12. artery 13. intracranial 14. cerebral 15. bleeding 16. brain-stem 17. recovery 18. ventilation 19. anticoagulant 20. infusions 21. surgeon 22. administrators23. ambulances 24. elective 25. infarction 26. time-critical 27. arrest 28. traumatic 29. intervention 30. multi-payer 31. universal 32. for-profit 33. pharmaceutical34. remedies 35. out-of-pocket。
OG词汇
rise over run纵距离，与横距离之比piecewise-defined 分段定义的dashed curve 虚曲线converse 逆命题match up 重合inscribe 使内切pentagon五边形，hexogon六边形，decagon十边形photochemical光化制品index指标，指数histogram矩形图plot曲线图表，平面图dispersion差量，离差spread差outlier异常数据，离群值boxplot盒形图，箱图box-and-whisker box 盒状图，框线图rating评分，评定结果standardization使标准化universal set全集exclusive唯一的，排除其他一切的toss抛，扔tail up硬币背面朝上factorization因子分解factorial阶乘，析因sample space样本空间be on a roll 连交好运diskette软盘lifetime使用期fulcrum支点，支轴fairly完全的sensitize使易于感光copier复印机continent洲，容器，自制的，禁欲的clerical文书工作的miscellaneous各色混杂的，多才多艺的nuance意义、声音、感情上的细微差别avail 「v」有帮助，有益，「n」好处，优势reconcile使和谐一致，调和，使相符，使和好如初，将就，妥协dismissal不予考虑，不予理会，摒弃，开除，解雇concession让步，妥协，特许权，优惠concessionary让步的，特许的，让渡特许权的concessionaire受让人，特许权获得者apostle政治或思想的倡导者，鼓吹者anachronistic时代错误的，过时的exotic来自异国的「尤指热带国家」，奇异的emulate「v」努力赶上，同。
竞争，仿真，模仿，仿效emulative好胜的，不服输的dogmatis m教条主义，独断论，武断orthodoxy正统观念，普遍接受的观点draw平局，和局，使成平手chunk相当大的量，厚块，厚片stigmatization使人蒙上污点，加烙印lionization把某人视为名人marginalization排斥，忽视foreground强调，突出entomologist昆虫学家caprice「态度或行为的」无缘无故突变，反复无常，任性methodology「从事某活动的」方法，原则forfeit丧失「因犯罪、过失、失职、违约而」被迫放弃，被没收，被剥夺。
OG test 4 填空单词
OG 第四套填空单词巧计section 2strive vi. 努力奋斗，力求常用：strive for sth. 争取某物er rat ic adj. 飘忽不定的；行为古怪rat老鼠老鼠的行踪诡秘，飘忽不定informal非正式的idio syncratic adj.古怪的idiot 傻子- 行为很古怪同义词：erratichis erratic typing and idiosyncratic spelling 他古怪的打字与奇特的拼写drought n. 干旱dry 干preventive预防；防止prevent：防止re gress ive adj. 倒退的；退化的记忆：gress 走re-回：往回走progress 进步：往前走catastrophic adj. 灾难的catastrophe n. 大灾难unforeseen adj. 未预见到的，无法预料的moderate adj.温和的；适度的disparaging轻蔑的disparage：轻蔑同义词：contemptuousprocrastinator n. 拖延者meddle v. 干涉，插手middle：中间scoff嘲笑，嘲弄常用：scoff at 嘲笑temporize vi. 拖延同义词：procrastinate 拖延prolong vt. 延长mis behave行为不端dis rupt破坏inter rupt：打断bank rupt：破产sneer讥笑，冷笑terminate结束；使终结例句：You have no right to terminate the contract. 你无权终止合同。
withdraw撤走例句：The soldiers ran out of ammunition and had to withdraw. 士兵用光了弹药，不得不撤退。
insulation n. 隔离；绝缘insul=island 岛屿岛屿就是脱离大陆的个体peninsula半岛(pen近似+insula=insul岛→似岛一样→半岛)insulate隔离,孤立radiate辐射radio：搜音机也是接受的辐射来的电磁波deflect 偏转，偏离reflect反射trans mit传输；传送trans port：运输dispense分配ridicule嘲笑ridiculous：愚蠢的，可笑的vacuity n. 真空vacuum：真空，vacuum cleaner 吸尘器dalliance n. 嬉戏；大连-适合嬉戏的地方infelicity n. 不恰当的言语in-非礼-city：在城市里说非礼的话，不恰当啊！con vict ion n.信念vict ory胜利（胜利是基于一种信念）rhetoric n. 修辞学prag matism n.实用主义practical：实际的futility n. 没有用，无意f-否定+ utility 有用boorishness 粗野boorish adj. 粗野的；粗鲁的integrity n. 正直，诚实，完整integrate 整合，完整（人们认为只有诚实的人才是人格完整的）irritate刺激，激怒fastidious adj. 挑剔的；讲究的例句：She is too fastidious about her food or clothing. 她爱讲究吃穿。
雅思口语评分标准之“Vocabulary”简析
雅思口语评分标准之“Vocabulary”简析准备雅思口语考试的学生对雅思口语的四个评分标准一定不陌生，其中的词汇量(Vocabulary)这个项我们应该辩证地来看，今天小编就给大家简要分析下雅思口语评分标准之“词汇”的奥秘。
雅思的口语考试中共有四个评分标准，即流利和连贯(Fluency andCoherence)、词汇量(Vocabulary)、语法的掌握范围和准确性(Grammatical Range and Accuracy)以及发音(Pronunciation)。
考官将从这4个方面考查考生，并分项量化，分项打分，然后计算得到最后的口试成绩，而这四部分经常会被我们简化为F/V/G/P。
口语考试三个阶段中的task类型雅思考试是一种task-based的测试，所谓的task-based是指人们在日常生活、工作、娱乐、学习中实行的各种活动，而task-based 语言测试的核心思想就是通过再现人们在社会中的各种各样的活动，把语言测试和应试者的日常生活联系起来，而雅思口语通过让考生完成某些task(也就是话题)来考查考生的语言水平和掌握的语言知识，从而进一步评估其有效使用语言实行交际的水平。
下面我们分析一下口语考试三个阶段中的task类型及完成各个阶段需要掌握的词汇量、词汇类型和学习要求。
能够看到,2200多个词汇从表面上掌握并不困难，而关键在于对这些词汇的把握和使用的深度，这才是学习的难点。
而我们通常做到的仅仅明白其意，拼写无误，而实际上真正掌握一个单词要做到：1. 准确发音+准确拼写+明确词性2. 能把其用在一个恰当的语法环境里3. 能把与某一个事物或者是抽象的概念联系在一起4. 掌握其相对应的搭配5. 能在口语和书面语中迅速地识别它话题的词汇量的掌握是没有limit的，这完全取决于考生的思想，即他想讲什么和怎样讲的问题。
