2011年12月英语四级阅读长难句精讲精练(一)

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2011年12月英语四级阅读真题来源

2011年12月英语四级阅读真题来源2011年12月四级考试阅读真题：男女分校更有利2011年12月四级考试阅读真题被证实也是摘自卫报的新闻，原文题目Single-sex schools help boys to enjoy arts, says study 研究证明纯男子学校更利于男学生学习艺术。

原文发布时间为2010年1月，比较久远。

Absence of girls removes pressure to conform to masculine stereotype, claims US researcherRachel WilliamsThe Guardian, Wednesday 20 January 2010Boys’ schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and are more likely to get involved in activities such as art, dance and music, according to research released today.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity in which students either sink or swim, the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereo*type, the US study says.Boys at single sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotionalexpressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the boy code of hiding their emotions to be a real man.The report, presented at a conference of the International Boys’ Schools Coalition in London attended by the heads of private and state schools, goes against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.The headmaster of Eton, Tony Little, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticised teachers for failing to recognise that boys are actually more emotional than girls, despite the fact that girls turn on the waterworks.The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become demoralised when their female counterparts do better earlier in verbal skills and reading, because the left side of the brain develops faster in girls. They also felt they had to be cool rather than studious.But in single sex schools teachers are able to tailor lessons to boys’ learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study’s author, education expert Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with specifically boy-focused approaches such as themes and characters thatappeal to them. Boy s in boys’ schools loved to pen verse because they enjoyed the inherent structure in poems, James said. Because, the researchers say, boys generally have better spatial skills, more acute vision, learn best through touch, are more impulsive and more physically active, they need to be given hands-on lessons where they are allowed to walk around, with this natural impulse not seen as disruptive. Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine and prefer the modern genre in which violence and sexism are major themes, James wrote.Single sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype gained from the media by girls that men should be masterful and in charge in relationships. In the present sexualised atmosphere prevalent in mixed schools, boys feel coerced into acting like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means, the report said.2011年12月四级考试阅读真题第三篇竟也是摘自卫报的新闻！原文题目Are money problems driving you apart? 钱的问题让你分手了吗？原文于2009年底发布。

2011英语一长难句text4

2011英语一长难句text41、主题：2011年英语一长难句text4解析2、内容：正文如下：写作技巧：1. 要注意对文中从句的认真解读。

从句在长难句中往往起着非常重要的作用，解析从句可以帮助我们更好地理解整个句子的结构和意义。

2. 要学会分析长难句的结构。

长难句常常包含多个从句和修饰成分，我们要善于分析句子的主干以及各个成分之间的逻辑关系。

3. 要注意长难句的翻译。

翻译长难句时，要注意保持原句的逻辑结构和修辞特色，同时要保持译文的流畅和通顺。

点拨：分析长难句的结构和意义是理解和解答长难句题目的关键。

我们拿2011年英语一长难句text4来进行分析。

原句为：“For many years, Americans identified the term "famine" with what we (and the British) called "crop failure" (Harris, 1981).”1）句子结构分析：这是一个复合句，句子主干为“For many years, Americans identified the term "famine"”，其中“For many years”是时间状语，修饰谓语“identified”; 这是一个由连词“with”引导的并列句，主语是“What we (and the British) called "crop failure", （we （and the British）。

全句的谓语是“What”，“called”的宾语是“crop failure”。

2）句子意义分析：这是一个具有一定复杂性的句子。

从句“What we (and the British) called "crop failure" (Harris, 1981)”起到作用是解释说明了主句中“the term "famine"”所指的具体内容。

