ORACLE OCI翻译文档
ORACLE中英文解释.DO
ORACLE中英文解释.DOOracle ERP 11i中英对照词汇表Aaccount hierarchy（帐户分层结构）Oracle 财务系统的一种特性，您可以用来执行汇总层资金检查。
采用帐户分层结构，Oracle 采购管理系统和总帐管理系统可以快速确定明细帐户累计成的汇总帐户。
Account segment（帐户段）会计弹性域多达 30 个不同节中的其中一个，这些节一起构成您的总帐帐户代码。
段与段之间通过一个您所选定的符号（如-、/ 或\）分开。
每一个段通常表示业务结构的一个要素，如公司、成本中心或帐户。
Account segment value（帐户段值）定义特定值集唯一值的一系列字符和说明。
account structure（帐户结构）请参阅：会计弹性域结构accounting calendar（会计日历）Oracle 总帐管理系统中定义会计期和会计年度的日历。
您可以使用“会计日历”窗口来定义会计日历。
Oracle 财务分析程序可以使用会计日历自动创建“时间”维。
Accounting Flexfield（会计弹性域）用于标识 Oracle 财务应用产品中的总帐帐户的代码。
每个会计弹性域段值与科目表中的一个汇总或累计帐户对应。
Accounting Flexfield structure（会计弹性域结构）为满足组织的特定需要而定义的帐户结构。
您可以在会计弹性域结构中选择段数及每个段的长度、名称和顺序。
Accounting Flexfield value set（会计弹性域值集）一组值以及这一组值的属性。
例如，您为帐户段指定用于标识业务特定要素的值长度和值类型（如公司、分部、区域或产品）。
ad hoc（即席）与特殊用途相关并应用于特殊用途。
例如，即席税码或即席数据库查询。
aggregate balance（汇总余额）天数范围内的日终余额总和。
有三种汇总余额类型：期初至今(PTD)、季初至今 (QTD) 和年初至今 (YTD)。
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure（OCI）安全文档说明书
Compute
Identity and Operator Access
• Identity and access management • Identity federation • Role-based policy • Ephemeral bastions
Internet and Edge
• DDoS protection • SD-WAN • Enhanced WAF protection
• Private networks
• FastConnect
• Secure VPN
• P2P, NAT, DRG gateways
Monitoring and Prevention
• Posture management
• Integrated threat intelligence and detection
* Pricing for OCI Network Firewall is available on the Price List
8
Copyright © 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates
Oracle Security Zones
New Custom Security Zones add flexibility to enforce secure configurations and user actions
Oracle Threat Intelligence Service
Provides threat indicator data such as IP addresses associated with malicious activities • Large database of out-of-the-box threat information • Consolidated view of threat intelligence data • Data sources from Oracle security researchers and CrowdStrike • Guides operational responses for better security outcomes
oracle oci 大字段 更新 示例代码-概述说明以及解释
oracle oci 大字段更新示例代码-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容：Oracle Cloud Infrastructure（OCI）是Oracle公司提供的一套云计算服务平台，它为企业提供了高性能、高可用性、安全可靠的云环境。
OCI 具有广泛的功能和灵活的部署选项，可以满足各种企业的需求。
本文将重点介绍OCI中的大字段更新示例代码。
大字段是指存储在数据库中的较大数据，如文本、图像或视频等。
在实际应用中，经常需要对这些大字段进行更新操作，本文将以示例代码的方式，详细展示了如何使用OCI完成对大字段的更新。
通过本文的学习，读者可以了解到OCI的基本概念和相关操作，并通过实际示例代码的演示，掌握如何在OCI中进行大字段的更新操作。
同时，本文还将分析更新操作的性能和注意事项，帮助读者优化其应用程序的性能和稳定性。
文章结构如下：在引言部分，我们将对OCI进行简要介绍，并说明本文的目的和结构。
在正文部分，我们将首先介绍OCI的基本概念和使用方式，包括OCI 的架构和服务。
然后，我们将详细介绍大字段的概念并提供更新示例代码，帮助读者理解和掌握在OCI中进行大字段更新的方法。
在结论部分，我们将对本文进行总结，并展望OCI在未来的发展前景。
我们还将提出一些建议和思考，帮助读者更好地应用OCI来满足其业务需求。
通过本文的阅读，读者可以系统地了解OCI中大字段更新的方法和技巧，并能够在实际应用中灵活运用。
希望本文能够为读者提供有价值的参考和指导。
文章结构将按照以下方式组织：1. 引言1.1 概述1.2 文章结构1.3 目的2. 正文2.1 OCI简介2.2 大字段更新示例代码3. 结论3.1 总结3.2 展望在本文中，我们将首先介绍Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)的基础知识，并讨论OCI的重要性和应用场景。
随后，我们将深入探讨OCI 中大字段更新的示例代码。
oracle翻译
oracle翻译
Oracle翻译是一种使用Oracle数据库的文本翻译功能。
它允许在不同的数据库之间相互进行文本翻译，从而让不同的系统可以在特定的业务流程中使用相同的文本语言。
此外，Oracle翻译也可以用来将文本从一种语言翻译成另一种语言，这样就可以在不同的环境中使用同一种语言。
例如，可以使用Oracle翻译将文本从英语翻译成日语，从而使得不同的系统都可以使用日文来提供文本内容，而无需理会系统的语言差异。
Oracle翻译是通过分析数据库中的文本，然后使用文本翻译器（TTS）来实现的。
TTS可以帮助开发人员通过分析文本内容，并将其转化成另一种语言。
另外，它还可以将文本转换成图像，以便用户可以更好地查看和理解文本内容。
Oracle翻译可以用于多种用途，例如为网站提供多语言支持，提供多种语言版本的文档，以及用于跨国企业的跨语言沟通。
它可以帮助企业解决多语言问题，提高企业的国际化水平，开发出更多的专业的多语言应用软件，从而让企业在全球市场上更加具有竞争力。
另外，Oracle翻译可以帮助企业更好地与客户沟通，让客户更快更准确地理解所提供的信息和服务。
同时，它还可以帮助企业提升客户体验，扩大其客户群，从而获得更多的收益。
总之，Oracle翻译是一种非常有用的工具，它可以帮助企业在不同的数据库之间进行文本翻译，并且可以将文本从一种语言翻译成另一种语言。
另外，它也可以用来提供多语言支持，提供文档的多语言版本，帮助企业与客户更好地沟通，从而提高客户体验，扩大其客户群，获得更多的收益。
oracle概念手册中文版(10gR2)
Oracle Concepts 中英文对照版 (10g R2) V 1.1Oracle Concepts 中文版 (10g R2)Part I What Is Oracle? 第一部分 何为 Oracle？Chapter 1, Introduction to the Oracle Database第 1 章，Oracle 数据库简介Part II Oracle Database Architecture 第二部分 Oracle 数据库体系结构 Chapter 2, Data Blocks, Extents, and Segments第 2 章，数据块，数据扩展，及数据段Chapter 3, Tablespaces, Datafiles, and Control Files第 3 章，表空间，数据文件，及控制文件Chapter 4, Transaction Management第 4 章，事务管理Chapter 5, Schema Objects第 5 章，方案对象Chapter 6, Dependencies Among Schema Objects第 6 章，方案对象间的依赖关系Chapter 7, The Data Dictionary第 7 章，数据字典Chapter 8, Memory Architecture第 8 章，内存体系结构Chapter 9, Process Architecture第 9 章，进程体系结构Chapter 10, Application Architecture第 10 章，应用体系结构Chapter 11, Oracle Utilities第 11 章，Oracle 工具Chapter 12, Database and Instance Startup and Shutdown第 12 章，数据库及实例的启动与关闭Part III Oracle Database Features 第三部分 Oracle 数据库特性Chapter 13, Data Concurrency and Consistency第 13 章，数据并发性与数据一致性Chapter 14, Manageability第 14 章，可管理性Chapter 15, Backup and Recovery第 15 章，备份与恢复Chapter 16, Business Intelligence第 16 章，业务智能Chapter 17, High Availability第 17 章，高可用性Chapter 18, Partitioned Tables and Indexes第 18 章，分区表及分区索引Chapter 19, Content Management第 19 章，内容管理Chapter 20, Database Security第 20 章，数据库安全Chapter 21, Data Integrity第 21 章，数据完整性Chapter 22, Triggers第 22 章，触发器Chapter 23, Information Integration第 23 章，信息整合Part IV Oracle Database Application Development 第四部分 Oracle 数据库应用程序开发 Chapter 24, SQL, PL/SQL, and Java第 24 章，SQL，PL/SQL，及 Java Chapter 25, Overview of Application Development Languages第 25 章，应用程序开发语言概述Chapter 26, Native Datatypes第 26 章，原生数据类型Chapter 27, Object Datatypes and Object Views第 27 章，对象数据类型及对象视图1 Introduction to the Oracle Database1 This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle database server. Thetopics include:∙Oracle Database Architecture∙Oracle Database Features∙Oracle Database Application Development 本章对Oracle数据库服务器进行概括性的介绍。
Oracle中文使用手册
1.Oracle的使用1.1. SQLPLUS的命令初始化表的位置：set NLS_LANG=american_7ascii (设置编码才可以使用下面脚本)cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms cd demo summit2.sql*********************************我们目前使用的是oralce 9i 9201 版本select * from v$version;恢复练习表命令：sqlplus **/** @summit2.sql //shell要在这个文件的位置。
登陆oracle的命令：sqlplus 用户名/密码show user 显示当前登陆的身份.set pause onset pause off 分页显示.oracle中默认日期和字符是左对齐，数字是右对齐table or view does not exist ; 表或示图不存在edit 命令用于自动打开vi修改刚修执行过的sql的命令。
修改方法二：l 3 先定位到行 c /旧串/新串执行出错时，利用错误号来查错误:!oerr ora 942 (装完系统后会装一个oerr工具，用于通过错误号来查看错误的具体信息)想在sql中执行unix命令时，把所有的命令前加一个!就可以，或者host( 用于从sql从切换至unix环境中去)/*** 初次使用时注意 ****运行角本时的命令：先切换到unix环境下，cd $oracle_home cd sqlplus cd demo 下面有两个角本建表语句。
@demobld.sqlsqlplus nanjing/nanjing @demobid.sql 直接运行角本，后面跟当前目录或者是绝对路径保存刚才的sql语句：save 命令第二次保存时要替换之前的角本 save 文件名 replace把刚才保的sql重新放入 buffer中spool on 开启记录spool off 关闭记录spool 文件名此命令会把所有的操作存在某个文件中去常见缩写：nls national language support 国家语言支持1.2. SQL的结构|DDL 数据库定义|DML 数据库管理SQL――Commit rollback|DCL 数据库控制|grant+revoke 权限管理表分为：系统表（数据字典），用户表注：知道数据字典可以更便于使用数据库。
OCI中文文档
OCI_ATTR_STMT_TYPE—读取当前SQL语句的类型：
Eg : OCI_STMT_BEGIN
OCI_STMT_SELECT OCI_STMT_INSERT
OCI_STMT_UPDATE OCI_STMT_DELETE
＞0：所读取的列数据长度大于程序变量的长度，则被截取，指示符变量值为所读取数据被截取前的实际长度
三． OCI函数说明
注：红色为输入参数 蓝色为输出参数 ,否则为输入/出参数
示例以下面结构作为说明
sword swResult;
OCIBind* hBind;
网上很少有OCI的中文文档，一般英文文档大家可能看了也不太顺，我整理了一份，写了一些常用的OCI函数，供大家参考。
因为无法加附件，只好把内容贴上来了
一． Oracle oci工具包安装：
$ORACLE_HOME\BIN:执行文件和help文件
$ORACLE_HOME\OCI\INCLUDE:头文件
return FALSE;
sword OCIInitialize (
ub4 mode,
OCI_DEFUALT:使用OCI默认的环境
OCI_THREADED：线程环境下使用OCI
OCI_OBJECT：对象模式
OCI_SHARED：共享模式
OCI_EVENTS
OCI_NO_UCB
OCI_ENV_NO_MUTEX：非互斥访问模式
其中模式可以用逻辑运算符进行迭加，将函数设置成多多种模式：如mode=OCI_SHREADED| OCI_OBJECT
oracle OCI接口
综合结算产品部技术专题研究功能规格说明书－OCI接口分册文档编号:ZHJS_BASELIB_V1.0文档信息分发FromTo* Action Types: Approve, Review, Inform, File, Action Required, Attend Meeting, Other (please specify) 文档变更历史Copyright © 2007 by 联创科技-综合结算产品部All rights reserved.Copyright © 2007 by 联创科技-综合结算产品部 (3)1OCI接口的用途介绍 (5)1.1.ORACLE调用接口(简称OCI) (5)1.2.OCI简介 (5)1.3.OCI 的主要优点 (6)2OCI使用相关介绍 (7)2.1. Oracle oci工具包说明： (7)2.2.OCI一些定义说明 (7)OCI的简介1 OCI接口的用途介绍1.1. ORACLE调用接口(简称OCI)ORACLE调用接口(Oracle Call Interface简称OCI)提供了一组可对ORACLE数据库进行存取的接口子例程(函数)，通过在第三代程序设计语言(如C语言)中进行调用可达到存取ORACLE数据库的目的。
1.2. OCI简介OCI（Oracle Call Interface）是ORACLE公司开发的一个应用程序开发工具，是一个通过访问Oracle数据库的服务器，控制各类SQL语句的执行，进而创建应用程序的的应用程序接口（API）。
它支持SQL所有的数据定义，数据操作，查询，事务管理等操作，支持C和C++的数据类型，调用，语法和语义。
它提供了一组可对Oracle数据库进行存取的接口子例程(函数)。
在普通的情况下，用户可以通过SQL和PL/SQL来访问数据库中的数据。
ORACLE数据库除了提供SQL和PL/SQL来访问数据库外，还提供了一个第三代程序设计语言的接口，用户可以通过C、COBOL、FORTRAN 等第三代语言来编程访问数据库。
oracle中英文对照
一级菜单二级菜单三级菜单四级菜单securityuserdefinemontiorresponsibilitydefinerequestvalueset（值集）defineassignoracleregisterdatagroupauditTrailinstallgroupstablesweb PL/SQLconcurrentrequestssetmanageradministerdefineworkshiftsruleprogramdefineexecutabletypesconflicts domainsprofilesystempersonalapplicationregisterfunctionmenuvalidationsetvaluesflexfieldkeysegmentsaliasescrossvalidagroupsvaluesaccountsdescriptivesegmentsvaluesadminister foldersdocumentdefinecategoriesassigncurrencynetwork testrequestsrunviewsetworkflowfind notificationsfind processesnotifications ruleuser preferncesdocument nodesitem type definitionlaunch processesYadd events/event groupsfind event groupsadd systemfind systemadd agentsfind agentsadd event subscriptionsfind event subscriptionscheck event manager setupraise business eventsystem signupget system ldentifierevent queue summaryworklistoracle support安全性用户定义临控责任定义请求定义分配oracle注册数据组跟踪线索安装组表web PL/SQL 并发请求集管理器管理定义工作班次规则程序定义可执行类型冲突域配置文件系统个人应用产品注册功能菜单验证集值弹性域键段别名交叉验证组帐户说明性段值管理文件夹单据定义类别分配币种网络测试请求运行查看集工作流查找通知查找流程通知规则用户首选项文档节点项目类型定义启动流程添加事件/事件组查找事件组添加系统查找系统添加座席查找座席添加事件登记查找事件登记检查事件管理器设置引发业务事件系统登录获得系统标识事件队列总工作列表oracle 支持。
Oracle OCI(Oracle Call Interface)官方文档翻译
OCI学习资料--Oracle8及以后版本的OCI 1.简介Oracle调用接口(Oracle Call Interface)是一个让我们通过函数调用来访问Oracle数据库和控制SQL语句执行各个阶段的应用程序编程接口(API)。
OCI支持C和C++的数据类型、调用惯例、语法和语义。
1.1创建一个OCI应用程序我们编译和连接一个OCI程序的方法与编译和连接一个非数据库应用程序的方法相同。
不需要独立的预处理或者预编译步骤。
1.2OCI的组成部分OCI具有如下功能：·能够安全地支持大量用户的灵活的、多线程API集合。
·为管理数据库访问、处理SQL语句和管理Oracle数据库对象的SQL访问函数。
·管理Oracle类型的数据属性的数据类型映射和操作函数。
·不经SQL语句直接向数据库加载数据的数据加载函数。
1.3封装的接口所有的OCI函数使用的数据结构都以被称为句柄的不透明的接口之形式封装。
