讲义专业英语1
水产养殖专业英语讲义
antarctic drift current南冰洋海流 Anthozoa 腔肠动物；珊瑚虫 antibiotics 抗生素 antifouling compounds 防污剂 anti-predator netting 反捕网 aquatic biota，aquatic life，aquatic organism 水生生物
arsenic 砷 atka mackerel 花鲫 Atkin’s incubator 阿金氏孵化器 Atkin incubation apparatus 阿金氏孵化设 备
Atkin’s fish tag 阿金氏标鱼签 atmospheric type condenser 大气式凝缩器 attendant fishing-boat 附属渔船 attracting fish lamp 集鱼灯 attraction fishery method 诱引渔法 autogonism 撷抗作用 autolysis 自溶，自消化 automatic press 自动压盖机，自动压榨机 automatic sanitary vacuum seamer 真空式自 动封罐机
angling fishery 钓渔业 angling gears; fishing tackle 钓渔具
aquaculture farm 水产养殖场 aquaculture site 水产养殖地点
3
aquaculturist 从事水产养殖业的人士 aqueous waste 含水废物 archer fish 射水鱼，箭鱼 archer fish tag 弓形标鱼签 arctic whaling iron 北洋捕鲸用铦 area of concentration 群集区域 area of convergence 收敛线区域 area of divergence 发散水域 area of upwelling 上升流水域 arm of seine 袖网，荒手网 art of fishing 渔法，渔捞技术 artificial bait 拟饵 artificial bait hook，jig hook，lure，ripper 拟 饵钩
物理学专业英语讲义
Physics in EnglishThe scientist does not study nature because it is useful;he studies it because he delights in it,and he delights in it because it is beautiful.If nature were not beautiful,it would not be worth knowing,and if nature were not worth knowing,life would not be worth living."------ Henri PoincareDepartment of PhysicsSchool of scienceXian Technological University 2012.9Chapter 1 What is Physics?Physics is natural science studying nature's LawsPhysics was called natural philosophy and fundamental science.The history of physicsThe history of physics encompasses two broad time periods in which classical physics and modern physics developed. Classical physics developed between 1600 and 1900. It embraces the general areas of physics known as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, culminating in relativity. Modern physics began developing between about 1890 and 1930, when it was realized that classical physics could not account for the newly discovered behavior of nature at the atomic and molecular level. Modern physics includes the theory of relativity as well as quantum mechanics and most of the subsequent new physics discovered and developed during the 20th century.Classical physicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); Acoustics, the study of sound, is often considered a branch of mechanics because sound is due to the motions of the particles of air or other medium through which sound waves can travel and thus can be explained in terms of the laws of mechanics. Among the important modern branches of acoustics is ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing. Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at restThe Emergence of Classical PhysicsClassical mechanics has its roots in the work of Johannes Kepler, who, between 1600 and 1619, became the first person to describe quantitatively and accurately the elliptic paths of the planets around the Sun.The problem of the shape of the planetary orbits was not easy to solve, because all historical observations of the planets were made from the Earth, itself a moving planet. Although a crude heliocentric(Sun-centered) model of the solar system using circular orbits was proposed by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in the third century B.C. and resurrected by Copernicus in 1542,the planetary positions predicted by Copernicus were not as accurate as those found using Ptolemy's complicated geocentric (Earth-centered} model of the second century A.D.The pure Copernican model was inaccurate because Copernicus refused to abandon the flawed concept of early Greek thought that the natural path of a moving "perfect" celestial object, such as a planet, had to be in the shape of the "perfect" geometrical figure---a circle---with the planet moving at constant speed. a scientist living at the time of Copernicus would have been forced to reject the Copernican theory with its circular planetary orbits, since they did not account for the observed motions of the planets as accurately as the existing, but more complicated, geocentric theory of Ptolemy.The change from the accurate but complex Ptolemaic geocentric model of the solar system to the accurate and simple heliocentric model of Kepler illustrates the characteristics of a good theory. With Kepler's work, accuracy and simplicity blossomed simultaneously from the heliocentric hypothesis. Kepler's model and mathematical methods began the development of physics as we know it. His work was a watershed of quantitative thought and a new worldview.Observation of nature and experimental results typically precede the general theories that account for them. The extensive observations of the planets by Tycho Brahe just prior to 1600 provided Kepler with the data he needed to model the solar system accurately and precisely。
专业英语部分习题答案参考上课讲义
专业英语部分习题答案参考b--吡啶 pyridine 巴比妥酸:barbituric acid 比电导conductance不规则的:irregular 崩解剂disintegrantc--萃取 extraction 成团:agglomeration 测量仪measurement 肠液:intestinal fluidd--胆固醇cholestero 对映体:enantiomer 电极electrode 代谢:metabolismf--反相渗透reverse osmosis 分布:dispositiong--构象:conformation 固化:solidizej--甲苯 toluene 静脉注:intravenous injection 挤压:compress聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsulel--粒子:particle 立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availabilitym--灭菌产品sterile products n--粘合剂adhesivep--偏振光:polarized light 片剂tablet 配剂elixir 排泄:excretionq--起始原料starting materials(raw materials) q醛 aldehyder--溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricants--释放:release 渗液solution 生物膜:biologic membrane 生物碱alkaloid, t---糖浆syrup 甜味剂sweetenerw--丸剂pill 微生物microorganism 胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-statex--旋光异构现象:optical isomerism 悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent形状:shape 吸收:absorption 消除:eliminationy--胰岛素 insulin 压片:tablet compressionz--中间体intermediate 重结晶 recrystallization 左旋:levorotation蒸馏distillation 组织tissuea--asymmetric carbon不对称碳 absorption吸收 action动作 adhesive粘合剂c--contamination污染 chirality:手性 compress压缩 composite合成的compressibility:可压缩性 compaction:压紧 contamination specialize特殊污染conductivity电导率 control:控制 clinical:临床的d-- design:设计 dry:干燥 delivery:传送e-- extend:延长 epoxide:环氧化物f-- formulation:制剂 fluidity:流动性 function:功能g-- geometric isomerism:几何异构h-- hormone激素 hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体heterogeneous catalyst多相催化剂，i-- irrigating冲洗m-- metabolite代谢物 medication药物治疗 medicine内服药 mill:研磨measure尺寸 mix:混合 microorganisms微生物o-- ophthalmic眼药p-- polysaccharide多糖 peptide肽 plasma血浆 penicillin青霉素，precursor:前体 partition coefficient:狭义分配系数 pharmaceutical制药的 parenteral注射药物 pycogens热源 procedure:程序q-- quality性质 quantity数量s-- steroid甾类 steric effect:空间效应 stereoselectivity:立体选择性screening:过筛 sustain :维持t-- treat治疗 therapy:治疗u--uniformity目标 v--vaccine疫苗Unit1 P7Answer the following questions:How many groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into depending on their production or origin?①totally synthetic materials(synthetics)②natural products③products from partial syntheses(semi-synthetic products)(2)Can you illustrate any significant examples of pharmaceutical agents obtained by total synthesis?L-amine,chleramphomical,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Lerodapa,peptide,hormones.Prestaglanding,P_Pouricollamine,Vincamine,(3)What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?synthetic drugs include the most important of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.2、生物碱4、Introduction of Nucleic acidsNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is presented in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine.介绍核酸核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。
专业型研究生英语课文讲义unit 1
Paragraph 4 Translation
• 然而，有时候作家（的预言）也会出错。 比如说，没有谁预测到个人电脑的出现。 尽管外星人早就是科幻小说的经典题材， 但同来自其他星球的外星人接触似乎仍然 是遥遥无期。
Paragraph 5
• Over the years, the time between the prediction of new technology in science fiction and its actual discovery has become shorter. It took 100 years before the moon landings predicted by the French writer Jules Verne actually took place. The idea of robots first emerged in the 1920s. The first robots were built in the 1970s.And in the 1940s, Arthur.C.Clarke predicted that communication satellites would circle the globe by the year 2000. These arrived 30 years before they were due.
Paragraph 3 Translation
• 科幻小说使得这两个相互对立的群体得以 相遇并交流思想。顾名思义，科幻小说是 预测未来技术以及它给人类社会所带来的 影响的文学形式。多年以来，他们的很多 构想竟然惊人的准确。在成为事实之前， 太空旅行、通讯卫星、核能、机器人、克 隆和移动通讯早已经出现在科幻小说中。
地理专业英语上课讲义
地理专业英语地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ orbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel betweenthat place and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between that place and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passesthrough the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。
社会工作专业英语-课堂讲义
Profess ional English for Social Work课程导入:社会工作究竟是一门什么样的课程？我们为什么要学习社会工作？学习它有什么用？对社会工作有多少了解？请说出你所知道的社会工作概念。
请说出你所知道的社会工作学者。
请说出你所知道的社会工作著作。
请你说说社会工作和社会学是什么关系。
一个简单的说明:《社会工作：专业英语》是社会工作的基础理论学科，也是社会工作的必修课程。
本课程的教学安排旨在提供基本的概念和理论知识，是进入社会工作领域高阶学习的基础。
Chapter One Social work: IntroductionPart 1、专业知识点学习-句子1、Social work is a profession that focuses particularly on helping people.2、Social work helps people to solve their personal, family and community problems.3、Social work emphasizes human values.4、Social work practice is an art with a scientific and value foundation.5、The family is often regarded as the case in social work.6、Social work has distinctive professional bodies.7、The relationship is the key in the social work process.8、Most social workers are employed in agency settings.9、Traditionally social workers have provided services and therapy for individuals and families.10、The basic functions of social work are intertwined and interdependent.11、Most social workers are on fixed salaries.12 、Fees are utilized for the welfare of the agency.13 、We find that people are still center of the world and its values.14 、As people live together, problems of relationship and interaction emerge.15 、Fifteen-second ads channeled into our homes are common.16 、Use of drugs is on the increase around the world.17 、”computer criminals” are on the scene18 、The school counselor and the social worker share much in common.19 、In one sense, social work is a part of marriage counseling.20 、Social work today is utilized in a variety of settings and agencies.Part 2、专业知识点学习-翻译1、有些人将咨询员的角色与作用和社会工作者的角色与作用混为一谈。
专升本学位英语讲义-英译汉(一)
第八章-英译汉（一）英译汉要求考生把一般难度、非专业性题材的英文句子或短文译成汉语，译文通顺，用词基本正确，无重大语法错误。
在试卷结构方面，是一篇长度为120个单词左右的短文，要求翻译全文；或者是一个较长的段落，要求翻译其中带有下划线的5个句子。
满分15分，考试时间为25分钟。
重点考查的翻译技巧主要包括：定语从句的翻译、被动语态的翻译、长句的翻译等。
涉及考生的翻译能力，还涉及考生词汇、语法、句型等方面综合运用语言的能力。
解题思路1.通读一遍文章，了解大概内容，确定内容和体裁，以便知道翻译语言是选择比较正式的还是比较随意的。
2.再次阅读，弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义，还要理解全句的整体意义。
（确定代词指代的内容、确定多义词或短语在文中的含义、确定翻译部分是否与全文内容一致。
）3.翻译完成后，要对译文进行检查。
这是做完之后弥补失误的一种好方法。
（在数字、日期、距离、方位以及名称等方面有无错漏；有无漏译的词，有无误译的内容、有无逻辑不通、行文不顺之处，有无标点符号用错之处。
）翻译的技巧概述提高阅读能力，增强自己对英语文章内容的理解力；注意锻炼汉语表达能力。
1.翻译原则忠实原文的同时要符合汉语习惯。
不能太拘泥刻板。
能够直译尽量不意译，不要自己创造没有的单词语义（直译是指译文从形式到内容都忠实原文；意译是指译文在内容上忠实于原文，而形式上则有所变通。
）先了解后表达。
2.技巧运用抽象名词的译法：抽象意义具体化，即把抽象名词转化为具体名词或特指的词。
Few people have written English with more grace than Jim.吉姆写得一手优美的英文，很少有人能出其右。
（抽象名词变形容词）被动语态的译法：1.翻译成汉语的主动句——有时，在动作执行者未说出来的情况下，根据原文意思，译时可以加主语“我们”、“人们”。
Every possible means was done to reduce damage.为了减少损失，我们采取了各种措施。
内燃机专业英语英文
内燃机专业英语自编讲义部分：1. Engine Classification and Overall MechanicsThe automobile engines can be classified according to: 1. number of cylinders; 2. arrangement of cylinders; 3. arrangement of valves; 4. type of cooling; 5. number of cycles (two or four); 6. type of fuel burned; 7. type of ignition.The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move. The automobile engine is an internal-combustion engine because the fuel (gasoline) is burned inside it. The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber. This high pressure forces piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate; the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the moves.The engine requires a fuel system to supply it with a mixture of air and fuel. The fuel system does this by pumping liquid gasoline from a tank into the carburetor, a mixing device that mixes the gasoline with air. The mixture is delivered to the engine where it is burned.The engine also needs a cooling system, the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the engine creates a very high temperature (as high as 2000 to 2700 ℃). The cooling system takes heat away from the engine by circulating a liquid coolant (water mixed with antifreeze) between the engine and a radiator. The coolant gets hot as it goes through the engine. It cools off as it goes through the radiator. Thus, the coolant continually takes heat away from the engine, where it could do damage, and delivers it to the radiator. Air passing through the radiator takes heat away from the radiator.The engine also includes a lubricating system. The purpose of the lubricating system is to supply all moving parts inside the engine with lubricating oil; the oil keeps moving parts from wearing excessively.The engine requires a fourth system, the ignition system. The ignition system provides high-voltage electric sparks that ignite, or set fire to, the charges of air-fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers.The fifth is starting system and its purpose is to change the electrical current into the mechanical energy to push the crank-shaft around. By means of this, the engine can be started.These five systems are discussed briefly in following sections.Words and Expressionscombustion chamber 燃烧室；ignition. 点燃；power train 动力传动系统；carburetor 化油器；antifreeze 防冻的；coolant 冷却剂（液态）；crankshaft 曲轴2. Four-stage-engine OperationThe action taking place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages, or strokes. “Stroke” refers to piston movement; as stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC （top dead center）. The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead center). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it change its direction of motion.Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine, or a four-cycle engine. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.Intake stroke. On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel, it begins to move upward. As this happens, the intake valve closes. The exhaust valve is also closed, so that the cylinder is sealed. As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compressed. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the mixture has been compressed to as little as one-tenth of its original volume, or even less. This compression of the air-fuel mixture increases the pressure in the cylinder. When the air-fuel mixture is compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder go up, but the temperature of the mixture also increases.Power stroke. As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites, or sets fire to, the air-fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3-5 MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.Exhaust stroke. As the piston reaches BDC again, the exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases out of thecylinder through the exhaust-valve port. Then, when the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens. Now, a fresh charge of air-fuel mixture will be drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves down again toward BDC. The above four strokes are continuously repeated.Words and Expressionsstroke 行程，冲程；BDC 上止点；TDC 下止点；surge 冲击，脉动；terrific 了不起的，绝妙的；crankpin 曲柄销，连杆轴颈；intake stroke 吸气冲程；compression stroke 压缩冲程；power stroke 做功冲程；exhaust stroke 排气冲程；fresh charge （发动机）吸入的新鲜混合油气3. Two-stage-engine OperationIn the four-stroke-cycle engine, already discussed in lesson 1、2, the complete cycle of events requires four piston strokes (intake, compression, power, and exhaust). In the two-stroke-cycle, or two-cycle, engine, the intake and compression strokes and power and exhaust strokes are in a sense combined. This permits the engine to produce a power stroke every two piston strokes, or every crankshaft rotation.In the two-cycle engine, the piston acts as a valve, clearing valve ports in the cylinder wall as it nears BDC.A fresh air-fuel charge enters through the intake port, and the burned gases exit through the exhaust port. The complete cycle of operation is as follows: As the piston nears TDC, ignition takes place. The high combustion pressures drive the piston down, and the thrust through the connecting rod turns the crankshaft. As the piston nears BDC，it passes the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder wall. Burned gases, still under some pressure, begin to stream out through the exhaust port. At the same time, the intake port, now cleared by the piston, begins to deliver air-fuel mixture, under pressure, to the cylinder. The top of the piston is shaped to give the incoming mixture an upward movement. This helps to sweep the burned gases ahead and out through the exhaust port.After the piston has passed through BDC and stars up again, it passes both ports, thus sealing them off. Now the fresh air-fuel charge above the piston is compressed and ignited. The same series of events takes place again and continue as long as the engine runs.We mentioned that the air-fuel mixture is delivered to the cylinder under pressure. In most engines, this pressure is put on the mixture in the crankcase. The crankcase is sealed except for a leaf, or reed, valve at the bottom. The reed valve is a flexible, flat metal