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脊髓损伤康复治疗的应用研究进展

脊髓损伤康复治疗的应用研究进展

脊髓损伤康复治疗的应用研究进展摘要Obersteiner观察了脊髓损伤的病理变化,提出“神经元素乱学说”,开始了人类对脊髓损伤病理机制的研究。

但治疗上的真正进展发生在上世纪90年代,它促进了SCI的恢复损伤,患者生活质量明显低于正常人群。

本文拟对SCI及其康复手段进行综述,为SCI的临床评估和治疗提供理论依据。

关键词脊髓损伤康复治疗研究进展一、SCI损伤原因创伤性和非创伤性因素是导致脊髓损伤的主要因素。

创伤因素:包括交通事故、跌倒、高空坠落、重物砸伤以及与运动和娱乐活动相关的损伤还有暴力伤等;非创伤因素:包括脊柱肿瘤、椎管狭窄、椎问盘突出、脊髓炎、血管畸形、感染以及脊柱脊髓先天畸形等,也是造成脊髓损伤的重要原因。

非创伤性脊髓损伤中不完全性损伤所占的比例较高,且通常预后较好【5】,以至于患者在接受手术治疗后往往直接出院,无进一步康复治疗的需求;只有当患者出现明显运动障碍时才考虑进一步康复治疗。

二、SCI发病率三、SCI导致的并发症脊髓损伤(SCI)可造成患者运动、感觉、呼吸、大小便和神经源性肠道等功能障碍,甚至引起褥疮、尿路感染、肾功能衰竭等而危及生命。

泌尿系感染是很常见的并发症,由于副交感神经支配减弱导致神经源性膀胱,使膀胱过度充盈、膀胱输尿管返流、膀胱内压增高、膀胱内残留尿增多和尿道结石,持续性导尿等都增加了泌尿系感染的风险。

呼吸系统并发症目前已在脊髓损伤患者死因中占首位,主要与患者长期卧床、吸烟及常合并肋骨骨折,颈髓损伤或较高水平的胸髓损伤可影响膈肌或肋问肌.使呼吸和咳嗽力量减弱有关。

高龄、高血压病史、较低的体重指数和肺功能减低是心肺并发症的独立危险因素。

四、SCI患者的生存质量SCI后并发症往往会增加患者的痛苦和经济负担,影响患者康复目标的实现,这类人群相比综合生活满意度、自我照顾能力满意度、闲暇活动状况、职业状况及性生活状况均较差,表明脊髓损伤患者生存质量较低不仅仅反映在生理领域,在心理、社会及环境领域均明显低于非脊髓损伤人群。

骨科课件-脊髓损伤修复研究进展

骨科课件-脊髓损伤修复研究进展
Khan的WD 仪、Basso的NYU仪 仪是进一步改良的装置!
背侧压迫损伤模型
Tarlov 等于1953年背侧压迫损伤首先建立了脊髓压迫伤的实 验模型,该模型可模拟临床椎管内脊髓压迫病变。
原理与方法:用一个小气囊连接导管,置于椎管中,在术后 24hr, 动物完全恢复时,向气囊中充气给脊髓造成压迫伤, 其损伤程度主要取决于压力的大小和受压的时间长短,脊 髓受压后使血流供给障碍而造成组织缺血缺氧,加之机械 压迫的原发作用而致脊髓组织变性坏死。
持续:95%一100%观察期
步行:足底负重触地,HL前置 使足底再次触地 旋转:当其触地或抬起时后爪 内或外旋
诱发电位测定示意图
斜板试验
对于颈部损伤模型,可通过前肢运动功能 进行评价。在实验中, 动物必须用前肢抓 住处在不同高度的食物,并能将它送到嘴 中。
近年来!随着复杂成像系统和计算机关于动 物运动分析系统的发展,可以观察到动物 模型细小的功能变化。
机械性损伤型模型的评价
脊髓损伤动物模型的实验干涉最常在解剖学 上、生物化学方面、神经生物方面或功能 上进行评价。
解剖学评价包括使用组织病理学技术, 同时 依赖免疫组化及轴突示踪剂,免疫组化技 术是指运用抗体特异性结合存在某种轴突 中抗原蛋白,并能在组织切片中显影。这 些特异的抗原蛋白有降钙素基因相关蛋白, 5羟色胺,酪氨酸羟化酶等。
二、化学损伤模型
化学损伤模型利用化学物质的神经毒性作用损害脊髓组织 细胞而致伤。其方法多采用定位注射或鞘内给药将不同浓 度剂量的毒素直接施与脊髓组织。
周长满等建立了脊髓内注射神经毒素致大鼠脊髓损伤的动 物模型。其方法为:选用成年大鼠,麻醉成功后,在背部 下胸段的正中线上切开皮肤2cm, 在定位仪上用微量注射 器在T12-13 之间刺入椎管向腰髓内缓慢推入5μl 的海人 藻酸0.001mol/L,留针10min 后,缝合皮肤。对照组动物 在同一部位用同法注入生理盐水,通过光、电镜检查可见 明显的神经元变性坏死。

损伤控制理念在研究生脊柱脊髓外伤教学中的应用

损伤控制理念在研究生脊柱脊髓外伤教学中的应用
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我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理研究进展

我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理研究进展

我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理研究进展【摘要】本文从脊髓损伤患者延续性护理的现状、存在的问题、解决策略、创新模式和成效评估等方面进行研究。

通过对我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理进行探讨,提出了一些启示和未来研究方向。

总结指出,加强脊髓损伤患者延续性护理,可以提高康复效果,减少并发症发生率,提高生活质量。

需要未来进一步深入研究,完善延续性护理模式,为脊髓损伤患者提供更好的护理服务。

【关键词】关键词:脊髓损伤患者、延续性护理、研究进展、问题、解决策略、创新模式、成效评估、启示、未来研究、总结1. 引言1.1 研究背景脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经系统疾病,常常导致患者丧失部分或全部的运动、感觉和自主神经功能。

据统计,我国每年有数万人因脊髓损伤而导致瘫痪或残疾。

脊髓损伤患者需要长期接受康复护理,以提高生活质量和恢复功能。

当前我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理仍存在不少问题,例如服务覆盖率不高、护理质量参差不齐、护理人员专业水平不高等。

对我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理进行深入研究,找出存在的问题并提出解决策略,具有重要的现实意义和社会意义。

通过持续推动脊髓损伤患者延续性护理的创新模式,可以进一步提高患者的康复效果,减轻患者和家庭的负担,促进社会的全面发展。

1.2 研究目的脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经系统损伤,对患者的生活质量和健康状况造成了严重影响。

针对脊髓损伤患者的延续性护理是非常重要的,可以帮助患者恢复功能、减少并发症并提高生活质量。

本研究的目的是探讨我国脊髓损伤患者延续性护理的现状,分析存在的问题并提出解决策略,探讨创新护理模式的应用和成效评估,最终希望能够为提高我国脊髓损伤患者的护理水平和生活质量做出贡献。