句柄是指向OCI库分配的保存着上下文信息、连接信息、错误信息或者关于SQL及PL/SQL的绑定信息的不透明指针。
客户端分配一定类型的句柄，通过已经定义好的接口来填充一个或者多个句柄，并通过这些句柄向服务器发送请求。
应用程序可以通过访问函数来访问句柄中包含的相关信息。
2.OCI基本编程这部分介绍OCI编程中涉及到的基本概念。
2.1OCI编程概要一个OCI应用程序的基本目标就是代表多个用户进行数据库操作。
OCI使用以下基本编程顺序：1.初始化OCI编程环境和线程。
2.分配必要的句柄，并且设置服务器连接和用户会话。
3.通过在服务器上执行SQL语句来交换数据，并且执行必要的应用程序数据处理。
4.执行准备好的语句或者准备即将要执行的语句。
5.终止用户会话并且断开服务器连接。
6.释放句柄。
图2-1显示了一个OCI应用程序的编程步骤。
图2-1这幅图及其所列出的步骤提供了一个OCI编程步骤的简单概括。
Oracle官方文档中文版-SQLPlus快速参考 Release 9.2
SQL*Plus快速参考Release 9.22002年3月Part No. A90843-01关于快速参考快速参考描述了i SQL*Plus中的按钮和图标，以及i SQL*Plus和SQL*Plus命令语法。
对于每个命令的详细信息，请参考SQL*Plus User's Guide andReference。
快速参考中包括下面的主题：命令语法中的约定Documentation Accessibility启动iSQL*Plus运行iSQL*Plus服务器统计信息报告iSQL*Plus导航iSQL*Plus首选项iSQL*Plus工作屏幕按钮启动和退出SQL*Plus启动和关闭数据库输入和执行命令操作SQL、SQL*Plus和PL/SQL命令格式化查询结果访问数据库其它Oracle是注册商标，Oracle9i、SQL*Plus和i SQL*Plus都是Oracle Corporation的商标或注册商标。
其它用到的名称可能是它们各自所有者的商标。
版权所有@ 1996,2002 Oracle Corporation.保留所有权利。
命令语法中的约定下面两张表描述了本快速参考中使用的命令语法的符号和约定。
命令、术语和子句特征示例说明大写BTITLE 完全按照拼写样式输入文本；不必一定要以大写输入。
小写斜体column 一个子句值；替换一个适当的值。
具有特殊意义的单词 c 单个字符。
char CHAR值（在单引号中的文本值）或者CHAR类型的表达式。
d ore 日期或者DATE类型的表达式。
expr 未指明的表达式。
m or n NUMBER值。
text CHAR常量，可以有也可以没有单引号。
variable 用户变量（除非文本指定了其它的变量类型）。
标点符号特征示例说明竖线| 分隔可选的语法元素。
中括号[ON|OFF] 一个或多个可选项。
如果有两个被竖线分隔的项，只需输入其中一项。
不要输入中括号或竖线。
Oracle中英文词汇对照注音标版
词汇表Accept[ək'sept]（接受）一项活动，表示接受上一个审批人的审批结果。
acceptance[əkˈseptəns]（接受）供货商对采购订单的确认，它表示供货商同意并接受采购订单中的条款。
accepted quantity[ˈkwɒntəti]（接受数量）从客户处接收的库存物料数量，它以您授予客户的退货权限为基础。
另请参阅：接收数量Account[ə'kaʊnt]（账户）请参阅：会计科目弹性域account alias[ˈeɪliəs]（账户别名）一个易于识别的名称或卷标，它表示杂项事务处理所记入的账户。
您可以按账户别名查看、报告和保留。
accounting[əˈkaʊntɪŋ]会计，记账class（工单类型）请参阅：WIP工单类型accounting period[ˈpɪəriəd]（会计期）公司用来报告财务结果的会计期间，如日历月或财政期间。
activity（活动）使用资源或发生成本的业务活动或任务。
agreement（协议）与客户签订的合同，可作为工作授权书的基础。
协议可以表示具有法律效力的合同，如采购订单或口头授权。
协议规定了依据其生成的发票的付款条件，并确定是否限制依据其可应计或开单的收入金额。
协议可为一个或多个项目作业筹集资金。
与客户达成的协议，它事先规定了销售订单的业务条款。
Oracle Order Entry允许您在协议中指定定价、会计、开票和付款条件，并可在协议中指定可自动应用的折扣。
在为特定客户输入订单时，您可以引用协议，并使用标准值规则集在订单中自动填入相关的默认值。
另请参阅：客户系列协议、公用协议alternate[ˈɔltərˌneɪt]bill of material[məˈtɪriəl]材料（替代物料清单）可用于生产装配件的替代组件物料清单。
alternate routing['ru:tɪŋ]按某路线发送（替代工艺路线）可用于生产装配件的替代制造流程。
Oracle Forms 翻译工具概述说明书
Oracle Forms TranslationsXLIFF Extract and Merge ToolFebruary, 2023 Version 12.2.1.19.0 Rev 0 Copyright © 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliatesPublicPurpose statementThis document provides an overview of a features and usage information related to the Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge translation tool. Additional usage information is available in the tool’s built-in help text.Table of contentsPurpose statement 2 Introduction 4 Getting Started 5 Usage Instructions 5 Using the Extraction Tool 5 Adding Translations 7 Using the Merge Tool 8 Considerations 10 Appendix 11 Extraction Usage Details 11 Merge Usage Details 12 References 13IntroductionOracle Forms is an application development technology with over four decades of history. It is used by companies of all sizes and can be found on most continents around the world. As such, the need for multi-language support in the applications developed with this technology is very important.In earlier Forms releases, tools like Translation Hub and Translation Builder were included to assist with the creation of language specific versions of the applications created with Forms. Unfortunately, these tools were tightly tied to specific Oracle Database versions and were only available for Microsoft Windows 32-bit platforms. Further, the tools and output from these tools was proprietary, therefore causing the developer to be forever forced to use the provided tooling.XLIFF (XML Localization Interchange File Format) is an XML-based text format created to standardize localization data. It specifies elements and attributes to store content extracted from various original file formats and its corresponding translation.The Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge Tool will allow Forms application developers to extract industry standard XLIFF files from Forms application source files (FMB, MMB, and OLB). These files can be edited using most XLIFF 1.0 compatible tools or a plain text editor. Once the desired changes have been made to the XLIFF file, the same Forms tool can be used to merge the changes into a new Forms source file, which can then be used to generate new Forms executable files (FMX, MMX) as necessary.Getting StartedAny third party product images or product references mentioned in this document are for example purposes only and are not an endorsement of that product nor will they be supported by Oracle.The Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge Tool is a Java based utility built using the Forms JDAPI (Java Development API). The tool operates in a similar manner to the Forms XML Converter in that a file is passed into the tool and a resulting file is returned. In the case of XLIFF Extract and Merge, extracted files contain all the translatable strings from within the processed modules (FMB, MMB, and OLB). This output XLIFF file can be translated into the desired language using a plain text editor or an XLIFF 1.0 compatible third party tool. More about XLIFF tools will be covered later in this guide. Once a translated XLIFF file is available, the Merge function of the Forms tool can be used to import the translated strings back into a Forms module. For FMB and MMB files, in addition to translated versions of these module types being created by the Merge function, creating FMX and MMX files is also possible during merging. Carefully review the usage information exposed by the tool (and the Appendix of this guide) for details.Usage InstructionsThis tool can be used on any platform where Oracle Forms 12.2.1.19 is supported for use. Do not attempt to use this tool in any Forms version other than the one in which the tool was included. The tool requires the use of a certified Oracle Java 8 or newer certified version.The Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge Tool includes two convenience scripts to make using the tool easier. These scripts are included in the domain and should be used to operate this tool.On Unix/Linuxo frmf2xlf.sh (Forms module to xliff)o frmxlf2f.sh (xliff to Forms module)On Microsoft Windowso frmf2xlf.bat (Forms module to xliff)o frmxlf2f.bat (xliff to Forms module)On Unix/Linux, the Forms XLIFF utility requires access to a running display. Be sure to properlyWarning:Some functionality of this tool can be destructive. Be sure to create backup copies of any Forms source files (i.e. .fmb, .mmb, .olb) before using them with this tool. Deleted or altered source files are not recoverable.Using the Extraction ToolStep 1:Open a shell and change directories to the directory where the convenience scripts are located. This will be in the domain, Forms instance directory. Example:C:\Oracle\Middleware\user_projects\domains\base_domain\config\fmwconfig\components\FORMS\ instances\forms1\binStep 2:In this shell, set the ORACLE_HOME environment variable. The value should point to the top directory where Oracle Forms is installed. Example:Windows: set ORACLE_HOME=C:\Oracle\Middleware\Oracle_HomeUnix/Linux: export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/Oracle/Middleware/Oracle_HomeStep 3:This step will extract translatable strings from a Forms module and generate an .xlf file containing the translatable strings in XLIFF format.In the open shell, run the Extraction script (frmf2xlf) without any arguments in order to expose all the available options and some examples. Alternatively, refer to the Appendix in this document.Windows: frmf2xlf.batUnix/Linux: frmf2xlf.shExtraction example:frmf2xlf.bat -o C:\Users\oracle\xliff\output *.fmbIn the above example, -o and its value tells the tool where to create the output XLIFF file(s). The *.fmb indicates that all files with the extension “.fmb” in the current directory should be processed. Alternatively, a single file name or list of specific file names can also be provided. The output XLIFF file(s) will be named to match the module name. The file extension will be “.xlf”. Use care in cases where multiple file formats (FMB, MMB, OLB) are stored in the same directory and may have the same name as a file of a different format. As an example, if an xlif is generated from emp.fmb but the same directory also contains a menu named emp.mmb a collision in file names could occur when the output .xlf file is created. The second one processed will overwrite the first. The Extract part of the tool does include a –f switch, which can be used when an alternative file name is desired, but only if a single file is being processed (i.e. no wildcards or list of files).Warning:Although the extraction process does allow the use of wildcards in file naming (e.g. *.fmb) of the input file(s), it is not recommended that wildcards be used in file extensions. Doing so could result in overwriting existing files with the same base name but different file extensions (e.g. test.fmb and test.mmb would both result in test.xlf). Step 4:Create backup copies of the XLIFF file(s) created by the extraction tool and store them as originals. The created files will be used to insert the desired translated strings and then later be used in the merging process to create the translated Forms module(s). Create one copy for each target language, for example bitester_sp.xlf,bitester_de.xlf,bitester_ja.xlf. Alternatively, create an xlif file that will be stored along with the translated Forms source file in a language specific directory. For example, create