plate that rests snugly against the floor of the crankcase. There are holes under the reed valve that connect to the engine carburetor. When the piston is moving up, a partial vacuum is produced in the sealed crankcase. Atmospheric pressure lifts the reed valve off the holes, and air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase. After the piston passes TDC and starts down again, pressure begins to build up in the crankcase. This pressure closes the reed valve so that further downward movement of the piston compresses the tapped air-fuel mixture in the crankcase. The pressure which is built up on the air-fuel mixture then causes it to flow up through the intake port into the engine cylinder when the piston moves down far enough to clear the intake port.The two-stroke engine is not only very simple but gives nearly twice the powerof a four stroke engine from a cylinder of given size, but it is wasteful of gasoline, as some mixture inevitably finds its way into the exhaust system on the combines intake/exhaust stroke, and there are always some combustion products left in the cylinder which reduce the rapid burning of the fuel. This kind of engine is always used in motorcycles.Words and Expressionssweep 扫气；connecting rod 连杆；crankcase 曲轴箱；seal off 密封；leaf （reed）valve 片簧阀；air-fuel charge 可燃混合油气4. Diesel Engine Operating FeaturesWe all know that diesel engines, in principle, work in the same way as gasoline engines do. Both kinds of engines are internal-combustion engines, but each of them has its characteristic features. As their names suggest this type of engines burn their fuel inside the working parts of the engines. “Internal” means “inside”, “combustion”means “catching fire or burning”. In any internal combustion engine, burning fuel heats air which consequently expands, and in expanding exists a push to a piston which, in turn, rotates the engine crankshaft through a connecting rod.Now let us compare the diesel engine with the gasoline engine. Firstly, the explosive mixture of the gasoline engine is provided by a carburetor, but in the case of the diesel engine the supply is a ffected by an injection or “jerk” pump which forces a “short” of fuel into each cylinder in turn according to the correct firing sequence. Secondly, the fundamental difference between gasoline and diesel engines is that in the gasoline engine the source of the heat for igniting the charge, namely, an electric spark, is generated outside the engine, and is taken, as it were, into the waiting charge at the required instant. In the diesel engine the source of heat for igniting the charge is created within the engine by compressing pure air to a degree that will initiate combustion and then injecting the fuel at the right time in relation to the movement of the crankshaft. Both classes of engines are of very similar construction. But as the diesel engine is called upon to withstand very much greater stresses due to higher pressures in cylinders, it has to be of more substantial construction, and is thus heavier. In general, the diesel engine may weigh about 9.25 kilograms per kilowatt. The most important advantage of the gasoline engine is its lower weight per kilowatt. The gasoline engine for automobiles weighs about 6.17 kilograms per kilowatt, and gasoline engines for airplanes may weigh as little as 0.77 kilograms per kilowatt. This advantage prevents the diesel engine from replacing the gasoline engine in some automobiles and airplanes.However, the diesel engine is more efficient, because it has higher compression ration. Its ratio may be as high as 16 to 1. Up to 40 percent of the chemical energy of the burning fuel may be changed into mechanical energy. In addition, the diesel engine runs cooler than the gasoline engine. This advantage is especially obvious at lower speeds. Diesel oil is not only cheaper than gasoline, but also safer to store. Words and Expressions：diesel：柴油机；internal-combustion engines：内燃机；jerk pump：脉动史喷油泵；compression ration：压缩比5. Engine Cylinder Block CrankcaseWe have seen how the mixture of air and fuel is delivered by the fuel system to the engine cylinder, where it is compressed, ignited, and burned. We have noted that this combustion produces a high pressure that pushes the piston down so that the crankshaft is rotated. Now let us examine the various parts of the engine in detail.Engine cylinder blockThe cylinder block of liquid-cooled engines forms the basic framework of the engine. Other parts are attached to the cylinder block or are assembled in it. The block is cast in one piece from gray iron or iron alloyed with other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Some blocks are cast from aluminum. The block contains not only the cylinders but also the water jackets that surround them. In aluminum blocks, cast-iron or steel cylinder sleeves (also called bore lines) are used. These metals have better wearing qualities than aluminum and can better withstand the wearing effect of the pistons and ring moving up and down in the cylinders. For most engines, cast iron has been found to be a satisfactory cylinder-wall material. However, in some small engines, the cylinder walls are plated with chromium, a very hard metal, to reduce wall wear and lengthen their life.Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head is usually cast in one piece from iron, from iron alloyed with other metals, or from aluminum alloy. Aluminum has the advantage of combining lightness with high heat conductivity. That is, an aluminum head tends to turn cooler, other factors being equal. There are two types of head, L head and I head. Cylinder head contains water jackets for cooling; in the assembled engine, these water jackets are connected through openings to the cylinder-block water jackets. Spark-plug holes are provided, along with pockets into which the valves can move as they open.GasketsThe joint between the cylinder block and the head must be tight and able to withstand the pressure and heat developed in the combustion chambers. The block and head cannot be machined flat and smooth enough to provide an adequate seal. Thus, gaskets are used. Head gaskets are made of thin sheets of soft metal or asbestos and metal. All cylinder, water, valve, and head-bolt openings are cut out. When the gasket is placed on the block and the head installed, tightening of the head bolts (or nuts) squeezes the soft metal so that the joint is effectively sealed. Gaskets are also used to seal joints between other parts, such as between the oil pan, manifolds, orwater pump and the block.Oil PanThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. It usually holds 5 to 10 litres of oil, depending on the engine design. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.Words and Expressionscylinder block 气缸体；block crankcase 曲轴箱；framework 结构，车架；gray iron 灰铸铁；water jacket 水套；plate……with 镀金属；cylinder head 气缸盖；gaskets 密封垫；asbestos 石棉；manifold 岐管；oil pan 油盘；pocket 凹槽；bore liner 气缸衬套6. Piston Connecting RodPistonThe piston is essentially a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the engine cylinder. It is equipped with piston rings to provide a good seal between the cylinder wall and piston. The piston absorbs heat from the gas, and this heat must be carried away if the metal temperature is to be carried away if the metal temperature is to be held within safe limits. The constant reversal of the piston travel sets up inertial forces, which increase both with the weight of the piston and with its speed. For this reason, designers try to keep piston weight low, particularly in high-speed engines. As lower hood lines and over-square engines became popular, the semi-slipper and full-slipper pistons came into use. On these pistons the number piston rings was reduced to three, two compression and one oil-control. One reason for the slipper piston is that, on the short stroke, over-square engine, the piston skirt had to be cut away to make room for the counterweights on the crankshaft. Also, the slipper piston, being shorter and having part of its skirt cut away, is lighter. This reduces the inertial load on the engine bearings and, in addition, makes for a more responsive engine. The lighter the piston, the less the bearing load and the longer the bearings will last. Another way to lighten the piston is to make it of light metal. The idea piston material would be light and strong, conduct heat will, expand only slight when heated, resist wear, and be low in cost. Thus, most automotive-engine pistons today are made of aluminum, which is less than half as heavy as iron. Iron pistons were common in the earlier engines. Aluminum expands more rapidly than iron with increasing temperature, however, and since the cylinder block is of iron, special provisions must be made to maintain proper piston clearance at operating temperatures. To take care of it, the crown is machined on slight taper, the diameter being greatest where the crown meets the skirt and becoming less toward the top.Piston RingsA good seal must be maintained between the piston and cylinder wall to prevent blow-by. “Blow-by” is the name that describes the escape of burned gases from the combustion chamber, past the piston, and into the crankcase. In other words, these gases “blow by” the piston. It is not practical to fit the piston to the cylinder closely enough to prevent blow-by. Thus, piston rings must be used to provide the necessary seal. The rings are installed in grooves in the piston. Actually, there are two types of rings, compression rings and oil-control rings. The compression rings seal in theair-fuel mixture as it is compressed and also the combustion pressures as the mixture burns. The oil-control rings scrape off excessive oil from the cylinder wall and return it to the oil pan.The rings have joints (they are split) so that they can be expanded and slipped over the piston head and into the recessed grooves cut in the piston. Rings for automotive engines usually have butt joints, but in some heavy-duty engines, the joints may be angles, lapped, or of the sealed type.The rings are somewhat larger in diameter than they will be when in the cylinder. Then, when they are installed, they are compresses so that the joints are nearly closed. Compressing the rings gives them an initial tension; they press tightly against the cylinder wall.Connecting RodThe connecting rod is attached at one end to a crankpin on the crankshaft and at the other to a piston, through a piston pin or wrist pin. The connecting rod must be very strong and rigid and also as light as possible. The connecting rod carries the power thrusts from the piston to the crankpin. At the same time, the rod is in eccentric motion. To minimize vibration and bearing loads, the rod must be light in weight. To maintain good engine balance, connecting rods and caps are carefully matched in sets for engines. All rods in an engine must be of equal weight; if they are not, noticeable vibration may result. In original assembly, rods and caps are individually matched to each other and usually carry identifying numbers so they will not be mixed if the engine is disassembled for service. They must not be mixed during any service job, since this could result in poor bearing fit and bearing failure.Words and Expressionscounterweight 平衡重；groove 凹槽；recess 凹口；lap 搭接；eccentric 偏心的；lower hood lines 低发动机罩；over-square engine 短行程发动机；semi-slipper piston 半裙式活塞；full-slipper piston 全裙式活塞；match in set 配套；blow-by 漏气；initial tension 初张力；poor bearing fit 轴承不配套；bearing failing 轴承故障。
【精品】材料科学与工程(Materials Science and Engineering)专业英语讲义word版
材料科学与工程专业英语Materials Science and EngineeringUnit1Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. 材料可能比我们大部分人所意识到的更加深入地存在于我们的文化当中。
Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and food production－virtually every segment of our lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials.运输、住房、衣饰、通讯、娱乐，还有食品生产——实际上我们日常生活的每个部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。
Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been int imately tied to the members’ abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. 从历史上看，社会的发展和进步已经与社会成员生产和利用材料来满足自身需求的能力紧密地联系在一起。
In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development.事实上，早期文明是以当时材料的发展水平来命名的。
（也就是石器时代，青铜器时代）The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. 最早的人类只能利用非常有限数量的材料，象那些自然界的石头，木头，黏土和毛皮等等。
《计算机专业英语》电子教程讲义资料
计算机专业英语
1-5
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
4. 了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点
计算机专业英语
1-3
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
1.1.1 The ENIAC
While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951.
生物专业英语单词上课讲义
生物专业英语单词Lesson One 细胞器的结构和功能Actin：肌动蛋白，是微丝的结构蛋白, 以两种形式存在, 即单体和多聚体。
basal body:：基体，真核细胞的纤毛或鞭毛基底部由微管及其相关蛋白质构成的短筒状结构，是纤毛和鞭毛的微管组织中心。
centriole：中心粒，动物、某些藻类和菌类细胞中的圆筒状细胞器，位于间期细胞核附近或有丝分裂细胞的纺锤体极区中心。
chemotaxis：趋化性，即由介质中化学物质的浓度差异形成的刺激所引起的趋向性。
chloroplast：叶绿体，绿色植物细胞内进行光合作用的结构，是一种质体。
chromosome：染色体，实质是脱氧核甘酸，为细胞核内由核蛋白组成、能用碱性染料染色、有结构的线状体，是遗传物质基因的载体。
cilia：纤毛，从一些原核细胞和真核细胞表面伸出的、能运动的突起。
cytoplasm：胞质，由细胞质基质、内膜系统、细胞骨架和包涵物组成。
cytoskeleton：细胞骨架，真核细胞中与保持细胞形态结构和细胞运动有关的纤维网络。
包括微管、微丝和中间丝。
dynein：动力蛋白，即纤毛中的一种具有ATP酶活性的巨大的蛋白质复合体。
endoplasmic reticulum：内质网，指细胞质中一系列囊腔和细管，彼此相通，形成一个隔离于细胞质基质的管道系统。
flagella：鞭毛，在某些细菌菌体上具有细长而弯曲的丝状物，是细菌的运动器官。
Golgi complex：高尔基复合体，由许多扁平的囊泡构成的以分泌为主要功能的细胞器。
lysosome：溶酶体，真核细胞中一种膜包围的异质的消化性细胞器。
是细胞内大分子降解的主要场所。
microfilament：微丝，由肌动蛋白分子螺旋状聚合成的纤丝，又称肌动蛋白丝，是细胞骨架的主要成分之一。
microtubule：微管，由微管蛋白原丝组成的不分支的中空管状结构，是细胞骨架成分，与细胞支持和运动有关。
mitochondrion：线粒体，真核细胞中由双层高度特化的单位膜围成的细胞器。
电梯专业英语词典全集讲义
电梯专业英语词典全集A1abbreviation 缩语abnormal 不正常的,反常的abnormality monitoring 异常监听abrasion 磨损abrasion resistant 耐磨性abrasive cloth 砂布absorb 吸收absorber 减振器AC(alternating current) 交流电AC drive 交流拖动AC feedback control 交流反馈控制AC motor 交流电机AC servo 交流伺服AC servo motor 交流伺服电机AC single speed 交流单速2AC two speed 交流双速AC two speed motor 交流双速电动机AC variale speed 交流调速AC-GL machine 交流无齿曳引机acceleration(accel)rate 加速器acceleration control system 加速度控制系统accelerator 加速器acceptanec certificate 验收证书acceptance of lift 电梯验收acceptance period 验收阶段acceptance test 验收试验access forbidden 禁止入内access door 检修门access lift 通道电梯3access security 通道防卫access switch 通道开关,维修用开关access way 进出通道accessibility 可通达性,接近的,难易程度accessible 允许进入accessible space 允许进入的场地accessory 配件,附件accident 事故accident insurance 事故保险accident prevention 事故预防accidental contact 触电accidental operation 误操作accordion door 折叠门accumulation 累积4accumulator 蓄电池acoustic 听觉的,声音的activate 启动,触发active mode 主动模式actual condition 实际状况,实际条件actual load 实际载荷actual state 实际状况actual value 实际值actuate 开动,操作,激励actuating magnet 操作磁铁actuating linkege 操作连杆actuation time 动作时间actuator 操纵机构,激励器,螺线管actuator bracket 调节器支架actuator plate 调节板ACVF(AC varible frequency) 交流调速5ACVF drive 交流调频拖动ACVF system 交流调频系统ACVV(AC varible voltage) 交流调压ACVV dirve 交流调压拖动ACVV system 交流调压系统adaptation 适应,匹配adapter(adapator) 适配器adapter PCB 选通脉冲印刷电路板adapting 选配adaptive control system 自适应能力控制系统addendum 齿顶高,附录addendum circle 外圆adding working drawing 附加加工图addition 附加物,加法additional materials 附加材料address 地址6adhesion 胶,粘合胶adhesion protective oil 防粘油adhesive foil 胶粘薄膜adhesive tape 胶带adjacent 邻近的adjacent car 相邻轿厢,相邻电梯adjacent entrance 相邻出入口adjustable condensor 可变电容器adjustable resistance 可调电阻adjustable spanner 可调扳手adjustable speed electric drive 调速电力拖动adjustable wrench 活动扳手,可调扳手adjusting screw 调节螺丝adjusment 调试adjustor 调试员7administration cost 管理成本administration expenses 管理费用administation overjhead rate 管理费用标准advance door opening 提前开门advance payment 预付款advanced 提前的,先进的advanced carriage 超前拖板(选层器) advancing position reference value 超前位置参考值aerial cableway 空中缆车,架空索道aerial ropeway 空中缆车,架空索道aerial tramway 空中缆车,架空索道aesthetic 美观after sales service 售后服务agency 代理8agenda 议程air cord (门机用)航空钢丝绳air purifier 空气滤清剂air ventilator 通风管air-bleed 空气分泄器air-condition 空调air-gap 气隙airborne noise 空气传播噪声alarm 警报alarm bell 警铃alarm button 警铃按钮alarm buzzer 警报蜂鸣器alarm circuit 警报电路alarm system 警报系统alcove arrangement 电梯U型排列法ALC(autoclaved light-weight concrete) 蒸压轻质混凝土9algorithm 算法规则系统align 校正aligning template 校正样板alignment 校正alignment gauge 校正量规alkali 碱all-computer-controlled 计算机全控的allocation 分配,分派allocation of landing call 层站呼梯指令分配allowble stress for temporary load 允许暂时应力值allowance 允用误差,加工余量alloy 合金alloy steel 合金钢10alteration 改进alternate floor 隔层alumina 氧化铝aluminum 铝aluminum alloy 铝合金aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum cladding 铝制包层alumite 防蚀铝alundum 氧化铝ambient 环境的ambient noise 环境噪音ambient temperature 环境温度ammeter 安培计ammonia 氨amperage 电流强度ampere 安培amplification 放大11amplification stage 放大等级amplifier 放大器amplifying tube 放大管amplitude 幅度analogue(analog) 模拟analog adder 模拟加法器analog computer 模拟计算机analog speed card 模拟曲线板analog-digital converter 模拟-数字转换器analysis 分析analysis mode 分析模拟anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchorage 锚具,锚定angle bar 角钢angle guide 角铁导轨angle iron 角铁angle iron frame 角铁框架12angle of contact 接触角angle of deflection 导向角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of lead 导程角angle of traction 曳引机包角angle of wrap 包角angle steel 角钢angular contact ball bearing 向心推力球轴承angular contact bearing 角面接触滚动轴承angular gear 斜齿轮angular retardationg 角减速度angular velocity 角速度anneal 退火annealing 退火annual inspection 年检13annual report 年度报告annunciator 报音器,声音合成器anode 阳极anodize 氧极氧化ANSI(America Nationa Standard Instirute) 美国国家标准协会anti-clockwise 逆时钟方向anti-corrosive paint 防腐蚀漆anti-creep 防蠕动anti-friction bearing 抗摩擦轴承anti-nuisance 防干扰anti-nuisance device 防捣乱装置anti-phase braking 反向制动anti-phase current 反相电流anti-rebound of compensation rope device 补偿绳防跳装置14anti-residual 