通过深入研究脊髓损伤患者的护理需求和现状,我们可以为未来的护理工作提供指导,并为相关领域的研究提供借鉴。

希望通过本研究能够为我国脊髓损伤患者的护理工作注入新的思路和方法,为他们提供更好的护理服务。

1.3 研究意义脊髓损伤是一种较为严重的神经系统损伤,给患者带来严重的身体和心理困扰。

针灸治疗脊髓损伤文献计量分析

针灸治疗脊髓损伤文献计量分析

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脊髓损伤综述

脊髓损伤综述

综述骨髓基质细胞移植修复脊髓损伤研究进展脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)是脊柱损伤的严重并发症,其治疗一直是临床工作中困扰人们的难题。

据我国国家生产安全委员会的初步统计,我国每年因生产事故所造成的SCI患者就达5~6万人,因交通事故造成的SCI患者更多达7~8万人。

据估计,我国SCI患者已达百万[1]。

因此,对SCI的治疗研究具有极其重要的意义和价值,然而国内外治疗SCI的药物和外科手术均未取得令人满意的临床疗效,给患者、家庭和社会带来巨大的负担。

近年来随着基础研究的发展,许多新方法、新策略已经开始用于脊髓损伤修复。

骨髓基质细胞(marrow stromal cells,MSCs)是一种骨髓中存在的非造血实质干细胞,它不仅能分化成中胚层的成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞等,还有向神经外胚层细胞分化的能力,在一定条件下体外培养、扩增还可被诱导分化成为神经细胞样细胞和胶质细胞样细胞,于是又称其为间充质干细胞。

动物实验表明:1、骨髓基质细胞可在脊髓全横断处存活,向两端迁移,神经元特性性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acid protein,GFAP)免疫组织化学显示:部分移植细胞呈NSE、GFAP阳性,且NSE阳性数>GFAP阳性数,表明骨髓基质细胞可在损伤处分化为神经元及胶质细胞。

3、神经丝蛋白(neurofilament,NF)免疫组织化学显示:实验组可见连续、束状的NF阳性纤维长入并通过移植区,而对照组NF阳性纤维呈点状或串珠状,表明移植骨髓基质细胞有利于神经纤维的再生及通过脊髓损伤处[2]。

动物实验研究取得令人欣喜的结果,但用于临床治疗尚处于探索阶段。

研究MSCs 移植在SCI 中的作用机制能够为临床治疗提供更准确可靠的方案,本文拟对此研究进展作一综述。

1 骨髓基质细胞的生物学特征1.1骨髓基质细胞体外培养、增殖体外培养的MSCs 不仅在形态上与神经元相似,而且表达神经细胞特异性蛋白,为MSCs 的体内移植奠定了实验基础。

脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展

脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展

第33卷第1期青海医学院学报Vol.33No.12012年JOURNAL OF QINGHAI MEDICAL COLLEGE2012刘伟(1978 ),男,回族,山西籍脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展刘伟(青海省人民医院)关键词脊髓损伤基因治疗神经组织工程技术RNA干扰中图分类号R563.3文献标识码A脊髓损伤(spina cord injury ,SCI )治疗的目的在于阻止或减少继发性损伤。

传统治疗方法以手术解除脊髓压迫并配合药物、高压氧等非手术治疗来减轻脊髓继发性损伤。

传统治疗对于神经保护和神经再生疗效欠佳,主要归因于损伤后脊髓中的环境不利于修复的发生和发展。

近年来,基因治疗、神经组织工程技术和RNA 干扰技术治疗脊髓损伤在动物实验中已取得了一定效果,人们认识到SCI 治疗的主要目的是通过各种治疗措施为SCI 提供一个有利的再生微环境,促进受损神经轴突的再生以达到功能恢复[1]。

对此,已有初步临床尝试,具有很好的临床应用前景。

现就脊髓损伤治疗的新进展综述如下。

1SCI 的治疗原则脊椎骨折及脊髓受压后须即刻行手术解除脊髓压迫和恢复血运,抑制脊髓神经细胞凋亡,促进受损神经轴突再生,以达到功能恢复的目的。

2SCI 的传统治疗方法2.1手术治疗早期脊髓内外减压术,结合牵引、椎间植骨融合、内固定稳定脊柱等是传统手术治疗SCI 较理想的方法之一[2]。

颈髓损伤依据脊髓腹侧或背侧受压及椎管储备间隙减少的状况,分别选择“颈椎前路单节段间盘摘除+椎体间植骨融合内固定术”、“颈后路C3-7单开门椎管扩大成形术”、“颈后路C3-7单开门椎管扩大成形术+颈前路脱出椎间盘摘除+椎间植骨融合内固定的联合手术”等方式。

胸腰段脊柱SCI 依据胸椎椎管前方压迫<40%,腰椎椎管前方压迫<50%,核磁共振(MRI )提示椎间盘急性突出压迫脊髓或神经根,可采用后路手术[3]。

分别选择伤椎椎管后方咬除椎弓根行椎管后外侧减压、半环状减压、环状减压,无论有无神经压迫症状均应行预防性或治疗性的椎板减压,同时进行有效植骨。

脊髓损伤后修复与再生的研究进展

脊髓损伤后修复与再生的研究进展
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脊髓损伤研究进展关骅

脊髓损伤研究进展关骅

来自ISCoS的警告:技术与伦理
• 有严重疾病的患者愿意承受任何可能带来恢复的 治疗,甚至完全不了解其高昂的花费及潜在的危 险。但是,伤害处于绝望中的人并从其渴望治疗 的期愿中获取利益是不道德的。
• As with any serious medical condition,people are susceptible to claims promising recovery,even when the costs are high and potential risks are unknown.It is morally unacceptable to prey on desperate people and profit from their hope for a cure. 〔Spinal Cord,2021,Vol 49:485〕
功能性电刺激
功能性电刺激( functional electrical stimulation ,FES) 是使用电刺激的 手段、用准确的刺激顺序和强度激活瘫痪或轻瘫的肌肉来帮助患者提 高日常生活活动能力。
上肢外表FES系统 上肢经皮FES系统 上肢植入式FES系统
用于站立和行走的下肢外表刺激系统 用于站立和行走的混合刺激系统 带有植入电极的多通道刺激系统
脊髓神经构造与功能的重建
细胞移植
• 动物实验:

国内外对脊髓损伤区域及其邻近部位
的细胞移植〔干细胞、嗅鞘细胞、
Schwann细胞〕进展了大量研究。

干细胞移植是一种针对脊髓损伤的潜
在有效治疗方法,但仍存在诸多风险。

脊髓损伤
• 中枢神经系统损伤后的细胞疗法研究近年来多有 成功报告。在动物实验研究中脊髓损伤后应用骨 髓间充质干细胞移植已显示有良好作用。

脊髓损伤康复的研究进展

脊髓损伤康复的研究进展

脊髓损伤康复的研究进展脊髓损伤是一种比较严重的神经系统疾病,一旦发生,往往会带来严重的后果。

其中,严重的脊髓损伤不仅会引起肢体感觉和运动功能的丧失,还常伴随着呼吸、循环和泌尿系统等多方面的问题。

在该领域的研究中,康复是非常重要的一环,下面将简要介绍脊髓损伤康复的研究进展。

一、功能恢复的机制研究1. 转移可塑性理论从神经发育的角度去思考脊髓损伤的康复问题,可以借鉴一些理论成果。

转移可塑性理论强调身体局部组织的功能缺失可以通过其他区域神经系统对其原本不与之相关的功能进行补偿。

因此,许多研究将注意力转向对机体神经结构及功能恢复机制的研究,以更好地促进康复治疗。

2. 神经可塑性理论神经可塑性的概念广泛用于许多功能恢复的研究过程中。

据观察,严重损伤过后的脊髓通常会出现系统性的塑性变化,使其周围的神经元区域再次被激活并产生一些新的功能。

对神经可塑性原理的研究能够帮助人们更好地理解脊髓损伤治疗的过程,同时使得康复治疗参数的选择更为合理科学。

3. 应用生物反馈技术生物反馈技术的应用能够有效提高患者的恢复效率。

该技术通过观测身体的生理信号并将其直观化反馈给患者,让他们更直观地感受到治疗效果,激发其积极治疗情绪,提高康复效率。

这种技术可以更好地帮助患者控制制动、生长和恢复等方面的循环,达到更快的康复效果。

二、功能恢复的方法研究1. 光电刺激技术利用光电刺激技术对神经元进行刺激,可以起到很好的治疗作用。

这种技术可以帮助神经元重新生成,以实现原本丧失的功能的恢复,使患者重新获得运动和感觉能力。

目前,光电刺激技术已经得到广泛的应用,效果很好。

2. 应用电磁治疗技术电磁治疗是一种比较常见的恢复技术,用于加速组织修复和神经元再生,从而促进神经系统的恢复,达到重建功能的目的。

这种技术还可以通过不同频率的电流刺激,帮助神经元获得更高的可塑性,从而更好地恢复受损器官的功能。

3. 应用神经干细胞研究神经干细胞研究的经验表明,其注射效果很好,可以通过其形成的新神经元和系统实现脊髓损伤治疗的恢复。

脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展

脊髓损伤治疗的研究进展
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脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤的研究进展
张国福;林建华
【期刊名称】《福建中医药大学学报》
【年(卷),期】2003(013)002
【摘要】@@ 脊髓损伤(SCI)是一种严重的神经系统创伤,随着交通的日益发达,其发生率有逐年上升的趋势.虽然临床工作者竭尽全力抢救治疗,降低了其死亡率,但神经损伤后的功能恢复仍不能令人满意.许多患者因半瘫或全瘫而长年卧床不起,并由此引起一系列的并发症,如褥疮、尿路感染、坠积性肺炎等,给家庭和社会带来了巨大的经济损失和负担.为此,许多研究人员已开展了脊髓损伤的研究.
【总页数】3页(P58-60)
【作者】张国福;林建华
【作者单位】福建中医学院骨伤系,福建,福州,350003;福建医科大学附属第一医院,福建,福州,350001
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R681.5+4
【相关文献】
1.近10年针灸治疗脊髓损伤性神经源性膀胱研究进展 [J], 张琴;赵芬芬;刘婷萍;王常康;何兴伟
2.脊髓损伤康复治疗的研究进展 [J], 姜楠;郭爱松
3.脊髓损伤相关信号通路在脊髓损伤修复过程中的研究进展 [J], 敬聪;王志刚;王君;丁向前;邹杨鸿;余化霖;耿鑫
4.功能高分子材料促进脊髓损伤后再生修复的研究进展 [J], 孙秀敏;庞卯;冯丰;刘斌;戎利民;何留民
5.脊髓损伤患者康复期出院准备研究进展 [J], 朱亮;张建梅;蒋红英;刘红
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【课题申报】脊髓损伤康复的新方法探索

【课题申报】脊髓损伤康复的新方法探索

脊髓损伤康复的新方法探索《脊髓损伤康复的新方法探索》一、课题背景和研究意义脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经系统损害,在全世界范围内都广泛存在,并且呈不断上升的趋势。

脊髓损伤会导致瘫痪、感觉丧失和生理功能障碍等严重后果,给患者的生活带来了巨大的困扰和痛苦。

目前,脊髓损伤的康复方法主要包括物理治疗、手术治疗和药物治疗等,但这些方法仍然存在一定的局限性。

因此,本课题旨在探索脊髓损伤康复的新方法,提供更有效的治疗手段和技术,改善患者的生活质量,为脊髓损伤患者带来新的希望。

二、课题内容和研究方向1. 脊髓损伤病理机制的研究通过文献回顾和实验研究,全面了解脊髓损伤的病理机制,揭示脊髓损伤过程中的分子和细胞水平的变化,为后续康复方法的开发和优化提供理论基础。

2. 基于神经可塑性的康复策略基于神经可塑性的康复方法被认为是促进脊髓损伤康复的一种有效途径。

研究集中于神经系统重新连接、启动功能再生和激活残存神经途径等方面,通过体外和体内实验研究,改善脊髓损伤患者的运动功能和感觉功能。

3. 应用先进技术的康复方法研究目前,先进的技术如干细胞治疗、基因治疗和仿生学技术等在脊髓损伤康复中已经展现出巨大的潜力。

本研究将探索这些新技术在脊髓损伤康复中的应用,评估其疗效和安全性,为这一领域的临床转化提供科学依据。

三、研究方法和技术路线1. 文献回顾和综述研究通过对近年来有关脊髓损伤康复方面的文献进行综述和分析,归纳总结出当前研究的热点和趋势,为课题的开展提供理论基础。

2. 动物实验研究采用脊髓损伤模型的动物实验,通过干细胞移植、基因治疗和仿生学技术等手段,观察其对脊髓损伤患者运动功能和感觉功能的影响,评估康复效果和安全性。

3. 临床实验研究通过临床试验,选取一定数量的脊髓损伤患者进行先进技术的康复治疗,比较其康复效果和传统治疗方法的差异,评估先进技术在康复中的实际应用价值。

四、预期成果和应用价值通过本研究,预期可以深入了解脊髓损伤的病理机制,揭示脊髓损伤康复的新途径和新方法。

脊髓损伤治疗最新进展与研究

脊髓损伤治疗最新进展与研究

脊髓损伤治疗最新进展与研究脊髓是人体的重要组成部分之一,位于人体脊柱内,负责传递大脑与身体各组织器官之间的信息和指令。

然而,由于意外事故、疾病等原因,脊髓损伤不断发生,导致严重的身体功能障碍。

长期以来,人们一直在探索治疗脊髓损伤的方法和手段,最新的研究成果和进展也为这方面的治疗提供了许多有益的启示和思路。

目前,脊髓损伤的治疗主要包括三个阶段:急救、恢复和康复。

在急救阶段,及时有效的预处理、转运及稳定脊柱是非常重要的。

在恢复阶段,通常采取手术、药物等方法促进受损神经元的再生和康复。

在康复阶段,运动康复和物理疗法等综合手段有助于患者恢复日常生活功能。

不过,由于脊髓神经元的特殊性质,传统治疗方法在治愈慢性和重度脊髓损伤上存在局限性。

近年来,许多新型治疗技术和手段,尤其是基于干细胞培育和基因编辑的治疗模式,为这些极具挑战性的疾病的治疗提供了更为广阔的前景。

干细胞治疗是目前脊髓损伤治疗领域的一大热点。

干细胞可以分化为不同类型的细胞,包括神经元、神经胶质细胞和上皮细胞等,这为脊髓再生提供了重要的“原料”。

同时,干细胞还可以分泌多种因子,促进神经元的增殖、分化和再生。

因此,干细胞不仅可以在损伤部位直接进行移植,也可以通过合成生物支架和ex-vivo研究等手段进行治疗。

目前,已经有多项针对脊髓损伤的干细胞治疗试验进入临床试验阶段。

研究结果显示,采用干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤,患者的体感和运动功能得到了有效的恢复。