a directory “/sales_sp” and use this directory to contain the Forms source file and corresponding xlif file.Adding TranslationsAlthough an XLIFF editing tool is not required to edit the XLIFF files, using one is recommended. An XLIFF editor is not provided with this tool. Any third party XLIFF editor that supports XLIFF v1.0 can be used with files created by the Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge Tool. There are numerous XLIFF editors available online. Some are free to use, whereas others may have cost associated with their use. A plain text editor can be used, but is not recommended. Editing the files manually may result in unintentionally introducing invalid entries thereby causing the merge function to fail or not properly create the new Forms module(s).Adding Translations with Third Party EditorsUsing a third party XLIFF translation editor, use the created XLIFF files from Step 4 of the extraction procedure to insert any desired translation strings. The translated XLIFF file(s) should now be language specific. As mentioned in Step 4 of the extraction, it is recommended that the translated file(s) be saved with a name that includes reference to the language it represents and/or stored in a directory that clearly indicates the language of the files it contains. For example if the module name is “bitester” and the translation was to Spanish, name the XLIFF file bitester_sp.xlf.Figure 1 - “bitester.fmb” XLIFF file being translated to Spanish with Poedit (third party editor)Adding Translations ManuallyIf using a third party XLIFF editor is not possible, the extracted XLIFF file(s) can be edited in a plain text editor, although doing so is not recommended.Open the created .xlf file in a plain text editor (do not use Microsoft Word or any other editor that may introduces formatting). Edit the “target-language” value using the appropriate language code. Then edit the strings between the “<target> … </target>” tags to the desired new language text. Repeat this for each object requiring a language change. Do not alter any other contents in the file. When all the desired changes have been made to the file, save the changes.English to Spanish Example:Before:...<file datatype="fmb" original="bitester.fmb" source-language="en-US" target-language="en-US">...<source>BI Publisher Username</source><target>BI Publisher Username</target>After:...<file datatype="fmb" original="bitester.fmb" source-language="en-US" target-language="es">...<source>BI Publisher Username</source><target>Nombre de usuario de BI Publisher</target>Using the Merge ToolStep 1:Using the updated XLIFF file(s) that contain the desired translations created above, use the merge tool to create new Forms module(s). Be sure to backup copies of the original Forms source files have been created and safely stored before continuing.If not using the same shell that was used previously with the Extraction task, be sure the shell being used has ORACLE_HOME properly set and the current directory is the directory where the tool scripts are being stored or the scripts are included in PATH.In the open shell, run the Merge script (frmxlf2f ) without any arguments in order to expose all the available options and some examples. Alternatively, refer to the Appendix in this document.Windows: frmxlf2f.batUnix/Linux: frmxlf2f.shMerge example:frmxlf2f.bat -k -o -t C:\Users\oracle\xliff\output\SP –F bitester_sp.xlf -mC:\Users\oracle\xliff\output\tmp C:\Users\oracle\xliff\output\bitester.fmbIn the above example:-k indicates that after processing completes, do not delete the source file (fmb, mmb, olb) generated by this call. The –k is needed when not using –o. Using both –k and –o would create a new source module but not create a corresponding executable module (e.g. fmx, mmx).-o indicates that you do not want a Forms executable file (fmx, mmx) generated from the translated source file that will be created.–t indicates the directory where the translated XLIFF file is stored. In this example, a “SP” (Spanish) sub-directory was created and used to store the translations that were created for Spanish.-F refers to the specific XLIFF file, by name that should be used for this operation.-m is the “merge” or temporary directory used to perform the operation. This directory is where the output FMB will be create d. The last entry is the source module (FMB) that is used along with the merge operation to create the eventual output module.The path and file name at the end is the input file (original) used as the basis to create the translated module. This should be the same file used to perform the extraction.The use of Wildcard symbols or listing more than one module name can be used to specify the Forms source modules with the merge operation. However this is not recommended.Step 2:Open the resulting module or run the resulting executable module (if one was created) and verify that all the expected translations were created.Here are the before and after examples in the Form Builder of the module used in the above example.Figure 2 - Before translation Figure 3 - After translationConsiderations1.Because the tool is capable of creating and deleting/overwriting files, be sure to create backup copies of all filesbeing used during the process. This should include original Forms source files (e.g. fmb, mmb, olb), extracted XLIFF files created by the extraction tool, and XLIFF files that contain the new language specific translation strings.2.By using a third party XLIFF Translation Editor, spelling errors and accidentally introducing invalid formatting ofthe XLIFF file are less likely to occur.ing the DTD validation option is recommended when manually editing XLIFF files. The –d (lower case) optionmust be used when extracting the original XLIFF file if performing the DTD validation is planned when merging the changes occurs. The –D (upper case) is used during merging to perform DTD validation.4.The Forms XLIFF Extract and Merge Tool is based on XLIFF v1.0. Pay close attention to this when choosing athird party editor. Using a third party editor that is not compatible with XLIFF v1.0 may result in the generation of incompatible XLIFF files. As a result, attempts to merge and create a new Forms module may fail.AppendixExtraction Usage DetailsIf running the tool through the provided frmf2xlf script,substitute the name of the script for "Extract" in the below examples.Command line arguments:Flag Meaning XLIFF Property---- -------------------------- -----------------------d Include DTD information n/a-f Output XLIFF filename xliff.extractFilename-o Output directory path xliff.extractOutputPath-p Properties file n/a-h HyperHub preview support n/a-v Display version and help n/ae.g. : Extract -o translations/US form1.fmb form2.fmb-> Extract XLIFF documents from form1 and form2 and saves themin translations/US directory.e.g. : Extract -p xliff.props -f test1.xlf form1.fmb-> Extract an XLIFF document called test1.xlf from form1 and saves it using the properties set in property file "xliff.props".e.g. : Extract -p xliff.props form1.fmb-> Extract an XLIFF document from form1 and saves it using theproperties set in property file "xliff.props".e.g. : Extract -v-> Display tool version numberUsing the -h flag will cause the resulting XLIFF file to contain additional non-translatable information which is needed if the XLIFF document will beused with the HyperHub previewer.NLS_LANG is specified as a system property using the -D Java syntax so thatthe NLS_LANG environment setting can be picked up by the script 'frmf2xlf'.NLS_LANG is used to set the source and target language attributes in the xliff file. If NLS_LANG is not set then the default is 'american_america.we8iso8859p1'Merge Usage DetailsIf you are running the tool through the provided frmxlf2f script,substitute the name of the script for "Merge" in the below examples.Command line arguments :Flag Meaning XLIFF Property---- ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -a Pre-merge directory xliff.preMergeDirectory -c Database connection string xliff.connectionString -d Skip dependency analysis n/a-f Forms path xliff.formsPath-k Keep FMB/MMB files n/a-l Log merge operations n/a-m Merge (output) directory xliff.mergeDirectory-o Don't create FMX/MMX file n/a-p Properties file n/a-t Translation path xliff.translationPath -v Display tool version number n/a-x Specify FMX/MMX filename (for single file operations only) xliff.fmxFilename-D Include DTD validation n/a-F XLIFF filename (for single file operations only) xliff.mergeFilenamee.g. : Merge -t trans/FR;trans/US -p xliff.properties myform.fmb-> Merge myform.fmb and dependencies with a French translationusing the properties defined in "xliff.properties"e.g. : Merge -v-> Display tool version numberNote that filename used in -x will also be used for the FMB/MMB if-k is specified. Addtionally, -x operates by renaming the file(s)after they are written (and thus files with the original name inthe destination directory will still be overwritten in this case).Note that if the XLIFF file does not contain DTD information thenusing the -D option will fail.ReferencesOracle Formshttps:///application-development/technologies/forms/forms.html XLIFF 1.0 Specification/committees/xliff/documents/contribution-xliff-20010530.htmConnect with usCall +1.800.ORACLE1 or visit . Outside North America, find your local office at: /contact. /oracle /oracleCopyright © 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only, and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.This device has not been authorized as required by the rules of the Federal Communications Commission. This device is not, and may not be, offered for sale or lease, or sold or leased, until authorization is obtained. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.Intel and Intel Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. AMD, Opteron, the AMD logo, and the AMD Opteron logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. 0120Disclaimer: If you are unsure whether your data sheet needs a disclaimer, read the revenue recognition policy. If you have further questions about your content and the disclaimer requirements, e-mail ********************.。
