TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译
托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福阅读长难句句子分析汇总为了帮助大家备考托福。
托福长难句120句解析
托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析：这个句子中，convoluted意为“复杂的”，表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂，以至于学生很难理解和跟随。
2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析：这个句子中，despite意为“尽管”，表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作，但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。
3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析：这个句子中，rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”，表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。
4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析：这个句子中，met with意为“遭遇”，表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。
5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析：这个句子中，has the potential to意为“有潜力”，表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。
6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析：这个句子中，plummeted意为“暴跌”，表示由于经济衰退，公司的利润暴跌。
经典托福阅读长难句翻译
1. Accordingto conventional theory， yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing， through deeperbreathing， the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。
打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。
而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries （along with high literacy， whichcontributed to it） was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素（促成这个因素的是高识字率）是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。
3. In the second case， pollinators（insects， birds） obtain food from the flowering plant， and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者（昆虫和鸟）从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。
托福阅读长难句分析
托福阅读长难句分析为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships:eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, andeventually oil). (TPO18, 59)mercantile /mɜːk(ə)ntaɪl/ adj. 贸易的，商业的exceptional /ɪksɛpʃənl/ adj. 特别的，杰出的，突出的我是分界线，大家先一遍速读看是否理解The people of the Netherlands, (with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping),had difficulty (in developing good harbors suitable for steamships): eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, (with exceptional results) (for transit trade with Germanyand central Europe) and (for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and rawmaterials) (sugar,tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). (TPO18, 59)托福阅读长难句100句分析：修饰一：(with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping) ，介词短语，修饰The people of the Netherlands中文：有着长期渔业和商业海运传统修饰二：(in developing good harbors suitable for steamships) ，介词短语中文：在进展适合蒸汽船的好港口修饰三：(with exceptional results) ，介词短语中文：有杰出的成果修饰四：(for transit trade with Germany and central Europe) ，介词短语中文：由于和德国以及中欧的贸易修饰五：(for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials) ，介词短语中文：加工海洋产品以及原材料托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：有着长期渔业和商业海运传统的荷兰人，在进展适合蒸汽船的好港口上有困难：最终他们在Rotterdam and Amsterdam这样做了，并由于和欧洲以及中欧的贸易以及加工海洋产品以及原材料(如糖、烟草、巧克力、谷物以及油)，从而取得了杰出的成果。
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析汇总
托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析汇总想要攻略托福阅读，需要积累大量的实际分析和应对长难句的经验，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
原句案例：Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small munities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival.结构划分：Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small munities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival).深度分析：这个句子的主干是：Many prehistorians believe that从句从句中的主干是：farming may have emerged dependently修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语中文：在世界几个不同地区修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small munities中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减少修饰三：(when small munities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句请大家注意此处的断句问题。
TPO托福阅读精选难句翻译
TPO托福阅读精选难句翻译托福阅读除了需要考生具备大量的词汇之外，还需要考生具备语法过硬，但是还是有不少学生败给了从句，下面我们将全套TPO里面出现过的难句，全部摘录出来，分享给大家，祝大家备战托福阅读。
1.Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of North American and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.以他们上部和较低部分的嘴的交叉命名，而不是中间部分相遇的部分命名，这两种雀类居住在北美四季常青的森林里并且以包含在锥状的松果树球内的种子为食。
2.The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the later 1860’s, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains city of Omaha to meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada.主要变化的开端在18世纪60年代晚期被预示了，当时在太平洋铁路联合体最后开始建设从Omaha的城市中心平原到连接太平洋铁路中心向西的铁路，它推进了从加利福尼亚穿过Sierra Nevada的重重险阻向东的铁路3.The argument that humans, even in prehistoric, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concept of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense.关于人类即使是史前人类都具有一些数字的感觉的争论，当或多或少一些对象被从一个小团体内加入或拿走的概念，最后导致这个概念的认可，这看起来是公平的，因为研究表明一些动物拥也有这样的感觉。
Toefl阅读难词难句实例解析
Toefl阅读难词难句实例解析摘要：本文和大家分享的是托福阅读难词难句实例解析，仅供考生参考使用，希望大家能够认真备考，小编预祝同学们能够取得优异成绩。
托福阅读文章一般在700个单词左右，所以有一些难词难句都是很正常的。
对于不影响文意理解的，我们可以不用管它，不过如果涉及到文章重要内容的托福阅读难词难句，我们应该怎样处理呢?下面我们用一个例子，实际解读一下如果处理阅读中的难词难句。