但值得注意的是,干细胞的治疗可行性和安全性仍需进一步的研究和探索,同时也需要加强对其作用机制及移植后的组织再生情况的研究。

基因编辑技术是另一项近年来备受关注的治疗方法。

基因编辑可以准确地剪切和修复基因序列,修复脊髓神经元受损核酸序列有可能成为治疗脊髓损伤的一种有效方式。

例如,利用基因编辑技术可以研究丝裂原体蛋白Spastin(SPG4)基因突变对人类神经损伤的影响,从而为治疗脊髓损伤提供理论和实践基础。

除此之外,细胞外RNA干扰、人工智能、生物支架等新兴技术也为脊髓损伤的治疗提供了新思路和方向。

大鼠脊髓损伤原理_概述说明以及解释

大鼠脊髓损伤原理_概述说明以及解释

大鼠脊髓损伤原理概述说明以及解释1. 引言1.1 概述大鼠脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经系统疾病,常常导致肢体运动功能受损甚至完全丧失。

随着社会经济的不断发展和人类寿命的延长,脊髓损伤对个体健康和生活质量的影响日益凸显。

因此,了解大鼠脊髓损伤的原理和机制具有重要意义。

1.2 文章结构本文将从以下几个方面介绍大鼠脊髓损伤的原理和相关内容。

首先,在第2部分中,我们将探讨大鼠脊髓解剖学以及造成损伤的机制。

随后,在第3部分中,我们将详细讨论影响大鼠脊髓损伤程度的因素以及内源修复机制和外源介入治疗方法。

最后,在第4部分中,我们将关注抗神经炎症治疗在大鼠脊髓损伤中的应用现状,并对其发展前景和挑战进行展望。

最后一部分是结论与展望。

1.3 目的本文的目的是全面概述大鼠脊髓损伤的原理,并对其相关影响因素和抗神经炎症治疗现状进行说明和解释。

通过对这些内容的探讨,我们希望能够加深对大鼠脊髓损伤的认识,为未来的治疗方法提供理论支持,并寻找新的研究方向和突破口。

2. 大鼠脊髓损伤原理2.1 脊髓解剖学大鼠的脊髓是中枢神经系统的一部分,负责传递和调节神经信号。

其结构主要分为灰质和白质两部分。

灰质包含了神经元细胞体,而白质则主要由神经纤维组成。

2.2 损伤机制大鼠脊髓损伤可以由外力导致,如外因性创伤、意外事故等。

损伤机制可分为初期直接损害和继发性损害两个阶段。

在初期直接损害阶段,机械性力量会对脊髓造成物理撕裂、挤压或牵拉等程度不同的损伤。

这些作用会导致脊髓组织的断裂、血管破坏以及细胞凋亡等现象。

随后进入继发性损害阶段,受到初期直接损害引起的炎症过程将进一步加剧对脊髓的影响。

可见,大量炎症介质释放和细胞因子的增加会导致脊髓的神经元和神经胶质细胞均受到影响。

2.3 炎症反应的作用在大鼠脊髓损伤中,炎症反应在发病过程中起着关键性作用。

初期的机械性创伤引起了脊髓组织的直接损伤,进而触发炎症反应。

炎症反应是机体对于组织损伤的自然保护性反应,旨在清除死亡或受损细胞、补充营养物质以及调节免疫功能。

脊髓损伤康复技术研究及实践

脊髓损伤康复技术研究及实践

脊髓损伤康复技术研究及实践脊髓是连接人体大脑和躯体的重要通道,每个脊髓段都对应着不同的身体部位和功能。

脊髓损伤可以导致身体不同部位的机能受损,甚至发生瘫痪。

在康复过程中,需要全面的评估和指导,需要全方位的帮助和支持,这些都需要由专业人士提供。

本文将从多个方面探讨脊髓损伤康复技术。

一、脊髓损伤评估脊髓损伤康复的第一步是对患者进行评估。

评估的目的是判断损伤的程度以及患者的康复潜力。

目前主要的评估工具有The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA)国际坐标系和Frankel评分法。