防剩磁anti-resonance 抗谐振anti-reversion device 防反转装置anti-rust 防锈anti-stall 防空转anti-vibralion pad 防震垫APM(automatic people mover) 自动人员运输机apparent output 视在输出apparen power 视在功率applicant 申请人application 申请application guide 应用指南aprons 裙板arbour 轴,杆arc chamber 电弧隔离室15arc protection 防电弧arc quenching 熄焊弧arc shield 电弧屏蔽arc suppressor 灭焊器architect 设计单位architecture 建筑学architrave 门框area 面积arm 臂,支路armature 电驱armature coil 电驱线圈armature current 电驱电流armature lamination 电驱铁芯片armature shaft 电驱轴armature spider 星形轮armature winding 电驱绕组16 armoured 蛇皮管的armoured cable 蛇皮管电缆armoured conduit 导线管arrangement 布置arrival bell 到站铃arrival buzer 到站蜂鸣器arrival floor 到达楼层arrival gong 到站钟arrival rate 到站率article of consumption 消耗品artificial intelligence 人工智能artistic 工艺artistic face 工艺表面asbestos packing 石棉盘根ascending 上升ASIC(application specific integrated circuit) 专用集成电路17assemble 装配assembler language 汇编语言ssembly drawing 组装图assembly of hinge 铰链组装assign 分配astragal 装饰镶条atmospheric influence 大气影响attachment 附件attendant control 有司机控制attendant control compartment 有司机控制盒attendant operation 有司机操作audible signal 音响信号sudible signaling system 音响信号系统audio tape recording 磁带录音authority 当局,核准部门18authority of lift acceptance 电梯验收部门authorized 授权的,核准的authorized user 核准使用者auto-adaptation 自适用AutoCAD 自动计算机辅助设计autographic recoder 自动记录仪automatic 自动的automatic allocator 自动分派器automatic by-pass 自动直驶automatic center opening sliding door 自动中分式滑动门automatic closer 自动关闭门automatic dispatch 自动调度automatic door 自动门automatic homing 自动回基层19automatic landing 自动停站automatic landing system by spare battery 靠备用蓄电池的自动停站设备automatic leveling 自动平层automatic lubricator 自动润滑装置automatic parking garage 自动停车库automatic parking system 自动停车系统automatic relevelling 自动平层校正automatic rescue device 应急救助装置automatic return 自动返回automatic telescopic center opening sliding door 自动中分式折叠滑动门automatic telescopic sliding door 自动折叠式滑动门20automobile lift 汽车电梯autowalk 自动人行道auxiliary apparatus 辅助装置auxiliary brake 辅助制动器auxiliary cicuit 辅助电路auxiliary contact 辅助触点auxiliary drive 辅助驱动auxiliary lock 辅助驱动auxiliary value 辅助材料auxiliary materials 辅助量auxiliary winding 辅助绕组available area 有效面积average 平均average car load 平均轿厢负载average dispatching interval 平均调度间隔时间21average interval 平均调度间隔时间average passenger waiting time 平均乘客侯梯时间average response time 平均应答时间average waiting quest 平均乘客量average waiting time 平均乘客侯梯时间axial flow fan 轴流式风扇axis 轴线axle 轴Bbabbit 巴氏合金babbit lined bearing 巴氏合金衬里轴承babbit melter 巴氏合金熔化器22babbit metal 巴氏合金babbit rope socket 灌注式巴氏合金绳头back current 反向电流back e.m.f 反电动势back lash 轮齿隙back plunger type 后部柱塞式(液压梯) back side 后侧,后边back wall 后壁back type governor 轴流式限速器baked enamel 烤漆balance 平衡balance chain 平衡链balance coefficient 平衡系数balace weight 平衡器balanced traffic 平衡交通23ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball cup 球形碗ball pin 球形硝ball stop valve 球形断流器ball type bearing 滚珠轴承ballast 镇流器balustrade deching 外侧盖板balustrade exterior panelling 外装饰板balustrade panel 扶手板balustrade skirting 扶手群板balustrade lighting 扶手照明balustrades 扶手装置bandsaw 带锯bank 银行,群组,排bar 条,棒bar code 条形码bar lock 杆式锁24bare wire 裸线barricade 防护墙,隔墙barrier 隔板,栅栏base 基座,基础base plate 基板basement 地下室basement service 底下室服务basement type 底吊式basic logic element 基础逻辑元件basic logic function 基础逻辑功能batch production 批量生产battery 电池battery box 蓄电池箱battery charger 电池充电器battery- backed 电池支持的baud rate 波特率BCD(binary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制25beam 梁beam pad 井道内电缆保护垫片beam pulley 抗绳轮bearing 轴承bearing bracket 轴承支架bearing cap 轴承盖bearing load 轴承负荷bearing plate 承重板bearing play 轴承间隙bearing sleeve 轴承衬套bearing stand 轴承座bed lift 病床电梯bed plate 底座bell 铃belt 胶带belt drive 胶带传动26belt grinder 胶带磨床belt pulley 胶带轮belt type moving walk 带式自动人行道bending 弯曲bending stress 弯曲应力benzine 轻汽油bevel gear 伞(斜)齿轮beveled washer 斜垫圈BGM (background music) 背景音乐BGM speaker 背景音乐扬声器bi-parting 对开式(上下开启) bi-parting door 垂直中分门bias 偏置,偏移bid 投标,报价bid table 报价单bidder 投标27bidding cycle 投标有效期限bidding procedure 投标(报价)程序bil of delivery 发货单bill of expenses 费用帐单bil of lading 海运提单bill of materials 材料单billing 开发票binary 二进制binder 装订册bipartite light transistor 双分式光电管bistable magnetic swich 双稳态磁开关bistable switch 双稳态磁开关bitumen 沥青blade 叶片,刀片,锯片blade connector 刀形连接器28bleed-off circuit 泄放电路blind hoistway 盲(无门)井道block chart 方框图block diagram 方框图线路block of flats 住宅楼区blocking of control circuit 控制电路闭锁blower 鼓风机blower coil 吹弧线圈blower motor 风机电动机blue print 蓝图boarding 登梯boading floor 登梯楼层boarding landing 登梯层站boarding passenger 登梯乘客boarding rate 登梯率boarding stop 登梯停站29boading time 登梯时间boarding zone 登梯区域bobbing 绕线管boldface type 粗字体bolt 螺杆booster 升压机border condition 边界条件bore hole 钻孔,镗孔boring 镗boring lathe 镗床boring machine 镗床boring miller 镗铣床bottom 底部bottom car clearance 轿底安全高度间隙bottom car overtravel 底部轿厢越程bottom car runby 底部轿厢越程30bottom clearances for car 轿底间隙bottom counterweight clearance 轿底对重间隙bottom counterweight overtravel 轿底对重越程bottom counterweight runby 轿底对重越程bottom door retainer 门下角bottom floor 底部楼层bottom runby 底部越程bottom slow down switch 底部减速开关bottom stop 底部停战bottom terminal floor 底部楼层bottom terminal landing 底部端站bottom terminal stop 底端停站box 盒,箱box counterweight 箱式对重Braille 盲文字符31brake 制动器brake arm 制动器臂brake contact 制动器触点brake coutact 制动器联轴器brake dish 制动盘brake drum 制动轮brake energy 制动力brake level 制动器杠杆brake lever 制动器手柄brake lining 制动器衬套brake linkage 制动器连杆brake operater switch 制动操纵开关brake pin 制动器悄brake press 折弯机,压弯机brake pulley 制动轮brake release lever 制动器松闸手柄32brake release magnet 制动器送闸磁铁brake release time 制动器松闸时间brake shoe 制动靴brake spacing 制动器间距brake spring 制动弹簧brake tension 制动器张紧力brake torque 制动器力矩brake wrench 制动器板手braking 制动braking distance 制动距离braking force 制动力branch circuit 分支电路brass founder 铸铜break 切断,破断break-down 故障breaking load 破断负荷33breaking strength 破断强度breaking test 破坏实验breather 通气管brick 砖brick-layer 砖砌工bridge circuit 桥式电路bridge connector 桥接器bridge jumper 桥接片bridge rectifier 桥式整流器bright controlling 光度控制broach 拉力broaching machine 拉床brochure 手册broken chain contact 断链触点broken circuit 断路broken drive chain contact 主驱动链保护装置34broken drive-chain safety device 驱动链条保护装置broken rope contact 驱动链条列断安全装置broken step chain contact 断绳触点broken step chain device 断绳开关broken step chain safety device 梯级链断列触点broken step safety device 梯级破列安全装置broken tape sweitch 短带开关bronze 铜brunching 成组,成群brush finished stainless steel 哑光不锈钢35brush holder 刷握,滑环brush yoke 刷架budget 预算buffer 缓冲器buffer stroke 缓冲器冲程buffer base 缓冲器底座buffer plate 缓冲器板buffer plunger 缓冲器柱塞buffer return spring 缓冲器复位弹簧buffer stand 缓冲器台buffer striking plate 缓冲器撞板buffer support 缓冲器支承buffer switch 缓冲器开关builder 建筑单位nbuilder's work 土建工程36buider's work drawing 土建图纸building 建筑building area 建筑面积building contractor 建筑承包商buiding facility 大楼设施building manager 大楼管理者building monitoring and security system 大楼监管和安全系统building population 大楼居住人口buiding supervision center 大楼监管中心built=in 内装built-in escalator 组合式自动扶梯bumper 弹簧式缓冲器bumper rail 防撞板bumpy ride 颠簸振动的运行37buried 埋入的burn in (程序)灌入burr 毛刺,毛边burr free 去毛刺bus 总线bus bar 汇流条bush 衬套bushed bearing 加衬轴套bushing 衬套,轴套,套筒butt joint 平接,对焊button 按钮button switch 按钮开关buyer 买方buzzer 蜂鸣器buzzer switch 蜂鸣器开关bypass 直驶38by-pass button 直驶按钮by-pass valve 溢流阀bypassed floor 直驶不停楼层bypassed stop 直驶不停层站CC$F 到岸价cab 轿厢,座舱cab interior 轿厢内部cabin 轿厢,座舱cabinet 柜,厢cable 电缆cable box 电缆箱cable car 缆车cable cleat 电缆夹具cable conductor 电缆导线cable entry 电缆引入39cable hanger 电缆吊架cable hole 电缆孔cable joint 电缆接头cable termination 电缆末端cable trunk 电缆接头CAD 计算机辅助设计cage 轿厢cage door 轿厢门calculation 计算机辅助设计calibrate 校准call 呼梯,呼叫call acceptance 呼梯接收call accepted 接受呼梯call accepted indicator 接受呼梯指示灯call accepted signal 接受呼梯信号call allocation 呼梯分派40cam tape control 偏心带控制cam-gear 凸轮传动装置cam-operated switch 凸轮(碰铁)操纵开关cancel 撤消,取消cancelingof call signal 呼梯信号消除cancellation 撤消,取消canopy 顶盖,大蓬canvas 帆布canvas hose 帆布软管cap 帽,盖子cap nut 螺母capacitance 电容,电容量capacitor 电容capacitor motor 电容器电机capacity 载重,容量,定员capacity plate 载量标牌41capstan 绞盘captive roller safety gear 滚柱式安全钳car 轿厢car annunciator 轿厢报警器car approaching gong 轿厢到站预报钟car apron 轿厢入口群板car assignment 轿厢调度,轿厢分配car automatic switch landing 轿厢开关自动停站car axis 轿厢中心线car back wall 轿厢后壁car botom clearance 轿厢安全高度car bottom overtravel 轿厢底部越层42call assignment 呼梯指令分配call band 呼梯信号带call button 呼梯按钮call cancel 呼梯取消call canceling 呼梯取消call coincidence 呼梯重合call contrl 呼梯指令控制call conmting system 呼梯计数系统call emitter 呼梯指令发送器call input 呼梯输入call input capacity 呼梯输入内容call input device 呼梯输入装置call load 呼梯输入call memory 呼梯记忆call registered 登陆的呼梯call registered signal 登陆的呼梯信号call tegistration 呼梯登陆43call registration indicator 呼梯登陆信号call sequence 呼梯顺序call-back 召修call-back message 召修信息call-out response time 维修召唤应答时间call-out service 急修服务callinfg board 召唤盒calling floor 呼体楼层calling landing 呼梯CAM 计算机辅助制造cam 凸轮cam for positive operation 强制操纵凸轮cam lever 偏心柄cam shaft 偏心轴44car bottom runby 底部越程car buffer 轿厢缓冲器car button 轿厢按钮car cab 轿厢体car call 轿厢指令car call button 轿厢指令按钮car call cancel 轿内召唤取消car call control 轿厢指令控制car call panel 轿厢(呼梯)指示盘car call stop 轿厢(呼梯)指令停车car cam 碰铁car canopy 轿厢顶盖car ceiling 轿厢装饰顶45car coming indicator 轿厢驶近指示灯car control lever 轿厢操纵手柄car control switch 轿厢操纵开关car counterweight 轿厢对重car cross-head 轿厢上梁car depth 轿厢深度car dispatch 轿厢调度car door 轿门car door catch 轿门栓car door closer 轿门关闭器car door electric contact 轿门电触点car door guide shoe 轿门导靴car door interlock 轿门联锁car door lock 轿门门锁car door rail 轿门导轨46car door sill 轿门地坎car door track 轿门导轨car elevator 汽车电梯car emergency exit 轿厢安全门,应急门car emergency opening 轿厢安全窗car emergency release switch 轿厢应急释放按钮car enclosure panel 轿厢壁板car enclosures 轿厢壁板car entrance 轿厢入口car extetior 轿厢外装修,轿厢外表car fan 轿厢风扇car floating movable platform 轿厢活动地板car floor frame 轿厢架,轿架car frame 轿厢架,轿架47car frame attachment 轿厢框架附件car frame plank 轿厢下梁car frame upright 轿厢立柱car front 轿厢前壁car full control 满载轿厢控制car gate 轿厢门car gate contact 轿门触点car gate electric contact 轿门电气触点car guide 轿厢导轨car guide axis 轿厢导轨中心线car handle control 手柄开关操纵,轿内开关控制car handrail 轿厢扶手car height 轿厢高度car illumination 轿厢照明48car isolation 轿厢隔震器car leveling device 轿厢平层装置car lift 汽车电梯car light 轿厢照明装置car light panel 轿厢照明板,照明天花板car lighting 轿厢照明car manual switch landing 轿厢手动开关停站car operation board 轿厢操纵盘car operation panel 操纵箱car overload 轿厢超载car panel 轿厢壁板car panel attachment 轿厢壁板附件car panel base 轿厢壁板底座49car panel with window 轿厢壁板上窗口cr parking device 轿厢驻停装置car platform 轿厢底,轿底car platform guard 轿厢站台护板car platform sill 轿厢car position indicator 轿厢指示灯,轿厢位置显示car position reference value 轿厢位置参考值car preference 轿厢优先权car push-button 轿厢按钮car rear wall 轿厢后壁car roof 轿厢顶,轿顶car safety 轿厢安全钳car safety bar for dumbwaiter 轿厢安全棒(杂货梯)50car safety gear 轿厢安全钳car safety mechanism switch 轿厢安全钳联动开关car sheave 轿厢绳轮car side emergency door 轿厢安全侧门car side opening 轿厢侧面开门car side wall 轿厢侧壁car sill 轿厢地坎car sling 轿厢架,吊架car station 轿厢操纵站car status information 轿厢运行状态信息car stop 轿厢停止car suspension 轿厢悬挂装置car switch 轿厢开关car switch automatic floor stop operation 轿厢开关自动停站装置51car switch control 轿厢开关控制car switch opration 手柄开关操纵,轿内开关控制car top 轿厢顶部car top clearance 轿顶安全高度car top emergency exit 轿顶安全出口,轿顶应急出口car top guard 轿顶护栏car top inspection device 轿顶检修装置car top inspection station 轿顶检修盒(站)car top light 轿顶照明装置car top protection balustrade 轿顶防护栏杆car top protection railing 轿顶防护栏杆52car ventilation 轿厢通风car walls 轿厢壁,轿壁car weight 轿厢重量car width 轿厢宽度carbon 碳,石墨carbon brush 碳刷carbon contact 碳精触点carbon steel 碳素钢carburization 渗碳carburize 渗碳carburized hardening 渗碳硬化carburizer 渗碳剂card 卡片,纹板card reader 卡片读出器cardan joint 万向接头carpet 地毯carriage charges 运费53carry frequency 载波频率,开关工作频率carrying capacity 载运量,载运能力cart elevator 车辆运货电梯cartridge fuse 插塞式熔断器carving machine 刻模机cascade 级联,串联cascade sub-loop 串接式子回路case 箱,盒,外壳casing 保护套,外套casing of cylinder 油缸套cassette tape 录音带cast bronze 铸青铜cast iron 铸铁cast steel 铸钢casting 铸造castor oil 蓖麻油54catch 擎子,门扣,捕捉器catch block 安全钳catch clip 捕捉夹钳catch device 捕捉装置cathode 阴极cathode ray tube(CRT) 阴极射线管cavitation 气穴,涡穴,饱和压力点ceiling 吊顶ceiling assembling 轿顶cellulose 纤维板cement 水泥,胶合剂cement concrete 混凝土center 中心center latch 中心门栓center line 中心线center of curvature 曲率中心55center opening 中分式门center opening door 中分门center-opening folding door 中分式折叠门center opening two speed door 中分四扇门center opening vertical sliding door 中分式垂直滑动门center plunger hydraulic lift 柱塞直顶式液压电梯center support 中心支撑,中间支撑,第三支撑centigrade 摄氏温度central alarm 中央报警central control board 中央监控盘central control room 中央监控室central jack 中心液压装置56central position 中心位置centrifugal 离心的cenrifugal brake 离心制动器centrifugal cast 离心铸造centrifugal fan 离心式风扇centrifugal governor 离心式限速器centrifugal speed 离心速度centrifugal switch 离心开关centrifugal type governor 离心式限速器centripetal force 向心力ceramic capacitor 搪瓷电容certification 证书certifying body 认证机关chain 链条chain block 手拉葫芦chain bracket 链条托架57chain drive 链传动chain drive elevator 链驱动升降机chain drive machine 链驱动机chain gear 链轮chain guard 链防护罩chain link 链节,链环chain pitch 链条节距chain sag 链条下垂度chain sheave 链轮chain sprocket 链轮chain sustarned elevator 链支撑升降机chain tensioning device 链张紧装置chain wheel 链轮chain wheel track 链轮导轨chamger 倒棱,去毛刺change switch 转换开关58change-over contact 转化触点change-over landing 换乘电梯层站change-over switch 转换开关change-pole 变化极性channel 槽钢channel iron 槽铁channel steel 槽钢character 特征,字符characteristic 特征,特性characteristic curve 特性曲线charge 充电,收费charged 带电,充电charging contactor 充电接触器charging set 充电chart 图表chart of accounts 成本图表check valve 止逆阀59chequer(checker)plate 网纹钢板chief engineer 总工程师chime 音钟chip 芯片chipboard 木屑板chisel 凿子choke 扼流,截流,阻塞choke coil 扼流线圈chopper 斩波器chrome 铬chuck 卡盘CIF(cost insurance and freight) 到岸价cinder concrete 煤渣混凝土circle 周期,圆circuit 电路circuit breaker 断电器,断路器60circuit diagram 电路图circular pitch 周节circulating pump 循环泵circulation 循环circumferential force 圆周力circumferential speed 圆周速度circumferential velocity 圆周速度CL(center line) 中心线clacking 盖板cladding 装饰clamp 夹clamp ring 压制环,加紧环clamping jaw 夹钳clamping sleeve 夹紧套桶clamping strap 制动带class of loading 灾荷种类clear depth 净深度61clear dimension 净尺寸clear door height 门净高度clear door width 门净宽度clear entrance to the car 轿厢入口净尺寸clear height 净高clear hoistway 井道净尺寸clear width 净宽度clerance 间隙clearance between skirt panels 裙板间隙clearance bottom car 轿底安全高度clearance top car 轿顶安全高度clearance top counterweight 对重装置顶部安全高度cleated riser 梯级竖板clevis U型夹client 客户,买主62clip 钳夹clockwise 顺时针的close circuit 闭合电路closed loop 闭环closed position (门)关闭位置closed position monitoring (门)关闭位置检测closed-loop control 闭环控制closed-type motor 闭合式电动机closer 关门器closing force (门)关闭力closing speed 门关闭速度closing travel 门关闭运行closing valve 切断阀clutch 离合器clutch component 离合器部件clutch plate 离合器板clutch release sleeve 离合器释放套管63clutch spring 离合器弹簧CMOS 互补型金属氧化物(半导体) CNC(computerized numric control) 计算机数控coaxial cable 同轴电缆coast to stop 滑行停车coating 涂层cock 龙头code 码,符号,规程,规范code of practice 实施规程,实用规程code word 代号文字coding PCB(printer cicuit board) 编码印刷电路板coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数64coil 线圈,绕组coil case 线圈外壳coiled spring 螺旋弹簧coincidence memory 重合记忆coinciding call 重合呼梯指令cold cathode 冷阴极collapsible door 栅栏门collapsible gate 栅栏门,折叠式门collapsible type door 折叠式门collar 环collecting brush 集电刷collecting ring 轴环collection 收集,集合collective control 集中控制collective full automatic operation 全自动集中控制collective operation elevator 集中操作电梯65collective selective 集选collective selective control 集选控制collector 集电路collision switch 碰撞开关color 颜色colored starnless steel 彩色不锈钢colorfast 不褪色的colorless 无色的column 柱,立柱comb contact 梳齿板安全装置comb floor plate 梳齿板comb light 梳齿灯comb lighting 梳齿板照明comb plate 梳齿板comb plate contact 梳齿板触板comb plate safety device 梳齿板安全装置68commutation 整流commutator 换向环commutator brush 整流子电刷commutator lug 整流片commutator metallic segment 金属整流器compact 紧凑的comparator 比较器compartment 隔板,隔室compensating 补偿compensating chain device 补偿链装置compensating condensor 补偿电容器compensating devece 补偿装置compennsating device for hoist ropes 曳引绳补偿装置compensating rope 补偿绳compensating rope device 补偿绳装置69compensating rope hitch 补偿绳绳头板compensating rope sheave 补偿绳轮compensating-rope sheave safety switch 补偿绳轮安全开关compensating-rope sheave switch 补偿绳轮开关compensating rope socket 补偿绳绳头compensating winding 补偿绳绕组compensanting/equalizer disk 补偿/补偿器compensation chain 补偿链compensation coil 补偿绳线圈compensation rope 补偿绳compensation sheave 补偿绳轮competent 有资格的,胜任的70competent personnel 有资格的人员,胜任的人员competitor system 竞争机制component 部件compound wound 复绕compound wind motor 复励电动机comprehensive 综合的comprehensive maintenance contract 综合维修合同,全包维修合同comprehensive service contract 综合维修合同,全包维修合同compressing spring 压缩弹簧compression 压缩compressive stress 压应力compression switch 压缩开关compressor 压缩器71compulogic system 电脑程序控制系统computer 计算机computer peripheral devices 计算机外围装置computer simulation 计算机模拟computing power 运算容量concealed 隐蔽的,暗式concealed hinge 暗式链条concentrated load 集中载荷concentricity 同心性conclusion of contract 合同成交concrete 混凝土concrete hoistway 混凝土井道concrete machine block 混凝土机座concrete wall 混凝土墙condenser 电容器condenser for power factor improvement 功率因素补偿电容72condition 条件condition of payment 付款条件conditions of contract 合同条件conducting wire 导线conductive 导电的conductor 导体conduit 导线管conduit fitting 导线管接头cone roller bearing 滚锥轴承conference room 会议室conical brake 锥形制动器conical pin 锥销conicity 锥度connect in series 串接connecting piece 连接件connecting rod 连杆,连接杆73connection 连接connection diagram of controller 控制柜连线图connector 接线柱,连接器consecutively departing 依次派出的轿厢console panel 控制柜,控制盘constant 恒定的,常数constant HP motor 功率恒定型电机constant speed valve 比例控制阀,调速阀constant torque motor 力矩恒定型电机construction 安装,施工construction crane 建筑起重机construction layout drawing 土建图construction platform 安装平台,施工平台74construction site 安装工地,施工工地consultant 顾问,咨询机构consumption 消耗contact 触点contact angle 接触角contact brace 触头撑条contact burning 触头烧损contact carrier 触头支架contact control 有触点控制contact control system 有触点控制系统contact finger 接触指,滑触头contact forcibly actuated 强迫操动触头contact holder 触头固定架contact input 接触输入端contact load 保证(额定)载荷75contact mat 触头垫片contact normally closed 常闭触点contact