大学英语四级阅读真题2011年12月

大学英语四级真题2011年12月Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Why Integrity MattersWhat Is Integrity?The key to integrity is consistency—not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的) standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation.What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals.Risky BusinessWe are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision-making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future.Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit, or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct. Ignorance is not a defense."But Everybody Does It"Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it," "I'm not hurting anyone," or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm looking at another's exam, but that's not cheating because I'm just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses. If we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making—and that leads to bad decisions.To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself.Evaluating RisksTo decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immediate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of getting caught are serious and may include a "0" on a test orassignment, an "F" in the class, suspension (暂令停学) or dismissal from school and a ruined reputation. In fact, when you break a rule or law, you lose control over your life and give others the power to impose punishment that you have no control over. This is an extremely vulnerable (脆弱的) position. There may be some matters of life and death or highest principle, which might justify such a risk, but there aren't many things that fall in this category.Getting Away With It—Or NotThose who don't get caught pay an even higher price. A cheater doesn't learn from the test, which deprives (剥夺) him/her of an education. Cheating undermines confidence and independence; the cheater is a fraud, and knows that without dishonesty, he/she would have failed. Cheating destroys self- respect and integrity, leaving the cheater ashamed, guilty, and afraid of getting caught. Worst of all, a cheater who doesn't get caught the first time usually cheats again, not only because he/she is farther behind, but also because it seems "easier." This slippery slope of eroding ethics and bigger risks leads only to disaster. Eventually, the cheater gets caught, and the later he/she gets caught, the worse the consequences.Cheating Hurts Others, TooCheaters often feel invisible, as if their actions "don't count" and don't really hurt anyone. But individual choices have an intense cumulative (累积的) effect. Cheating can spread like a disease. Recent statistics suggest 30% or more of college students cheat. If a class is graded on a curve, cheating hurts others' grades. Even if there is no curve, cheating "poisons" the classroom, and others may feel pressured to join in. ("If I don't cheat, I can't compete with those who do." ) Cheating also has a destructive impact on teachers. The real reward of good teaching is seeing students learn, but a cheater says, "I'm not interested in what you're trying to teach; all I care about is stealing a grade, regardless of the effect on others." The end result is a destructive attack on the quality of your education. Finally, cheating can hurt the reputation of the university and harm those who worked hard for their degree.Why Integrity MattersIf cheating becomes the norm, then we are in big trouble. We must rely on the honesty and good faith of others. If not, we couldn't put money in the bank, buy food, clothing or medicine from others, drive across a bridge, get on a plane, go to the dentist—the list is endless. There are many examples of the vast harm that is caused when individuals forget or ignore the effect their dishonesty can have. The savings and loan scandal, the stock market and junk bond swindles, and, of course, Watergate, have undermined the faith of many Americans in the integrity of political and economic leaders and society as a whole. Such incidents take a tremendous toll on our nation's economy and our individual well- being. For example, but for the savings and loan debacle, there might be funds available to reduce the national debt and pay for education.In sum, we all have a common stake in our school, our community, and our society. Our actions do matter. It is essential that we act with integrity in order to build the kind of world in which we want to live.2. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also ______.A) sticks to them in their daily life C) understands their true valuesB) makes them known to others D) sees that others also follow them3. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships?A) It helps to create team spirit. C) It is the basis of mutual trust.B) It facilitates communication. D) It inspires mutual respect.4. Why must we learn to identify the risks we are going to take?A) To ensure we make responsible choices. C) So that we don't break any rules.B) To avoid being overwhelmed by stress. D) So that we don't run into trouble.5. Violation of a rule is misconduct even if______.A) it has caused no harm C) it has gone unnoticedB) it is claimed to be unintentional D) it is committed with good intentions6. What should one do if he doesn't wish to fool himself?.A) Avoid making excuses. C) Make his intensions public.B) Listen to other people's advice. D) Have others watch over his shoulder.7. Those who take risks they regret later on______.A) will often become more cautious C) value immediate benefits mostB) are usually very aggressive D) may lose everything in the end8. According to the author, a cheater who doesn't get caught right away will______.A) pay more dearly C) be widely admiredB) become more confident D) feel somewhat lucky9. Cheaters at exam don't care about their education; all they care about is how to______.10. Integrity matters in that all social activities rely on people's______.11. Many Americans lost faith in the integrity of their political leaders as a result of______. Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.With the world's population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施) and jobs. Underlying all this (47) will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years.Finding the resources to meet this demand in a (48) , sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石) of our nation's energy security, and will be one of the major (49) of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy—bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few—are (50) being funded and developed, and will play a growing (51) in the world's energy supply. But experts say that even when (52) , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world's energy needs by 2050.For example, even with (53) investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy. development (54) in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels (55) only about 1% of the market today.Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from lot of (56) —both traditional and alternative.A) stable I) exactlyB) solutions J) consistC) significant K) compriseD) role L) competitionsE) progress M) combinedF) marvelous N) challengesG) included O) certainlyH) growthSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage TwoIt's an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the boiler could go, or the roof fall off, and we have no savings to save us. I say you only live once and we work hard and what's the point if you can't go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no argument next year—we just won't go.Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What's less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession—financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterised by intense verbal(言语上的) aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and made men, more than women, extremely angry.Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolises, which may be different things to men and women. "People can say the same things about money but have different ideas of what it's for," he explains. "They'll say it's to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them." He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they've achieved something."The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what's going on with their finances, but they don't. There seems to be more of a taboo (禁忌) about talking about money than about death. But you both need to know what you're doing, who's paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship, you don't have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it."63. What does the author say about vacationing?A) People enjoy it all the more during a recession.B) Few people can afford it without working hard.C) It makes all the hard work worthwhile.D) It is the chief cause of family disputes.64. What does the author mean by saying "money is known...to bring a relationship to its knees" (Line 1, Para. 2)?A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.D) Disputes over money may ruin a relationship.65. The YouGov poll of 2,000 people indicates that in a recession______.A) conflicts between couples tend to riseB) it is more expensive for couples to split upC) couples show more concern for each otherD) divorce and separation rates increase66. What does Kim Stephenson believe?A) Money is often a symbol of a person's status.B) Money means a great deal to both men and women.C) Men and women spend money on different things.D) Men and women view money in different ways.67. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should______.A) put their money together instead of keeping it separatelyB) make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgetsC) discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationshipD) avoid arguing about money matters to remain romanticPassage OneBoys' schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity(阳刚), the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, a US study says.Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the "boy code" of hiding their emotions to be a "real man".The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticised teachers for failing to recognise that boys are actually more emotional than girls.The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys' learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study's author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with "boy-focused" approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision, learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given "hands-on" lessons where they are allowed to walk around. "Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modem genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes," James wrote.Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be "masterful and in charge" in relationships. "In mixed schools, boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means," the study reported.58. The author believes that a single-sex school would______.A) force boys to hide their emotions to be "real men"B) help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boysC) encourage boys to express their emotions more freelyD) naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man59. It is commonly believed that in a mixed school boys______.A) perform relatively better C) behave more responsiblyB) grow up more healthily D) receive a better education60. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?A) It fails more boys than girls academically.B) It focuses more on mixed school education.C) It fails to give boys the attention they need.D) It places more pressure on boys than on girls.61. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is______.A) teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boysB) boys can focus on their lessons without being distractedC) boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested inD) teaching can be designed to promote boys' team spirit62. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James' report?A) They enjoy being in charge. C) They have sharper vision.B) They conform to stereotypes. D) They are violent and Sexist.Part ⅤClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Employers fear they will be unable to recruit students with the skills they need as the economic recovery kicks in, a new survey (67) .Nearly half of the organisations told researchers they were already struggling to find (68) with skills in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM), (69) even more companies expect to experience (70) of employees with STEM skills in the next three years.The Confederation of British Industry (71) 694 businesses and organisations across the public and (72) sectors, which together employ 2.4 million people.Half are (73) they will not be able to fill graduate posts in the coming years, while a third said they would not be able to (74) enough employees with the right A-level skills." (75) we move further into recovery and businesses plan (76) growth, the demand for people with high-quality skills and qualifications will (77) ," said Richard Lambert, Director General, CBI. "Firms say it is already hard to find people with the right (78) or engineering skills. The new government must make it a top (79) to encourage more young people to study science-related (80) ."The survey found that young people would improve their job prospects (81) they studied business, maths, English and physics or chemistry at A-level. The A-levels that employers (82) least are psychology and sociology. And while many employers don't insist on a (83) degree subject, a third prefer to hire those with a STEM-related subject.The research (84) worries about the lack of progress in improving basic skills in the UK (85) . Half of the employers expressed worries about employees' basic literacy and numeracy (计算) skills, while the biggest problem is with IT skills, (86) two-thirds reported concerns.68. A) submits C) launchesB) reveals D) generates69. A) audience C) partnersB) officials D) staff70. A) while C) forB) because D) although71. A) exits C) absencesB) shortages D) departures72. A) surveyed C) exposedB) searched D) exploited73. A) collective C) personalB) private D) civil74. A) confronted C) concernedB) conformed D) confused75. A) bind C) transferB) attain D) recruit76. A) Lest C) BeforeB) Unless D) As77. A) with C) onB) for D) by78. A) dominate C) enforceB) stretch D) intensify79. A) creative C) narrativeB) technical D) physical80. A) priority C) challengeB) option D) judgment81. A) procedures C) thoughtsB) academies D) subjects82. A) until C) whereasB) since D) if83. A) rate C) orderB) discuss D) observe84. A) typical C) positiveB) particular D) general85. A) highlighted C) focusedB) prescribed D) touched86. A) masses C) facultyB) workforce D) communities87. A) what C) whereB) whom D) whyPart ⅥTranslationDirections: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.88. Charity groups organized various activities to__________.(为地震幸存者筹款).89. Linda__________(不可能收到我的电子邮件); otherwise, she would have replied.90. It's my mother__________(一直在鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my studies.91. The publishing house has to__________(考虑这部小说的受欢迎程度).92. It is absolutely wrong to__________(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福).。