ASIA国际坐标系评估患者的运动功能、感觉功能和神经元补救功能,对康复的效果进行参考。

Frankel评分法主要评估肢体运动的活动度、反射、感觉和括约肌功能,通常用于评估急性期患者,评估结果可用于预测脊髓损伤的康复进程。

二、康复治疗手段脊髓损伤康复治疗手段主要包括肌力康复训练、传统康复治疗、药物治疗、功能电刺激治疗、手术治疗和防治并发症等。

其中,肌力康复训练是康复的重要手段之一,通过训练提高患者的肌肉力量和肢体活动度,促进神经元的恢复和功能的重建。

传统康复治疗包括物理疗法、理疗、康复训练等,包括了多种手段,可以对患者进行全方位的康复帮助。

药物治疗主要是应用中医药调理身体、改善症状,提高身体免疫力,促进身体的恢复,如褪黑素、胶原蛋白、多酚类等药物。

功能电刺激治疗在肌肉康复训练的基础上,通过外部电刺激促进神经元的恢复和功能的重建。

手术治疗目的是恢复患者的脊髓功能,如植入电极、植入植物神经元、植入特殊螺钉等手术操作。

防治并发症主要包括尿路感染、营养不良、压疮等。

三、康复治疗时机康复治疗的时机对于康复效果至关重要。

在急性期,应以保护脊髓为主,作好护理措施,防治并发症。

在稳定期,可以开展康复治疗,多以肌力康复训练为主,促进神经功能的恢复和重建,防治并发症。

在康复期,应继续开展康复治疗,如物理疗法、药物治疗、肌力训练等,提高患者的康复效果。

晚期脊髓损伤恢复的病例报告和文献复习

晚期脊髓损伤恢复的病例报告和文献复习

J Neurosurg (Spine 2) 97:252–265, 2002Late recovery following spinal cord injuryCase report and review of the literatureJ OHN W. M C D ONALD, M.D., P H.D., D ANIEL B ECKER, M.D., C RISTINA L. S ADOWSKY, M.D.,J OHN A. J ANE, S R., M.D., P H.D., F.R.C.S.(C)., T HOMAS E. C ONTURO, P H.D.,AND L INDA M. S CHULTZ, P H.D.The Restorative Treatment and Research Program and Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Missouri; and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginiaߜ The authors of this prospective, single-case study evaluated the potential for functional recovery from chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). The patient was motor complete with minimal and transient sensory perception in the left hemibody. His condition was classified as C-2 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Grade A and he had experienced no sub-stantial recovery in the first 5 years after traumatic SCI. Clinical experience and evidence from the scientific literature sug-gest that further recovery would not take place. When the study began in 1999, the patient was tetraplegic and unable to breathe without assisted ventilation; his condition classification persisted as C-2 ASIA Grade A. Magnetic resonance imag-ing revealed severe injury at the C-2 level that had left a central fluid-filled cyst surrounded by a narrow donutlike rim of white matter. Five years after the injury a program known as “activity-based recovery” was instituted. The hypothesis was that patterned neural activity might stimulate the central nervous system to become more functional, as it does during development. Over a 3-year period (5–8 years after injury), the patient’s condition improved from ASIA Grade A to ASIA Grade C, an improvement of two ASIA grades. Motor scores improved from 0/100 to 20/100, and sensory scores rose from 5–7/112 to 58–77/112. Using electromyography, the authors documented voluntary control over important muscle groups, including the right hemidiaphragm (C3–5), extensor carpi radialis (C-6), and vastus medialis (L2–4). Reversal of osteo-porosis and an increase in muscle mass was associated with this recovery. Moreover, spasticity decreased, the incidence of medical complications fell dramatically, and the incidence of infections and use of antibiotic medications was reduced by over 90%. These improvements occurred despite the fact that less than 25 mm2of tissue (approximately 25%) of the outer cord (presumably white matter) had survived at the injury level.The primary novelty of this report is the demonstration that substantial recovery of function (two ASIA grades) is pos-sible in a patient with severe C-2 ASIA Grade A injury, long after the initial SCI. Less severely injured (lower injury level, clinically incomplete lesions) individuals might achieve even more meaningful recovery. The role of patterned neural activity in regeneration and recovery of function after SCI therefore appears a fruitful area for future investigation.K EY W ORDS•activity-based•functional recovery•spinal cord injury•regeneration•functional electrical stimulationLate Recovery in SCIsheets in the original hospitals’ charts (1995–1999). Theindividuals who performed these examinations were also experts in SCI care and well versed in the clinical ASIA standard examination. Initial examinations by the serial examiner (J.W.M.) confirmed these earlier records (1999).All components of the examination were performed in ac-cordance with ASIA standards while the individual was lying in bed.51The ASIA International Standard test for patients with complete tetraplegia has good intra- and interrater reliability.16Electromyography EvaluationThe Advantage/Clarke-Davis (diaphragm) and Dantec/Keypoint (upper- and lower-extremity muscles and exter-nal sphincter muscle) instruments and a Medtronic dispos-able monopolar needle DMN 50 were used for EMG. Am-plifier input impedance was set at 5 kOhm, with a high-pass filter of 2 Hz, a low-pass filter of 10 kHz, a sweep of 10 to 200 msec/D, and a sensitivity of 0.1 to 0.2 mV/D. The diaphragm was evaluated while the patient was seated, and the following muscles were assessed while the patient was lying down: right deltoid, biceps, extensor carpi radialis,and vastus medialis. Bone DensityBone densitometry was performed at Washington Uni-versity School of Medicine’s Bone and Mineral Diseases laboratories. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measure-ments were compared using national standards for white males (based on age, weight, and height).19,55,63Magnetic Resonance ImagingAll imaging was performed with a Signa 1.5-tesla super-conducting system (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI) with phased array coils. A volume-acquired inversion-prepared fast–spoiled gradient echo acquisition was performed fol-lowing an axial pilot at the level of the C-2 vertebral body.Sixty-four partitions (1-mm-thick equivalents) were acquired in a three-dimensional volume centered on the cervical spine, with the following parameters: (TE, 4.2msec; TR, 17.8 msec; flip angle, 20˚; 256 phase encodings in the z direction, 1 average, field of view 25 cm, matrix 256 ϫ256). The imaging time was 7 minutes.From the volume data set a series of 10 contiguous 3-mm axial slices were reformatted on the Signa by using the center of the C2–C3 intervertebral disc as a caudal landmark, with the slices perpendicular to the spinal cord.Following this these data sets were uniformity corrected and histogram matched to a single control image by using a method previously described.The images were displayed using a window-based image analysis software (Dispunc; ©D. L. Plummer, University College London) and regions of interest were manually traced around each of the 10 axial slices. The operator visu-ally defined the edge of the cord and the region was placed 2 pixels within this so as to avoid contamination from par-tial volume, which would artificially lower the measured signal intensity. A final signal intensity value for each sub-ject was obtained by taking the mean of the 10 regions.Cross-sectional area measurements were performed by one observer blind to the clinical details by using a previ-ously described method. Intraobserver reproducibility was assessed for several steps in the process by using 15 scan–rescan data sets obtained in the patient. 1) The variation in mean signal intensity produced by the manual tracing technique on the same image. 2) The variation in mean signal intensity for scan–rescan within the same patient without histogram matching. 3) The variation in the mean signal intensity for scan–rescan within the same patient with histogram matching.Quantification of Infectious ComplicationsThe personal 24-hour nursing records for the patient were exceptionally detailed and this allowed us to track accurately the number and types of infections requiring antibiotic treatments each year. In addition, the total dura-J. W. McDonald, et al.F IG . 1.X-ray films revealing an open mouth view (A) and a lat-eral view (B) of the cervical spine following internal stabilization.The type of injury incurred by this patient leads to bone dissocia-tion of the head and spine. Reconstruction required fusion of the occiput to C-2 with titanium rods, wire, and bone graft.tion of each treatment was always recorded (Table 2). The prescription records provided by the local medical doctor verified these values. In most cases, cultures were also obtained to further verify the infection. Quality of Life EvaluationsA single examiner (J.W.M.) performed the evaluations by telephone (July 15–30, 2002). These subjective mea-surements supplemented the quantitative data on function-al recovery and emphasized the impact of limited motor and sensory recovery on quality of life.Activity-Based Recovery ProgramThe activity-based recovery program consisted primari-ly of training on a FES bicycle. The customized recumbent bike system, designed for use with paralyzed individuals,integrated computer-assisted FES-induced cycling. The goal was 1 hour of activity (up to 3000 revolutions) per day three times per week. The FES bicycle modulates the inten-sity of stimulation to obtain a consistent rotation speed.Surface electrodes stimulate three muscle groups in each leg (Fig. 2): one electrode is placed at the superior edge of the gluteal muscle, another over the hamstring group mid-way between the knee and hip, and two over the quadriceps (one over the superior portion and the other over the inferi-or third of the quadriceps). During the exercise, the legs are balanced in three ways. The seated buttocks and boots anchor the legs at the upper and lower positions. Belts that attach to the upper leg with V elcro balance the mid-leg. A weighted fly-wheel ensures a smooth rotation by carrying momentum. The goal was to achieve the greatest number of revolutions (3000/hour). The FES bicycle therapy was supplemented with surface electrical stimulation to activate the following muscle groups: paraspinals, abdominals,wrist extensors, wrist flexors, deltoids, biceps, and triceps.The therapies were rotated daily, usually in a 3-day sequence. Each muscle group was activated for one-half hour by using intermittent 1 second on, 1 second off AC cycles. Once muscle recovery began, aquatherapy was in-corporated into the program, with a goal of one 1-hour ses-sion per week. The aquatherapy focused on muscle groups in which voluntary control was recovered while participat-ing in the activity-based recovery program.ResultsThe InjuryFigure 3 depicts T 2-weighted MR images obtained in the patient’s cervical spinal cord 5 years after the C-2 SCI. The injury epicenter contains a central cyst on level with the lower part of the C-2 vertebral body. As is typical in high cervical injuries, severe myelomalacia (shrinkage) has al-most halved the diameter of the upper cord. Despite the severe damage, cross sections through the lesion indicate a variable donutlike rim of remaining white matter tissue. The presence of a variable