normally open 常开触点contact pressure 触头压力contact resistance 接触电阻contactless 无触点contactless control 无触点控制contactless control system 无触点控制系统contactless switch 无触点开关contactor 接触器contents 内容continuing travel indicator (轿内)继续运行指示器continuous line arrangement 连锁配置continuous speed regulation 连续速度控制continuous-pressure button 继压开关contract 合同,契约,承包合同76contract capacity 合同载重量,合同容量contract load 合同负载contract of indemnity 赔偿合同contract party 合同方,合同当事人conract specification 合同规定,合同明细表conract speed 合同速度,额定速度contract work system 合同制度control 控制control amplifier 调节放大器control bus 控制总线control cabinet 控制柜control cable 控制电缆control circuit 控制电路control device for handrail brekage 扶手带断带保护装置77control feature 控制特征control guard for handrail breakage 扶手带断带保护装置control gear 控制论control lever 控制杆control panel 控制屏control stand 控制台control station 控制站control switgh 控制开关control system 控制系统control system for elevator 电梯控制系统control technique 控制技术control type 控制形式control valve 控制阀control valve unit (液压)调节阀装置control voltage 控制电压,操作电压78controlled angle 控制角controller 控制柜controller base 控制柜底座controller cabinet 控制柜controller panel 控制屏controller wiring diagram 控制柜电路图controlling circuit 控制电路conventional 常规的conventional lift 普通电梯converter 整流器,转换头converter panel 换流器盘converter set 换流器组件converter unit 换流装置conveyance of passengers 乘客载运conveyer 输送机79conveyer track 输送车轨道cooler 冷却装置cooler air-conditioner 空调制冷cooling 冷却cooling device for semiconductor 半导体冷却装置cooling fan 冷却风扇COP(car operation panel) 轿厢操纵盘copper 铜cord 绳索,芯线cord drive 绳传动,(厅门) core 铁心core press 铁心压力core ventilation 铁心通风cork 软木cork packing 软木盘根corner 角,隔80corner post 对角立柱corpus lift 尸体升降机correct phase sequence 正确相序correcting 修正,校正correcting travel 校准运行correction 校正,校准corrective maintenance 校正维修corridor 走廊corrosion proof 防腐蚀的corrosion resistant 耐腐蚀的corrosion resistant coating 涂防锈漆层corrosive 腐蚀的cost 成本,费用cost accounting 成倍核算cost analysis 成本分析cost calculation 成倍计算cost comparison 成本比较81cost effective 价格划算的cost element 成本项目cost estimate 成本估算cost of material 材料成本cost of production 生产成本cost price 成本价cost share 成本份额cost situation 成本状况cost structure 成本结构cost-free 免费的cotter pin 开口销conter 计数器counter emf 反电动势counter inductor 记数感应器counter sunk head 埋头conuter-clockwise 逆时针方向counterbalance 相互平衡,配重平衡82countersink 沉头,埋入counterweight 对重装置,对重counterweight bottom runby 对重底部越程counterweight filler 对重块,对重装置重鉈counterweight filler weight 对重块,对重装置重鉈counterweight frame 对重框counterweight guard 对重防护栏counterweight header 对重头counterweight housing 对重架counterweight safety 对重安全钳counterweight sheave 对重绳轮counterweight sling 对重吊具countreweight suspension 对重悬挂装置83counterweight top clearance 对重装置顶部安全装置couple M to N 使M和N偶合coupled door panels 配对门扇counpler 联轴器coupling 联轴器coupling bolt 联轴器螺栓coupling sleeve 联接套筒cove 凹口cover 盖,保护层cover plate 盖板cover strip 覆盖条covered wire 覆层线CPS( central processing system) 中央处理系统CPU(central processing unit) 计算机中央处理器84crack 裂缝crack-resistant 抗裂的cracking pressure 破裂压力cradle beam 托架,横梁crank 曲轴crank operation 曲轴操作crank shaft 曲轴crank shaft oil seal 曲轴油封creep 爬行,蠕动creep speed 爬行速度,平层速度creeping-in distance 爬行距离Cremona's method 谷式应力图crest value 峰值crimp-meshed door 铁网门critical path planning 关键路线计划法85cross beam 顶梁,上梁cross head screwdriver 十字头螺丝功锥cross pin 十字销cross valve 三通阀cross-head 上梁cross-head screw 十字头螺钉cross-section 横截面crosshead sheave 轿顶轮crow bar 撬棒crown bar 顶杆crown wheel 盘形轮crushing 压碎,压溃cup 杯,盖子cup head square neck bolt 半圆头方颈螺栓current 电流current carrying 带电的86current carrying capacity 载流量current characteristic 电流参数current control loop 电流控制回路。
汽车专业英语讲义词汇
一. 基本车辆术语1. Types of Motor VehicleTypes of Passenger Car 轿车[乘用车]类型passenger car 轿车minicar 微型轿车subcompact car 普通级轿车compact car 中级轿车intermediate car 中高级轿车limousine car 高级轿车race car, sport car 赛车saloon, 2-door sedan 双门轿车sedan 四门轿车coupe 单排座轿车coupe two seater 双排座轿车PU pickup car, 客货两用车，皮卡RV=recreational vehicle 休闲车SUV=sport utility vehicle 多用途车MPV=multipurpose passenger vehicleAPV=all purpose vehicle多用途乘用车，多功能车Types of Commercial Vehicle 商用车类型CV Commercial Vehiclebus 客车mini bus 微型客车light bus 轻型客车medium bus 中型客车large bus 大型客车extra bus 特大型客车articulated bus 铰接客车double-deck bus 双层客车truck 货车mini-truck 微型货车light truck 轻型货车- LTmedium truck 中型货车heavy duty truck 重型货车off-road vehicle 越野汽车 - ORVhummer 高机动性多用途车special purpose vehicle 专用车van 厢式汽车tanker 罐式汽车dump truck 自卸汽车semi-trailer tractor (towing) vehicle 半挂牵引汽车full-trailer tractor (towing) vehicle 全挂牵引汽车trailer 挂车2. Vehicle DimensionsA overall length, total length总长vehicle length 车长B overall width 总宽vehicle width 车宽C unladen height 空载高度vehicle height 车高D front overhang 前悬E WB=wheelbase,wheel space 轴距F rear overhang 后悬G ground clearance 最小离地间隙H,I tread, track width, tread width wheel tread 轮距H front track 前轮距I rear track 后轮距J approach angle, angle of incidence 接近角K departure angle, angle of departure 离去角L loading height 装载高度M chassis frame length 底盘车架长度N cargo body height 货箱高度O interior cargo body height 货箱内高度P cargo body width 货箱宽度R interior cargo body width货箱内宽度1 engine发动机2 front axle前桥3 wheel车轮4 clutch 离合器5 transmissiongearbox 变速器6 propeller shaft 传动轴7 universal Joint万向节8 final drive and differential主减速器和差速器9 rear axle 后桥10 body 车身maximum speed of the automobile 汽车最高车速time of acceleration of the automobile 汽车加速时间maximum gradeability of the automobile 汽车最大爬坡度constant-speed fuel economy of the automobile 汽车等速油耗economical speed of the automobile 汽车经济车速vehicle tractive performance 汽车动力性criteria for the evaluation of vehicle tractive performance 汽车动力性指标fuel economy 汽车燃油经济性braking performance of automobile 汽车制动性braking force 制动力braking deceleration 制动减速度stopping distance 制动距离controllability and stability of the automobile 汽车操纵稳定性 ride comfort of the automobile 汽车行驶平顺性mobility over unprepared terrain 汽车通过性automobile trafficability 汽车通过性automobile test 汽车试验maximum speed 最高车速试验acceleration test 加速试验gradability test 爬被试验coasting test 滑行试验fuel economy test 燃油经济性试验braking force test 制动力试验stopping distance test 制动距离试验brake effectiveness test 制动效能试验braking in a turn test 转弯制动试验steering efforts test 转向轻便性试验vehicle noise test 汽车噪声试验loading fatigue test 加载疲劳试验simulative fatigue test 模拟疲劳试验intensive test 强化试验reliability test 可靠性试验road test 道路试验emission regulations 排放法规emission control 排放控制body durability test 车身疲劳试验body sealing test 车身密封试验body vibration test 车身振动试验body surface pressure distribution test 车身表面压力分布试验wind tunnel test 风洞试验air conditioning test 空调试验CG=center of gravity 重心X longitudinal axis 纵轴, x轴Y lateral axis 横轴, y轴Z vertical axis 竖轴, z轴steering angle 转向角2 wheel slip angle 车轮侧偏角roll axis 侧倾轴4 roll 侧倾steering wheel方向盘steering wheel angle 方向盘转角steering wheel force 方向盘力8 yaw 横摆yaw velocity 横摆速度9 pitch 俯仰(纵倾)pitch angle 俯仰角dive 点头，俯冲squat 下坐(车身后部下沉)二. General Terminology of Electricity and Electronics 电气和电子设备基本术语nominal voltage，basic system voltage 标称电压rated voltage 额定电压earth, ground 搭铁negative earth 负极搭铁正极板 positive plate负极板 negative plate隔板 separator壳体 housing加液盖 vent cover连接条 cell connector电解液 electrolyte蒸馏水 distil watermaintenance-free battery 免维护蓄电地转子总成 rotor assembly定子铁芯 stator core爪极claw pole滑环, 集电环slip ring磁轭yoke电剧brush电刷架 brush holder电刷弹簧 brush spring皮带轮 belt pulley整流器 rectifier二极管diode前端盖 drive end bearing bracket后端盖 slip ring end bearing bracket“B”接线柱 battery terminal“F”接线柱 field terminal“E”接线柱 earth terminal“N”接线柱 neutral terminal无刷交流发电机 brushless alternator整体式交流发电机 intergrate alternator辅出特性曲线 output characteristic curve空载转速 cut-in speed额定转速 rated speed额定电流 rated current最大电流 maximum current磁场电流 field current内搭铁 internal earth外搭铁 external earth电压调节器voltage regulator磁场维电器field relay充电指示继电器charge indicator relay单级电磁振动式调节器single stage voltage regulator 双级电磁振动式调节器double stage voltage regulator 并联线圈 shunt winding串联线圈 series winding加速线圈 accelerating winding补偿线圈 compensating winding调节电阻 regulating resistor加速电阻 accelerating resistor铁芯core衔铁armature磁分路片 magnetic by-pass plate晶体管调节器 transistor regulator集成电路调节器IC regulator内置式调节器 built-in voltage regulator调节电压 regulating voltage起动机 starter, starting motor单向离合器 over-running clutch滚柱式单向离合器roller-type over-running clutch摩擦片式单向离合器 multi-disc clutch惯性式离合器inertia clutch棘轮式单向离合器 ratcher type clutch电磁开关 solenoid switch吸拉线圈 pull-in winding保持线圈 holding winding啮合弹簧 meshing spring复位弹簧 return spring起动继电器 starter relay机械啮合式起动机mechanically engaged drive starter 惯性式起动机inertia drive starter减速起动机 reduction drive starter进气预热器 intake air heater电热塞glow plug预热指示器heater indicator制动力矩lock torque转矩 running torque制动电压 lock voltage空载转速 no-load speed标称功率 nominal power额定功率 rated power输出功率 power output传统点火系统 classic ignition system点火线圈 ignition coil高压插座high tension terminal初级绕组 primary winding次级绕组 secondary winding低压接线柱low tension terminal干式点火线圈dry ignition coil分电器 ignition distributor断电器 contact breaker断电管 contact breaker arm触点间隙 point gap触点区 contact point电容器 condenser分电器盖 distributor cap半导体点火系统（电子点火系统）semi-conductor ignition system, electronic ignition system 电感点火系统 inductive ignition system电容放电点火系统 capacitor discharge ignition system 无触点点火系统 breaker-less ignition system定时转子 timer rotor磁脉冲信号发生器 magnetic pulse generator传感线圈 pick-up coil光电信号发生器 photoelectric signal generator霍尔信号发生器 Hall signal generator火花塞 spark plug中心电极 central electrode绝缘体 insulator点火电压储备 ignition voltage reserve次级输出电压 secondary output voltage火花电压 spark voltage火花电流 spark current火花持续时间 spark duration平均输入电流 average current input峰值线圈电流 peak coil current断电电流 interruption current触点断电电流 contact breaker current初级供电电压 primary supply voltage初级线圈感应电压primary induced voltage点火提前角 spark advance angle刮水电动机 wiper motor吸风电动机 heater motor冷风电动机 cooling an motor燃油泵电动机 fuel pump motor座位移动电动机 seat adjustment motor洗涤电动机 washer motor洗涤泵 washer pump散热器电动机 radiator motor天线电动机 antenna motor门窗电动机window lift motor前照灯head lamp封闭式前照灯 sealed beam headlamp半封闭式前照灯semi-sealed beam headlamp 外装式前照灯 external mounted headlamp 内装式前照灯flush mounted headlamp灯壳 lamp housing遮光罩 light shield反射镜 reflector辅助前照灯 auxiliary headlamp组合前灯 combination headlamp灯泡 bulb雾灯 fog 1amp牌照灯 license plate lamp壁灯 bracket lamp顶灯 ceiling lamp阅读灯 reading lamp踏步灯step lamp仪表灯instrument panel lamp工作灯 portable lamp防空灯 black-out lamp远光 high beam近光lower beam对称光 symmetrical beam非对称光 asymmetrical beam眩光 dazzle, glare前小灯 side light尾灯 tail lamp倒车灯 back-up lamp制动灯stop lamp转向信号灯 turn signal lamp组合后灯combination tail lamp停车灯parking lamp示廓灯 marker lamp示宽灯 width lamp示高灯 height lamp危险报警闪光灯hazard warning lamp转向指示灯turn light indicator电容式闪光器．capacitor type flasher热丝式闪光器 hot wire type flasher晶体管闪光器 transistor flasher危险报警闪光器 hazard warning flasher闪光额率 flash rate起动时间 starting time电控气喇叭electronically controlled air horn晶体管电喇叭、电子电喇叭 transistor horn扬声筒 horn projector膜片diaphragm共鸣板 resonant disc喇叭继电器 born relay倒车报警器 back-up buzzer蜂鸣器 buzzer仪表板总成 instrument panel assembly车速里程表 speedometer磁感应式车速里程表 magnetic inductive speedometer电子车速里程表 electronic speedometer转速表 tachometer油压表 oil pressure gauge电磁式油压表指示器electromagnetic oil pressure indicator 电流表 ammeter电压表 voltmeter软轴 flexible shaft组合仪表 combination instrument气压表air pressure gauge可变电阻式油压表传感器variable resistance oil pressure sensor 机油油量报警传感器oil level warning sensor压力报警传感器pressure warning sensor空气滤清器堵塞报警传感器air-filter clog warning sensor温度表 temperature gauge双金属式温度表指示器bimetallic temperature indicator电磁式温度表指示器 electromagnetic temperature indicator 热敏电阻式温度表传感器thermistor temperature sensor温度报警传感器燃油表temperature warning sensor gauge行驶记录表 tachograph点火开关ignition switch车灯开关 lighting switch制动灯开关stop lamp switch手制动灯开关 hand brake indicator switch变光开关 dimmer switch转向灯开关turn signal switch倒车灯开关back-up lamp switch停车灯开关 parking 1amp switch仪表灯开关instrument lamp switch门灯开关door lamp switch阅读灯开关reading 1amp switch刮水器开关 wiper switch暖风开关heater switch雾灯开关 fog lamp switch插座 socket拖车插座trailer cable socket柱式插座pine socket插接器 connector电线束 wiring harness电路断电器 circuit breaker熔断丝fuseEV= electric vehicle 电动车B hybrid drive 混合动力装置G generator 发电机1 motor 电动机2 inverter 变换器3 battery subsystem 蓄电池子系统battery pack 蓄电池组(包, 堆)4 vehicle subsystem 车辆子系统5 system controller 系统控制器6 electric power steering 电动助力转向8 internal-combustion engine 内燃机9 electric drive 电力驱动装置10power shift transmission 动力换档变速器integrated AC motor and automatic transaxle集成式交流电动机和自动变速驱动桥THS Toyota Hybrid System 丰田混合动力系统operating condition 工作情况1 gasoline engine 汽油发动机2 clutch 离合器3 generator 发电机4 drive sprocket 主动链轮B1 series arrangement 串联布置B2, B3 parallel arrangement 并联布置5 power split device 动力分解(离)装置planetary gears 行星齿轮机构6 ring gear 齿圈8 sun gear 大阳轮(发电机)10 chain 链条11 driven sprocket 从动链轮12 final drive 主减速器13 differential 差速器14 reduction gear 减速齿轮15 inverter 反电压逆变器16 battery 蓄电池17 reduction gears 减速机构18 transmission 变速器board information terminal 仪表板信息终端[中心]1 operator 操作盘2 central display 中央显示器3 to the drive train 至驱动系统4 CAN bus=controller area network bus信息控制器区域网络总线11 OBD on-board diagnostic 车载诊断装置14 RDS-TMC 无线电交通信息频道RDS=radio data system 无线电数据系统TMC=traffic message channel 交通信息频道INFO=information 信息FM= frequency modulation 调频CD=compact disk 光盘AM=amplitude modulation 调幅TP=teleprinter 电传打字机SCP=standard corporate protocol 标准共用协议（美国 SAE J1850） modules on the SCP MCN 标准共用协议多路通信网络中的模块MCN=multiplex communication module 多路通信网络1 next generation speed control module 下一阶段车速控制模块2 PCM＝power train control module 动力控制模块3 ABS/TCS module 防抱死制动系统/牵引力控制模块4 IC module=instrument cluster module 组会仪表模块5 MC module= message center module 信息中心模块6 DLC data link connector 数据传输线插接器7 FEM =front electronics module 前电子模块8 RKE module=remote keyless entry module 遥控门锁模块DDM = driver door module 驾驶员门锁模块9 REM =rear electronics module 后电子模块AB air bag安全气囊ABS anti-lock brake system 防抱死制动系统AC alternating current 交流电air conditioner 空调器automobile club汽车俱乐部ADL automatic door lock 自动门锁AEC automobile emission control 汽车排放控制AIAE American institute of automobile engineers美国汽车工程师协会A/M automatic/manual自动/手动AMT automatic mechanical transmission机械式自动变速器APC automatic performance control爆震自动控制系统ASC anti-slip control驱动防滑控制系统AT automatic transmission 自动变速器ATA anti-thief alarm防盗报警ATC automatic temperature control自动温度控制ATS anti-thief system防盗系统AWD all-wheel drive 全轮驱动AWS all-wheel steering 全轮转向BWI body in white 白车身CAD computer-aided design计算机辅助设计CAM computer-aided management计算机辅助设计CAE computer-aided engineering 计算机辅助工程CAN controller area network 控制器区域网络CCS cruise control system 巡航控制系统CNG compressed natural gas压缩天然气CIMS computer-integrated manufacturing system计算机集成制造系统CVT continuously variable transmission 无级变速器CR-V comfortable recreational vehicle (本田)舒适休闲车DC drag coefficient 风阻系数digital control 数字控制direct current 直流电DCI direct cylinder injection 直接喷入汽缸DCS deceleration control system 减速控制系统DEFI digital electronic fuel injection 数字式电子控制燃油喷射DFI digital fuel injection 数字式燃油喷射Direct fuel injection 直接燃油喷射DCM diagnostic control mode诊断控制模块DI direct injection 直接喷射DI diesel engine 直喷式柴油发动机DI gasoline engine 直喷式汽油发动机DOHC double overhead camshaft 双顶置凸轮轴DPB dual power brake 双回路助力制动DTC diagnostic trouble code 诊断故障码EAT electronic automatic transmission 电控自动变速器EAS electronic (control) air suspension电子控制空气悬架EBS electronic brake system 电子制动系EBTC electronic brake and traction control 制动和牵引力电子控制ECD electronic control diesel 电子控制柴油机ECI electronic control injection电子控制喷射ECI-turbo electronic control injection turbo电子控制燃油喷射涡轮增压发动机ECS Engine Control System 发动机控制系统Electronic control suspension电子控制悬架Electronic Control System 电子控制系统ECU electronic control unit 电子控制模块EFI electronic fuel injection 电子控制燃油喷射EGR exhaust-gas recirculation 废气再循环EHPS electronic hydrostatic power steering 电子液压蛀力转向EHV electric and hybrid vehicle 电动和混合动力汽车ECVT eletro-continuously variable (belt) transmission电子控制（带式）无级变速器EGI electronic gasoline injection 电子汽油喷射EPI electronic petrol injection 电子汽油喷射ESC electronic spark control 电子点火控制electric suspension control system电子控制悬架电子控制悬架ESP electronic stability program电子稳定程序ESCS electronic suspension control system 电子悬架控制系统ETC electronic traction control 电子牵引力控制装置ETS exhaust-gas-turbo-supercharger 废气涡轮增压器Euro 2 欧洲第二阶段排放限制标准EEC European economic community 欧共体ETCC European touring car championship 欧洲房（旅游、高性能）车锦标赛F1 Formula 1 一级方程式（汽车赛）FES Federal emission standard (美)联邦排放标准FF front front（发动机）前置前驱动FMS flexible manufacturing system 柔性制造系统FR front rear（发动机）前置后驱动FWD four wheel drive 四轮驱动Front wheel drive前轮驱动FWS four-wheel steering 四轮转向GT grand touring(轿车分类)高性能类，房车类，旅游类GTCC German touring car championship 德国房车冠军赛GPS global positioning system 全球卫星定位系统HTV hybrid test vehicle 混合动力试验车HUD head up display 抬头显示，前窗玻璃映像显示HV hybrid vehicle 混合动力车HC hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物ICE internal combustion engine 内燃机ICS intercooler system中冷系统IDI indirect fuel injection 间接燃油喷射IEEE institute of electrical and electronics engineers（美）电气与电子工程师学会IFS independent front suspension 前轮独立悬架INFLATABLE RESTRAINT （仪表板字符）安全气囊指示灯ISO international standard organization 国际标准化组织LAN local area network 局域网LCD liquid crystal display 液晶显示LNG liquefied natural gas 液化天然气LPG liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气LMG liquefied mathane gas液化甲烷气MAN manual 手动的MT manual transmission手动变速器MIL malfunction indicator lamp 故障指示灯MPFI multi port fuel injection 多点燃油喷射MPI multi point injection 多点喷射MPV multipurpose vehicle多用途车NCAP new car assessment program 新型汽车鉴定程序NG netural gas 天然气NOX nitrogen oxide 氮氧化和物OBD system on-board diagnostic system 车载诊断装置PCV positive crankcase ventilation 曲轴箱强制通风PS power steering 动力转向PUC pickup car 客货两用小汽车，皮卡PU foam polyurethane foam 聚氨酯泡沫塑料PVC polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯RC engine rotary combustion engine 转子发动机RR rear rear（发动机）后置后驱动RV recreational vehicle 休闲车RWD rear-wheel drive 后轮驱动SAE society of automotive engineers,Inc. （美）汽车工程师学会SAMT semi-automatic transmission 半自动机械式变速器SFI sequential fuel injection顺序式燃油喷射SEPFI sequential electronic port fuel injection顺序电子燃油喷射SLV