2011 年专四真题阅读长难句分析

2011 年专四真题阅读长难句分析TEXTA 1. There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span —that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration. 【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为There is the danger。

而that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span 和that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration 均为danger 的同位语从句，两者互为因果关系。

【译文】风险在于，互联网的高速连接会减少我们的注意力持续时间，从而导致我们不能够阅读长篇论著，或是阅读需要高度集中注意力的书籍。

2. In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us. 【分析】本句为主从复合句，主句主干为we need the ability。

in which reality seems to be remade each day是world的定语从句；不定式结构to focus and understand what is happening to us 是ability 的后置定语；名词性从句what is happening to us 作understand 的宾语。

英语四级阅读理解的长难句突破

英语四级阅读理解的长难句突破英语四级考试对于大多数英语学习者来说是一个挑战。

其中，阅读理解部分是许多人感到困难的地方，尤其是长难句的处理。

本文将为大家介绍一些突破长难句的技巧和方法。

1. 理解句子结构长难句往往包含很多从句、关联词和状语等成分，因此理解句子结构是理解句意的基础。

学习者可以通过分析句子的主干和从属成分来理解句子的结构。

主干是句子的核心部分，从属成分是对主干进行修饰或者补充的部分。

2. 学习关联词的用法关联词在长难句中起到连接不同成分的作用，如：although, despite, however, therefore等。

学习者需要了解这些关联词的用法，进而推测句子的逻辑关系。

例如，although表示转折关系，despite表示让步关系，however表示对比关系，therefore表示因果关系。

3. 注意定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句在长难句中经常出现。

学习者可以通过关注关系代词和关系副词来判断从句的类型。

定语从句修饰名词，关系代词如who, whom, whose, which等，而状语从句修饰动词、形容词或者副词，关系副词如when, where, why等。

4. 掌握并行结构并行结构指的是在句子中平行地列举几个相同类型的成分。

掌握并行结构可以帮助学习者更好地理解句子的并列成分。

并行结构可以通过词语重复、使用并列连词如and, or, but等来构建。

5. 利用上下文语境长难句往往在上下文中有明确的语境，通过综合上下文的信息可以更好地理解句子的含义。

学习者可以通过寻找上下文中的线索词，如转折词、因果词等来推断句子的逻辑关系。

6. 多读、多练、多积累突破长难句需要多读、多练、多积累。

学习者可以通过大量的阅读练习来熟悉不同类型的长难句，积累常见的句型和短语，以便更好地应对考试。

总结起来，要想突破英语四级阅读理解中的长难句，首先要理解句子的结构，学习关联词的用法，注意定语从句和状语从句的处理，掌握并行结构，善于利用上下文语境，并且进行大量的读、练、积累。

2011年12月英语四级阅读长难句精讲精练(四)

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）16. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, “Geez, if it could happen to him, ...”(08.12 Passage 1)分析主干：They only come inwhen 引导时间状语从句而且引导两个并列的从句：a friend drops dead...以及they think...。