donutlike rim of tissue at the injury site is typical of most SCIs.14,43–45Furthermore, the majority of clinically important motor and sensory tracts are normal-ly present in the outer rim of white matter; however, the MR images do not indicate whether the donutlike tissue is func-tional cord or simply scar tissue. An interesting feature of the patient’s images is that the cystic area is confined to the C-2 level rather than extending one level above and below,as is more typical with traumatic SCI. The likely explana-tion is that the cervical canal is wider at C-2, which protects the cord more than the canal at other levels.Quantitative measures of remaining spinal cord cross-sectional areas in the upper cervical region revealed that approximately 25 mm 2of tissue remained at the lower C-2 lesion epicenter, representing a donutlike tissue rim (Fig. 3F). The lesion epicenter was identified by reduced average signal intensities with corresponding minimal area values. As suggested in the MR images, the area of the most severe injury was primarily confined to one level (Fig. 3F); however, substantial atrophy of the cord was also present rostral and caudal to the injury level. This atrophy extends further rostral than caudal in keeping with the greater rostral axonal dieback observed in high cervi-cal lesions in rodents. Activity-Based Recovery ProgramWhen we first evaluated the patient, we were studying the activity-based recovery program’s effects on physical as well as functional recovery. Early results suggested that the physical benefits alone were sufficient reason to incor-porate activity-based therapy into daily life. Those bene-fits included enhancement of muscle mass and bone den-sity, increased cardiovascular endurance, and decreased spasticity (data not shown).After the initial evaluation at Washington University in St. Louis, the patient was trained to use a FES bicycleLate Recovery in SCIF IG . 2.Schematic drawing of the FES bicycle. The FES bicycle uses computer-controlled electrodes to stimulate the leg muscles in specific patterns. A paralyzed individual can therefore rotate the bicycle wheels even though he is unable to control his leg muscles voluntarily. In this study, three muscle groups (red)were stimulat-ed bilaterally: the gluteal, quadriceps, and hamstring muscles.Electrodes (blue)went to pads attached to the skin over each mus-cle: two pads for each quadriceps (1) and one for each hamstring (2) and gluteal muscle (3).(Fig. 2). A similar bicycle was installed in his home so he could exercise frequently in his city of residence. The goal was to complete a 1-hour session three times per week.At first, the patient’s leg muscles fatigued rapidly with surface stimulation, but within approximately 20 sessions he was able to ride the bicycle continuously for 1 hour. Once motor recovery began, the program was supplemented with weekly aquatherapy to work muscle groups that had regained voluntary function but were too weak to oppose gravity. Surface, nonload-bearing electrical stimulation was also performed on the following muscle groups on an alter-nating 3-day schedule: the paraspinal group, the abdominal group, and the upper-extremity groups. Standard range-of-motion physical therapy was also performed daily, but thisJ. W. McDonald, et al.F IG . 3.Serial T 2-weighted MR images of the cervical spinal cord demonstrating a posttraumatic cyst at C-2 and severe myelomalacia in a patient who suffered a traumatic SCI 5 years earlier. A sagittal MR image is shown on the left (A) and the corresponding coronal sections are shown the right (B–E). For ease of identification, the perimeter of the cord is cir-cled in black and the internal cyst is white in panels C and E, which are duplicate images of panels B and D. Graph show-ing quantitative analysis of spinal cord area by using MR imaging signal. Areas (in mm 2) of the MR image signal in cross sections through the spinal cord are shown as a function of distance from the cerebellar tonsils (0 reference point). The lesion epicenter is indicated by the lowest point on the U-shaped area curve. Based on a normal C-2 cervical cross-sec-tional area of approximately 1 cm 2, then approximately 25% of the MR imaging signal remains at the injury epicenter,representing a donutlike rim of tissue.Late Recovery in SCIF IG. 4.Schematic illustration of the timeline of injury and com-plications. The patient suffered a C-2 ASIA Grade A SCI on May 27, 1995. As often happens in tetraplegia, he accumulated many severe medical complications, which are listed in this timeline. The vertical red bar indicates inpatient medical care and rehabilitation through the end of 1996. In addition to the complications shown here, urinary tract and pulmonary infections were frequent in the years before 1999. Note that the complication rate accelerated between 1995 and 1999, a situation common in tetraplegia. The paucity of similar complications after 1999 is highly unusual. 1) Coccyx skin ulcer. A large, Grade IV sacral skin ulceration devel-oped early during the hospitalization period. Aggressive treatmentJ. W. McDonald, et al.is now within the normal range (t-score Ϫ0.5 in 2002 compared with Ϫ4.1 pre-1999). Ashworth measurements of spasticity have improved from 3 to 1–2 (Table 3), and the patient has also increased his endurance.1 Electromyography ResultsThe EMG analysis of volitional movements was com-pleted in the winter of 2001 (Table 4), and the results were compared with those from phrenic nerve testing per-formed on June 21, 1995, shortly after the injury. At that time, there was evidence of intact anterior horn cells. Latencies were less than 10 msec, and right and left ampli-tudes were 0.9 mV and 0.5 mV, respectively. Dia-phragmatic movement, albeit small, was noted on fluoro-scopic examination. In contrast, amplitudes were greater in 2001 (2–7 mV), but there was further evidence of den-ervation (Table 4). V oluntary elicited EMG responses were evident in other muscle groups tested, including the right deltoid, right biceps, right extensor carpi radialis, and right vastus medialis. Most of these groups showed evi-dence of denervation, as indicated by positive sharp waves, fibrillation, and complex repetitive discharges. Overall, the numbers of recruited motor units were pre-dictably small.Quality of Life AssessmentTable 5 lists the responses the patient made in 2002 to questions about quality of life. Overall, recovery impact-ed many domains of daily living; however, some of the changes were perceived as life-altering. We did not use the semiquantitative quality-of-life measures that are avail-able because of their limited ability to detect the impact of such a recovery.DiscussionThe major novelty of this report is the finding that sub-Late Recovery in SCIF IG. 6.Schematic drawing showing a comparison of ASIA grades between 1995 and 2002. Values in blue indicatescores from 1999; those in red indicate 2002 scores. Note that all the 1995 motor scores and the sensory scores obtainedbelow T-4 were zero. The 1995 scores were taken from the July 1995 ASIA sheet.TABLE 2Yearly incidence of infection and requirementfor antibiotic treatment*Type of InfectionTotal No. Total DaysYear Events Urinary Pulmonary Bowel Skin of Tx1996231093116919971344041901998135602168199********200053200362001330001820021100010*Events were recorded from detailed personal nursing records and indi-cate total number of infectious events requiring antibiotic treatment, typesof infections, and total days of antibiotic treatment required. Abbreviation:Tx = treatment.J. W. McDonald, et al.Late Recovery in SCImarily for nonload-bearing movement.42,53Apparently suf-ficient load-bearing combined with the physical bone stress of contracting muscles by using the FES bike in conjunc-tion with pharmacological treatments to offset bone resorp-tion is able to reverse even severe bone density loss as in this case. It is also predictable that enhanced gluteal muscle mass will translate into superior seating pressure distribu-tion with a corresponding reduction in skin breakdown. Although it is expected that the overall experience in care of this patient would improve his medical status and perhaps reduce complications somewhat, the magnitude of the changes observed in this case are highly unlikely to be the result of such a learning curve.Donutlike Sparing of Spinal Cord White Matter and Implications of Limited Repair for Disproportionate Recovery of FunctionPerhaps a substantial number of individuals with ASIA Grade A SCI might have at least some functional connec-tions across the lesion.14,23,24,43Indeed, it is rare for the cord to be completely severed by spinal trauma unless a gun-shot or knife attack causes the wound. Because the major-ity of individuals with SCI are classified as ASIA Grade A, it will be important to identify the subclass that has retained some functional connections and therefore has recovery potential.Studies perfomed in the 1950s indicate that limited preservation of white matter can sustain substantial spinal cord function. Preservation of less than 10% of the normal axon complement in the cat spinal cord can support walk-ing, although this should not be viewed as the optimal requirement.9Moreover, detailed anatomical postmortem studies of chronic SCI in humans reveal that small resid-ual connections across the lesion can preserve some func-tion.43,44For example, one individual with ASIA Grade C SCI had retained only 1.17 mm2of white matter at the level of the lesion. Another patient with some preserved motor function below the level of a cervical injury had only 3175 corticospinal axons—less than 8% of the num-ber (41,472) found in normal controls. The current case reinforces these data, showing that limited sparing of white matter may be associated with substantial preserva-tion of motor and sensory function. In the patient’s case, high-resolution MR imaging demonstrated that less than 25% of the cord had survived at the injury level (and the proportion was probably lower because MR imaging can-not distinguish between functional tissue and scar tissue). Yet substantial motor and sensory recovery was possible. These observations imply that small stepwise treatments can be expected to produce large gains in function. Development and application of novel methods for deter-mining persistent connections across the lesion in individ-uals with ASIA Grade A injuries will be important. Such techniques could include diffusion tensor imaging, func-tional MR imaging, and motor/sensory evoked potentials. The MR imaging analysis of the lesion indicated resid-ual sparing of approximately 25 mm2of tissue in an outer