原文：Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.一、难词spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱xenolith:俘虏岩percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于portions: n.一部分二、难句1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
TOFEL机考阅读难句精选翻译
TOFEL机考阅读难句精选翻译（1－50）注：红色字表示更改後的内容蓝色字表示翻译的内容不能肯定红色星号★表示需要多多推敲的难句粗体表示并列斜体表示连词或介词下划线表示主谓宾结构(其实这些标记就剩下★了。
)1．Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect –success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun –as an actor might.戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。
更改：2．But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
更改：3．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调－从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果－的乐器。
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总
TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干局部：the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语中文：作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二：(a place) ，同位语中文：一个地方修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语留意这里有一个搭配：not just … but …不仅…而且中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
托福阅读长难句翻译
托福阅读长难句翻译Photograph1.Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable andundesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.因为较少的了解自然的成因，所以他把期望的或者不期望发生的事情都归因于超自然或者神奇的力量，他们需要寻找一种工具去赢得这些力量的支持。
2.For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision,since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group.例如，这种情况的其中一个标志就是喜剧观点的出现，因为喜剧需要更充分的脱离，去把那些脱离社会准则的视为荒谬的，而不是把它作为对整个社会福利的威胁。
Glacial /Ice Age1.With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfallabove, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn.因为进一步的融化，再结冰，和不断由新降雪导致不断增加的重量在上层，使得雪到达了一种颗粒状，再结晶的阶段介于冰片和冰的中间阶段被称为积雪。
托福阅读120长难句
托福阅读难句分析1201.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth．(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)
新托福阅读长难句120句（分析+译文）这份托福阅读长难句120句，是已经流传甚久的经典托福复习资料，对每个难句的结构都进行了解析，并给出了翻译。
1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the E arth’s surface分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。
句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
托福阅读长难句分析
托福阅读长难句分析托福阅读长难句解析：恐龙灭绝的原因Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs--except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. (TPO42, 56)allegedly/ə'ledʒidli/ adv.据称，据传闻大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, (which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)--except (that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120million years of coexistence.) (TPO42, 56)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干就是：Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals修饰一：(which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)，从句中文：据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋修饰二：(that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.) ，从句注意这个从句里面还有一个从句：(that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence)中文：哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世，没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后，忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
托福阅读长难句解析（2）
托福阅读长难句解析（2）中文：一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值。
修饰四：(for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake , and their efforts to synthesize formand content.)，从句，表示原因，大家注意我把同位语去掉了(因为不重要)，这样更能看清重要内容。
这里有一个并列结构，是一个A, B, and C结构，不知道大家在看的时候有没有看出来，A= their liking for mystery，B= their belief in art for art’ssake，C= their efforts to synthesize form and content，插入语解释B。
中文：因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力主干：括号外面的，Her dancing also attracted the attention 参考翻译：她的舞蹈还吸引了当时法国一些诗人和画家的注意，因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰(这是一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值)以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力。
长难句解析四he ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. (53, OG) penetrate /'penɪtreɪt/ v. 进入或穿过某物;充满，遍布compact /kəm'pækt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起我是分界线，先自己分析哦。
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TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译
摘要：托福阅读中也会出现一些考验大家的托福阅读难句，遇到这些句子的时候，要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下总结的托福阅读中的几个高难度句，希望对大家有所帮助。
"Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships."
很多同学，看到上面的“we view the people as ends in themselves”和“we perceive people as means to ends”就彻底晕菜了。
这个其实是可以理解的，这两句话实际是哲学家Kant(康德)关于道德的哲学思想。
我们先来看看康德是怎么说的：
Humanity
According to Kant, there are different ways to state what our duty is. One of them involves the idea of a law. Another involves the idea of humanity, or human reason. Morality says that you should never treat rational human beings merely as means to your end. Whenever you use someone’s skills or services to your own end, you should always also treat that person as an end in him- or herself.
翻译：康德认为，有不同的方式来陈述我们的职责。
其中一个是涉及法律。
另外一个是涉及人性和人道。
道德论认为，你永远不应该把一个理性的人只是作为你达到你的目的中间手段。
当你用其他的服务和技能作为你达到你的目的是，你应该尊重他们作为个体而不是你的手段而已。
分析：这里的mean实际上是一个途径，一个中间过程。
如果我们把他人视为达成某种目标的中间途径,那就不是道德的。
end在这里是终点，自身的结果。
只有把他人视为end才是尊重别人才是道德的。
其实这个道理很简单。
就是我们常说的：不已结婚为目的谈恋爱都是耍流氓。
你不已结婚为目的，就是把女孩当成means了，所以很不道德。
你如果是以结婚为目的话，就是当成ends了。