引号中的是直接引语作think 的宾语。

本句在理解上的一个难点是they think 究竟是与they come in 并列还是与 a friend drops dead 并列。

从语言形式上看两种理解都可以，但从语义逻辑上看应该是”他们只有在想到一的时候才来”把they think 归到时间状语从句中更合理。

译文只有当一位朋友在高尔夫球场猝死时他们才来看医生。

他们会想到：”哎呀如果这样的事能发生在他身上一”17. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干：I would fight...when 引导时间状语从句。

本句理解上的难点不在语法结构而在语言本身所表达的内容。

was pushed into...表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的，an argument on...”在一方面的争论”，on my behalf”代表我自己为我自己。

英语四级阅读备考之长难句过关第1讲

洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。

这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。

希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。

ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out.The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点：句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping……”“crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。

参考译文：当火灾发生时，保持冷静，不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥，这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。

要点：主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰，定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy，to build homes，和to design cities。

12月四级考试阅读长难句精讲精练

12月四级考试阅读长难句精讲精练1.Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can justreplace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to. (09.6 Passage 1)分析主干：Most designers are finding...finding 后是省略连接词that 的宾语从句。

该从句是there be 句型其主语comparable fabrics 后有一个that 引导的限制性定语从句直到句末。

该定语从句的谓语动词replace 带了两个由and 连接的并列的宾语从句都用what 引导。

译文大多数现有品牌设计师都发现找不到满意的有机布料来取代现在使用的顾客已经习惯了的布料。

2. Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (09.6 Passage 2)分析主干：Todd Park, a local detective, said...said 之后的内容是个省略引导词that的宾语从句。

whose skeleton...是个定语从句修饰an... woman。

译文当地的一名侦探Todd Park 说这个方法帮他了解到有关一位身份不明的女性死者的更多信息其尸骨是在大盐湖附近被发现的。

3. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50 year old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year. (08.12 Passage 1)分析主干：Gullotta saw a man...who 引导的定语从句修饰 a... man。

英语四级四级长难句

四级长难句分析在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。

长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。

长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。

理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点一词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇二语法结构1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语2．并列结构3．插入语4．倒装5．强调6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构2008-61．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —— without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it.2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one.3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal peo ple will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get the ir hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like.2007-124．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson.5. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter’s experience.6. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked.2007-67. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallelno matter how much we might like to think so.8. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.9. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”10. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.11. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.12. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.13. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men.14. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.15. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore.16. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues.2006-1217. In fact, New York’s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.18. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.19. According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.20. Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.21. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.22. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.23. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs.24. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well”and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.25. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.26. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can havea beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.2006-627. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time.28. Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.▲29. We’re saying we want you to work in these places, we’re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when it’s convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, especially after Sept. 11, then you’re disposable.30. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely.2006-6旧31．Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue.32．Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children.33．Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.34．She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.35．The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again.36．Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won’t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key.2005-1237．While here’s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.38．In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they get the job done.39. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.40. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.实战演练1．But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you cando.2.To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects througha set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to addcolumns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.3.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and researchcontradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized.4.House had to be sited “within easy walking distance of the railroad station,” assome old residents would point out; and only those wealthy enough to afford a horse and a carriage dared to penetrate farther into the open country.5.White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likelyto have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.6.But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things,and you will therefore not be offended if your ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.7.College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere witheach other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school.8.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.9.The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly beenunexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests.10.It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.11. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.12. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.13. Scientists, like other human beings, have their hopes and fears, their passions and disappointments and their strong emotions may sometimes interrupt the course of clear thinking and sound practice.14. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.15. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.二、总结——长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

2011年12月英语四级快速阅读真题答案级及解析

2011年12⽉英语四级快速阅读真题答案级及解析 1. A person of integrity not only sets high moral and ethical standards but also _______. A) sticks to them in their daily life B) makes them known to others C) understands their true values D)sees that others also follow them 【答案】A) sticks to them in their daily life 【解析】第⼀题的答案就在全⽂第⼀句。

关键词是not only…. But also…. ，关键句是The key to integrity is consistency--not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each day. 这⾥的live up to 和选项⾥的 stick to 属于同义替换。