一般来说，对一个话题的词汇存储达到120-200个左右，那你至少就不会遇到“话到嘴边又咽下”的窘境了。
OG 6单词
NEW Section3P706rebel n.反叛者totalitarian adj.极权主义的regime n.政治制度, 政权, 政体topple v.将…推翻, 打倒monument n.纪念碑indictment n.控告illusion n.错觉, 幻想copy n.复制本symbol n.象征mockery n.可鄙的东西, 无价值的事物adept adj.精于…的temperamental adj.喜怒无常的congenial [kənˈdʒi:njəl] adj.宜人的, 适宜的; 意气相投的vulnerable [ˈvʌlnərəbl]adj.易受伤的, 脆弱的, 敏感的reclusive [riˈklu:siv] adj.隐居的bowerbird [ˈbauəbə:d] n.澳洲产的一种鸟amass [əˈmæ] v.积聚bower [ˈbauə] n.闺房cutlery [ˈkʌtləri] n.刀具, 刀叉thimble [ˈθimbl] n.(缝纫用的)顶针knack [næ] n.技巧; 本事assess [əˈses] v.估价, 评定penchant n.(强烈的)爱好, 嗜好pilfer [ˈpilfə] v.盗,偷purpose [ˈpə:pəs] n.目的; 意图dispense [disˈpens] v.分配, 分发predilection [ˈpri:diˈlekʃən] n.偏爱, 偏好, 嗜好disturb [disˈtə:b] v.打扰remedy [ˈremidi] n.药品raid [reid] v.突然袭击; 突然搜查theology [θiˈ.lədʒi] n.神学inseparable [inˈsepərəbl] adj.不可分的, 分不开的legitimacy [l iˈdʒitiməsi] n.合法(性) unconcern [ˈ.nkənˈsə:n] n.不关心prestige [presˈti:ʒ] n.威信derive [diˈraiv] v.源于OG6profundity [prəˈfʌnditi] n.深奥; 深刻; 深厚relate [riˈleit] v.(把…)联系起来accuracy [ˈæjurəsi] n.精确(性), 准确(性) diminish [diˈminiʃ] v.减少detachment [diˈtæʃmənt] n.分离anachronism [əˈnærənizəm] n.时代错误allege [əˈledʒ] v.断言elitist [əˈletist] n.优秀人才,杰出者perquisite [ˈpə:kwizit] n.津贴monarchical [mɔ.nɑ:kikəl]adj.国王的,帝王的tribulation [ˈtribjuˈleiʃən] n.苦难, 艰难irreproachable [ˈ.riˈprəutʃəbl]n.苦难, 艰难luxury n.奢侈,奢侈品reprehensible [ˈrepriˈhensibl]adj.应受谴责的affliction [əˈflikʃən] n.折磨commendable [kəˈmendəbl] adj.值得表扬的privilege [ˈprivilidʒ] n.特权；特惠待遇p707botanist [ˈbɔtnɪst]n.植物学家devise [diˈvaiz]v.创造, 发明slot [slɔt]v.把…纳入其中apparent [əˈpæənt]adj.显然的, 明白的immediate successor最近后继concern[kənˈsə:n]v.使担忧, 使烦恼heretic[ˈhɛrɪtɪk] n.持异端者be devoted to 致力于…itemize [ˈaɪtəˈmaɪz]v.列出清单pigeonhole[ˈpidʒinhəul]v.分类, 归档in turn 依次的cynicism [ˈsɪnɪ.sɪzəm] n.愤世嫉俗baffle [ˈbæl] vt.使困难, 使为难nostalgia [nɔ.stædʒə, nə-] n.怀旧resentment [rɪ.zentmənt] n.愤恨data [ˈdeitə] n.资料, 材料allusion [əˈlu:ʒən] n.暗指,典故citation [saiˈteiʃən] n.引用,引文revive [riˈvaiv] v.恢复,使再流行decisive [diˈsaisiv] adj.决定性的minimize [ˈminimaiz] vt.把…减至最低p708dazzle [ˈdæl] vt.使目眩使amazement [əˈmeizmənt] n.惊奇, 惊愕stay up [] n.不睡觉, 熬夜pale [peil] adj.苍白的, 灰白的feed [fi:d] vt.向…提供electric plant [] n.电厂obsessive [əbˈsesiv] adj.萦绕于心的indignant [inˈdiɡnənt] adj.愤怒的bury [ˈberi] vt.埋葬，掩埋afflication [ə`flɪkʃən] n.造成痛苦的事物shed [ʃed] vt.流出sheik [ʃeɪk] n.(阿拉伯的）酋长apiece [əˈpi:s] adv.每个outlandish [autˈlædiʃ] adj.(看或听起来很)古怪的, 奇异的fraud [frɔ:d] n.欺诈, 欺骗行为骗子mayor [mɛə] n.市长proclamation [ˈprɔkləˈmeiʃən] n.宣布, 声明, 公告merit [ˈmerit] vt.值得; 应获得outburst n.(蒸汽, 怒气等的)爆发, 突发weep [wi:p] v.哭泣acted-out [] adj.表演出来的cylinder [ˈsilində] n.圆筒, 圆柱体phonograph [ˈfəunəɡrɑ:f] n.留声机,电唱机substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t] v.代替, 替换, 代用hand organ [] n.大型手摇风琴livelihood [ˈlaivlihud] n.生计,谋生curiosity [ˈkjuəriˈ.siti] n.好奇心, 爱打听的癖性奇人, 奇物, 珍品novelty [ˈnɔvəlti] n.新颖; 新奇性新奇的人[事物]新颖小巧而价廉的物品firsthand [ˈfə:stˈhæd] adj. & adv.(得自)直接来源的[地], 第一手的[地]enchanted [ɪn`tʃætid] adj.中魔法的mill [mil] n.磨坊;工厂crude [kru:d] adj.简陋的, 粗糙的crank [kræŋk] n.思想奇怪的人incredulous [inˈkredjuləs] adj.表示怀疑的, 不相信的inhabitant [inˈhæitənt] n.居民, 住户revelation [ˈrevəˈleiʃən] n.被揭露的事p708-709persistent [pəˈsistənt] adj.持续的; 不断的infatuate [inˈfæjueit] v.冲昏头脑excessive [ikˈsesiv] adj.过度的, 过分的; 极度的depict [diˈpikt] vt.描绘; 描画描述implausible [imˈplɔ:zibl] adj.难以置信的distress [disˈtres] n.悲痛, 痛苦, 忧伤envision [enˈvɪ.ən] vt.想像,展望intricate [ˈintrikit] adj.错综复杂的unison [ˈju:nɪsən, -zən] n.一致influx [ˈ.nˈflʌks] n.大量涌入delineate [dɪ.lɪni:ˈeɪt] v.勾画，描述p710choreographer [ˈkɔrɪˈɔ.rəfə(r)] n. (芭蕾)舞蹈动作设计者focus on 致力于，聚焦aesthetician [ˈi:sθiˈtiʃən]n.审美学家presume [priˈzju:m] v.