sport luxury vehicle 运动型豪华多用途车SLS sport luxury sedan 运动型豪华轿车ST sport touring car 运动型旅行车SUV sport utility vehicle 运动型多用途车SRD spin resistant differential 防滑差速器SRS supplemental restraint system 辅助约束装置（又称安全气囊）SRT street racing technology 公路赛车技术TBI throttle body fuel injection 节气门体燃油喷射TC technical center 技术中心Traffic control交通控制Turbo charger涡轮增压器Turbocharged coupe涡轮增压双门跑车TCC transaxle converter clutch 变矩器离合器，变速驱动桥TCCS Toyota computer controlled system 丰田计算机控制系统TCS traction control system 牵引力控制系统TD turbo diesel 涡轮增压柴油机TDI turbo-DI涡轮增压柴油机TFT thin film transistor 薄膜液晶管TUV Toyota universal vehicle 丰田多用途车T-VIS Toyota variable induction system丰田可变进气系统TWC three-way catalyst三元催化转换器TWD two-wheel drive两轮驱动UTCS urban traffic control system 城市公交管理系统VSC vehicle speed control 车辆速度控制vehicle stability control 车辆稳定控制装置VTSS vehicle theft security system 车辆防盗安全系统VIVT variable inlet-valve timing 可变进气门正时V-TCS viscous traction control system 粘性牵引力控制系统1 shielded(screened) conductor 屏蔽导线2 switch position 开关位置3 manual actuation 人工动作4 actuation by follower 随动装置作动5 thermal actuation 热传动6 general actuation 一般作动mechanical actuation 机械作动pneumatic actuation 气压作动hydraulic actuation 液压传动7 piston actuation 活塞作动8 actuation by rotation speed n 转速n作动9 actuation by pressure p 压力p作动10 actuation by quantity Q 流量Q作动11 actuation by time t 时间t作动12 actuation by temperature t°温度t作动13 not intrinsic variability and adjustability非固有可变性和可调性14 momentary switch 瞬时开关14a break contact 断点开关14b make contact 闭合触点15 detent switch 棘爪开关not automatic return 非自动返回16 change over switch 转接（换向）开关17 two-way switch 双向（位）开关18 switch with ganged make and break contacts联动通断开关double-make contact switch 双节点开关19 multiple-position switch 多位开关20 cam-operated switch 凸轮驱动开关NC contact=normally closed contact 常闭触点 contact-breaker points 接触断路器触点21 thermostatic switch, thermo-switch热敏(动)开关22 actuation with one winding 单绕组作动23 actuation with two winding双绕组作动24 electrothermal actuator of thermal relay热继电(动)器25 electromagnetic actuator 电磁作动器26 potentiometer 电位计27 heating resistor 热电阻器glow plug 电热塞flame plug 火焰塞heated window 电热窗28 permanent magnet 永磁铁29a general indicating instrument 普通指示仪表 29b voltmeter 电压表29c clock 时钟30a rotation-speed indicator 转速表30b temperature indicator 温度表30c linear-speed indication 线速度指示器31 shielded device有屏蔽装置32a ECU=electronic control unit 电子控制模块 32b electronic control regulator 电子调节器33socket 插座female contact 孔接触34 light 灯光headlamp 前照灯35 horn 喇叭fanfare horn 高音喇叭36 heated rear window defroster电热式后窗除霜器37 general switch 普通开关38 general switch with indicator lamp带指示灯普通开关39 pressure switch 压力开关40 general relay 普通继电器41 solenoid valve 电磁阀42 thermotime switch 热敏定时开关43 rotary actuator 旋转执行器44 pressure control valve 压力控制阀45 temperature switch 温度开关temperature sensor 温度传感器46 idle actuator 怠速执行器47 spark plug 火花塞48 ignition coil 点火线圈49 single-spark ignition coil 单火花点火线圈50 general ignition distribution普通点火分电器51 voltage regulator 电压调节器52 alternator with regulation带调节的交流发电机53 starter with solenoid带电磁开关的起动机54 electric fuel pump 电动燃油泵55 wiper motor 刮水器电动机56 car radio 汽车无线电57 car antenna 汽车天线58 speaker扬声器59 voltage stabilizer 稳压器60 inductive sensor 电感传感器61 turn–signal sensor转向信号闪光器62 plezoelectric sensor 压电传感器63 lumbda oxygen sensor 氧传感器，λ传感器64 air flow sensor 空气流量计65 air-mass meter 空气质星流星计66 flow-quantity sensor 流量传感器67 rotational-speed sensor 转速传感器68 needle-movement sensor 针阀运动传感器EBD(Electric Brake force Distribution)-电子制动力分配ESP (Electronic Stability Program)--电子稳定程序Telligent Lane Assist (车道辅助系统)Telligent Proximity Control （动态速度控制系统）Telligent Stability Control (稳定控制系统)cab 商用汽车驾驶室cabin 驾驶室deflector 导流罩cab deflector shield 驾驶室导流板cab fairing 驾驶室整流罩cab floor 驾驶室地板cab mounting 驾驶室悬置cab air suspension 商用汽车驾驶室空气悬挂cab alongside engine （ CAE ）侧置驾驶室cab behind engine 长头驾驶室(CBE)cab heater 驾驶室加热器cab over engine 平头驾驶室(COE)产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚，深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers.畅销全球selling well all over the world典雅大方elegant and graceful定型耐久 durable modeling方便顾客making things convenient for customers顾客第一 Customers first深受顾客欢迎We have won praise from customers; to win warm praise from customers.深受国内外客户的信赖和称誉to win a high admiration and is widely trusted at home and abroad.深受消费者的欢迎和好评to be highly praised and appreciated by the consuming public质量第一，用户至上quality first, consumers first采用先进技术和工艺to adopt advanced technology采用最新设备和工艺with the most up-to-date equipment and techniques操作简便easy and simple to handle维修简易easy to repair性能可靠 dependable performance性能可靠 reliable performance最新工艺 latest technology科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。
汽车发动机专业英语讲义
目录UNIT ONE Types of Automobiles (1)Unit Two Engine Operating Principles (5)UNIT THREE Engine Construction (9)UNIT FOUR Engine Classification (13)UNIT FIVE Connecting Rods and Crankshaft (16)UNIT SIX Vlave Gear (19)UNIT SEVEN Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine (24)Unit Eight Carburetor and Electric Fuel Pump (28)UNIT NINE Diesel Engine Fuel System (33)UNIT TEN Engine Speed Governing (36)UNIT ELEVEN Emission Control Systems (39)汽车专业词汇 (42)UNIT ONE Types of Automobiles一、、New Wordsautomobile 〈美〉小客车，汽车tremendously 惊人（可怕）的，非常crore （印英）一千万allied 有关的，相近的construction 建筑，结构，构造automotive 汽车的，自行的vehicle 车辆，运输车辆experienced 有（实践）经验的，熟练的diagnose 诊（判）断，确定，断定trouble 故障，事故；扰乱，损坏component 部（元，组，零，构）件，部分 transmission 变速器，变速箱，传动系differential 差（动，速），差分（动）器suspension 悬架，悬架装置airconditioner 空气调节器，空调装置classification 分类，分级articulated 铰接的，有活节的conventional 惯例的，常规的，传统的majority 多数，大多数，半数以上passage 通过，经过，推移arrangement 布置，排列，分布digital 数字的，计数的，指状的denote 指示，表示，意味着mechanism 机构，机械，机械结构connection 连接，接合，接头cabin 驾驶室，客舱retractable 可收回的，可缩进的automatically 自动的，自然而然的abnormal 反常的，不正常的tyre 轮胎，车胎；装轮胎在…上introduction 引进，传入，采用adhesion 粘着，附着，附着力scooter 低座小摩托车，小型摩托车transport 运输，运输工具minibus 小型公共汽车（四座四人）accumulator 蓄电池，储压器crane 起重机，吊车；用起重机搬运wheeler 有轮车，有…轮的东西motion 运动，移动reciprocate 往复运动，前后转动，来回pneumatic 气动的，风动的，空气推动的convertible可改变的，可变换的二、Phrases and Expressionsall over the world 全世界manufacturing process 生产流程，制造过程lawn mover 剪草器，割草机snow remover 扫雪车saturation point 饱和点single-unit vehicle 整体式车身车辆，承载式车辆arrange for 安排，准备on the other hand 另一方面with respect to 关于，就…而论，根据be classified as 分成…类delivery van 厢式送货车三、TEXTTypes of AutomobilesThe automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work.There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles.(1)The single-unit vehicles or load carriers.(2)Articulated vehicles.(3)The heavy tractor vehicles.Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements.In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels.A lower powered three-wheeler with a single steering wheel in front and a conventional rear driving axle is an example of articulated vehicles. It has a greater handing ability in awkward places. It can be turned about its own tail due to the three-wheel construction. The coupling mechanism between semi-tailer and tractor in most ofthese vehicles is arranged for automatic connection and coupling up necessitating only its reversing into the position. But for uncoupling operation, a lever is provided within the driver‟s cabin to reverse the whole process.A pair of retractable wheels in front are also provided. Along with the coupling or uncoupling operation, they can be raised or lowered automatically.To move heavy loads, heavy tractor or independent tractor vehicles commonly operate in pair either in tandem or as …puller‟ and …pusher‟. A special consideration is made in respect of the drive to the front wheels in all-wheel-drive vehicles. We know that the front wheels are to travel farther than the rear wheels on every band. The wind-up produced by this difference of travel over-stresses the transmission system. To avoid this a great necessity of some form of differential or its equivalent has been felt to provide it the front and rear drives. It has been seen that if the conditions are not very abnormal, sufficient amount of tyre slip taking place under running conditions would release these stresses completely.An all-wheel drive is better than the introduction of differentials between the various axles. It provides adhesion under the worst possible conditions. On the other hand, the drive to all the other axles is liable to be lost if any one axle or group of axles loses adhesion.Types of automobiles. There are numerous types of automobile found in different parts of the world. With respect to different purposes, the various types of automobiles are classified as under:Ⅰ. With respect to the use:(a)Auto-cycles and Moppets. (b) Scooters and Motor cycles. (c) Cars, Station Wagons and Pick-ups. (d) Lorries(Buses) and Trucks. (e) Tractors.Ⅱ. With respect to capacity:(a)H eavy Transport Vehicle or Heavy Motor Vehicles: Tata , Leyland. (b) Light Transport Vehicles, or Light Motor Vehicles(Cars, Jeeps, Scooter/Motor cycles). (c) Medium Vehicles: Tempo, Minibus, Station Wagon.Ⅲ. With respect to the fuel used:(a)Petrol Vehicles: Cars, Scooters, Motor Cycles. (b) Diesel Vehicles: Tata, Leyland Vehicles, Mercedes Car. (c) Gas Vehicles: Coal-gas, Gas Turbine or Producer-Vehicles. (d) Electric Vehicles-using electric storage batteries or accumulators to drive electric motors attached to the front or rear wheels, e.g. Heavy cranes. (e) Steam Vehicles-It is now obsolete.Ⅳ. With respect to the make:(a)Leyland, Tata. (b) Ambassador, Fiat(Premier-President), Standard, Herald etc.(c) Vespa/Bajaj, Raj, Hans, Rajdoot, Royal Enfield, Vijay Delux, Vijay Kesari, Priya.Ⅴ. With respect to wheels and axles:(a)T wo Wheelers: Motor Cycles/Scooters. (b) Three wheelers: Tempos, Auto Rickshaws. (c) Four Wheels: Cars, Jeeps, Buses, Trucks(6 Tyres)etc. Buses and Trucks have six tyres out of which four are carried on the rear wheels for additional traction. (d) Axle 6 wheelers (10 tyres) Vehicles: Shaktiman, Dodge.Ⅵ. With respect to the drive:(a)Left hand drive-most of the American vehicles.(b)Right hand drive-most of the Indian vehicile.(c)Fluid drive-Vehicles using Fluid Coupling Engine and Transmission.(d)Front wheel drive-volks Wagon, Skoda, Austin.(e)Rear wheel drive-most of the Indian vehicles.(f)All wheel drive-Jeep 4×4.Ⅶ. With respect to motion: (a) Reciprocating-piston Engines. (b) Rotary-wankel Engine, Gas Turbine.Ⅷ. With respect to the suspension: (a) Conventional-Leaf Spring. (b) Independent-Coil, Torsion bar, Pneumatic.Ⅸ. With respect to the body and number of doors: (a) Sedan-Two doors, four doors. (b) Convertible-Jeep.(c) Station Wagon. (d) Delivery Van.Ⅹ. With respect to transmission:(a)Conventional-Most of Indian vehicles.(b)Semi-automatic-Modern British vehicles.(c)Automatic-American Vehicles.Unit Two Engine Operating Principles一、New Wordsinternal 内部的combustion 燃烧，焚烧reciprocating 往复移动stratified 重叠式的cylider 气缸，液压缸iron 铁，铁制品aluminum 铝，铝制品casting 铸造passage 通道inline 直线的，一列的，排成列的attach 连接pin 轴销wristpin 轴颈transmit 转换成，传动，传输mount 安装，固定，装配bearing 轴承，支承面crankshaft 曲轴diameter直径bore内径displacement 排气量，气缸工作容积specification 参数stroke 行程，冲程intake 进气compression 压缩power 作功exhaust 排气valve 阀门，气门overlap 进气们和排气们同时打开的时间inlet 进气，进气口，引入t.d.c. 上止点b.d.t. 下止点throttle 节气门ignite 点火spark 火花，电火花，闪光gap 间隙，空隙，火花塞间隙combine 混合，联合incline 倾斜，下降apart 相隔，分开version 形式，方案，版本horizontally 水平地，平卧地oppose 相对二、Phrases and Expressionsbuild upon 把……寄托于……，依赖于……water jacket 水套cylinder block 气缸体combustion chamber 燃烧室oil pan(oil sump) 油底壳，油盆rotation motion 旋转运动connecting rod 连杆spark plug 火花塞push out 排出up and down 上下depend on 取决于，依赖in honor of 向……表示敬意compression ratio 压缩比be forced down 被压下either…or…既……又……the more…the more 越……越……三、TEXTEngine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile engines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary (Wankel), the 2-stroke,and the stratified charge.Reciprocating means “up and down” or “back and forth”. It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder that produces power in a reciprocating engine. Almost all engines of this type are built upon a cylinder block, or engine block. The block is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passages called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head, which forms the combustion chamber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changedinto rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion. The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig.1-1.The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term “stroke” is used to describe the movement of the piston within the cylinder, aswell as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer , Dr.Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake ,compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through the open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10o before t.d.c., giving 20o overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50o after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa,depending on various factorsincluding the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa,and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhaust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50o before b.d.c. , allowingthe pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce …back‟ pressure on the piston during the exhaust, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke. The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke.This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeated in every cylinder as long as the engine remains running.A “2-stroke”engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle. However ,the intake and the compression actions are combined in one stroke ,and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term 2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle,which is really not accurate.In automobile engines ,all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has ,the more power strokes produced for each revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly because the power strikes are closer together in tin\me and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines are arranged in one of three ways.1)Inline engines use a single block of cylinder . Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined to either side.2)V-type engines use two equal banks of cylinders , usually inclined 60 degrees or 90 degrees from the each other . Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders , although V-12 engines have been built.3)Horizontally opposed or “pancake”engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180 degrees apart . These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled , and are found in theChevrolet Carvair , Porsches , Subaus , and V olkswagens . Subaus‟ design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VW horizontally Opposed engine.UNIT THREE Engine Construction一、New Wordsengine 发动机complicated 复杂的contain 包含，容纳aluminum 铝surround 围绕,包围pour 浇注,浇铸mole 模子,模具cool 冷却remove 除去rough 粗糙的machine 加工difference 区别pressure 压力relatively 相对地,比较地conduct 引导,传导rapidly 迅速地soft 软的wear 磨损alloy 合金silicon 硅particle 粒子manufacturer 制造厂家sleeve 套管,衬套hone 磨,用磨石磨etch 侵蚀,腐蚀slide 滑动minimum 最小的maximum 最大的convert 转换forge 锻造cylindrical 园柱的hollow 空的groove 凹槽perimeter 周围,周边snug 紧帖的,紧身的ensure 保证,确保require 需要,要求clearance 缝隙,间隙mixture 混合物,混合气compress 压缩forged 锻造的crankpin 曲柄销attach 安装,装上,附上assemble 装配stamp 盖印,打印于prevent 防止,避免switch 切换,转换unbalance 失衡unwanted 不需要的vibration 振动damage 损害member 构件,部件heat-treated 热处理的reciprocate 往复运动bend 弯曲二、Phrases and ExpressionsGray iron 灰铁cylinder liner 气缸衬套cast iron 铸铁intake stroke 吸气行程water jacket 水套power stroke 作功行程sand form 沙模load with 掺入,加入molten metal 金属溶液treat with 为……涂上保护层break up 拆除,打碎be made of 由……制成的cylinder-block casting 气缸铸件diesel engine 柴油机spark-ignition engine 汽油机exhausted system 排气系统high-strength steel 高强度钢Lock bolt 锁销back and forth 前后rod-bearing cap 连杆轴承盖三、TEXTCylinder BlockThe cylinder block is cast in one piece. Usually, this is the largest and the most complicated single piece of metal in the automobile.The cylinder block is a complicated casting made of gray iron (cast iron ) or aluminum. It contains the cylinders and the water jackets that surround them. To make the cylinder block, a sand form called a moldis made. Then molten metal is poured into the mold. When the metal has cooled the sand mold is broken up and removed. This leaves the rough cylinder-block casting. The casting is then cleaned and machined to make the finished block. Fig.2-1 shows the a finished cylinder block.Cylinder blocks for diesel engines are very similar to those for spark-ignition engines. The basic difference is that the diesel-engine cylinder block is heavier and stronger. This is because of the higher pressures developed in the diesel-engine cylinders.Several engines have aluminum cylinder blocks. Aluminum is a relatively light metal, weighing much less than cast iron. Also, aluminum conducts heat more rapidly than cast iron. This means there is less chance for hot spots to develop. However, aluminum is too soft to use as cylinder-wall material. It wears too rapidly. Therefore, aluminum cylinder blocks must have cast-iron cylinder liners or be cast from an aluminum alloy that has silicon particles in it.Some manufactures make an aluminum cylinder block that does not have cylinder liners, or sleeves. Instead, the aluminum is loaded with silicon particles. Silicon is a very hard material. After the cylinder block is cast, the cylinders are honed. Then they are treated with a chemical that etches eats away the surface aluminum. This leaves only the silicon particles exposed. The piston and rings slide on the silicon with minimum wear.PistonThe piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy that turns the crankshaft. The piston is a cylindrical shaped hollow part that moves up and down inside the engine‟s cylinder. It has grooves around its perimeter near the top where the rings are placed. The piston fits snugly in the cylinder. The pistons are used to ensure a snug “air tight” fit. See Fig.2-2.The piston in your engine‟s cylinder are similar to your legs when you ride a bicycle. Think of your legs as pistons; they go up and down on the pedals, providing power. Pedals are like the connecting rods; they are “attached” to your legs. The pedals are attached to the bicycle crank which is like the crank shaft, because it turn the wheels.To reverse this, the pistons (legs) are attached to the connecting rods (pedals) which are attached to the crankshaft (the bicycle rank). The power from the combustion in the cylinders powers the piston to push the connecting rods to turn the crankshaft.Connecting-rodThe connecting rod shown in Fig.2-2 is made of forged high-strength steel. It transmits force and motion from the piston to the crank-pin on the crankshaft. A steel piston pin, or “wrist pin”, connects the rod to the piston. The pin usually is pressed into the small end of the connecting-rod. Some rods have a lock bolt in the small end. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder, the pin rocks back and forth in the hole, or bore, in the piston.The big end of the connecting rod is attached to a crank-pin by a rod bearing cap.Connecting rod and rod-bearing caps are assembled during manufacture. Then the hole for the bearing is bored with the-cap in place. This is called line-boring. It makes each rod and its cap a matched set. Usually, the same number is stamped on the rod and cap. This prevents the caps setting mixed during engine services. If the caps are mixed, the bearing bore will not be round. An engine assembled with the rod-bearing caps switched will probably lock the crankshaft. If the crankshaft turns, the bearing will probably have improper clearance and early bearing failure will result.Another reason for keeping the cap and rod matched is to prevent engine unbalance and unwanted vibration. All connecting rods in an engine must be as light as possible. But they must all weigh the same. If one rod is heavier than the others, the engine will vibrate. This could damage the engine.CrankshaftThe crankshaft shown in Fig.2-3 is the main rotating member, or shaft, in the engine. It has crank-pins, to which the connecting rods from the pistons are attached. During the power strokes, the connecting rods force the crank-pins and therefore the crankshaft to rotate. The reciprocating motion of the pistons is changed to rotary motion as the crankshaft spins. This rotary motion is transmitted through the power train to the car wheels.The crankshaft is a strong, one-piece casting, or forging, of heat-treated alloy steel. It must be strong to take the downward force of the power strokes without excessive bending. It must be balanced so the engine will run without excessive vibration.UNIT FOUR Engine Classification 一、NEW WORDSComplete 完成，结束single-acting 单动的，单作用的develop 发展，发出，产生crankshaft 曲轴，曲柄轴vertical 垂直的，直立的upstroke （活塞）上行程downstroke （活塞）下行程complicated 复杂的，结构复杂的motorship 内燃机船，汽船crosshead 十字头，滑块horizontal 水平的，卧式的，地平的encircle 环绕，包围，围绕considerable 相当大（多）的crankpin 曲柄销，曲轴销manufacture 制造，加工，生产bank 一排，组，机组rigid 刚性的，刚硬的，不易弯的stiff 刚性的，坚硬的，非弹性的vary 变化，使多样化，改变rotate 旋转，转动，使旋转occupy 占有，占据，拥有blast 一阵，一股，气流medium 中间的，中等的，适中的二、PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFuel injection 燃油喷射divide into…分成…，分为…be based on…以…为基础，根据…piston stroke 活塞行程，冲程for short 简称，为简略起见(be) away from 离开…，远离，不在…处trunk-piston engine 筒状活塞式发动机by far 最…，…得多gas-burning engine 汽油机，可燃气体发动机cylinder-in-line 直列式气缸a sufficiently rigid frame 足够刚性的机架radial engine 径向式发动机，星形发动机as many as 多达…，达…之多the great majority of 大部分…，大多数…三、TEXTEngine ClassificationThe engines can be classified in the following several ways: (1) operating cycle, (2) piston action, (3) piston connection, (4) cylinder arrangement, (5) method of fuel injection, and (6) speed.Operating cycle. Diesel and gas-burning engines can be divided into two groups based on the number of piston strokes per cycle, either four or two. An engine which needs four strokes to complete one cycle is a four-stroke cycle engine or, for short, a four-cycle engine (Fig.3). If it needs only two strokes to complete a cycle, it is called a two-stroke cycle engine or, for short, a two-cycle engine. Thus, a two-cycle engine fires twics as often as a four-cycle engine.Piston action. An engine‟s piston action may be classified as (a) single-action, (b) double-action, (c)opposed-piston. Single-acting engines use only one end of the cylinder and one face of the piston to develop power. This working space is at the end away from the crankshaft, that is, at the upper end of a vertical engine.Double-acting engines use both ends of the cylinder and both faces of the piston to develop power on the upstroke as well as on the downstroke. The construction is complicated; therefore, double-acting engines are built only in large and comparatively low-speed units, generally to power motorships.An opposed-piston engine has cylinders in each of which two pistons travel in opposite directions. The combustion space is in the middle of the cylinder between the pistons. There are two crankshafts; the upper piston drive one, the lower pistons the other. Note that each piston is single-acting; that is, it develops power with only one face of the piston.Piston connection, the piston may be connected to the upper end of the connecting rod either directly (“trunk piston” type), or indirectly (“crosshead” type).In trunk-piston engines, a horizontal pin within the piston is encircled by the upper end of the connecting rod. This by far the most common construction.In crosshead-type engines, the piston fastens to a vertical piston rod whose lower end is attached to a sliding member called a “crosshead”, which slides up and down in guide. The crosshead carries a crosshead pin which is encircled by the upper end of the connecting rod. This more complicated construction is required in double-acting engines. It is also used in some large, slow-speed, single-acting engines.Cylinder arrangement (Fig.4). The four basic cylinder arrangements of a diesel or gas-burningengine are: (a) cylinder-in-line, (b) v-arrangement, (c)flat, and (d) radial.A cylinder-in-line arrangement. This is the simplest and most common arrangement, with all cylinders arranged vertically in line. This construction is used for engines having up to 12 cylinders. Engines are also built with horizontal cylinders, usually one or two, in a few cases with three cylinders.If an engine has more than eight cylinders, it becomes difficult to make a sufficiently rigid frame and crankshaft with an in-line arrangement. Also, the engine becomes quite long and takes up considerable space. The v-arrangement, with two connecting rods attached to each crankpin, permits reducing the engine length by almost one-half, thus making it much more rigid, with a stiff crankshaft. It also costs less to manufacture and install. This is a common arrangement for engines with eight, twelve, and sixteen cylinders. Cylinders lying in one line are called a “bank”, and the angle between the banks may vary, in manufacturing practice, from 30°to 120°, the most common angles being between 40°to 75°. (A complete circle is 360°).A flat engine is a v-engine with the angle between the banks increased to 180°. This arrangement is used where there is little headroom, as in trucks, buses, and rail cars. Flat engines are also called “opposed-cylinder” engines.In a radial engine all the cylinders are set in a circle and all point toward the center of the circle. The connecting rods of all the pistons work on a single crankpin, which rotates around the center of the circle. Such a radial engine occupies little floor space. By attaching the connecting rods to a master disk surrounding the crankpin, as many as twelve cylinders have been made to work on a single crankpin.Method of fuel injection. Diesel engines are divided into air-injection engines and solid or mechanical injection engines. Air-injection engines use a blast of highly compressed air to blow the fuel into the cylinder. Air injection was commonly used on early diesel engines but with the development of solid-injection systems the air-injection engine is rapidly disappearing.Speed. All diesel and gas-burning engines may be divided into three classes according to speed; low-speed, medium-speed, and high-speed engines. Automotive diesel engines often run faster than 1200 rpm, but the great majority of other engines run between 350 and 1200 rpm and are termed medium-speed engines.UNIT FIVE Connecting Rods and Crankshaft 一、NEW WORDSinertia 惯性，惯量，惰性adequately 足够地，充分地，相当地fabricate 制造，建造，生产quality 性质，品质，质量gudgeon 轴头，耳轴，轴柱respectively 各自地，分别地shank （柱等的）杆，身，体blade 叶片，刀身，扁平部分rigidity 刚性，刚度，稳定性maximum 最大量，最大限度；最多的minimum 最小量，最小限度；最少的bronze 青铜，古铜，青铜制品interference 干扰，干涉，过盈integral 整体的，总体的，组合的machine 加工，机械切削，机械制造interchange 交换，互换，交替misplace 错放，误放，放错位置identify 认出，辨别，确定join 连接，接合，联合tighten 上（拉，拧）紧，使变紧torque 转矩，扭矩cotter 栓，开尾销；用销（栓）固定house 给…装外罩，安装，装有shift 转变，替换，换档endwise 末端向前地，末端朝上地nestle 座落，使紧贴，挨靠squirt 喷射，喷出diagonally 对角地，斜断面地secure 紧闭，紧固，固定setscrew 定位螺钉，制动螺丝serrated 锯齿状的，细齿的joint 接头，接缝，接合处abutting 邻近的，相邻的thrust 推力，侧向压力，轴向力periodic 周期的，定期的，断续的impurities 不纯，杂质，混杂物dowel 定位销，键；用销钉连接二、PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSarise from 由于…而产生，起因于be subjected to 受到，经受，承受in the form of 以（用，取）…的形状（式）at right angle to 和…垂直，与…成直角tab washer 带耳的止动垫圈change…into…把…变成…drive line 动力传动机构，驱动系统torsional strains 扭转应变consist of 由…组成，包括main bearing journals 主轴颈轴承，主滑动轴承counterbalance weight 平衡重，配重crank webs 曲柄臂centrifugal oil cleaner 离心式机油滤清器labyrinth-type seal 迷宫式密封Archimedean screw pump principle 阿基米德螺旋泵原理三、TEXTConnecting Rods and CrankshaftThe connecting rods link the pistons with the crankshaft and transmit to it the loads arising from the combustion gas pressure taken by the pistons. In operation, the connecting rod is subjected to both gas pressure and inertia loads, and therefore, it must be adequately strong and rigid and light in weight as well. Connecting rods are generally fabricated from a high quality steel in the form of a bar with ring-shaped heads at its ends, the heads being known as the connecting rod big end and small end and serving to attach the rod to the crankpin and the gudgeon pin of the piston, respectively.Shank, or blade, 3 of the connecting rod is provided with an I-cross section to give the rod maximum rigidity with the minimum of weight. The small end of the connecting rod is made in the form of a continuous eye into which bronze bush 2 is pressed so as to provide an interference fit, whereas the big end of the rod is split into two halves with the upper half integral with the rod shank and the lower half in the form of detachable cap 6 (Fig.6).The bore in the big end of the connecting rod is machines after the cap is assembled on the rod. Therefore, the rod caps must not be interchanged. To avoid misplacing the rod caps during assembly, the connecting rods and their mating caps are marked on one side with serial numbers, starting with the first rod from the rediator, to identify their location in the engine.Both halves in the big end of the connecting rod are joined by means of special high-strength bolts 10 and nuts. The nuts on the connecting rod bolts are tightened with a torgue indicating wrench and then cottered. The big end of the connecting rod houses a sliding contact bearing comprising two half-liners, or inserts 5. The half-liners are kept from shifting endwise of rotating by locating lugs, or locking lips, 9 that nestle in special slots provided in the housing on one side of the rod. The big end of the connecting rod of automobile engines features a hole through which oil is squirted onto the cylinder walls.。
专业英语教案、讲义
专业英语阅读教案土木建筑工程学院主讲：杜佳2007——2008学年度第二学期第一章CHAPTER FOUR: GARDEN CITY VS. URBAN VILLAGE&NEW URBANISMARTICLE: Garden City一：首先向同学们大略介绍田园城市理论的背景，创始人及其理论主要内容，对现代城市规划的深远意义，使学生对要面临的英文阅读材料有一个大致的背景认识和了解二：对文章正文进行正式阅读，将其拆分为段落进行讲授，该过程中，注意与学生的互动，在每一小段落首先进行词汇学习，让学生自己先阅读，老师再进行讲解和翻译。
过程中，一方面注重强化学生对英语词汇的学习语法语句的掌握，另一方面注重专业知识的学习、理解和掌握。
原文：In 1898, social reformer（改革家，改革运动者）Ebenezer Howard promulgated （发布、公布、传播） a scheme（安排、计划） to build new towns rather than（胜于）add population to the already（已经） large cities, called the garden city plan.译文：（本段讲述了田园城市的背景）在1898年，社会改革运动者埃比尼泽霍华德发布了一个建设新镇的计划，（这个计划）胜于在已经巨大的城市再增加人口，这个计划被称作田园城市计划。
原文：Garden cities were to be small, thoroughly（完全的） planned towns, each（各自、每个） encircled （环绕、包围）by an inalienable（不能剥夺的） rural（乡下的、田园的） estate（不动产、财产） and interconnected（使互相连接） by a rapid transit（高速交通） system of electric（电气的） railways（铁路）.译文：（本段讲述了田园城市的构想）田园城市是小型的，完全根据计划的城镇，它们各自被永久的农业带（田地）给包围起来，电气铁路的高速交通系统将它们彼此间联系起来。
生物专业英语讲义(研究生教材)
1. Names of Chemical Element Symbols Commonly Used:H Hydrogen B Boron Be BerylliumC Carbon N Nitrogen 0 OxygenF Fluorine Na Sodium Mg Magnesium Al Altimin(i) Si Silicon P Phosphorus S Sulphur (=sulfur) Cl Chlorine K Potassium Ca Calcium Cr Chromium Mn Manganese Fe Iron C Cobalt Ni NickelCu Copper Zn Zinc As Arsenic Se Selenium Me Molybdenmn Ag SilverCd Cadmium Au Gold Hg Mercury Pb Lead2, Mathematical symbols Commonly Used:a2 a square or squaredb3 b cube or b cubedc4 c (raised) to the fourth (power)f-l f to the minus one0.4 zero (or nought) point four0.01 point (or decimal) nought one10.34 ten point three fourHow to Write a Report or Paper (I)I. AbstractThe abstract is actually the first section of a report or paper, coming after the title and before the introduction. The abstract provides the reader with a brief preview of your study based on information from the other sections of the report or paper.Abstracts from almost all fields of study are written in a very similar way. The types of information included and their order are very conventional. The box that follows shows the typical information format of an abstract.ORDER OF TYPICAL ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN AN ABSTRACTB = background informationP --principal activity (or purpose) of the study and its scopeM = methodology used in the studyR--- results of the studyC = conclusion or recommendationExample 1COMPOSING LETTERS WITH A SIMULATED LISTENING TYPEWITERABSTRACT With a listening typewriter, what an author says would be automatically recognized and displayed in front of him or her. However, speech recognition is not yet advanced enough to provide people with a reliable listening typewriter.B An aim of our experiments was to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. P Participants dictated letters, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. They did this with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or art unlimited vocabulary. M Results indicated that some versions, even upon first using them, were at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating.R Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.cR=results C=conclusions and recommendation*(optional)Abstracts are usually written to be as brief and concise as possible. For journal articles the editor often establishes a word limit for the abstract that authors can not exceed. In order to shorten an abstract to satisfy such limitations, you can eliminate or combine much of the information shown in the previous box.The reduced abstract typically focuses on only two or three elements, with the emphasis placed on the results of the study. Information concerning the purpose and method is presented first (background information is not included). Then the most important results are summarized. Finally, conclusions and recommendations may be included in one or two sentences.ORDER OF INFORMATION ELEMENTSIN REDUCED ABSTRACTSP+ M= purpose and method of the studyR = resultsC = conclusions and recormnendationRead the following reduced abstract from a report in the field of botany dealing with the toxicity of heavy metals on root tips of plants.Example2EVALUATION OF METAL ION TOXICITY ON ROOT TIP CELLS BY THE ALLIUM TEST. ABSTRACT The effects of different concentration of eleven different metals (aluminum chloride, chromium nitrate and potassium dichromate, lead nitrate, copper sulfate, manganoussulfate, cobaltous nitrate, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, nickel sulfate,cadmium chloride, andmercuric chloride) on cell division and nucleoli in root tip cells of Atlium cepaThe results showed that the metal ions could, in varying degrees, cause chromosome, nucleus,and nucleolus irregularities, including c-mitosis, chromosome bridges, chromosome stickiness,irregularly shaped nuclei and micronuclei, irregularly shaped nucleoli, some silver-staining reaction at theThe verb tenses used in writing sentences in the abstract are directly related to those you used in the corresponding sections earlier in your reportABSTRACT: Verb TensesB Background information( present tense)Example: The mutant chloronerva of Lycopersicon Mill. is the only known plant mutation that leads to a complete loss of the endogenous iron chelator nicotianamine.P Principal activity(past tense/present perfect tense)Example: In this study the toxicity of lead on cell division in root tip cells of maize was investigated.Example: Net energy analyses have been carried out for eight trajectories