2. What role does integrity play in personal and professional relationships? A) It helps to create team spirit B) It facilitates communication C) It is the basis of mutual trust D) It inspires mutual respect 【答案】C) It is the basis of mutual trust 【解析】关键词是personal and professional，关键句是Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus, integrity must be one of our most important goals. 结合紧接着的问句，我们很容易锁定trust这个选项。

四级真题：2011年12月四级阅读理解解析

英语类考试频道为友整理⼤学英语四六级考试，供⼤家参考学习。

Passage One Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. If you’re a male and you’re reading this, congratulations: you’re a survivor. According to statistics, you’re more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer than a woman, than nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you’ll die on average five years before a woman. There’re many reasons for this – typically, men take more risks than women and are more likely to drink and smoke – but perhaps more importantly, men don’t go to the doctor. “Men aren’t seeing doctors as often as they should,” says Dr. Gullotta. “This is particularly so for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike.” Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over45, it should be at least once a year. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year. “When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer,” he says. “Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him, but it would have prolonged (延长) his life.” According to a recent survey, 95%of women aged between 15and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group. “A lot of men think they’re invincible (不可战胜的),” Gullotta says. “They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’” Then there’s the ostrich approach. “Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,” says Dr, Ross Cartmill. “Most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,”Cartmill says. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. Regular check-ups for men would inevitable place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says. “But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. Besides, the ultimate cost far greater; it’s called premature death.” 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

2011年12月英语四级阅读长难句精讲精练(九)

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）41. When next year’s crop of high school graduates arrive at Oxford University in the fall of 2009, they’ll be joined by a new face: Andrew Hamilton, the 55 year old provost (教务长) of Yale, who’ll become Oxford’s vice chancellor要a position equivalent to university president in America. (09.12 Passage 2)分析主干：they’ll be joined by a new face...when...是时间状语从句。

主句是被动语态，由by 引出动词join 的发出者a new face,其后的Andrew Hamilton 和the 55 year old provost of Yale 都是a new face 的同位语。

此外，这几个同位语有一个who 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰，定语从句中的名词短语 a position equivalent...也是vice chancellor 的同位语。

译文2009 年秋，当明年的新的一批高中毕业生前往牛津大学就读时，他们将迎来一张新面孔：安德鲁窑汉密尔顿。

这位现年55 岁的耶鲁大学教务长即将出任牛津大学的副校长要要这个职位与美国的大学校长相当。

42. The board ultimately picked Bruce Benson, a 69 year old Colorado businessman and political activist (活动家) who is likely to do well in the main task of modern university presidents: fund raising. (09.12 Passage 2)分析主干：The board picked Bruce Benson...a 69 year old Colorado businessman and political activist 是由连词and 引导的并列成分，注意，and 后面没有用不定冠词，表示的是”一个商人兼政治活动家”。

全国大学英语四级考试阅读理解长难句分析汇总 (1)

1. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. （2006.6.Passage One)句子切割：The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found / that people are twice as likely to tell lies / in phone conversations as they are in emails.翻译：相比较一系列通讯媒介中诚信的问题，第一个研究发现人们在电话交谈中撒谎的可能性是在电子邮件中撒谎可能性的两倍。

重点词汇：Honesty：诚实a range of：一系列Conversation：交谈；对话2. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told.（2006.6.Passage One)句子切割：In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges / they had lasting more than 10 minutes, / and confessed to how many lies they told.翻译：在这个日志里面，他们记录下十分钟以上的谈话以及电子邮件的数量，然后承认他们撒了多少谎。