假定; 推测instinct n.本能; 天性; 直觉telling adj. 显著的recede [riˈsi:d]v. 退回, 后退kinesthetic[ˈkinisˈθetik]adj. 肌肉运动知觉的suggestibility n.可建议,被暗示性penumbra [pɪˈnʌmbrə]n.半阴影manipulate v.熟练控制mystic adj.神秘的, 不可思议的maneuver n.动作any amount of 大量dynamism [ˈdainəmizəm]n.活力，魄力void [vɔid] n.空虚感, 失落感figure of speech 修辞格,比喻be equated with 等同于negation [nɪˈgeɪ.ən]n. 否定，否认insult [inˈsʌlt]n.侮辱, 辱骂personage [ˈpɜ:sənɪdʒ]n.要人,名人cut dead 不理睬permanent adj.永久(性)的, 固定的disparate [ˈdɪspərɪt]adj.根本不同的nonetheless[ˈnʌnðəˈles]adv.虽然如此,但是psychological [ˈsaikəˈlɔdʒikəl]adj.心理的; 精神的deviation [ˈdi:vi:ˈeɪ.ən]n.背离,偏离modification[ˈmɔdəfɪˈkeɪ.ən]n.更改,改变overtone [ˈəʊvəˈtəʊn]n.暗示, 含义turn to 求助于moisture[ˈmɔistʃə]n.水气, 湿气bend toward 屈身，弯曲spatial [ˈspeiʃəl]adj.空间的, 立体的evolve from 从…逐渐形〔发展〕成the human race 人类p710-711disclaimer [disˈkleimə] n.放弃,不承诺assertion [ə'səː.ən] n.断言invocation [ˈ.nvəˈkeɪ.ən] n.乞灵definition [ˈdefiˈniʃən] n.定义apology [əˈpɔlədʒi] n.道歉confession [kənˈfeʃən] n.供认,忏悔hypothesis [haiˈpɔθisis] n.假设rebuttal [rɪ.bʌtl] n.反驳estrange [ɪ.streɪndʒ] vt.使疏远geometrical [d ʒ.əˈmetrɪkəl] adj.几何(学)的provoke [prəˈvəuk] vt.激起; 惹怒unwarranted [ʌnˈwɔ:rəntɪd] adj.无正当理由的suspicion [səsˈpiʃən] n.怀疑reveal [riˈvi:l] vt.泄露; 透露gullibility [ˈgʌli'biliti] n.易受骗,易上当,轻信lull [lʌl] vt.抚慰, 哄complacent [kəmˈpleisnt] adj.自满的be subject to [] v.受支配,从属于terminology [ˈtɜ:məˈnɔlədʒi:] n.术语hierarchy [ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.层次artistical [ɑ:ˈtistikəl] adj.艺术的patronage [ˈpeɪtrənɪdʒ] n.保护，庇护conceive [kənˈsi:v] v.想出, 构想cherish [ˈtʃeriʃ] vt.珍爱emphasis [ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点adhere to [] n.遵循, 坚持seize on [] v.抓住，占有unhindered [ʌnˈhindəd] adj.不受妨碍的,不受阻碍的interaction [ˈ.ntərˈæʃən] n.相互作用reclusive [riˈklu:siv] adj.隐遁的,隐居的Section7p724worm [wə:m] n.虫; 蠕虫agnostic [æɡˈnɔstik] adj.不可知论的eclectic [ɪ.klektɪk] adj.折中的empiric [emˈpirik] adj.经验主义的(=empirical)phobic [ˈfəubik] adj.恐惧的quixotic [kwikˈsɔtik] adj.堂吉诃德式的,不切实际的outbreak [ˈautbreik] n.爆发immunize [ˈimjunaiz] v.使某人免疫foster [ˈfɔstə] v.培养provide [prəˈvaid] v.提供predict [priˈdikt] v.预测allege [əˈledʒ] v.断言, 宣称sustain [səˈstein] v.支撑; 经受question [ˈkwestʃən] v.对(某事物)表示[感到]怀疑effect [iˈfekt] v.实现,引起ascertain [ˈæəˈtein] v.弄清, 查明anticipate [æˈtisipeit] v.预测ensure [inˈ.uə] vt.确保merriment [ˈmerimənt] n.嬉戏infectious [inˈfekʃəs] adj.传染的, 有感染力的presumption [priˈzʌmpʃən] n.假定gaiety [ˈɡeiəti] n.乐事conspicuous [kənˈspikjuəs] adj.明显的unexpected [ˈ.nikˈspektid] adj.意外的, 突如其来的brevity [ˈbreviti] n.短暂简洁demagogue [ˈdeməɡɔɡ] n.蛊惑民心的政客hysteria [hiˈstiəriə] n.歇斯底里93 oppose [əˈpəuz] v.反对subdue [səbˈdju:] v.征服create [kriˈeit] v.创造postpone [ˈpəustˈpəun] v.延期; 推迟confirm [kənˈfə:m] vt.证实indigenous [inˈdidʒinəs] adj.土生土长的transitory [ˈtræzitəri] adj.短暂的, 转瞬即逝的recessive [riˈsesiv] adj.逆行的,隐性的pliant [ˈplaiənt] adj.易弯的;能适应的arboreal [ɑ:ˈbɔ:riəl] adj.生活于树上的advocate [ˈævəkeit] n.提倡者steadfast [ˈstedfɑ:st] adj.坚定的constant [ˈkɔnstənt] adj.恒久不变的, 忠实的unwitting [ʌnˈwitiŋ] adj.不知情的,无意的unswerving [ʌnˈswə:viŋ] adj.坚定的inhibiting [inˈhibitiŋ] adj.抑制作用的,约束的elusive [iˈlu:siv] adj.难以捉摸的antagonistic [æˈtæɡəˈnistik] adj.敌对的appease [əˈpi:z] v.使平息eliminate [iˈlimineit] v.消除extoll [iksˈtɔl] v.〈美〉赞美condense [kənˈdens] v.摘要, 简述censure [ˈsenʃə] v.指责expand [iksˈpæd] v.扩大disparage [diˈspæidʒ] v.非难,轻视intensify [inˈtensifai] v.(使)增强glorify [ˈɡlɔ:rifai] v.赞美; 颂扬rearrange [ˈri:əˈreindʒ] v.重新安排endorse [inˈdɔ:s] v.认可, 支持gubernatorial [ˈɡju:bənəūtɔ:riəl] adj.统治者的naive [nɑ:ˈi:v] adj.幼稚的furtive [ˈfə:tiv] adj.(指行动)偷偷摸摸的, (指人)鬼鬼祟祟的venality [vi(:)ˈnæiti] n.受贿indecisive [ˈ.ndiˈsaisiv] adj.犹豫不决的sarcasm [ˈsɑ:kæəm] n.讽刺, 挖苦p725tide [taid] n.潮,潮水boast [bəust] v.自夸solid [ˈsɔlid] adj.纯质的; 纯色的miraculous [miˈræjuləs] adj.