which convert energy source into heated domestic water.M Methodology(past tense)Example: The electron microscopic energy loss technique of energy spectroscopic imaging (ESI.) was used to localize the iron accumulated in the organs of wild-type and mutant plants.R Results(past tense)Example: The results indicated that AI3+ obviously inhibited the root growth of garlic at 10-3 M Al.C Conclusions (present tense/tentative verbs/modal auxiliaries)Example: The Allium test may be useful for the rapid screening of chemicals involved in environmental problems.II, IntroductionThe introduction serves as an orientation for readers of the report or paper, giving them the perspective they need to understand the detailed information coming in later sections.The introduction can be divided into five parts, or stages. In Stage I, the author establishes a context，or frame of reference, to help readers understand how the research fits into a wider field of the study.In order to better understand the function of Stage I, let us begin by briefly looking at all five stages of an introduction.Example 3USING MICROCOMPUTERS IN TEACHINGDuring the past 40 years, the United States has experienced the integration of the computer into society. Progress has been made to the point that small, inexpensive computers with expanded capabilities are available for innumerable uses. Many schools have purchased and are purchasing microcomputers for infusion into their directed learning programs (Stage I).Most individuals seem to agree that the microcomputer will continue to hold an important role in education. Gubser (1980) and Hinton (1980) suggested phenomenal increases in the numbers of computers both in the school and the home in the near future. Schmidt (1982) identified three types of microcomputer use in classroom: the object of a course, a support tool,and a means of providing instruction. Foster and Kleene (1982) cite four uses of microcomputers in vocational agriculture: drill and practice, tutorial, simulation and problem solving.The findings of studies examining the use of various forms of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) have beenmixed. Studies by Hickey (1968) and Honeycutt (1974) indicated superior results with CAI while studies by Ellis (1978),Caldwell(1980)and Belzer (I976) indicated little or no significant effect (Stage II). Although much work has been done to date, more studies need to be conducted to ascertain the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in teaching various subjects in a variety of learning situations (Stage III).The purpose of this was to ascertain the effect of using microcomputer-assisted instruction as compared to a lecture-discussion technique in teaching principles and methods of cost recovery and investment credit on agricultural assets to graduate students in agricultural education (Stage IV). This topic was identified as being of importance to teachers in providing them the necessary background to teach lessons in farm records (Stage V).In Stage I of the introduction you should establish a setting for your research topic.In stage II the findings of other researchers who have already published in your area of interest will be reviewed. For this reason, Stage II is often called the review of literature. It is essentially an organized collection of references, or citations, to other works which are listed in a separate section at the end of your report.The review of literature serves three important functions:First, it continues the process that starts in Stage I and gives your readers the background information soas to understand your study.Second, it assures your readers that you are familiar with the important research that has been carried out in your area.Third, it establishes your Study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and enlarging knowledge in your field.The following introduction is from a report in the field of ecology. Notice how Stage II supports the background information presented in Stage I.Example4SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTER AND MICROARTHROPODSIN A CHIHUAHUAN DESERT ECOSYSTEMIn most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt and watercourses which are dry most of the time tend to dissipate their occasional waters within local basins. Occasional torrential rainfall, characteristic of most desert regions, washes loose debris into watercourses or transports this material, depositing it in and along the shores of ephemeral lakes. These physical processes result in a redistribution of dead plant material(litter), affect the distribution of soil water and create a heterogeneous biotic community. Therefore, before the dynamics of desert ecosystems can be adequately understood, the spatial relationships must be clarified (Stage I). There have been few studies of litter distribution and/or soil fauna in any of the world deserts (Wallwork, 1976). Wood (1971) surveyed the soil fauna in a number of Australian arid and semi arid ecosystems. Wallwork (1972) made some studies of the microarthropod fauna in the Califontia Mojave desert and Edney, et aL (1974, 1975, 1976) studied abundance and distribution of soil microathropods in the Mojave desert in Nevada.In the Chihuahuan desert, Whitford, et al. (1975，1976, 1977) described the spatial relationships for many groups of organisms, but soil microathropods remain unstudied (Stage II).The lack of such information represents a gap in our knowledge of desert ecosystems (Stage III). As part of our continuing program of studies of the structure and dynamics of Chihuahua1 desert ecosystems, we designed the study reported here to understand the relationship between litter redistribution and the spatial distribution and composition of the soil microarthropod communty （StageIV).After having presented a contextual setting and discussed the previous work of other researchers, you should use the final part of the introduction to focus the attention of readers on the specific research problems you will deal with in the body of your report or paper, This is done in three additional stages,which we designate as Stages III, IV and V.Stage III indicates an area that is not treated in the previous literature, but that is important from the pointof view of your own work;Stage IV formally announces the purpose of your research;Stage V indicates possible benefits or applications of your work.Look at the following model introduction, taken from a report in the field of home economics, Notice the stage III, IV and V.FOOD-BUYING PRACTICES OF UNIYERSITY STUDENT WIVESFood expense is one of the largest recurring items in the budges of most families. Today, food purchases take more than one-sixth (17.8%) of the total consumer disposable income in the United States. This expenditure includes money spent for meals away from home as well as for food bought for use at home. Many demographic factors affect food-buying decision, including age, education, income, and experience. However, student wives are a specialized population group about which little is known (Stage III). The purpose of this study was to learn more about thefood-buying practices of wives of university students (Stage IV). It is hoped that information from this study may be useful in identifying areas of weakness or lack of knowledge those who are responsible for planning courses and programs in consumer education (Stage V).How to Write a Report or Paper (II)Ill. MethodAfter the introduction, the second major section of the experimental research report or paper, often labeled method, describes the steps you followed in conducting your study and the materials you used at each step. The method section is useful to readers who want to know how the methodology of your study may have influenced your results, or who are interested in replicating or extending your study.The main part of the method section is a description of the procedural steps used in your study and the materials employed at each step. However, other elements are commonly described in this section as well.The elements included in the method section and the order in which they are presented are not fixed. However, the list in the following box is conventional and provides you with a good model.INFORMATION ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN METHODOverview of the Experiment (Design)Population/SampleLocationRestrictions/Limiting ConditionsSampling Technique*Procedures .*MaterialsVariablesStatistical Treatment(*always included)In the following example from the field of bilingual education, notice the elements that have be included under method.Exampte 6AUDITORY COMPREHENSION OF ENGLISH BY MONOLINGUAL AND BILINGUAL PRESCHOOL CHILDRENA bilingual group and a monolingual group，each comprised of 30 children，were compared in each group there were six subjects at each of five different age levels．The subjects were selected from seven day care centre in Houston S .These centers accept only children form below Poverty threshod；thus，comparable socioeconomic status among the test subjects was insured R.The bilingual subjects were selected from the 99 Mexican-American children in a Previous study (Carrow,l971)on the basis of performance at age mean or above in both languages on a test of auditory comprehension. This criterion was employed to assure basic understanding of both languages ST．The test instrument employed in this study was a revised version of the Auditory Test for Language Comprehension(Carrow，1968)，which permits the assessment of oral language comprehension of English and Spanish without requiring language expression．It consists of a set 0f ll4 plates，each of which contains three black and white line drawings，representing 15 grammatical categories M．Both groups were tested by the same examiner, a Mexican American fluent in both languages.The children were brought individually to a test area where they engaged in spontaneous conversation．For the bilingual children，conversations were conducted in English and Spanish to determine the language in which each child appeared more fluent．Each bilingual subject was tested first in the language in which he demonstrated less fluency so that learning would not be a significant factor in subsequent performance when the test was administered again in the second language.The test required the child to indicate his response by pointing to the picture which corresponded the examiner’s utterance．A score of one was given for each item passed．Test administration required 30-45 minutes in each language for each child P.A 2×5 analysis of variance was used to test for age and language group differences ST.0=overview; S=sample; R=restriction; ST=sampling technique; M=materials；P=precedure；ST=statistical treatment IV．MaterialsAlthough the second major section of the experimental research report or paper is often called "method". It issometimes titled materials and method. This combined title indicates that researchers generally describe these two aspects together when they write up their research. That is, they simultaneously describe any equipment or other materials they used with each step in their procedure. Here, we examine materials description in detail and how to integrate it with the procedural description.By materials we mean any items used to carry out a research project. They may fall into any of the following categories:MATERIALSlaboratory equipmentfield equipmenthuman or animal subjectsnatural substancesfabricated materialscomputer modelsmathematical modelsRead the following selection taken from a report in the field of solar technology which describes a design for a solar food dryer. Notice the types of information the author has included in this materials description,and the order in which the information is presented.Example7A SEE-SAW DRYERThe see-saw dryer was developed for the drying coffee and cocoa beans. It was intended for small-scale drying, operations and could be easily operated. It was designed for use in tropical regions.The dryer was operated in two positions along a central axis of rotation running north-south. This see-saw operation permitted the drying material to face the sun more directly during both morning and afternoon O.The dryer consisted of a rectangular wood frame divided lengthwise into parallel channels of equal width, and crosswise by means of retaining bars. The bottom of the dryer was made of bamboo matting painted black, The cover of the frame was made of a film of transparent Po1yvinyl Chloride (P,V,C.) which provided a screening effect against ultra violet light, thus reducing photo-degradation of the drying product. All of the internal parts of the dryer were coated with a flat black paint PP. The drying frame was titled during operation so that it faced east during the morning and west during the afternoon F.O=overview; pp=principal parts; F=functionIf the materials you used are well known to researchers in your field, it is conventional to identify them only. However, if you used specially designed or unconventional materials in your experiment it is common to write a detailed description of them in the report. In this case, you should include the following information, in the order given:DESCRIBING SPECLALLY DESIGEND MATERLALS: Three StepsA. overview: This step consists of one or two sentences that give a general idea of the material and the purpose for which it is intended.B. Description of Principal parts: Here, each major part or characteristic of the material is described in logical sequence.C. Functional description: this last step show how the various features described in step B function together.In Step B you should describe the principal features of the material used in your study. There are two main organizing plans that you can use in this step, depending on your material.ARRANGEMENT PLANS FOR DESCRIBING PRINCIPAL PARTS OF MATERIALS STEP B)1. Spatial arrangement: Describe the features from top to bottom, front to back, left to right, from the centerto the outside, or in some other spatial way. This arrangement is especially useful for describing equipment Consisting of various connected parts.2. Functional arrangement: Describe the principal features in the order in which they function, from beginning to end. This arrangement is best for describing parts that operate in a fixed sequence.V. ResultsThe third major section of the experimental research report is called results, in which you present the findings of your study and briefly comment on them. Some writers call this section "results and discussion’, thus indicating more extensive comments on the findings of the study. However, here we follow the convention of including only brief comments focused on the statistical analysis, reserving the more general comments for a later section.The results section of the report presents the findings of the Study in both figures and in written text. Figures (graphs, tables, and diagrams) present the complete findings in numerical terms, while the accompanying text helps the reader to focus on the most important aspects of the results and to interpret them. Here, we concentrate on the text, which usually consists of three main information elements. In the following selection from the field of foreignlanguage education, these three elements have been identified for you.Example8FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL:A COMPARISON OF ACHIEVEMNTThe investigation displays the mean percentile scores on the four subtests for non-immersion and immersion French students LR. Students in the French immersion programs performed significantly better than their non-immersion peers on all four Modern Language Association tests by more than two to one in terms of scores attained on each of the subtests. For example, in the listening subtest, immersion students scored at the 80th percentile, while non-immersion students scored at the 14 th percentile MIF. Clearly, the findings indicate that the amount of exposure to a foreign language has a -------- programs (an average of 75% lf total instruction per week in French compared to approximately 10% of non-immersion) and use of the foreign language to study basic subjects results in substantial differences in performance in all four skill areas of the MLA test C.IR=location of results; MIF=most important findings; c=commentsThe example just shown is typical of results sections in research reports in many fields as you can see, this section consists of three basic elements of information.RESULTS: Three Information ElementsElement 1: a statement that locates the figure(s) where the results can be foundElement 2: statements that present the most important findingsElement 3: statements that comment on the resultsRead the following results section from a report in the field of child psychology. It describes the effects of a drug on boys who are overactive.' Identify the sentences that correspond to the three elements listed in the preceding box.Example 9DEXTROAMPHETAMINE: COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORALEFFECTS IN NORMAL PREPUBERTAL BOYSThe children left the testing center 3 hours after medication or placebo had been administered; parents were asked to keep a diary record of behavior during the afternoon and evening. Behavioral ratings showed both immediate and delayed effects which differed from each other. Amphetamine administration in comparison with placebo was associated with decreased motor activity combined with generally improved