donutlike rim of the cord at the C-2 level. The analysis would tend to err on the side of inflated area measurements, as the demarcation of tissue and cerebrospinal fluid in the central cyst was not always a clean border. Nonetheless, the lesion epicenter can be identified in Fig. 3 by a simultane-ous drop in signal intensity and minimal residual area.Previous work in normal volunteers suggests the area of C2–4 spinal cord cross-sections ranges from 67 to 101 mm2, with study means ranging from 78.1 to 84.7 mm2. Pre-viously published data obtained in normal human volun-teers at the C2–3 and C3–4 disc space levels, some of which was based on MR imaging, is as follows: mean age 31 years (range 23–49 years), area 78.1 mm2(range 70.1–86.1 mm2) for 15 volunteers; mean age 38 years (range 26–57 years), area 84.7 mm2(range 67–101 mm2) for 30 volunteers.12,48 Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that approximately 25% of the cord remains at the injury level in the patient. Limited Treatments for SCICurrent treatments for SCI are both limited and contro-versial. Administration of methylprednisolone within 8 hours of traumatic injury was one of the first drug therapies to receive support.10,11Limitations in technical design and the marginal clinical effect of methylprednisolone seen in the original multicenter studies have raised concern about this approach.17,39,58Other medications, including Naloxone and Tirilazad, have also been examined; however, those studied did not achieve their primary endpoints.10,11Most recently, the ganglioside, GM-1, has shown promise when adminis-tered in the subacute injury period, although primary end-points were again not achieved.30In general, most rehabili-tation approaches are accepted in the field but specific aspects have not been tested for efficacy in the SCI popula-tion. Moreover, the duration of inpatient rehabilitation has dramatically decreased over the last 10 years, necessitating the development of cost-effective inhome therapies. Activity-Based Recovery Program: Theory and Application The activity-based recovery program is based on a sub-stantial amount of data on the role of patterned neural activ-ity in normal CNS development. The program assumes that similar processes are required for successful regeneration of the injured nervous system. It is known that reduction of neural activity disrupts nervous system development, including cell birth, migration, determination of cell fate, synapse elimination and circuitry selection, and myelina-tion and that CNS injury dramatically reduces patterned neural activity, particularly below the level of the SCI.33 This happens when some pathways between the brain and limbs become interrupted, reducing the transmission of pat-terned sensory afferent activity from the periphery (for ex-ample, that associated with movement). Therefore, we ex-plored the possibility that promoting patterned activity could enhance regeneration and functional recovery, using both basic science and clinical studies.We divided the possible benefits of patterned neural ac-tivity into two categories: physical and regeneration/recov-ery of function. Our early clinical experience suggested that the physical benefits provide sufficient reason for partici-pating in an activity-based recovery program. The individ-ual described in this paper has experienced a number of physical benefits, including increased muscle mass, reversal of osteoporosis, decreased spasticity, and improved overall health with an associated reduction of major medical com-plications, incidence of infections, and use of antibiotics. Although it was not considered possible to reverse osteo-porosis with FES, it appears that FES can be effective; cal-cium supplements and pharmacological therapy to limitJ. W. McDonald, et al.bone resorption were also required. Another physical bene-fit was maintenance of skin integrity, particularly over weight-bearing bone prominences such as the coccyx. Re-gaining muscle mass between the bone and skin distributed pressure over a much larger area, just as the flat sole of a shoe distributes pressure over the foot more effectively than a spiky high heel.The second level of potential benefits—reduction of spasticity and regeneration—is of particular interest. Al-though the individual described here experienced less spasticity, only animal studies will determine whether regeneration might be responsible for this improvement. Nonetheless, substantial experimental data, particularly from studies of CNS development, indicate that patterned neural activity might be an important mechanism for developing and maintaining inhibitory circuitry.3,8,18,28,36,37, 56,62,64,65,69–71Chemical inhibition of neural activity in cul-ture and in animals reduces the number of inhibitory synapses, and partial removal of this blockade can result in nervous system overactivity, such as spasticity. A sim-ilar scenario appears to follow SCI, perhaps partly in response to reduced neural activity. Moreover, antispas-modic agents, such as Baclofen, can reduce overall neur-al activity and therefore might shift the balance from exci-tation to inhibition, as can happen during development. The selection and maintenance of new excitatory synaps-es might also require coincident neural input. Patterned neural activity might also help correct the dys-myelination and demyelination that contributes to func-tional deficits after SCI.9,13,14,31,32Remyelination of axons that were stripped after injury requires optimal electrical activity in the nerve being myelinated.21The strongest evi-dence comes from the peripheral nervous system, but there are similar data for the CNS.6Recovery in the adult CNS might also involve the pro-duction of new neural cells, particularly oligodendrocytes needed for remyelination.29,38,40,54Although this mechanism of cell renewal is not well understood, recent work from several laboratories has shown that running can boost the production and survival of new brain cells.46The survival of injured or newborn neurons and glia also requires opti-mal levels of neural activity.6Additional clinical data support the idea that activity might promote functional recovery after nervous system insults such as trauma and stroke.15,26,41,57,75,76,83Early work focused on concepts of operant conditioning to explain these observations. In 1993, Taub, et al.,74described a method called “constraint-induced” movement therapy to restore function in people with long-term paralysis after stroke and other CNS lesions. By constraining the good side and forcing patients with hemiplegia to use their paralyzed limbs, they were able to reverse “learned non-use,” which was proposed by Taub, et al.,73to explain the excess motor disability that occurs after CNS injury. Despite the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of constraint-induced ther-apy, many patients and therapists expressed skepticism about the therapy because the approach was not very prac-tical and required long-term intensive inpatient care.60 Perhaps the most dramatic demonstration of reversing “learned non-use” has come from the results of training people with SCI. In 1992, Wernig and Muller80reported that treadmill (laufband) locomotion with body weight sup-port improved walking in people after severe SCIs. They trained eight people with “incomplete” SCI for 1.5 to 7 months (5 days/week, 30–60 minutes/day) beginning 5 to 20 months after injury. This training significantly improved locomotion capabilities, including the ability to walk unsupported 100 to 200 m on a flat surface. Their addition-al work demonstrates that these training benefits can be maintained without further training.81,82Dietz and col-leagues22suggest that two forms of adaptations occur after injury that may contribute to improved locomotor function: development of spastic muscle tone and activation of spinal locomotor centers induced by treadmill training. Building on this work, additional groups have shown that a distal disconnected region of the spinal cord is capable of “learn-ing” and that early gait training might promote improved gait, endurance, and energy consumption, enhanced ground speed walking, and, in a minority of individuals with in-complete SCI, improved overground walking.4,5,7,27,49,80The major benefits of gait training are reserved for those with incomplete injuries, particularly ASIA Grades C and D.53 Therefore, motor training appears to have effects that exceed those produced by exercise or FES alone. The FES bicycle system described here may provide a unique bal-ance to gait training in that it may prove to provide benefits in the more severely affected individuals with SCI. Thus, a growing body of work supports the activity-based recovery hypothesis and the lack of alternative treatments acceler-ates the need to test promising new approaches.Long-Term Recovery After SCIThis report does not address the basis for the patient’s recovery, mechanisms of regeneration, or whether regener-ation accompanied functional recovery because such asso-ciations cannot emerge from studies in living humans. It does demonstrate, however, that substantially delayed re-covery is possible. Therefore, further investigations into the role of neural activity in regeneration and functional recov-ery appear warranted, both in the laboratory and in clinical trials. Predictably, the most rapid progress will occur through basic science, which can tightly control variables and assess indices of regeneration; however, we hope the work described here will spark additional clinical investi-gations into the effects of long-term rehabilitative and med-ical interventions for individuals with SCI and other disor-ders involving immobility. Such interventions might enable individuals with spinal cord disabilities to achieve physical and functional benefits that previously were not thought possible. Because extensive patterned neural activity ap-pears important for recovery, we suspect that patterned activities will show much promise.In summary, the individual described in this paper has experienced substantial recovery of function and his con-dition is now classified as ASIA Grade C, two ASIA grades better than ASIA Grade A. Associated physical benefits include reduced spasticity and increased bone density and muscle mass. Although we cannot conclude that the activity-based recovery program produced the functional benefits, we believe it was responsible for the physical benefits. As this outcome was seen in a worst-case scenario, the program might provide even more dra-matic benefits for individuals who are less severely injured (ASIA Grades B–C).Late Recovery in SCI。