奇迹般的, 超自然的startle [ˈstɑ:tl] vt.使惊跳; 使大吃一惊excavate [ˈekskəveit] vt.挖掘, 开凿挖出, 发掘artifact [ˈɑ:tifæt] n.人造物品reevaluation [ˈri:ivæjuˈeiʃən] n.重估计,重求值enigmatic [ˈeniɡˈmæik] adj.难以理解的, 神秘的Mesopotamia [ˈmesəupəˈteimjə] n.美索不达米亚(西南亚地区)linguist [ˈliŋɡwist] n.语言学家decipher [diˈsaifə] vt.破译(密码), 辨认(潦草字迹)vanished [`væɪ.id] adj.消失的miscellaneous [ˈmisiˈleinjəs] adj.不同种类的, 多种多样的; 混杂的glean [ɡli:n] vt.一点点地收集(资料、事实) decorate [ˈdekəreit] vt.装饰nautical [ˈnɔ:tɪkəl] adj.与航海有关的mischief [ˈmis-tʃif] n.胡闹, 恶作剧curiosity [ˈkjuəriˈ.siti] n.好奇心confusion [kənˈfju:ʒən] n.困惑decode [di:ˈkəud] vt.译(码), 解(码) archaeologist [ˈɑ:kɪˈɔləd ʒ.st] n.考古学家resigned [rɪ.zaɪnd] adj.顺从的,听从的ambivalent [æˈbɪvələnt] adj.感情矛盾的p726finding [ˈfaindiŋn.[pl.] n.结论; 研究结果popularizer [ˈpɔpjʊləraɪzə(r)] n.普及者, 推广者speculative [ˈspekjələtɪv] adj.纯理论的,推测的leave out 省去, 遗漏partisanship [ˈpɑ:tiˈzæʃip] n.党派偏见implicit [imˈplisit] adj.含蓄的; 不言明的account [əˈkaunt] n.原因falsify [ˈfɔ:lsəˈfaɪ] v.篡改;伪造wreck [rek] v.破坏; 损害riot [ˈraiət] n.暴乱, 骚乱induce [inˈdju:s] v.引起, 导致toxic waste 有毒废物prophecy [ˈprɔfisi] n.预言, 预言能力sentiment [ˈsentimənt] n.观点; 意见imminent adj.即将发生的，迫近的befall [bɪ.fɔ:l] v.降临endemic [enˈdemɪk] adj.某地(或某些人中)流行的, 地方的waterborne [ˈwɔ:təbɔ:n] adj.水上的sewage treatment 污水处理ozone depletion 臭氧耗竭entrenched [ɪnˈtrentʃt] adj.根深蒂固的；牢固的impending [imˈpendiŋadj.即将发生的;迫在眉睫的ecological [ˈekəˈl ɔd ʒ.kəl] adj.生态(学)的pessimistic [ˈpesiˈmistik] adj.悲观的; 悲观主义的appraisal [əˈpreizəl] n.估量, 评价equivalent [iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的stunning [ˈstʌnɪŋadj.令人震惊的burdensome [ˈbə:dnsəm] adj.繁重的futility [fju:ˈtɪlətɪ] n.无效，无用essayist [ˈeseiist] n.评论家prime mover 发动者grave [ɡreiv] n.死亡irreparable [ɪ.repərəbəl]adj.不能修复的;不可弥补的in so far as 至于，就...anachronism [əˈnærəˈnɪzəm] n.时代错误obsolete [ˈ.bsəˈli:t] adj.过时的environmentalist [inˈvaiərənˈmentlist] n.环境论者spectrum [ˈspektrəm] n.范围, 系列tacitly [ˈtæitli] adv.肃静地,沉默地play down 轻描淡写undercut [ˈ.ndəˈkʌt ] v.削弱pessimism [ˈpesəˈmɪzəm] n.悲观主义wickedness [ˈwɪkɪdnɪs] n.恶事;恶毒incarnate [ɪnˈkɑ:nɪt] adj.人体化的,…化身的siege [si:dʒ] n.围攻; 围困trumpet [ˈtrʌmpit] v.大肆宣扬, 鼓吹p727-728territory [ˈteritəri] n.势力范围ultimately [ˈ.ltəmɪtli:] adv.最后;最终cleanup [ˈkli:nˈ.p] n.清除stringent [ˈstrɪndʒənt] adj.严格的;严厉的moralistic [ˈmɔ:rəlɪst] adj.道学的，关注道德的abuse [əˈbju:s] n.滥用,虐待elicit [iˈlisit] vt.引出, 探出prevalence [ˈprevələns] n.流行elaborate [iˈlæəreit] adj.复杂的; 精心制作的speculation [ˈspekjəˈleɪ.ən] n.推断,推测aside [əˈsaid] n.旁白irrelevant [ɪ.reləvənt] adj.不相干的aspersion [əˈspɜ:ʒən] n.诽谤,中伤bureaucratic [ˈbjuərəuˈkræik] adj.官僚的ineptitude [ɪ.neptɪtju:d] n.不合适,不适当parody [ˈpæədi:] vt.拙劣地模仿rail [reil] vi.辱骂; 抱怨blatant [ˈbleɪtnt] adj.吵嚷的；喧哗的quasi [ˈkwɑ:zi(:),ˈkweisai] adj.类似的religious [riˈlidʒəs] adj.谨慎的, 认真的underpinning [ˈ.ndəˈpiniŋ] n.基础,支撑outrage [ˈautreidʒ] n.义愤resentful [rɪ.zentfəl] adj.感到愤恨的skepticism [ˈskeptɪ.sɪzəm] n.怀疑态度qualified [ˈkwɔləˈfaɪd] adj.有限制的indifference [ɪnˈdɪfərəns] n.不关心urgent [ˈə:dʒənt] adj.急迫的grudging [ˈgrʌdʒ.ŋ] adj.不情愿的;勉强的acceptance [əkˈseptəns] n.接受,赞同staunch [stɔ:ntʃ] adj.可靠的advocacy [ˈævəkəsi:] n.拥护unethical [ʌnˈ.θɪkl] adj.不道德的manipulate [məˈnipjuleit] vt.操作era [ˈiərə] n.时代naive [nɑ:ˈi:v] adj.天真的retrospect [ˈretrəspekt] n.回顾trite [traɪt] adj.陈腐的;老一套的wholly [ˈhəuli] adv.完全地in no way [] n.决不validity [vəˈlɪdɪtɪ] n.有效;正确stimulus [ˈstimjuləs] n.刺激;促进因素dire [daɪə] adj.紧急的alienate [ˈeiljəneit] vt.疏远elite [eiˈli:t] n.精华layperson [ˈleipə:sən] n.外行sufficiently [səˈfɪ.əntlɪ] adv.充分地rhetoric [ˈretərik] n.修辞Section9p734neglect [niˈɡlekt] v.疏忽; 忽略; 遗漏coerce [kəuˈə:s] v.强迫, 压制rediscover [ri:diˈskʌvə] v.再次(重新)发现inspire [inˈspaiə] v.赋予某人灵感; 启迪limit [ˈlimit] v.限制; 限定require [riˈkwaiə] v.想要collect [kəˈlekt] v.收集allow [əˈlau] v.