NEC Corporation 2022 Oracle Database 監視製品の使い分け说明书
Oracle Database 監視製品の使い分け2022年4月日本電気株式会社スマートオーケストレーションサービス統括部（CLUSTERPRO）目次1.CLUSTERPRO X とDatabase Agentを使用するメリット2.CLUSTERPRO XとApplicationMonitorを使用するメリット3.Database AgentとApplicationMonitorの差異4.ApplicationMonitorのみが有する機能と特徴5.製品価格6.お問い合わせ先CLUSTERPRO Xに加えてDatabase Agent を追加することで、Oracle Database のハングアップ、異常応答を契機としたフェールオーバーが可能です。
CLUSTERPRO XとDatabase Agentを使用するメリット×データベースのハングアップ検知×データベースからの異常応答検知○プロセス死活監視○データベースのハングアップ検知○データベースからの異常応答検知○プロセス死活監視プロセスが消滅すると異常と判定データベースのハングアップは検知しないDatabase Agent が定期的に対象のデータベースをチェックデータベースのハングアップを検知できるCLUSTERPRO X のみの場合Database Agent ありの場合障害発生業務継続ハングアップ業務継続DatabaseAgentDatabaseAgentCLUSTERPRO MC ApplicationMonitor を追加することで、データベース領域不足、ディスク容量不足、Oracle Clusterware まで監視し、Oracle Database のハングアップや異常状態、異常に至る前の予兆を検知可能です。
Oracle Database の監視に特化することで、粒度の細かい監視を行います。
CLUSTERPRO X とApplicationMonitor を使用するメリット○問題のあるバックグラウンドプロセスの識別定期的にデータベースの参照/更新を行い、Oracle バックグラウンドプロセス単位で監視リスナーが不安定な状態を障害として検知できるApplicationMonitor ありの場合Oracle Databaseリスナーデータベースインスタンスプロセスが消滅すると異常と判定データベースのハングアップは検知しないCLUSTERPRO X のみの場合○データベースのハングアップ検知○データベースからの異常応答検知○表領域の空き容量監視○Oracle Database がログやアーカイブ出力に使用するディスク領域の空き容量監視×データベースのハングアップ検知×データベースからの異常応答検知×表領域の空き容量監視×Oracle Database がログやアーカイブ出力に使用するディスク領域の空き容量監視○プロセス死活監視○プロセス死活監視×問題のあるバックグラウンドプロセスの識別表AV$表表B障害発生業務継続障害監視状態通知クラスター制御Application MonitorDatabase AgentとApplicationMonitorの差異CLUSTERPRO X Database AgentCLUSTERPRO MC ApplicationMonitorカテゴリデータベース監視製品Oracle Database 監視製品監視対象Oracle Database、DB2、PostgreSQL、MySQL他Oracle Database Enterprise Edition対象OS Windows、Linux Linux価格150,000円/1ノード（*1）1,312,500円/1CPU（*2）機能インスタンス/リスナー障害（停止・無応答）の検知○○（*3）インスタンス/リスナー障害検知時のスクリプト実行○○インスタンス/リスナー障害検知時の自動情報採取○○問題のあるバックグラウンドプロセスの識別×○Oracle Data Guard によるディザスター・リカバリ構成のスタンバイデータベースの監視×○ローカルディスク容量不足の検知容量不足検知時にコマンド実行×○表領域容量不足の検知×○Oracle RAC構成を意識したインスタンス監視×○Oracle Clusterware障害検知時に復旧処理を実行Oracle Clusterware障害（無応答）の検知×○Oracle Automatic Storage Management（ASM）の障害監視×○SCANリスナーの障害(停止・無応答)の検知×○（*2）ライセンス製品には、別途媒体製品が1システムにつき1枚以上必要。
Oracle FLEXCUBE 直连银行语言翻译指南 Release 12.0.2.0.0说明书
Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Language Translation GuideRelease 12.0.2.0.0Part No. E50108-01September2013Language Translation GuideSeptember 2013Oracle Financial Services Software LimitedOracle ParkOff Western Express HighwayGoregaon (East)Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063IndiaWorldwide Inquiries:Phone: +91 22 6718 3000Fax:+91 22 6718 3001/financialservices/Copyright © 2008, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are “commercial computer software” pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. Government.This software or hardware is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications that may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software or hardware in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate failsafe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure its safe use. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software or hardware in dangerous applications.This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.This software or hardware and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.CONTENTS1. Preface1.1. Intended Audience (4)1.2. Documentation Accessibility (4)1.3. Access to OFSS Support (4)1.4. Structure (4)1.5. Related Information Sources (4)2 Glossary Of Terms (5)2.1 LICENSEE (5)2.2 IMPLEMENTER (5)2.3 TERMINOLOGY (5)2.4 Abbreviations (7)2.5 Conventions (8)3 Overview (9)4 Adding new language in FCDB (10)5 Language validation (12)5.1 Per Language Level (12)5.1.1 Text Validation (12)5.1.2 Date Level Validation (12)5.2 Per Field Type Level (13)5.3 At field level (14)6 Guidelines and Recommendations (15)7 Reference Documents (16)1.Preface1.1. Intended AudienceThis document is primarily targeted at•Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Development Teams•Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Implementation Teams•Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Implementation Partners1.2. Documentation AccessibilityFor information about Oracle's commitment to accessibility, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program website at /pls/topic/lookup?ctx=acc&id=docacc.1.3. Access to OFSS Supporthttps:///1.4. StructureThis document, termed Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Day 1 Configurations, is a single reference for the product information which can be managed, configured, extended by external parties, to implement, customize the product.This is a Guide to explain details of all parameters which need to be updated as part of Day 1 activity and how these could be extended, customized as appropriate to meet the requirements of the implementation.This document explains the configurations and provides insight into the parameters for external parties and functionality of the application1.5. Related Information SourcesFor more information on Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking Release 12.0.2.0.0, refer to the following documents:OracleFLEXCUBEDirectBankingLicensingGuide2.Glossary Of TermsThe following terms are some of the key terms used within the document for identifying the actor for the various actions mentioned within this document.2.1 LICENSEEThe LICENSEE is the Financial Institution, Application Services Provider or the Bank which has licensed the Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking application and shall rollout the solution to its customers as an internet and / or mobile banking channel.2.2 IMPLEMENTERThe IMPLEMENTER is the Implementation Partner, Vendor, Application Service Provider or the LICENSEE themselves who is responsible for rolling out, configuring, extending or developing on Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking.2.3 TERMINOLOGYThe following terms and terminology is used within the documents to explain underlying processes, components, actions, actors etc.2.5 ConventionsThe diagrams and / or text in this document may contain colour to communicate or highlight additional information. However, the content of this document is retained when rendered without colour. Specific references to colour can be ignored if necessary.The technical terminology relating to the Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking solution is aligned as much as possible to standard definitions or should be defined in the Glossary of Terms. Any deviations from standard terminology are either noted in the Terminology Section, or in context of usage.Some sections may contain additional notes and caveats included with the body text. For general and contextual information, these notes are contained within document footnotes. Any notes that have important implications or detailed recommendations are denoted by the information symbol ( ). Important caveats are denoted with the warning symbol ( ).Some sections may contain examples included with the body text. Such examples are denoted by the use of shading and the introductory word “EXAMPLE”.nguage OverviewOracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking, the multi channel solution, for direct customer touch points like Internet and Mobile devices have introduced translation in different languages so that it is available for implementation with minimal changes.The purpose of this document is to outline the requirements to support integration of multiple languages in the Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking product with data input and validation on the business requirement.This document provides overview on the current methodology for the accepting multiple data input and validation for Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking.4.Adding new language in FCDBA new table called MSTLANG has been introduced. Below are the descriptions of the columns of the table:nguage validationThe language framework in Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking, provides you facility what to restrict or support Unicode Range at the following levels:∙Language Level∙Field Type Level.