attentional performance (faster reaction time, superior memory and improved attention) and decreased galvanic skin response. After drug administration, the children appeared unusually inactive, not simply less restless, There was an increase in task-related descriptive speech and a decrease in speech not task-related These results are entirely consistent with those reported for hyperactive children on stimulant medication in previous studies.VI. DiscussionWe look at the fourth section of the experimental research report or paper. Usually titled discussion, it is the last major section of the report or paper, followed by the list of references.In the discussion section you step back and take a broad look at your findings and your study as a whole. As in the introduction, researchers use the discussion section to examine their work in the large context of their field.Sometimes this section is called "conclusions" instead of "discussion". In either case, the writing conventionsreflect some common features. Look at the following discussion section from a research report in the field of applied psychology. In this study the productivity of older and younger factory workers was compared. Notice the kinds of in formation that are included in this example.Example10 _.AGE, EXPERIENCE,AND PERFORMANCEON SPEED AND. SKILL JOBS IN AN APPLIED SETTINGThe decremental theory of aging led us to infer that older workers in speed jobs would have poorer performance, greater absenteeism, and more accidents compared with other workers OH.The findings, however, go against the theory. The older workers generally earned more,were absentless, had fewer accidents, and had less remover than younger workers. F One possible conclusion is that the requirements of the speed jobs in the light manufacturing industry under study do not make physical demands on the older worker to the limits of their reserve capacity. The competence and experience of the older workers in these specific jobs may have compensated for their reduced stamina.EFThis study has taken a step in the direction of defining the relationship between age, experience and productivity in one particular industry. It is possible, of course, that other industries with a different complex of speed jobs and skill jobs may produce entirely different results. In addition, it is important to emphasize that methodological problems in the research design limit our interpretations. LThe approach outlined in this study should be replicated in other manufacturing plants as well as in other occupational areas in light, medium and heavy industries in order to construct a typology of old worker performance in a variety of jobs. NFROH = original hypothesis;F = findings ;EF = explanation for findings;L = limitations;NFR = need for further research。
自动化专业英语讲义_学生用
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答疑地点：杰德控制系统工程研究中心（一校西门南三层楼305室）答疑时间：每周工作日上午10:00～11:30、下午3:00～5:00(周四除外)之间,请先电话联系办公电话：2554参考书：《工业自动化专业外语》，王树青，韩建国编，化学工业出版社，2001年。
《自动化专业英语教程》王宏文，机械工业出版社，2007年。
《Modern Control System》，R.C. Dorf, R.H. Bishop，科学出版社，2004年。
《自动化专业英语》，李国厚，王春阳，北京大学出版社，2006年。
《自动化专业英语》，任金霞,任金霞,何小阳，华中科技大学出版社，2008年。
《自动化专业英语》，王旸,原驰,哈尔滨工业大学，2008年。
《自动化专业英语》，王建国,陈东淼，中国电力出版社，2005年。
《自动控制专业英语》，沈宏，电子工业出版社，2003年。
《自动控制专业英语》，李国厚，清华大学出版社，2005年。
《自动化专业英语》，戴文进，章卫国，武汉理工大学出版社，2006年。
《自动化与电子信息专业英语》，杨植新，周劲，孙江波，电子工业出版社，2009年。
No.1 Pronunciation of mathematical expressions; Major catalogue; Periodicals and journals1.1 Pronunciation of Mathematical ExpressionsThe pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list below. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).3、Real numbers1+x x plus one 1-x x minus one 1±xx plus or minus one xyxy / x multiplied by y))((y x y x +- x minus y , x plus yyx x over y / x on y＝the equals signx x equals 5 / x is equal to 5=5x x (is) not equal to 55≠x≡x is equivalent to (or identical with) yyx≠y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y yx>x is greater than yx≥x is greater than or equal to yyx<x is less than yyyx≤x is less than or equal to y<x zero is less than x is less than 10<1≤x zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1 10≤x mod x / modulus x / absolute value of x2x x squared / x (raised) to the power 23x x cubed4x x to the fourth / x to the power fournx x to the nth / x to the power nnx-x to the (power) minus nx(square) root x / the square root of x3x cube root (of) x4x fourth root (of) xn x n th root (of) x2)(y x +x plus y all squared2⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛y x x over y all squared!n n factorial xˆ x hat x x bar x ~x tildei xxi / x subscript i / x suffix i / x sub ii xxi / x superscript i / x superfix i / x super i∑=ni ia1the sum from i equals one to n a i / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the a i4、Linear algebraxthe norm (or modulus) of xOA / vector OAOAOA / the length of the segment OA T A A transpose / the transpose of A 1-AA inverse / the inverse of A5、Functions)(x ff x / f of x / the function f of xT S f →:a function f from S to Ty xx maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y)(x f 'f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivative of f with respect to x )(x f ''f double –prime x / f double –dash x / the second derivative of f with respect to x)(x f ''' f triple –prime x / f triple –dash x / the third derivative of f with respect to x)()4(x ff four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to xF x ∂∂ partial F on partial x / partial differential F on x1x f ∂∂ the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x 1212x f∂∂ the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x 1⎰∞the integral from zero to infinitylim →xthe limit as x approaches zerolim +→xthe limit as x approaches zero from abovelim -→xthe limit as x approaches zero from belowy e loglog y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) yy lnlog y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) yIndividual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions and in many cases there is no generally accepted “correct” pronunciation.Distinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may be interpreted as any of: fx ,,,,),(FX FX FX f x f x The difference is usually made clear by the context; it is only when confusionmay occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasize the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: fmultiplied by x , the function f of x , f subscript x , line FX , the length of the segment FX , vector FX .Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes a difference in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following: )(z y x ++ and z y x ++)(b ax + andb ax +1-na and 1-n a6、其它数学符号和公式例子 4/5 four fifths / 4 on 5 0.025 zero point zero two five 38.49 thirty-eight point four nine 2%two per cent25 the second power of five / five to the power twoxthe square root of x7106⨯ six times the seventh power of ten +plus ; positive -minus ; negative ⨯ multiplied by ; times ÷; /divided by = is equal to ; equals( ) round brackets ; parentheses (parenthesis) i ; jimaginary unit!a factorial asin sine of xxarcsin arc sine of xx∏the product of the terms indicated∑the sum of the terms indicatedb'b primeb''b second primeb b sub two2"b b second prime sub mmdxdy/the first derivative of y with respect to x2/dx2d the second derivative of y with respect to xy⎰b a integral between limits a and bx x approaches to infinity∞→a=+a plus b is equal to cbc-a minus b equals ca=cbs=s equals v multiplied by tvt=v equals s divided by tv/ts⨯-+/)(a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by e equals f a=dbefcC+=C over R equals G divided by the sum of one and H times G R1/()/GHG1.2 Major Catalogue根据国家教委1998年颁布的新专业目录（Major Catalogue），将原工业自动化（Industrial Automation）、自动控制（Automatic Control）、自动化（Automation）、电气技术（Electrical Technology）等专业合并统称为自动化专业（Automation）。
水产养殖专业英语讲义
水产养殖专业英语讲义水产养殖专业英语讲义郝彦菊 2010 年 11 月 16 日 1CHAPTER 1: Words and Phrases A abalone fishery 鲍鱼渔业abalone,common abalone，common abalone shell，ear-shell 鲍鱼 abdominal fin 腹鳍 abiogenesis 自然发生，自然发生论 ablen 石斑鱼类 abnormal mass mortality 异常大量死亡abnormalities in the contour of seaming 卷缔轮廓异常，接缝密封异常above-water fish lamp 水上集鱼灯 abrasion 海蚀作用，磨损，磨耗 absolute food quotient 绝对饲料系数 absolute growth 绝对成长 absorption curves 吸收曲线 absorption system 吸收式(冷冻法) abstention from fishing 弃捕鱼权，渔业上自我约束 abundance 丰富的 abundance of population(size) 资源量 abyss 深海，深渊 abyssal fishes 深海鱼 abyssal zone 深海区 abyssimal deposits， deep sea deposit 深海沉淀物 acaleph， acalephe，elly fish 水母 acanthodian 刺鲛 Acanthopterygia 棘鳍鱼类 acceleration of ovulation 促进排卵 accessory scale 辅鳞 accidental introductions 入侵，偶然性引入acclimation fever 水土病(鱼病) aceptance sampling 抽样检查 acid dyestuff，acidic dye 酸性涂料 acid fish meal 酸性鱼肥 acid-combining power 酸结合力 acidosis 酸血症(鱼病) acidotrophic type 酸性营养型(湖泊水质) acidulated scrap 酸鱼渣，酸化废料 acipenser 鲟鱼类，蝶鲛 acoustic fishery 音响渔业 2 acoustic fish detection 音响鱼群探察 acoustic fishing 音响渔法 acromegalia 肢端肥大症{鱼病} actinia 海葵类 active fishing gear， mobile fishing gear 流动捕鱼装置(流网) adaptability; adaptation 适应性 adhesion 附着着，黏着(物) adhesive eggs 黏性卵，附着卵 adiposefin 脂鳍 adipose tissue 脂肪组织 adjacent sea 邻接海域，附属海 adjacent seas fishery; offshore fishery 近海渔业 adult 成鱼，成体 adult migration 成育洄游 adult spawning population 成熟产卵(鱼) 群 advancedfry 大鱼苗，浮游性稚鱼 aerobic decomposition of wastes 废物的有氧分解aerial scouting 空中探测，飞行探测鱼群 aerobic bacteria 好气性细菌aerophyte 气生植物 aerotaxis 趋气性 aff warp，aff after warp 船尾侧曳网agamogenesis 无性生殖，自然发生 Agar, agar-agar 琼脂，石花菜，洋菜 age composition 年龄组成 age determination 年龄检定 age group 年级群 age resister 老化防止剂 air bladder 鳔 air blast freezing 送风式急速冷冻法air bubble curtain 气泡幕 air craft spotting 空中探测鱼群 aissauque，atom trawl，mid-water trawl 中层拖网 alaska cod，alaska codfish，Pacific Cod 真鳕 Aalaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) 阿拉斯加鳕鱼，狭鳕 albacore，longfin albacore，Albacore Tuna 长鳍金枪鱼，长鳍鲔 albino 白化 albino clara 白鲶鱼 alevin 孵化稚鱼 alewife (Pomolobus pseudoharengus)大肚鲱 alfonsin 金眼鲷 alga 藻类，海草类algicide 杀藻剂 algology 藻类学 alimental migration 觅食洄游 alkali digestion 碱液消化 allagenetic plankton 外来浮游生物 allis shad，Alosa alosa 西鲱 allowable catch 最大渔获量 altered muscle 变性肉 algal blooms 藻华，赤潮 algal toxins 藻毒素 amberfish(Seriola Quinqueradiata Temminck and Schlegel)?，圆? ambergris 龙涎香 American Fisheries Society 美国渔业协会 amilan 阿米兰(聚酰胺系合成纤维) ammonia concentration 氨浓度amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) 记忆缺损性贝毒，失忆性贝毒 anadromous fish 溯河鱼 anadromous migration 溯河洄游 anaerobe 厌氧生物(菌) anal fin 臀鳍 anchor worm 锚虫，锚虫病{鱼病} anchored gill net， floating gillnet， surface gill net 浮刺网 anchovy ?鱼，凤尾鱼，片口? anchovy sauce 鱼酱油，鱼汁 angelfish; guppy 孔雀鱼 angelshark 扁鲛 angle worm 蚯蚓，地龙，钓饵虫 anglerfish ??鱼 anglerod，fishing pole，fishing rod 钓竿angling 钓鱼(gentle craft 需要耐心的活动)，钓鱼术，竿钓，钓渔法 angling fishery 钓渔业 angling gears; fishing tackle 钓渔具 3 angling rate; hooked rate; hooking rate 钓获率 animal bait 动物性饵料 animal fiber; animal fibre 动物纤维 animal plankton， zoo-plankton 动物性浮游生物，浮游动物 animal protein factor 动物性蛋白因子 animal starch 动物淀粉 a。
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专业英语讲义教材：电气信息类专业英语王群主编适用专业：电气工程主讲教师：邓秋玲一主讲内容第１章专业英语的文体特点（１学时）第２章专业英语翻译（１学时）第３章专业英语文献及其检索和阅读（１学时）第４章专业英语论文组织和写作（１学时）第５章专业英语阅读材料（２０学时）二参考教材１电气工程及其自动化专业英语戴文进主编者电子工业出版社２电气自动化专业英语李久胜主编．哈尔滨工业大学出版社３科技英语保清主编．中国农业机械出版社．１９８６Chapter one Literary Feature of Specialized English1.1 Introduction1 Purpose:To study specialized English aims at training students’comprehension and application ablity to specialized English, and letting them to grasp some requisite specialized terms for speciality reading.basic skill and knowledges. thereby they can acquire the newest specialized knowledge(expertise) for science and technology. information data and other information relative to speciality by means of English, and positively take part in international interflow course of science and technology.2 The definition of specialized English[1]:I n general speaking, English can be divided into two classes,one is common English or general English or ordinary English and English for science and technology,the other Specialized English or English for special[2]The relation of English for science and technology and specialized English1.2 lexical characteristicAs the developing of English,old vocabularies eliminate gradually while new ones spring up constantly.1.2.1lexical classification1 special technical words such as diode,substation.2 special sub-technical wordsspecial sub-technical words are words used in common by many specialities and subjects while they have different meanings/connotations in different specialities and subjects such as power, condenser.3 non-technical words used in common English.1.2.2 lexical constitution1 compositionSuch as: horsepower, push-pull, power utilization (noun+noun)Ice-cold, feedback, power-driven, time-varying, nw-type, dark-blue,red –hot, fine-looking, ready-made, clear-cut small-sized,above-mentioned, far-reaching,overhead, pick-me-up, out-of -door2 conversion3 derivation4 shortening[1] clipped words Such as ad(advertisement), fig(figure), exam(examination), lab(laboratory) Math(mathematics), plane(airplane)[2] acronyms such as:laser-light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationRadar-radio detecting and ranging, modem-modulator demodulatorCOMSAT,CMOS,MOSFET.RAM,ROMSPICE(Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)TOEFL-Test of English as a Foreign Language[3] initialsSuch as:AC, DC, CD, VLSIC,EDA, CB, PCB.RMS HVDC[4] abbreviationSuch as:Appx, Fig. Amp.[5] blendingSuch as:motel-motorist hotel, positron-positive electron.[6] letter symbolizingSuch as:X-ray, U-shaped magnet, H-frame structure, Y-connection[7] name namingSuch as:Ohm’s law1.3 语法特点汉语的语法准则是达意,强调意合,语法特点注重“时间顺序”英语的语法准则是完形,强调形合,语法特点注重“空间顺序”,以谓语动词为核心，用各种形式的短语或从句构筑句子框架，讲究空间层次。
Specialized English must have characteristics of objectivity,accuracy and conciseness.1 广泛地使用被动语态Such as:Other characteristic,such as frequency,wave shape,and phase balance are seldom recognized by the comsumers but are given constant attention by electric power utility engineers.所有及物动词都可用于被动语态中，某些不及物动词与介词构成动词短语后也可用于被动语态中。
2广泛地使用非谓语动词Purpose:conciseness[1] 动名词:用动名词短语来取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句.Such as:When it is forward biased(when being forward biased),the diode begins to conduct with only a small forward voltage across it.[2] 分词such as:A three-phase circuit ,as ( it was ) pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single circuits.The transistor(which is )working with correct polarities can work as an amplifier.[3] 不定式:表目的和功能等从句可用不定式短语来代替．The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.3 省略句使用多常见有以下四种句子成份的省略：[1］出现在并列复合句中的省略,后面分句与前面分句相同的部分可省略.Such as:The earth attracts the moon and the moon the earth.[2] 某些状语从句中的省略.Such as :If (it is)possible,the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.常用的省略形式的:As already discussed,as explained before, as indicated (shown)in fig.1, as previously mentioned, if so ,when needed, where feasible, where possible.[3] 共用介宾的省略It is necessary to find out the current through and the voltage across this R.[4] 由hence (or thus)引出的句子可省去谓语动词.Such as:Transistor in the figure has its semiconductor materials arranged p-n-p,hence the name pnp transistor.4 it句型和祈使句使用多It is very important(possible,natural,inevitable---It is clear(obvious)---5 复杂长句多No so much limitation is placed on AC motor;here the only requirement is relative motion,and since a stationary armature and rotating field system have numerous advantages,this arrangement is a standard practice for all synchronous motor rated above a few kilovolt-amperes.6 后置的形容词短语作定语多The instrument present included some digital ones relative to DSP.1.4 rhetoric characteristic1 general present tense is in wide use.2 diagram .chart and formula are in wide use3 逻辑-语法作用多Although it is intangible,electricity can be measured in amount and quality.Once the switch is fully on ,the on-state voltage Uon will be on the order of a volt or so depending on the device,and it will be conducting a current Io.Chapter two specialized English translation2.1 types .standard.process and basic steps of translation1 types of translation2 standard3 process:comprehension, expression, check.4 stps2.2 lexical translation1 select meaning of words英语词义比较灵活,词的涵义范围比较宽,富于变化,其词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性较小.words do not have meanings,people have meaning for words.[1] according to type of words[2] according occasion used such as:power[3] according to 词的搭配习惯[4] 根据句子意思或主谓语的逻辑关系选择词义In order to develop our power industry,we must also lay stress on the development and construction of nuclear power station.This switch-mode power supply can develop 24V DC voltage.The development of new power electronic devices is very important to develop power electronic technology.[5] 根据名词的数选择词义Noun meaning of singular meaning of plural device 意见,劝告报道,消息dimension 尺寸,维数,量纲面积,范围divider 分压器,除法器两脚规function 函数,功能任务,责任fundamental 基频,基音基础,原理main 要点,主要部分电力线,电网,电源scale 标度,尺度天平,称installation 安装装置2 词义的引申[1] 词义的转译Perhaps the only trouble with power transformer was that it was not small enough for some uses.The differences between single-board microcomputers and single-chip ones do not stop here.[2] 词义的具体化Other things being equal, copper wire is cheaper than aluminum one.[3] 词义的抽象化HVDC transmission does not know this problem.Three are three steps which must be taken,before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.[4] 词的搭配Such as: These vacuum tubes will see use in the output stage.3词量的变化[1] 增词Electronics is the science of the electrons电子学是研究电子的一门科学.Noises may develop in a worn engine。