脊髓损伤的整体护理研究进展

脊髓损伤的整体护理研究进展

脊髓损伤的整体护理研究进展摘要:脊髓损伤属于临床最常见的一种脊柱骨折类的并发症,较为严重,主要是由于椎体的移位,或是碎骨片进入到椎管内,使脊髓,或是马尾神经出现程度不一的损伤。

此外,如脊髓损伤较为严重,还会对患者的下肢感觉、运动功能等产生相应的障碍,增加截瘫率。

因此,对于临床表现为瘫痪、脊柱损伤、脊髓震荡的脊髓损伤患者,需要采取有效的治疗及干预措施,以此来提升疗效,促使患者病情尽快康复。

本次研究,针对脊髓损伤的整体护理研究展开综述,为临床提供一些借鉴。

关键词:脊髓损伤;整体护理;研究;进展脊髓损伤是因脊髓的结构、功能等产生相应的损伤,使得患者平面以下的运动、感觉等出现了功能性障碍,分为不同的症状[1]。

引发脊髓损伤的原因较多,如创伤、肿瘤、炎症等,以运动功能、感觉功能、呼吸功能、排便功能、直肠功能、心理情感功能等出现障碍为表现,对患者的生活、生命产生极大的影响[2]。

目前,随着交通业、建筑业的不断发展,增加了脊髓损伤发病率。

临床在脊髓损伤治疗中,虽尽全力对其进行了治疗,但对于此病症而言,会因神经损伤而出现功能恢复不佳的情况,较多的患者会出现全瘫,或是半瘫等,增加了一系列并发症的出现,如尿路感染、压疮、肺炎等,增加了家庭、社会等经济负担[3]。

因此,为了提升脊髓损伤救治效果,需要在治疗中,配合有效的整体护理,以此来实现治疗与护理目的。

1.脊髓损伤发病机制临床将脊髓损伤分为两种,即一是继发性的损伤,二是原发性的损伤。

其前者损伤是由于脊髓受损伤,引起局部出现水肿、炎症、缺血、缺氧、过氧化基团异常,引起生化、电解质的改变,同时脊髓在损伤后,会产生相应的毒害,使病变向纵横方向发展,引起广泛性的脊髓损伤。

后者的出现,主要是由脊髓在受到直接或是间接的压迫、出血,导致电解质从损伤部位溢出,使神经元出现坏死、变性。

当患者出现脊髓损伤,神经元受损后会出现突起,产生胶质细胞与靶细胞等反应[4]。

因此,脊髓损伤后,最早会出现组织改变,并伴有血管间隙水肿、肿胀等,且神经元会因损伤,引起轴浆、突膜崩解,伴有动作电位丧失。

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