∙Field Level∙5.1 Per Language LevelLanguage level is basically the global set of Unicode characters supported or blocked for a particular language. The two columns in the above table SUPPORTED_RANGE and BLOCKED_RANGE holds the same. At server startup time the application creates a regular expression on basis of this and validates all the fields against this regular expression (This validation is only applicable when data type is defined as String[S]).5.2 Per Field Type LevelThe table which holds data for field type validation is TXN_DATA_LANG_MAP.So, for a user who logins in Spanish language, Oracle FLEXCUBE Direct banking application checks if there is an entry in TXN_DATA_LANG_MAP for fldnarrative and applies validation. In case if there was no entry for the same default validation present in DATA_DICTIONARY table would have been applied. This facilitates to define language specific pattern.Please note this is only applicable for those fields which have data type as pattern. For String, only white list characters present in the table can be overridden.5.3 At field levelOracle FLEXCUBE Direct Banking allows language validation also at each field or Data level . The field validation is maintained in the TXN_DATA table. TXN_DATA has field level validation which one can override master pattern which is defined at DATA_DICTIONARY level.For example, to override narrative validation of a Payment (eg Own Accounts Transfer who transaction identifier is OAT), an entry is made in TXN_DATA_LANG_MAP table as follows:1.Proper id request as per txn_data table for narrative field is put (e.g.OAT.GENERICPAYMENTSERVICEINTERFACE.GENERICPAYMENTSERVICE.INITIATEGEN ERICPAYMENTDETAILS.UDFFIELDS).2.Corresponding language identifier, field format and reference field name is added.So the applications Validation Framework checks if there is any entry in TXN_DATA_LANG_MAP table for this field for the particular language else it will look for the default validation in DATA_DICTIONARY table.6.Guidelines and Recommendations1.In XSL files do not define elements name against description (if you need dynamicnames for elements). Always use code, not description.2.Try to minimize use of pattern validator. Use only when it is required.3.In some cases we find field format of TXN_DATA or DATA_DICTIONARY as regularexpressions defined for String data type. Please note that field format is only applicable for pattern data type. It should not be used for String. In string we define some white listed characters with “#” (hash) separated.For example: If you require a field which accept alphanumeric with some special char like “_” then define data type instead of using “Pattern Type” use “String Type” and also define this char (“_”) as a white list char in field format.Please find the sample bellow:4.Define date type in TXN_DATA doesn’t required field format, so leave it blank. EarlierDate format was on field level now date format is defined at language level in MSTLANG for particular languages.7.Reference Documents。
Oracle_Concepts_中文版_(10g_R2)_g
基础设施网格
服务能力虚拟化。Oracle 实时应用集群（RAC，Oracle Real Application Clusters）可以使一个数据库运行在网格中多个集 群节点上，即把多个计算机的处理能力作为池。Oracle 是目前唯一不需要将数据分区再分布处理就能利用多个计算机提 供 的处理能力的数据库。Oracle 10g 版本 2（Oracle 10g Release 2，Oracle 10g R2）还增加了基于策略来平衡 RAC 实例 之间连接的功能。 存储能力虚拟化。Oracle 数据库 10g 的自动存储管理功能（ASM，Automatic Storage Management）在数据库与存储硬件 之间建立了一个虚拟层，多个磁盘可以被视为一个磁盘组，而且磁盘可以在保持数据库联机的状态下动态地添加或移除。 现有的数据自动的在可用磁盘间分布，以便获得性能和利用效率的优化。在 Oracle 10g R2 中的 ASM 支持不同版本的数 据库使用同一个存储池。 网格管理。由于网格将多个服务器和磁盘视为池，并分配给不同 业务需求，因此要求每个独立的资源有很强的自管理能 力，同时还要提供集中化管理的功能。
Oracle 网格体系结构概述 应用体系பைடு நூலகம்构概述
物理数据库结构概述 逻辑数据库结构概述 方案及常用的方案对象概述 Oracle 数据字典概述 Oracle 实例概述 数据库访问概述 Oracle 工具概述
1.1.1 Oracle 网格体系结构概述 网格是新出现的 IT 体系结构，它可以提供更有弹性、成本更低的企业信息系统。在网格中，众多独立的、模块化的软硬件组件 可以随时地被联接和重组，以满足业务 及业务变化的需要。 网格形式的计算系统是为了解决企业 IT 中的常见问题：由不同的应用系统独占硬件资源而导致的资源利用率低下；系统过于庞 大而导致的难以 改进、维护昂贵；信息过于分散而导致的企业信息难以作为整体充分利用。 网格的优势 和其他体系结构相比，基于网格设计、实施的 IT 系统能够提供更高质量的服务，更低的成本，更大的灵活性。更 高质量的服务来源于网格不存在单点脆弱性（single point of failure） ，健壮的安全基础结构，和基于策略的集中化管理方式。更 低成本来源于软硬件资源利用水平的提高和管理、维护成本的显著降低。在以往的体系结构中，一个 完成特定任务的系统要独 占一系列软硬件资源，而网格体系中所有资源被统一储备随需分配，这就消除了资源利用不足和资源冗余的现象。网格可以使 用更小型的硬件组件， 这降低了每个组件的成本并使用户可根据需求的变化更灵活地分配资源。 1.1.1.1 网格的定义
oracle函数中文说明
number FunctionsCEIL(大于等于n的最小整数)PurposeReturns smallest integer greater than or equal to n.ExampleSELECT CEIL(15.7) "Ceiling" FROM DUAL;Ceiling----------16FLOOR（小于等于n的最大整数)PurposeReturns largest integer equal to or less than n.ExampleSELECT FLOOR(15.7) "Floor" FROM DUAL;Floor----------15MODSyntax MOD(m,n)（m整除n的余数）PurposeReturns remainder of m divided by n. Returns m if n is 0.ExampleSELECT MOD(11,4) "Modulus" FROM DUAL;Modulus----------3POWER（m的n次方）PurposeReturns m raised to the nth power. The base m and the exponent n can be any numbers, but if m is negative, n must be an integer.ExampleSELECT POWER(3,2) "Raised" FROM DUAL;Raised----------9ROUNDSyntax ROUND(n[,m])（四舍五入截取n，保留m位小数；m省略，不保留小数；m可正可负）PurposeReturns n rounded to m places right of the decimal point; if m is omitted, to 0 places. m can be negative to round off digits left of the decimal point. m must be an integer.Example 1SELECT ROUND(15.193,1) "Round" FROM DUAL;Round----------15.2Example 2SELECT ROUND(15.193,-1) "Round" FROM DUAL;Round----------20SIGNSyntax SIGN(n)（取n的符号，n<0得到-1，n=0得到0，n>0得到1）PurposeIf n<0, the function returns -1; if n=0, the function returns 0; if n>0, the function returns 1.ExampleSELECT SIGN(-15) "Sign" FROM DUAL;Sign-----------1TRUNC（不四舍五入截取n，保留m位小数；m省略，不保留小数；m可正可负）PurposeReturns n truncated to m decimal places; if m is omitted, to 0 places. m can be negative to truncate (make zero) m digits left of the decimal point.ExamplesSELECT TRUNC(15.79,1) "Truncate" FROM DUAL;Truncate----------15.7SELECT TRUNC(15.79,-1) "Truncate" FROM DUAL;Truncate----------10Character FunctionsCHRSyntax CHR(n [USING NCHAR_CS])（转换ASCII码到字符）PurposeReturns the character having the binary equivalent to n in either the database character set or the national character set.If the USING NCHAR_CS clause is not specified, this function returns the character having the binary equivalent to n as a V ARCHAR2 value in the database character set.If the USING NCHAR_CS clause is specified, this function returns the character having the binary equivalent to n as a NV ARCHAR2 value in the national character set.Example 1SELECT CHR(67)||CHR(65)||CHR(84) "Dog" FROM DUAL;Dog---CA TExample 2SELECT CHR(16705 USING NCHAR_CS) FROM DUAL;C-ACONCATSyntax CONCA T(char1, char2)（将两个字符串连接起来，和’||’功能相同）PurposeReturns char1 concatenated with char2. This function is equivalent to the concatenation operator (||). For information on this operator, see "Concatenation Operator".ExampleThis example uses nesting to concatenate three character strings:SELECT CONCAT( CONCAT(ename, ' is a '), job) "Job" FROM empWHERE empno = 7900;-----------------JAMES is a CLERKINITCAP（将字符串中每个单词的首位字母大写）PurposeReturns char, with the first letter of each word in uppercase, all other letters in lowercase. Words are delimited by white space or characters that are not alphanumeric.ExampleSELECT INITCAP('the soap') "Capitals" FROM DUAL;Capitals---------The SoapLOWER（字符串中所有的字母小写）PurposeReturns char, with all letters lowercase. The return value has the same datatype as the argument char (CHAR or V ARCHAR2).ExampleSELECT LOWER('MR. SCOTT MCMILLAN') "Lowercase" FROM DUAL;Lowercase--------------------mr. scott mcmillanLPADSyntax LPAD(char1,n,char2)（从char1左边开始用用char2补充长度到n）PurposeReturns char1, left-padded to length n with the sequence of characters in char2; char2 defaults to a single blank. If char1 is longer than n, this function returns the portion of char1 that fits in n.The argument n is the total length of the return value as it is displayed on your terminal screen. In most character sets, this is also the number of characters in the return value. However, in some multibyte character sets, the display length of a character string can differ from the number of characters in the string.ExampleSELECT LPAD('Page 1',15,'*.') "LPAD example" FROM DUAL;LPAD example---------------*.*.*.*.*Page 1LTRIMSyntax LTRIM(char [,set])(左边开始删除与给定字符串对应相同的字母，直到不同的字母，返回)PurposeRemoves characters from the left of char, with all the leftmost characters that appear in set removed; set defaults to a single blank. Oracle begins scanning char from its first character and removes all characters that appear in set until reaching a character not in set and then returns the result.ExampleSELECT LTRIM('xyxXxyLAST WORD','xy') "LTRIM example" FROM DUAL;LTRIM exampl------------XxyLAST WORDREPLACESyntax REPLACE(char,search_string[,replacement_string])（在字符串中找出给定字符串，然后用另一字符串将其替换，如果替换字符串省略或者为空，则删除给定字符）PurposeReturns char with every occurrence of search_string replaced with replacement_string. If replacement_string is omitted or null, all occurrences of search_string are removed. If search_string is null, char is returned. This function provides a superset of the functionality provided by the TRANSLATE function. TRANSLATE provides single-character, one-to-one substitution. REPLACE allows you to substitute one string for another as well as to remove character strings.ExampleSELECT REPLACE('JACK and JUE','J','BL') "Changes" FROM DUAL;Changes--------------BLACK and BLUERPADSyntax RPAD(char1, n [,char2])（从char1右边开始用用char2补充长度到n）PurposeReturns char1, right-padded to length n with char2, replicated as many times as necessary; char2 defaults to a single blank. If char1 is longer than n, this function returns the portion of char1 that fits in n.The argument n is the total length of the return value as it is displayed on your terminal screen. In most character sets, this is also the number of characters in the return value. However, in some multibyte character sets, the display length of a character string can differ from the number of characters in the string.ExampleSELECT RPAD('MORRISON',12,'ab') "RPAD example" FROM DUAL;RPAD example-----------------MORRISONababRTRIMSyntax RTRIM(char [,set]（右边开始删除与给定字符串对应相同字母，直到不同的字母，返回）PurposeReturns char, with all the rightmost characters that appear in set removed; set defaults to a single blank. RTRIM works similarly to LTRIM.ExampleSELECT RTRIM('BROWNINGyxXxy','xy') "RTRIM e.g." FROM DUAL;RTRIM e.g-------------BROWNINGyxXSUBSTRSyntax SUBSTR(char, m [,n])（取子字符串，从m位开始，长度为n）PurposeReturns a portion of char, beginning at character m, n characters long. If m is 0, it is treated as 1. If m is positive, Oracle counts from the beginning of char to find the first character. If m is negative,Oracle counts backwards from the end of char. If n is omitted, Oracle returns all characters to the end of char. If n is less than 1, a null is returned.Floating-point numbers passed as arguments to substr are automatically converted to integers.Example 1SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3.1,4) "Subs" FROM DUAL;Subs----CDEFExample 2SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',-5,4) "Subs" FROM DUAL;Subs----CDEFTRANSLATESyntax TRANSLATE(char, from, to)（逐位取‘char’中字符，到‘from’中查找与该字符相同的第一个字符，如果找到，再到‘to’中找与查找到的字符位置相同的字符，用该字符替换‘char’中的字符）PurposeReturns char with all occurrences of each character in from replaced by its corresponding character in to. Characters in char that are not in from are not replaced. The argument from can contain more characters than to. In this case, the extra characters at the end of from have no corresponding characters in to. If these extra characters appear in char, they are removed from the return value. You cannot use an empty string for to to remove all characters in from from the return value. Oracle interprets the empty string as null, and if this function has a null argument, it returns null.Example 1The following statement translates a license number. All letters 'ABC...Z' are translated to 'X' and all digits '012 . . . 