允许circulate [ˈsə:kjuleit] v.(使)循环, 散布disincline [ˈdisinˈklain] v.使讨厌,不感兴趣evaluate [iˈvæjueit] v.评价, 估计supplement [ˈsʌpliment] v.增补envision [inˈviʒən] v.想象,预想circumvent [ˈsə:kəmˈvent] v.设法克服或避免(某事物); 回避ignore [iɡˈnɔ:] v.不顾, 不理, 忽视depersonalize v.使失去个性ameliorate [əˈmi:ljəreit] v.改善,改进revisit [ˈri:ˈvizit] v.再访问, 再参观condone [kənˈdəun] v.容忍, 宽恕, 原谅belabor [biˈleibə] v.〈古〉痛打,辱骂；罗嗦tame [teim] adj.温顺的koala [kəuˈɑ:lə] n.树袋熊mischievous [ˈmistʃivəs] adj.淘气的glutton [ˈɡlʌtən] n.贪食者supple [ˈsʌpl] adj.(身体)柔软的, 灵活的adroit [əˈdrɔit] adj.熟练的, 机敏的docile [ˈdəusail] adj.容易教的; 易驯服的noteworthy [ˈnəutwə:ð] adj.值得注意的; 显著的; 重要的repertoire [ˈrepətwɑ:] n.全部节目intensity [inˈtensiti] n.强烈, 剧烈precision [priˈsiʒən] n.精确度, 准确(性) scope [skəup] n.范围polish [ˈpɔliʃ] n.高雅, 完善duration [djuəˈreiʃən] n.持续的时间skepticism [ˈskeptisizəm] n.怀疑论elucidate [iˈlu:sideit] v.阐明, 解释nihilism [ˈnaiilizəm] n.虚无主义,极端怀疑论suppress [səˈpres] v.压制disseminate [diˈsemineit] v.散布, 传播undermine [ˈ.ndəˈmain] v.破坏; 逐渐削弱confound [kənˈfaund] vt.使惊惶; 弄糊涂搞乱foreshadow [fɔ:ˈ.æəu] v.预示denunciation [diˈnʌnsiˈeiʃən] n.公开的谴责, 指责preclude [priˈklu:d] v.阻止; 妨碍repertory [ˈrepətəri] n.全部剧目; 轮演剧目expendable [iksˈpendəbl] adj.可消费的, 值得消耗的paucity [ˈpɔ:siti] n.少量; 缺乏; 不足meaningful [ˈmi:niŋful] adj.有意义的barrage [ˈbæɑ:ʒ] n.阻塞,拦阻libelous [ˈlaibələs] adj.诽谤的rehash [ˈri:ˈhæʃ] vt.重复repetitive [riˈpetitiv] adj.重复的, 啰嗦的cacophony [kəˈkɔfəni] n.刺耳的声音, 不和谐的声音orderly [ˈ.:dəli] adj.安排好的p735convention n.集会，大会proceeding n.进程, 议程invariably [inˈvɛəriəbli]adv.始终不变地hail v.向...欢呼exclusion n.拒绝,排除underneath prep.在…下面; 在…底下temperance n.戒酒take issue with 提出异议,与…争论align with 与...结盟violation n.违反, 冒犯contend [kənˈtend]v.争夺，竞争disposition [ˈdispəˈziʃən]n.布置；分配budge [bʌdʒ] v.(使)改变主意；(使)让步be critical of 不满abolitionist [ˈæəˈlɪ.ɵnɪst]n.废奴主义者veteran [ˈvetərən] n.经验丰富的人; 老兵Illinois [ˈiliˈnɔi(z)] n.伊利诺斯州(美国州名)infamous[ˈɪnfəməs]adj.臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的bluntly [ˈbl ʌntlɪ]adv.率直地defenseless adj.无防御的;无保护的go beyond 超出segregated [ˈseɡriɡeitid] adj.分开的，被隔离的split with 和…断绝关系suasion [ˈsweiʒən] n.说服,劝告side with 和(某人)抱同样的见解solicited 请求的capital punishment 死刑petition [piˈtiʃən]n.请愿, 诉状impending [imˈpendiŋadj.即将发生的;迫在眉睫的life imprisonment 无期徒刑a set of 一套, 一伙take over 接管; 接替intimidate [inˈtimideit] v.恐吓, 威胁on the eve of 在…的前夕cordial[ˈkɔ:djəl]adj.热诚的, 热情友好的p736-737fluent [ˈflu:ənt] adj.流畅的activism [ˈætivizəm] n.行动主义tactful [ˈtætfəl] adj.机智的;圆滑的rhetoric [ˈretərik] n.说话或写作的风格pour down [] n.倾注audible [ˈ.:dəbəl] adj.听得见的summon [ˈsʌmən] vt.传唤; 召集praise [preiz] vt.称赞,赞美defy [diˈfai] vt.公然反抗status quo [steitəs ˈkwəu] n.现状assert [əˈsə:t] vt.维护, 坚持wise [waiz] adj.明智的adept [əˈdept] adj.擅长的negotiation n.谈判tackle vt.解决; 应付exploration [ˈekspləˈreɪ.ən] n.探索endorse [enˈdɔ:s] vt.支持，核准supersede [ˈsju:pəˈsi:d] vt.取代, 接替compromise [ˈkɔmprəmaiz] v.妥协for the sake of [] n.为了in common [] adv.共有amount [əˈmaunt] vi.等同, 接近repeal [riˈpi:l] vt.废除contradict [ˈkɔntrəˈdikt] vt.违背inadvertent [ˈ.nədˈvɜ:tnt] adj.疏忽造成的tacit adj.默许的punishment [ˈpʌnɪ.mənt] n.处罚preferable [ˈprefərəbl] adj.更可取的subtle [ˈsʌtl] adj.微妙的; 难以捉摸的dissension [dɪ.senʃən] n.不和,纠纷disobedience n.不服从,违抗coincide [ˈkəuinˈsaid] vi.一致interaction [ˈ.ntərˈæʃən] n.相互作用in spite of n.虽然, 尽管…friction [ˈfrikʃən] n.摩擦expedient [ɪkˈspi:di:ənt] adj.有利的reluctance [rɪ.lʌktəns] n.不愿意；勉强scale [skeil] n.标准neglect [niˈɡlekt] n.忽略, 疏忽。
OG语法重点汇总
OG语法重点汇总OG语法第三遍终于做完了，随手整理了一些OG中的重点（结合OG题后解释和XDF课堂的讲解），希望对大家有用，有错误的地方也请大家批评，哈哈。
下面的编号是与OG的题号一致的。
1.现在分词强调重复性；定语从句强调一次性2.①A of B结构中，A是中心词，谓语动词与A一致②the size of Colorado’s错③of用于没生命的对象（如国家United States of America）‘s用于有生命的对象（树没有生命）3. ①to do A, to do B, and to do C对to do A, do B, and do C对②情态动词可否省，亦看第二个③肯定句用and，否定句用or④仅有no/not代表否定句5. 句中出现any，要判断是否为语气词（强烈语气），若是，则要保留。