2011年12月大学英语四级阅读真题及答案

2011年12⽉⼤学英语四级阅读真题及答案 Section A With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure an jobs. Underlying all this 47________ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this demand in a 48________, sustainable way is the cornerstone of our nation’s energy security, and will be one of the major 49________ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy --- bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few --- are 50________ being funded and developed, and will play a growing 51________ in the world’s energy supply. But experts say that, even when 52________, alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2050. For example, even with 53________ investments, such as the $93 million for wind energy development 54________ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels 55________ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 56________ ---both traditional and alternative.A stableB solutionsC significantD roleE progressF marvelousG includedH growthI exactlyJ consist K comprise L competitions M combined N challenges O certainly 查看参考答案 47. N) challenges 48. A) stable 49. E) progress 50. O) certainly 51. D) role 52. M) combined 53. C) significant 54. G) included 55. K) comprise 56. B) solutions Section B Passage One Boys' schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and are more likely to get involved in activities such as art, dance and music, according to research released today. Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity in which students either sink or swim, the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, the US study says. Boys at single sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the "boy code" of hiding their emotions to be a "real man". The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls. Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticized teachers for failing to recognize that boys are actually more emotional than girls. The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills. But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys' learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study's author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia. Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with specifically "boy-focused" approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision, learn best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given "hands-on" lessons where they are allowed to walk around. "Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine and prefer the modern genre in which violence and sexism are major themes," James wrote. Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be "masterful and in charge" in relationships. "In mixed schools, boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means," the study reported. 57. The author believes that a single-sex school would _____________________. A force boys to hide their emotions to be “real man” B help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys C encourage boys to express their emotions more freely D naturally reinforce in boys that traditional image of a man 58. It is commonly believed that in a mixed schools boys ____________________.A perform relatively betterB grow up more healthilyC behave more responsiblyD receive a better education 59. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?A It fails more boys than girls academicallyB It focuses more on mixed school education C It fails to give boys the attention they need D It places more pressure on boys than on girls 60. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is ______________. A teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys B boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted C boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in D teaching can be designed to promote boys’ team spirit 61. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James’ report?A They enjoy being in chargeB They conform to stereotypesC They have sharper visionD They are violent and sexist Passage Two It's an annual argument. Do we or do we not go on holiday? My partner says no because the boiler could go, or the roof fall off, and we have no savings to save us. I say that you only live once and we work hard and what's the point if you can't go on holiday. The joy of a recession means no argument next year – we just won't go. Since money is known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful. For many families the recession means more than not booking a holiday. A YouGov poll of 2,000 people found 22% said they were arguing more with their partners because of concerns about money. What's less clear is whether divorce and separation rates rise in a recession – financial pressures mean couples argue more but make splitting up less affordable. A recent research shows arguments about money were especially damaging to couples. Disputes were characterized by intense verbal aggression, tended to be repeated and not resolved, and made men, more than women, extremely angry. Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. "People can say the same things about money but have different conceptions of what it is for," he explains. "They will say it's to save, to spend, for security, for freedom, to show someone you love them" He says men are more likely to see money as a way of buying status and of showing their parents that they've achieved something. "The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what is going on with their finances, but they don't. There seems to be more of a taboo about talking about money than talking about death. But you both need to know what you are doing, who is paying what into the joint account and how much you keep separately. In a healthy relationship you don't have to agree about money, but you have to talk about it." 62. What does the author say about vacationing? A People enjoy it all the more during a recession B Few people can afford it without working hard C It makes all the hard work worthwhile D It is the chief cause of family disputes 63. What does the author mean by saying “money is known… to bring a relationship to its knees” (Line1 Para. 2)? A Money is considered to be the root of all evils B Some people sacrifice their dignity for money C Few people can resist the temptation of money D Disputes over money may ruin a relationship 64. The YouGov poll of 2000 people indicates that in a recession _________________. A conflicts between couples tend to rise B it is more expensive for couples to split up C couples show more concern for each other D divorce and separation rates increase 65. What does Kim Stephenson believe? A Money is often a symbol of a person’s status B Money means a great deal to both men and women C Men and women spend money on different things D Men and women view money in different ways 66. The author suggests at the end of the passage that couples should ________________ A put their money together instead of keeping it separately B make efforts to reach agreement on their family budgets C discuss money matters to maintain a healthy relationship D avoid arguing about money matters to remain romantic 参考答案 57. C) encourage boys to express their emotions more freely 58. A) perform relatively better 59. C) It fails to give boys the attention they need。

四级阅读理解真题长难句分类解析(1)

四级阅读理解真题长难句分类解析(1)
1.主语拉长
一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。

相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。

解牛方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。

例如：
The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. （2005.6）
首先，把原句子分解为两个简单独立的句子：
（1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears 溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地
（2）have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

第 1 页共2 页
其次，句子整合翻译：
溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得Pocono成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多的人们来到这里。