9' are translated to '9':SELECT TRANSLATE('2KRW229','0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ','9999999999XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') "License" FROM DUAL;License--------9XXX999Example 2The following statement returns a license number with the characters removed and the digits remaining:SELECT TRANSLATE('2KRW229','0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ', '0123456789') "Translate example" FROM DUAL;Translate example-----------------2229UPPERSyntax UPPER(char)（所有字母大写）PurposeReturns char, with all letters uppercase. The return value has the same datatype as the argument char.ExampleSELECT UPPER('Large') "Uppercase" FROM DUAL;Upper-----LARGECharacter Functions Returning Number ValuesASCIISyntax ASCII(char)（取字母对应的ASCII码）PurposeReturns the decimal representation in the database character set of the first character of char. If your database character set is 7-bit ASCII, this function returns an ASCII value. If your database character set is EBCDIC Code Page 500, this function returns an EBCDIC value. Note that there is no similar EBCDIC character function.ExampleSELECT ASCII('Q') FROM DUAL;ASCII('Q')----------81INSTRSyntax INSTR (char1,char2 [,n[,m]])（从第n位开始搜索char1，找到char2第m次出现的位置）PurposeSearches char1 beginning with its nth character for the mth occurrence of char2 and returns the position of the character in char1 that is the first character of this occurrence. If n is negative, Oracle counts and searches backward from the end of char1. The value of m must be positive. The default values of both n and m are 1, meaning Oracle begins searching at the first character of char1 for the first occurrence of char2. The return value is relative to the beginning of char1, regardless of the value of n, and is expressed in characters. If the search is unsuccessful (if char2 does not appear m times after the nth character of char1) the return value is 0.Example 1SELECT INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR', 3, 2) "Instring" FROM DUAL;Instring----------14Example 2SELECT INSTR('CORPORATE FLOOR','OR', -3, 2) "Reversed Instring" FROM DUAL;Reversed Instring-----------------2LENGTHSyntax LENGTH(char)（取字符串的长度）PurposeReturns the length of char in characters. If char has datatype CHAR, the length includes all trailing blanks. If char is null, this function returns null.ExampleSELECT LENGTH('CANDIDE') "Length in characters" FROM DUAL;Length in characters--------------------7Date FunctionsADD_MONTHSSyntax ADD_MONTHS(d,n)（取日期d加上n个月后的那一天，n可正可负，如果d为该月最后一天，那取到的日期也为n个月后的最后一天）PurposeReturns the date d plus n months. The argument n can be any integer. If d is the last day of the month or if the resulting month has fewer days than the day component of d, then the result is the last day of the resulting month. Otherwise, the result has the same day component as d.ExampleSELECT TO_CHAR( ADD_MONTHS(hiredate,1), 'DD-MON-YYYY') "Next month"FROM emp WHERE ename = 'SMITH';Next Month-----------17-JAN-1981LAST_DAYSyntax LAST_DAY(d)（取日期d所在月份的最后一天）PurposeReturns the date of the last day of the month that contains d. You might use this function to determine how many days are left in the current month.Example 1SELECT SYSDA TE, LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) "Last",LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) - SYSDATE "Days Left" FROM DUAL;SYSDATE Last Days Left--------- --------- ------------------------------23-OCT-97 31-OCT-97 8Example 2SELECT TO_CHAR(ADD_MONTHS(LAST_DAY(hiredate),5), 'DD-MON-YYYY')"Five months" FROM emp WHERE ename = 'MARTIN';Five months----------------------28-FEB-1982MONTHS_BETWEENSyntax MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1, d2)（取日期d1、d2之间的月份差值，返回值可正可负，为小数）PurposeReturns number of months between dates d1 and d2. If d1 is later than d2, result is positive; if earlier, negative. If d1 and d2 are either the same days of the month or both last days of months, the result is always an integer; otherwise Oracle calculates the fractional portion of the result based on a 31-day month and considers the difference in time components of d1 and d2.ExampleSELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN (TO_DATE('02-02-1995','MM-DD-YYYY'),TO_DATE('01-01-1995','MM-DD-YYYY') ) "Months" FROM DUAL;Months----------1.03225806NEXT_DAYSyntax NEXT_DAY(d, char)（取日期d之后的第一个char（星期几名）日）PurposeReturns the date of the first weekday named by char that is later than the date d. The argument char must be a day of the week in your session's date language-either the full name or the abbreviation. The minimum number of letters required is the number of letters in the abbreviated version; any characters immediately following the valid abbreviation are ignored. The return value has the same hours, minutes, and seconds component as the argument d.ExampleThis example returns the date of the next Tuesday after March 15, 1992.SELECT NEXT_DAY('15-MAR-92','TUESDAY') "NEXT DAY" FROM DUAL;NEXT DAY------------------17-MAR-92ROUNDSyntax ROUND(d[,fmt])(按照给定的格式截日期,日期按照给定的格式四舍五入（即，如果按月截取，那日期在15日包括15日之前，取本月1号，15日之后，取下月1号）)PurposeReturns d rounded to the unit specified by the format model fmt. If you omit fmt, d is rounded to the nearest day. See "ROUND and TRUNC" for the permitted format models to use in fmt.Example 1SELECT ROUND (TO_DA TE ('27-OCT-92'),'YEAR') "New Year" FROM DUAL;New Year------------------01-JAN-93Example 2SELECT ROUND (TO_DA TE ('2003/08/15',’yyyy/mm/dd’),'mm') "New Year" FROM DUAL;New Year------------------01-08-03Example 3SELECT ROUND (TO_DA TE ('2003/08/16',’yyyy/mm/dd’),'mm') "New Year" FROM DUAL;New Year------------------01-09-03SYSDATESyntax SYSDATE（系统时间）PurposeReturns the current date and time. Requires no arguments. In distributed SQL statements, this function returns the date and time on your local database. You cannot use this function in the condition of a CHECK constraint.ExampleSELECT TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'MM-DD-YYYY HH24:MI:SS') "NOW" FROM DUAL;NOW-------------------10-29-1993 20:27:11TRUNCSyntax TRUNC(d,[fmt])（按照给定的格式截日期，日期不执行四舍五入）PurposeReturns d with the time portion of the day truncated to the unit specified by the format model fmt. If you omit fmt, d is truncated to the nearest day. See "ROUND and TRUNC" for the permitted format models to use in fmt.ExampleSELECT TRUNC(TO_DA TE('27-OCT-92','DD-MON-YY'), 'YEAR') "New Year" FROM DUAL;New Year---------01-JAN-92ROUND and TRUNCTable lists the format models you can use with the ROUND and TRUNC date functions and the units to which they round and truncate dates. The default model, 'DD', returns the date rounded or truncated to the day with a time of midnight.Conversion FunctionsTO_CHAR, date conversionSyntax TO_CHAR(d [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])（日期转换成字符格式，可以给定转换的格式）PurposeConverts d of DATE datatype to a value of V ARCHAR2 datatype in the format specified by the date format fmt. If you omit fmt, d is converted to a V ARCHAR2 value in the default date format. For information on date formats, see "Format Models".The 'nlsparams' specifies the language in which month and day names and abbreviations are returned. This argument can have this form:'NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = language'If you omit nlsparams, this function uses the default date language for your session.ExampleSELECT TO_CHAR(HIREDA TE, 'Month DD, YYYY') "New date format" FROM emp WHERE ename = 'BLAKE';New date format------------------May 01, 1981TO_CHAR, number conversionSyntax TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])（数字转换字符）PurposeConverts n of NUMBER datatype to a value of V ARCHAR2 datatype, using the optional number format fmt. If you omit fmt, n is converted to a V ARCHAR2 value exactly long enough to hold its significant digits. For information on number formats, see "Format Models".The 'nlsparams' specifies these characters that are returned by number format elements:- decimal character- group separator- local currency symbol- international currency symbolThis argument can have this form:'NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS = ''dg''NLS_CURRENCY = ''text''NLS_ISO_CURRENCY = territory 'The characters d and g represent the decimal character and group separator, respectively. They must be different single-byte characters. Note that within the quoted string, you must use two single quotation marks around the parameter values. Ten characters are available for the currency symbol.If you omit 'nlsparams' or any one of the parameters, this function uses the default parameter values for your session.Example 1In this example, the output is blank padded to the left of the currency symbol.SELECT TO_CHAR(-10000,'L99G999D99MI') "Amount" FROM DUAL;Amount$10,000.00-Example 2SELECT TO_CHAR(-10000,'L99G999D99MI', 'NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS = '',.''NLS_CURRENCY = ''AusDollars'' ') "Amount" FROM DUAL;AmountAusDollars10.000,00-Notes:In the optional number format fmt, L designates local currency symbol and MI designates a trailing minus sign. See Table 3-13 for a complete listing of number format elements.During a conversion of Oracle numbers to string, if a rounding operation occurs that overflows or underflows the Oracle NUMBER range, then ~ or -~ may be returned, representing infinity and negative infinity, respectively. This event typically occurs when you are using TO_CHAR() with a restrictive number format string, causing a rounding operation.TO_DATESyntax TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])（字符转化为日期）PurposeConverts char of CHAR or V ARCHAR2 datatype to a value of DATE datatype. The fmt is a date format specifying the format of char. If you omit fmt, char must be in the default date format. If fmt is 'J', for Julian, then char must be an integer. For information on date formats, see "Format Models".The 'nlsparams' has the same purpose in this function as in the TO_CHAR function for date conversion.Do not use the TO_DA TE function with a DATE value for the char argument. The returned DATE value can have a different century value than the original char, depending on fmt or the default date format.For information on date formats, see "Date Format Models".ExampleINSERT INTO bonus (bonus_date)SELECT TO_DATE( 'January 15, 1989, 11:00 A.M.', 'Month dd, YYYY, HH:MI A.M.','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') FROM DUAL;TO_NUMBERSyntax TO_NUMBER(char [,fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])（字符转化为数字）PurposeConverts char, a value of CHAR or V ARCHAR2 datatype containing a number in the format specified by the optional format model fmt, to a value of NUMBER datatype.Example 1UPDATE emp SET sal = sal + TO_NUMBER('100.00', '9G999D99')WHERE ename = 'BLAKE';The 'nlsparams' string in this function has the same purpose as it does in the TO_CHAR function for number conversions.Example 2SELECT TO_NUMBER('-AusDollars100','L9G999D99',' NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS = '',.'' NLS_CURRENCY = ''AusDollars'' ') "Amount" FROM DUAL;Amount-----------100TRANSLATE USINGSyntax TRANSLATE(text USING {CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS })（更改显示字符集）PurposeConverts text into the character set specified for conversions between the database character set and the national character set.The text argument is the expression to be converted.Specifying the USING CHAR_CS argument converts text into the database character set. The output datatype is V ARCHAR2.Specifying the USING NCHAR_CS argument converts text into the national character set. The output datatype is NV ARCHAR2.This function is similar to the Oracle CONVERT function, but must be used instead of CONVERT if either the input or the output datatype is being used as NCHAR or NV ARCHAR2.Example 1CREATE TABLE t1 (char_col CHAR(20), nchar_col nchar(20));INSERT INTO t1 V ALUES ('Hi', N'Bye');SELECT * FROM t1;CHAR_COL NCHAR_COL---------------- -----------------Hi ByeExample 2UPDATE t1 SET nchar_col = TRANSLATE(char_col USING NCHAR_CS);UPDATE t1 SET char_col = TRANSLATE(nchar_col USING CHAR_CS);SELECT * FROM t1;CHAR_COL NCHAR_COL-------------- -------------------Hi HiExample 3UPDATE t1 SET nchar_col = TRANSLATE('deo' USING NCHAR_CS);UPDATE t1 SET char_col = TRANSLATE(N'deo' USING CHAR_CS);CHAR_COL NCHAR_COL------------- --------------deo deoOther Single-Row FunctionsGREATESTSyntax GREATEST(expr [,expr] ...)（取几个值中的最大值）PurposeReturns the greatest of the list of exprs. All exprs after the first are implicitly converted to the datatype of the first exprs before the comparison. Oracle compares the exprs using nonpadded comparison semantics. Character comparison is based on the value of the character in the database character set. One character is greater than another if it has a higher value. If the value returned by this function is character data, its datatype is always VARCHAR2.ExampleSELECT GREATEST ('HARRY', 'HARRIOT', 'HAROLD') "Great" FROM DUAL;Great----------HARRYLEASTSyntax LEAST(expr [,expr] ...)（取几个值中的最小值）PurposeReturns the least of the list of exprs. All exprs after the first are implicitly converted to the datatype of the first expr before the comparison. Oracle compares the exprs using nonpadded comparison semantics. If the value returned by this function is character data, its datatype is always V ARCHAR2.ExampleSELECT LEAST('HARRY','HARRIOT','HAROLD') "LEAST" FROM DUAL;LEAST------------HAROLDNVLSyntax NVL(expr1, expr2)（如果表达式1为空，则返回表达式2，如果表达式1非空，则返回表达式1）PurposeIf expr1 is null, returns expr2; if expr1 is not null, returns expr1. The arguments expr1 and expr2 can have any datatype. If their datatypes are different, Oracle converts expr2 to the datatype of expr1 before comparing them. The datatype of the return value is always the same as the datatype of expr1, unless expr1 is character data, in which case the return value's datatype is VARCHAR2.ExampleSELECT ename, NVL(TO_CHAR(COMM), 'NOT APPLICABLE') "COMMISSION" FROM emp WHERE deptno = 30;ENAME COMMISSION---------- -------------------------------------ALLEN 300WARD 500MARTIN 1400BLAKE NOT APPLICABLETURNER 0JAMES NOT APPLICABLEGroup FunctionsA VGSyntax A VG([DISTINCT|ALL] n)（取平均值）PurposeReturns average value of n.ExampleSELECT A VG(sal) "Average" FROM emp;Average----------2077.21429COUNTSyntax COUNT({* | [DISTINCT|ALL] expr})（取数量）PurposeReturns the number of rows in the query.If you specify expr, this function returns rows where expr is not null. You can count either all rows, or only distinct values of expr.If you specify the asterisk (*), this function returns all rows, including duplicates and nulls.Example 1SELECT COUNT(*) "Total" FROM emp;Total----------18Example 2SELECT COUNT(job) "Count" FROM emp;Count----------14SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT job) "Jobs" FROM emp;Jobs----------5MAXSyntax MAX([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)（取最大值）PurposeReturns maximum value of expr.ExampleSELECT MAX(sal) "Maximum" FROM emp;Maximum----------5000MINSyntax MIN([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)（取最小值）PurposeReturns minimum value of expr.ExampleSELECT MIN(hiredate) "Earliest" FROM emp;Earliest---------17-DEC-80STDDEVSyntax STDDEV([DISTINCT|ALL] x)PurposeReturns standard deviation of x, a number. Oracle calculates the standard deviation as the square root of the variance defined for the V ARIANCE group function.SELECT STDDEV(sal) "Deviation" FROM emp;Deviation----------1182.50322SUMSyntax SUM([DISTINCT|ALL] n)（求和）PurposeReturns sum of values of n.ExampleSELECT SUM(sal) "Total" FROM emp;Total----------29081CommandsSELECTPurposeTo retrieve data from one or more tables, object tables, views, object views, or snapshots. SyntaxKeywords and ParametersCreating Simple Queries:If you use the DISTINCT option to return only a single copy of duplicate rows.Example IThe following statement selects rows from the EMP table with the department number of 30: SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno = 30;Example IIThe following statement selects the name, job, salary and department number of all employees except sales people from department number 30:SELECT ename, job, sal, deptno FROM empWHERE NOT (job = 'SALESMAN' AND deptno = 30);Example IIIThe following statement selects from subqueries in the FROM clause and gives departments' total employees and salaries as a decimal value of all the departments:SELECT a.deptno "Department",a.num_emp/b.total_count "%Employees",a.sal_sum/b.total_sal "%Salary"FROM(SELECT deptno, COUNT(*) num_emp, SUM(SAL) sal_sumFROM scott.empGROUP BY deptno) a,(SELECT COUNT(*) total_count, SUM(sal) total_salFROM scott.emp) b ;SubqueriesPurposeA subquery is a form of the SELECT command that appears inside another SQL statement. A subquery is sometimes called a nested query. The statement containing a subquery is called the parent statement. The rows returned by the subquery are used by the parent statement.SyntaxWITH_clause::=Keywords and Parameters:Using SubqueriesUse subqueries for the following purposes:●to define the set of rows to be inserted into the target table of an INSERT or CREATETABLE statement●to define the set of rows to be included in a view or snapshot in a CREATE VIEW orCREATE SNAPSHOT statement●to define one or more values to be assigned to existing rows in an UPDATE statement●to provide values for conditions in WHERE, HA VING, and START WITH clauses ofSELECT, UPDA TE, and DELETE statements●to define a table to be operated on by a containing query. You do this by placing the subqueryin the FROM clause of the containing query as you would a table name. You may use subqueries in place of tables in this way as well in INSERT, UDPATE, and DELETE statements. Subqueries so used can employ correlation variables, but only those defined within the subquery itself, not outer references.A subquery answers multiple-part questions. For example, to determine who works in Taylor's department, you can first use a subquery to determine the department in which Taylor works. You can then answer the original question with the parent SELECT statement.A subquery is evaluated once for the entire parent statement, in contrast to a correlated subquery which is evaluated once per row processed by the parent statement.A subquery can itself contain a subquery. Oracle places no limit on the level of query nesting.Example ITo determine who works in Taylor's department, issue the following statement:SELECT ename, deptnoFROM emp。