6. ①主语作宾语优先使用名词（在名词与Ving之间）所有格结构的宾语介词结构的宾语②try to do/t ry doing对try that/try and do 错7. ①n+that+be+adj错人+that+be+adj错9. ①believe thatbelieve sb/sth to be②that引导宾从不可省，引导定从可省③the infinitive “to be” is more appropriate that the limited present-tense “is” in referring to an event that occurred longago but have been discovered only recently.10. ①however表强烈语气，不能忽略②there be 表自然存在状态③语气词不能省11. ①分词结构（doing/done，介词+分词，连词+分词）的省略结构的逻辑主语是后面主句的主语②base/compare只用于被动语态12. ①同一句话中，相同的代词（可能不同格）必须指代相同的对象②代词先于主句出现，一般指主句主语，但在下句中则指代不清：New small business are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big business, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.13. ①soar, rise, raise, increase, grow 出现两个则语义重复②动词优于抽象名词③when rates means“prices charged”, it should be followed bu for.14.estimated to be15. ①原文中的情态动词要尽量保留（may）②without doing/sth③distinguish A from Bdistinguish between A and B④which引导的非限制性定语从句不是不能用，但要确保无歧义16.like/unlike A, B do要求A、B性质完全一样17. ①不光要判断选项本身的对错，还要把选项放到原文中判断其对错②过去完成时（had been）changes the original meaning (were)by suggesting that the Native Americans had previously ceased to be part of the widespread culture.18. ①主谓单复数一致，被修饰成分和修饰成分单复数一致②强调整体用all，强调个体用each（不能用every one）③all, each表强调语气，不能忽略19.比较结构中的尽量补出原则不一定是补助动词，只要无歧义就行20. ①so+adj>such+抽象名词②强调句正确选项往往是A，倒装句（强调句的一种）不能变为正常语序21. ①food allergies 食物过敏总称an allergy to sth 对某物过敏②先行词与主句主语要逻辑对称③attributes A(an effect)to B(a cause)A is attributed to B22. ①not…but结构要求时态、句式对称②not but>rather than>in stead of24. ①介词+名词>介词+动名词②whether or not 错25.规定仅规定分词与分词相对称，没有说现在分词不能与过去分词对称，判断的依据是动作的主语是动作发出者还是承受者26. ①of all表最高级②maybe错，因为太口语化27. ①In D, the phrase and published in Harlem is too remote from the Messenger to modify it effectively.②把原文的修饰成分变成主干，一般为错③being+n/adj一般为错28. ①continue不能用于进行时态、复合时态（例have been and will）②be to do/be going to do错，因为表主观色彩的将来③to表趋向，coming也表示趋向，所以into the coming month语义重复29. ①句中的some若表“大约”，则不能省②there be done错32.①在同一句话中，过去和现在的时态不能一起用，除了一般现在时的三种特例（客观事实、政府行为法令法规、科研成果或统计资料）②一般过去时改成过去完成时主要看是否出现表过去的过去的时间标志③时间状语的摆放要遵从愿意36. ①be native to somewhere②不同时态并不是一定不能在同一个句子中出现，关键是要符合句子的愿意、清楚地表达作者的意思。
vocabulary知识点总结
vocabulary知识点总结Vocabulary is an essential part of language learning. It is the collection of words that a person knows and understands in a particular language. A strong vocabulary is crucial for effective communication, reading comprehension, and writing skills. In this article, we will delve into the different aspects of vocabulary, including its importance, ways to improve it, and strategies for vocabulary acquisition.Importance of VocabularyA strong vocabulary is important for several reasons:1. Communication: Vocabulary is crucial for effective communication. A wide range of words allows individuals to express their thoughts and ideas more precisely and accurately. It also enables them to understand others' communication effectively.2. Reading Comprehension: A rich vocabulary is crucial for understanding written materials. Readers with a good vocabulary can comprehend complex texts, and the nuances of language, and can interpret the author's intended meaning more accurately.3. Writing Skills: A broad vocabulary enhances writing skills by providing a variety of words and expressions. It enables writers to express themselves more effectively and make their writing more engaging and compelling.4. Academic Success: A strong vocabulary is essential for academic success. It helps students understand lectures, participate in class discussions, and comprehend academic texts. Ways to Improve VocabularyThere are several ways to improve