第 2 页共2 页。

四级阅读长难句分析87页文档

I often find him at work. 4. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式：
The teacher ask the students to close the windows. 5. 名词/代词宾格 + 分词：
I saw a cat running across the road.
状语：
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。用作状语的通常是副词。
1）副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语） The boy , now , needs a pen.（时间状语） 2）介词短语作状语： In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.（地点状语） Before his mother, Tom is always a boy.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.(时
She is reading.
表语
1. 表语是表述主语的特征、状态或身份等。 2. 表语位于连系动词之后，二者构成系表结
构，即合成谓语
3. 表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或句子等充当。
• Her brother is a driver.(名词) • Are you ready?(形容词) • We were at home last night.(介词短语) • This book is mine, not yours.(代词) • The film is exciting.(现在分词)
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。

四级真题英语阅读长难句分析

四级真题英语阅读长难句分析1. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need. (2009. 阅读. Text A)【译文】鲍姆认为，哈密顿和其他人最近的决定可能就是“一种迹象表明人们开始意识到存在一种破坏性竞争”。

他是最近一项大学调查报告的组织者之一，这项报告引发了人们对并非基于需要的制度性经济援助的关心。

【析句】复合句。

主干是Baum says+宾语从句，也就是Baum说话的内容。

宾语从句的主句是Recent decisions may be "a sign that are starting to realize that there is this destructive competition...", 引号内包含两个从句，that引导定语从句修饰a sign, realize后是that引导的宾语从句。

最后，co-author of a recent College Report作Baum的同位语，that raises concerns about...是College Report的定语从句。

2. “No one can take one-sided action,” says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid. (2009. 阅读. Text A)【译文】"任何人都不能采取单方面的行动。

英语四级阅读长难句讲解

英语四级阅读长难句讲解英语四级阅读长难句讲解在英语四级考试当中，阅读是大家一直很熟悉的考题，如果考前准备充足并学会了如何拆分长难句，那么高分就指日可待了。

今天，小编继续为大家讲解英语四级阅读理解中的长难句，希望对备考的同学们有帮助。

Still others associate politics with flattery,fearful that, if they speak up for themselves,they may appear to be flattering their boss forfavors.译文:还有一些人将策略与阿谀奉承联系在一起，他们担心如果为自己说话，就可能被认为是为了得到宠信而奉承上司。

讲解:本句的主干是others associate politics。

fearful that为插入语，that可理解为是引导从句的引导词，if引导的是条件状语从句，for favors为目的.状语。

asociate...with…的意思是“将……联系起来”。

如:Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.人们通常把威士忌和苏格兰联系起来。

speak up for sb.的意思是“为某人明确而坦率地说出想法”。

如: It's time to speak up for those suffering injustice.是时候为蒙受不公正对待的人们大声疾呼了。

考点归纳:associate with还有以下含义:※ associate with.意为“与某人打交道”。

如:I don't like to associate with such people.我不喜欢和这样的人打交道。

※ associate...with...还可意为“联想”。

如:I always associate him with speeding.我总是由他联想到开快车。

四级真题英语阅读长难句分析(1)

四级真题英语阅读长难句分析（1）阅读是四级英语中重要的得分点和难点，对长难句的分析则决定了对阅读的彻底理解，也是学习语法，积累高级词汇、句型不可或缺的来源。

而四级英语真题阅读部分均选自Times、Telegraph等著名外文报纸及杂志，其行文和词汇原汁原味，值得考生细细品味和灵活借鉴。

准备2013年12月英语四级的同学们，还等什么?赶快学起来吧!同时，欢迎各位考生针对例句的翻译及分析给出自己的理解哦!1. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. (1990. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】除了早期漂洋过海的旅行者或靠海谋生的人之外，对大多数人来说，大海是遥远的，没有必要提出太多问题，更别说思考大海海底的东西了。

【析句】复合句，本句主干为the sea was remote and there was little reason to...，and连接两个并列句子，两个句子之间又有with the exception of...作伴随状语，伴随状语中又包含who earned a living from the sea定语从句修饰others。

最后是习惯let alone...,注意let alone后的动词形式与前面主句动词形式相同。

2. The first time that question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was whenthe laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. (1990. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】当有人建议铺设一条从欧洲到美洲的海底电报光缆的时候，出于商业动机，人们才不得不首次回答这个问题海底有什么东西。