PLSQL界面中英文对照
PLSQL界面中英文对照PL/SQL界面中英文对照File:文件New 新建Program Window 程序窗口Blank 空白Function 函数Java source Java源代码Package 包Package body 主体包Package specification 包说明Procedure 过程Trigger 触发器Type 类型Type body 类型主体Type specification 类型说明Test Window 测试窗口SQL Window SQL窗口Report Window 报告窗口Command Window 命令窗口Explain Plan Window 解释计划窗口Diagram Window 图标窗口View 视图Materialized view 物化窗口Table 表Sequence 序列Synonym 同义词Library 库Directory 目录Job 作业Queue 队列Queue table 队列表User 用户Role 角色Profile 概要文件Database link 数据库连接Open 打开Program File 程序文件Test Script 测试脚本SQL Script SQL脚本Report File 报告文件Command File 命令文件Diagram File 图标文件Reopen 重新打开Save 保存Save as 另存为Save all 全部保存E-mail 电子邮件Close 关闭Close All 全部关闭Print 打印Print Setup 打印设置Page Setup 页面设置New Instance 新建实例Authorization 授权Exit 退出VCS:Open Project 打开工程Close Projcet 关闭工程Check Out 签出Check in 签入Undo Check Out 撤销签出Get 获取Add 添加Remove 移除Properties 属性Differences 差异History 历史Check Out Files 签出文件Check In Files 签入文件Undo Check Out Files 撤销签出文件Get Files 获取文件Add Files 添加文件Run Version Control System 运行Version Control SystemPreferences 首选项Available Version Control Systems 可用的版本控制系统Show Comment for 显示注释Show Options for 显示选项Reopen Project on refresh 刷新时重新打开工程Query file status on refresh 刷新时查询文件状态Allow version control over DB objectsAdd Spec and Body as a Single fileAutomatically open last used project 自动打开最近使用过的工程Project:工程New 新建Open 打开Save 保存Save As 另存为Save All 全部保存Close 关闭Add to Project 添加到工程Remove from Project 从工程中移除Project Items 工程项目Make 生成Build 建立Find 查找To-Do Items 任务项目Options 选项Edit:编辑Undo 撤销Redo 重做PL/SQL Beautifier PL/SQL美化器PL/SQL Beautifier Options PL/SQL美化器选项Cut 剪切Copy 复制Paste 粘贴Append 附加Clear 清除Select All 全选Recall Statement 重新调用语句Special Copy 专用复制Selection 选择Indent 缩进Unindent 撤销缩进Uppercase 大写Lowercase 小写Comment 注释Uncomment 取消注释Apply Syntax Case 英语语法大小写Sort 排序Color Mark 色标To-Do Items 任务选项Find&Replace 查找Find Next 重复上次查找Find Previous 之前找到的Replace Next 替换下一个Search Bar 搜索栏Find Matches 查找拼配Full Screen 全屏Show Special Characters 显示特殊字符Code Folding 代码折叠Set Bookmark 设置书签Go to Bookmark 转到书签Bookmark List 书签列表Go to Line 转到行Next Tab Page 下一标签页Previous Tab Page 上一标签页Session:回话Log on 登录Log off 注销Set Main ConnectionImported Fixed UsersImported HistoryRecentExecute 执行Break 中断Kill 关闭Commit 提交Rollback 回滚SQL Trace SQL跟踪Debug:调试Toggle Breakpoint 切换断点Modify Breakpoint 更改断点Start 开始Run 运行Step Into 单步进入Step Over 单步跳过Step Out 单步退出Run to Exception 运行到异常Set Variable 设置变量Tools:工具Preferences 首选项Configure Plug-Ins 配置插件Configure Tools 配置工具Configure Documents 配置文档Configure Reports 配置报告PlsqldocMarco 宏Connections 连接Define Connections 定义连接Object Browser 浏览器Object Browser Folders 浏览器文件夹Object Browser Filters 浏览器过滤器File Browser 文件浏览File Browser Locations 文件浏览位置T emplate List 模板列表Window List 窗口列表Toolbar 工具栏Explain Plan 解释计划Code Assistant 代码助手Code Contents 代码目录Show Compiler Hints 显示编译器提示Query Builder 查询设计器Find Database Objects 查找数据库对象Compile Invalid Objects 编译无效对象Export User Object 到处用户对象Compare User Objects 比较用户对象Event Monitor 事件监视器Sessions 回话Test Manager 测试管理器DBMS Scheduler DBMS调度程序Export Tables 导出表Import Tables 引入表Compare Table Date 比较表数据Text Importer 文本导入器ODBC Importer ODBC导入器Data Generator 数据生成器Deployment:部署Documents:文档Reports:报告Window:窗口Help:帮助OracleConnectionSession Mode 会话方式Multi session 多路会话Dual session 双路会话Single session 单路会话Logoff with open transaction 注销(有打开的事务)Check connection 检查链接Oracle Home(empty is autodetect) Oracle主目录名(自动检测为空)OCI library (empty is autodetect) Oracle库(自动检测为空)Force OCI7 mode on OCI8 在OCI8上强制使用OCI7Multiple Connections 多路连接Allow multiple connection 允许多路连接Store recent history 保存最近历史Store with password 带密码保存OptionsAllow editing of database source 允许编辑数据路远Ask to save edited database source 询问师傅保存刚变异过的数据库源Allow compilation of read-only source files 允许编译只读源。
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OCI整体介绍一．OCI程序结构OCI应用程序的一般目标是使用多个用户操作数据库，客户端应用程序需要执行一些数据操纵，包括数据交换数据处理。
下面是基础的框架：1.初始化OCI程序环境和线程。
2.分配必要的句柄并且建立服务器的连接和用户会话。
3.通过在服务器上执行SQL语句来交换数据，并且执行一些必要的数据处理。
4.执行准备好的语句，或者准备新的要执行的语句。
5.终结用户会话和服务器连接。
6.释放句柄。
图 2-1 基础的OCI程序流程。
上面的途中列出的步骤是一个基本的OCI程序的步骤，在实际应用的过程成可能会存在变化，这还要依据程序的功能，OCI应用程序包含许多复杂的功能，例如管理多个会话和事务还有使用对象，这些情况下需要额外的步骤。
所有的OCI函数的执行都在一个上下文中，在一个OCI程序中可以包含多个环境，如果一个环境需要任何进程级的初始化，他们都会自动完成。
在OCI应用程序中可能会存在多个活动的连接和语句。
OCI 环境初始化创建OCI环境调用OCIEnvCreate() 创建一个环境，每个OCI函数的调用执行在这个环境的上下文中。
这个调用必须要在其他OCI调用之前进行。
唯一的例外是为OCI共享模式设置进程级别的属性。
OCIEnvCreate()指定的mode参数，指定了OCI的应用程序调用OCI函数将会允许在下面的几个模式下：■ 运行在多线程的模式下。
(mode = OCI_THREADED).■ 使用对象 (mode = OCI_OBJECT). 使用AQ的订阅注册。
■ 使用订阅 (mode = OCI_EVENTS).模式可以在每个环境中独立的设置。
如果应用程序bind和define 对象，那么将环境初始化为object模式是非常有必要的，或者使用OCI的对象导航调用。
程序也许会选择不使用这些特性(mode = OCI_DEFAULT)或者是他们的结合，使用竖线分开这些选项。
例如如果模式是这样设置的 mode = (OCI_THREADED | OCI_OBJECT)，那么应用程序将会运行在线程环境中并且使用对象。
你可以指定用户定义的内存管理函数为每个OCI环境。
分配句柄和描述符Oracle 提供OCI函数来分配和释放句柄和描述符。
在传递句柄到OCI函数中要使用OCIHandleAlloc()来分配句柄，除非OCI函数会自动分配他们，例如OCIBindByPos()，你可以分配上面表中列出的那些类型的句柄。
根据你应用程序的功能来分配一些或者所有的句柄，使用OCIHandleAlloc()分配。
应用程序必须调用OCIEnvNlsCreate() 来初始化OCI 环境句柄。
已经存在的应用程序也许使用 OCIEnvCreate()来初始化环境句柄。
一句这个步骤应用程序有多个选择在建立一个连接并开启一个用户会话。
注意：应当使用OCIEnvCreate() 或者 OCIEnvNlsCreate()来代替OCIInitialize() and OCIEnvInit()，这两个函数是为了提供向后的兼容性。
单用户和单连接这个选择是简化了的登陆方法，在任何时候应用程序对每个连接都维护单个会话当应用程序调用OCILogon2()，OCI动态库初始化传递进去的service上下文句柄，并且创建一个连接到指定的服务器来执行用户的请求。
下面的例子是调用 OCILogon2()来创建一个单个的用户会话使用hr 用户名和hr密码，oracledb数据库：OCILogon2(envhp, errhp, &svchp, (text *)"hr", (ub4)strlen("hr"), (text *)"hr",(ub4)strlen("hr"), (text *)"oracledb", (ub4)strlen("oracledb"), OCI_DEFAULT);这个调用的参数包含service 上下文句柄（已经被初始化了），用户名，密码，数据库名被用来创建一个数据库连接。
最后一个参数，mode 被设置成了OCI_DEFAULT.这个调用有相同的影响和调用 OCILogon()，对于新的应用程序要使用，OCILogon2()，在这个函数中server 和user session 句柄会被隐式的分配。
如果一个应用程序使用这种方式登陆，service context, server, and user session 句柄将会是只读的，应用程序不能通过调用OCIAttrSet()改变service context 句柄来转换session 或者 transaction 。
一个应用程序使用OCILogon2() 来初始化他的会话和认证属性，终结的时候要使用OCILogoff().OCI中处理SQL语句下面的内容中会详细介绍这一部分提交或者回滚应用程序提交数据库的改变通过调用OCITransCommit()，这个调用使用服务句柄作为参数，和这个服务句柄相关的连的事务都会被提交，这些事务可能是显式创建的或者应用程序修改数据库时隐式创建的。
当OCIExecute() 的mode参数为OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS的时候，每个语句执行完成后会自动提交，这样就避免了额外的round trip回滚一个事务，使用OCITransRollback()，如果应用程序不正常的断开连接，并且没有执行OCITransCommit(),所有的活动的事务会自动提交。
终止应用程序应用程序应该在终止前执行下面的步骤：1.通过调用OCISessionEnd()删除每个用户会话2.通过调用OCIServerDetach()删除到数据源的通道3.显式的释放所有的句柄，使用OCIHandleFree()4.删除环境句柄，同时删除了所有的和它相关的句柄。
OCIServerDetach()和OCISessionEnd()不是必须执行的，但是我们推荐要执行，如果应用程序使用简单的登陆方法OCILogon()然后调用OCILogoff()来结束会话断开服务器连接释放服务上下文和相关的句柄。
这个应用程序依然负责它分配的其他句柄。
错误处理OCI函数有一系列的返回代码，表示了执行成功或者失败例如OCI_SUCCESS或者OCI_ERROR，或者提供应用程序需要的信息例如OCI_NEED_DATA或者OCI_STILL_EXECUTING为了验证到服务器的连接有没有终结，通过检查服务句柄上的OCI_ATTR_SERVER_STATUS属性，如果属性值是OCI_SERVER_NOT_CONNECTED那么必须要进行重连。
Table 2-3 OCI 返回值OCI Return Code DescriptionOCI_SUCCESS The function completed successfully.OCI_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO The function completed successfully; a call to OCIErrorGet() returns additional diagnostic information. This may include warnings.OCI_NO_DATA The function completed, and there is no further data.OCI_ERROR The function failed; a call to OCIErrorGet() returns additional information.OCI_INVALID_HANDLE An invalid handle was passed as a parameter or a user callback is passed an invalid handle or invalid context. No further diagnostics are available.OCI_NEED_DATA The application must provide runtime data.OCI_STILL_EXECUTING The service context was established in nonblocking mode, and the current operation could not be completed immediately. The operation must be called again to complete. OCIErrorGet() returns ORA-03123 as the error code.OCI_CONTINUE This code is returned only from a callback function. It indicates that the callback function wants the OCI library to resume its normal processing.如果返回值表示发生了一个错误，应用程序可以检索指定的错误代码和信息通过调用OCIErrorGet(),多个诊断记录可以通过重复执行OCIErrorGet(),直到没有多余的记录返回（返回OCI_NO_DATA）Return and Error Codes for DataIn Table 2-4, the OCI return code, error number, indicator variable, and column return code are specified when the data fetched is normal, null, or truncated. Table 2-4 Return and Error CodesState of Data Return Code Indicator - notprovided Indicator - providednot null or truncated not providedOCI_SUCCESSerror = 0 OCI_SUCCESS error = 0 indicator = 0not null or truncated provided OCI_SUCCESSerror = 0return code = 0OCI_SUCCESSerror = 0indicator = 0return code = 0null data not providedOCI_ERRORerror = 1405 OCI_SUCCESS error = 0 indicator = -1null data provided OCI_ERRORerror = 1405return code = 1405OCI_SUCCESSerror = 0indicator = -1return code = 1405truncated data not providedOCI_ERRORerror = 1406 OCI_ERRORerror = 1406 indicator = data_lentruncated data provided OCI_SUCCESS_WITH_INFOOCI_SUCCESS_WITH_INFOerror = 24345State of Data Return CodeIndicator - notprovided Indicator - provided error = 24345return code = 1405indicator = data_lenreturn code = 1406对于截断的数据，data_len是这个实际的数据的截断长度，如果这个长度比SB2MAXVAL短或者相等，否则指示符设置成-2.有些函数的返回值不是上面表2-3中提到的代码，当使用这些函数的时候应该注意，他们的返回值直接从函数返回，而不是out参数。