vocabulary. Some effective strategies for vocabulary improvement include:1. Reading: Reading is one of the most effective ways to improve vocabulary. It exposes individuals to new words in context, and provides an opportunity to learn how words are used in different contexts.2. Contextual Learning: Understanding how words are used in different contexts is crucial for vocabulary development. Learning words in context helps individuals grasp their meanings and usage more effectively.3. Word Learning Strategies: Employing word learning strategies such as using flashcards, mnemonics, and creating word associations can aid in vocabulary acquisition.4. Regular Practice: Regular practice and exposure to words in different contexts can help reinforce vocabulary learning.5. Use of Vocabulary in Writing and Speaking: Actively using newly learned words in writing and speaking can help cement them in memory and improve retention.Strategies for Vocabulary AcquisitionThere are various strategies for acquiring vocabulary. Some effective strategies include: 1. Active Engagement: Actively engaging with words by looking up their definitions, understanding their usage, and practicing their usage helps in vocabulary acquisition.2. Word Analysis: Analyzing word parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words, can help individuals understand the meanings and usage of unfamiliar words.3. Vocabulary Development Tools: Utilizing vocabulary development tools such as dictionaries, thesauruses, and vocabulary building apps can aid in vocabulary acquisition.4. Using Vocabulary in Context: Using words in context through reading, speaking, and writing allows individuals to understand their meanings and how they are used.5. Word Exposure: Regular exposure to a wide range of words through reading, listening, and conversations can enhance vocabulary acquisition.In conclusion, vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of language learning that plays a crucial role in communication, reading comprehension, and writing skills. A strong vocabulary is essential for academic success and personal growth. Utilizing effective strategies for vocabulary improvement and acquisition can enhance language skills and overall communication abilities.。
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desert n.沙漠 occupy v.占据，占领 approximately adv.大概，大约 decade n.十年 alarming adj.令人惊恐的 expansion n.扩张，发展 previously adv.先前地，在…之前 desertification n.沙漠化 estimate v.估计 additional adj.额外的 accomplish v.完成，实现
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presence n.存在 fluke n.锚爪 blowhole n.喷水孔 disguise v.伪装，掩饰 affinity n.密切关系 dwelling n.居住，住所 mammal n.哺乳动物 otter n.水獭 pinniped n.鳍足类动物 seal n.海豹 walrus n.海象
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primarily adv.主要地 stabilizing adj.稳定的 vegetation n.植被 subsequent adj.随之而来的，随后的 accelerate v.加速 erosion n.侵蚀，腐蚀 fine adj.细微的，纤细的 particle n.小颗粒，微粒 accumulate v.积累，积攒 mobile adj.可移动的，流动的 ridge n.山脊，山脉，隆起
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occur v.发生，出现 trend n.趋势，倾向 climatic adj.气候的 aridity n.干旱 semiarid adj.半干旱的 border v.接壤 delicate adj.脆弱的 ecological adj.生态的 potential n.潜力 adjust to 适应 subject…to…使服从于…
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compromise n./v.妥协 brace n.背带 constant adj.不变的，持续的 in concert with... 与...相一致，和...相呼应 construct v.建造，建筑 category n.种类，范畴 shelter n.遮蔽物 v.遮蔽 universal adj.普遍的，全世界存在的 application n.运用，申请 arbitrary adj.随意的，随机的
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purchase v.购买 projector n.放映机 maximize v.使…最大化 profit n.利益 readily adv.容易地 handful n.少数 charge v.要价 admission n.门票价格 assistance n.帮助 assistant n.助手 perfect v.完善
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expose v.暴露 Sahara desert 撒哈拉沙漠 incomplete adj.不完整的 hind adj.后部的 feature v.以…为特征 tiny adj.微小的，很小的 toe n.脚趾 undoubtedly adv.毫无疑问地，确实地 marine adj.海洋的 nonfunctional adj.无功能的 vestigial adj.残留的，退化的
The Origins of Cetaceans
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origin n.起源 cetacean n.鲸鱼，鲸类动物 adj. 鲸鱼的，鲸类的 porpoise n.海豚 whale n.鲸鱼 mammal n.哺乳动物 lung n.肺 gill n.腮 streamlined adj.流线型的 absence n.缺乏，缺席，不存在 hind adj.后部的，后面的
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portion n.部分 retain v.保留 tail n.尾巴 major adj.主要的 locomotion n.移动能力 backbone n.脊骨 rear adj.后方的，尾部的 propulsion n.推动力 sea lion 海狮 link v.连接
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deposit n.沉淀物 Tethys Sea 特提斯海（古地中海） consist of 包括，包含 complete adj.完整的 skull n.颅骨，头颅 archaeocyte n.原细胞，原始动物 ancestor n.祖先 precious adj.珍贵的 jawbone n.下额骨 enlarge v.扩大 fat n.脂肪
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assumption n.假设，假定 sculpture n.雕塑，雕刻 primary adj.主要的，首要的，基本的 property n.性质，特性，财产 distribution n.分布，分配 conception n.概念 the Renaissance n.文艺复兴 bronze n.青铜 foreleg n.前腿 internal adj.内部的 exaggeration n.夸张
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water table 地下水位，潜水层 drainage n.排水 dissolve v.溶解 evaporate v.蒸发 crustal adj.壳的 layer n.层 underlying adj.下面的 seriousness n.严峻性，严重性 vast adj.广阔的，巨大的，大量的 tremendous adj.极大的，巨大的 reverse v.逆转，颠倒
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seal v.密封 n.海豹 penetration n.穿透，渗透 absorption n.吸收 consequently adv.因此，所以 runoff n.径流量 rate n.比率，速率 diminish v.减少，缩小，贬低 cycle n.循环 progressive adj.逐步的，进步的 deterioration n.恶化 establish v.建立
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receive v.接收，收到，接纳 detect v.探测，察觉 adaptation n.适应 diving n.潜水 expert n.专家 flesh-eating adj.食肉的 mesonychids n.中爪兽 shallow adj.浅的 breed v.繁殖 skeleton n.骨骼 sediment n.沉积物
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chief adj.主要的 expand v.扩张 woody n.木质的 surround v.围绕，包围 completely adv.完全地 shrub n.灌木 waste n.粪便，废物，浪费 substitute n.替代物 conditioner n.调节剂 nutrient n.营养 salinization n.盐化，盐碱化
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rigid adj.严格的，僵硬的，死板的 strecher n.延展，担架，框架 canva n.画布 taut adj.拉紧的 deteriorate v.恶化，变坏 crack v.破裂 discolor v.褪色 intrude v.干扰，侵略 hoof n.蹄子 aesthetic adj.审美的 device n.设备，装备 devise v.设计，构造
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arcade n.拱廊，游戏厅 permit v.允许 customer n.顾客 prizefight n.（非正式）酬金拳击赛 successive adj.连续的 model v.以…为榜样，为模型 phonograph n.留声机 function v.发挥作用，运转 sale n.销售，销量 projection n.投影 exhibitor n.参展者，放映者
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limb n.四肢 envision v.设想，想象 extinct adj.灭绝的 bridge v.结合 intermediate adj.中间的 transitional adj.过渡的 reconstruct v.重建 Pakistan n.巴基斯坦 officially adv.官方地，正式地 in honor of… 向…致敬 embed v.嵌入
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devoid of 缺乏 susceptible adj.易受影响的 raise v.饲养，提高 livestock n.牲畜 economic adj.经济的 generally adv.通常 dominant adj.处于支配地位的 consequence n.结果，后果 excessive adj.过多的，极度的 trample v.踩踏，践踏 pulverization n.粉碎
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firewood n.柴火，木柴 overirrigation n.过度灌溉 progressively adv.逐渐地，渐渐地 population density 人口密度 especially adv.尤其，特别 severe adj.严重的，严峻的，严厉的 crop failure n.谷物减产，粮食歉收 necessitate v.使成为必需 prior adj.优先的，事先的 removal n.移除 extensive adj.广阔的，大量的
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passage n.（时间的）推移 millennia n.一千年 considerable adj.相当大的 rigorously adv.严厉地，严格地 enforce v.施行，执行
Early Cinema
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