derivative formula导数公式英文版
导数教学PPT(英文)(derivatives)
The Constant Multiple Rule
Brown University. “Basic Derivative Rules” Brown University Calculus Review. 6 August 2008 5:57 PM. Web. 9 Sept. 2014.
The Sum&Difference t wo funct ionsis t hesum (or difference ) of Rule
1.If you see a rational function with an x value on the numerator as well as on the denominator, a mental check should go off in your head: USE THE QUOTIENT RULE!
*When Do We Use The Quotient Rule?!*
This is probably the most obvious clue that can lead you to use the quotient rule. 2.You use the quotient rule to find the derivative of a rational expression. 3.WARNING! Although the quotient rule is effective in its use, it can be very lengthy. We suggest that you make sure the problem you are solving for has an x value on both the numerator and denominator, if only a number is present on the denominator, you can discard using the quotient rule and move on to use the power rule. * It could save you from too much mental exhaustion* : )
连续函数英语
连续函数英语1. Continuity -连续性2. Limit -极限3. Derivative -导数4. Integral -积分5. Inflection point -拐点6. Monotonicity -单调性7. Uniform continuity -一致连续8. Differentiability -可导性9. Taylor series -泰勒级数10. Power series -幂级数1. The continuity of the function is ensured at all points in the domain.这个函数在定义域的所有点上都保证了连续性。
2. The limit of the function as x approaches infinity is zero.当x趋近于无穷大时，这个函数的极限为零。
3. The derivative of the function at x equals 2 is 5.这个函数在x等于2的导数是5。
4. The integral of the function from 0 to 1 is equal to 2.这个函数从0到1的积分等于2。
5. The function has an inflection point at x equals 3.这个函数在x等于3处有一个拐点。
6. The monotonicity of the function ensures that it is always increasing.这个函数的单调性确保它始终在增加。
7. The function is uniformly continuous on the given interval.这个函数在给定的区间上一致连续。
8. The function is differentiable at every point in the domain.这个函数在定义域的每个点都可导。
微积分术语中英文对照
微积分术语中英文对照A、B:Absolute convergence ：绝对收敛Absolute extreme values ：绝对极值Absolute maximum and minimum ：绝对极大与极小Absolute value ：绝对值Absolute value function ：绝对值函数Acceleration ：加速度Antiderivative ：原函数,反导数Approximate integration ：近似积分<法> Approximation ：逼近法by differentials ：用微分逼近linear ：线性逼近法by Simpson’s Rule ：Simpson法则逼近法by the Trapezoidal Rule ：梯形法则逼近法Arbitrary constant ：任意常数Arc length ：弧长Area ：面积under a curve ：曲线下方之面积between curves ：曲线间之面积in polar coordinates ：极坐标表示之面积of a sector of a circle ：扇形之面积of a surface of a revolution ：旋转曲面之面积Asymptote ：渐近线horizontal ：水平渐近线slant ：斜渐近线vertical ：垂直渐近线Average speed ：平均速率Average velocity ：平均速度Axes, coordinate ：坐标轴Axes of ellipse ：椭圆之对称轴Binomial series ：二项式级数Binomial theorem：二项式定理C:Calculus ：微积分differential ：微分学integral ：积分学Cartesian coordinates ：笛卡儿坐标一般指直角坐标Cartesian coordinates system ：笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem ：柯西中值定理Chain Rule ：链式法则Circle ：圆Circular cylinder ：圆柱体,圆筒Closed interval ：闭区间Coefficient ：系数Composition of function ：复合函数Compound interest ：复利Concavity ：凹性Conchoid ：蚌线Conditionally convergent：条件收敛Cone ：圆锥Constant function ：常数函数Constant of integration ：积分常数Continuity ：连续性at a point ：在一点处之连续性of a function ：函数之连续性on an interval ：在区间之连续性from the left ：左连续from the right ：右连续Continuous function ：连续函数Convergence ：收敛interval of ：收敛区间radius of ：收敛半径Convergent sequence ：收敛数列series ：收敛级数Coordinates：坐标Cartesian ：笛卡儿坐标cylindrical ：柱面坐标polar ：极坐标rectangular ：直角坐标spherical ：球面坐标Coordinate axes ：坐标轴Coordinate planes ：坐标平面Cosine function ：余弦函数Critical point ：临界点Cubic function ：三次函数Curve ：曲线Cylinder：圆筒, 圆柱体, 柱面Cylindrical Coordinates ：圆柱坐标D:Decreasing function ：递减函数Decreasing sequence ：递减数列Definite integral ：定积分Degree of a polynomial ：多项式之次数Density ：密度Derivative ：导数of a composite function ：复合函数之导数 of a constant function ：常数函数之导数directional ：方向导数domain of ：导数之定义域of exponential function ：指数函数之导数higher ：高阶导数partial ：偏导数of a power function ：幂函数之导数of a power series ：羃级数之导数of a product ：积之导数of a quotient ：商之导数as a rate of change ：导数当作变化率right-hand ：右导数second ：二阶导数as the slope of a tangent ：导数看成切线之斜率Determinant ：行列式Differentiable function ：可导函数Differential ：微分Differential equation ：微分方程partial ：偏微分方程Differentiation ：求导法implicit ：隐求导法partial ：偏微分法term by term ：逐项求导法Directional derivatives ：方向导数Discontinuity ：不连续性Disk method ：圆盘法Distance ：距离Divergence ：发散Domain ：定义域Dot product ：点积Double integral ：二重积分change of variable in ：二重积分之变数变换in polar coordinates ：极坐标二重积分E、F、G:Ellipse ：椭圆Ellipsoid ：椭圆体Epicycloid ：外摆线Equation ：方程式Even function ：偶函数Expected Valued ：期望值Exponential Function ：指数函数Exponents , laws of ：指数率Extreme value ：极值Extreme Value Theorem ：极值定理Factorial ：阶乘First Derivative Test ：一阶导数试验法First octant ：第一卦限Focus ：焦点Fractions ：分式Function ：函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ：微积分基本定理Geometric series ：几何级数Gradient ：梯度Graph ：图形Green Formula ：格林公式H:Half-angle formulas ：半角公式Harmonic series ：调和级数Helix ：螺旋线Higher Derivative ：高阶导数Higher mathematics 高等数学Horizontal asymptote ：水平渐近线Horizontal line ：水平线Hyperbola ：双曲线Hyperboloid ：双曲面I:Implicit differentiation ：隐求导法Implicit function ：隐函数Improper integral ：反常积分, 广义积分Increasing,Decreasing Test ：递增或递减试验法Increment ：增量Increasing Function ：增函数Indefinite integral ：不定积分Independent variable ：自变量Indeterminate from ：不定型Inequality ：不等式Infinite point ：无穷极限点Infinite series ：无穷级数Inflection point ：反曲点Instantaneous velocity ：瞬时速度Integer ：整数Integral ：积分Integrand ：被积函数Integration ：积分Integration by part ：分部积分法Intercepts ：截距Intermediate value of Theorem ：中值定理Interval ：区间Inverse function ：反函数Inverse trigonometric function ：反三角函数Iterated integral ：逐次积分L:Laplace transform ：Laplace 变换Law of sines：正弦定理Law of Cosines ：余弦定理Least upper bound ：最小上界Left-hand derivative ：左导数Left-hand limit ：左极限Lemniscate ：双钮线Length ：长度Level curve ：等高线L'Hospital's rule ：洛必达法则Limacon ：蚶线Limit ：极限Linear approximation：线性近似Linear equation ：线性方程式Linear function ：线性函数Linearity ：线性Linearization ：线性化Line in the plane ：平面上之直线Line in space ：空间之直线Local extreme ：局部极值Local maximum and minimum ：局部极大值与极小值Logarithm ：对数Logarithmic function ：对数函数M、N、O:Maximum and minimum values ：极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem ：均值定理Multiple integrals ：重积分Multiplier ：乘子Natural exponential function ：自然指数函数Natural logarithm function ：自然对数函数Natural number ：自然数Normal line ：法线Normal vector ：法向量Number ：数Octant ：卦限Odd function ：奇函数One-sided limit ：单边极限Open interval ：开区间Optimization problems ：最佳化问题Order ：阶Ordinary differential equation ：常微分方程Origin ：原点Orthogonal ：正交的P、Q:Parabola ：拋物线Parabolic cylinder ：抛物柱面Paraboloid ：抛物面Parallelepiped ：平行六面体Parallel lines ：平行线Parameter ：参数Partial derivative ：偏导数Partial differential equation ：偏微分方程Partial fractions ：部分分式Partial integration ：部分积分Partition ：分割Period ：周期Periodic function ：周期函数Perpendicular lines ：垂直线Piecewise defined function ：分段定义函数Plane ：平面Point of inflection ：反曲点Polar axis ：极轴Polar coordinate ：极坐标Polar equation ：极方程式Pole ：极点Polynomial ：多项式Positive angle ：正角Point-slope form ：点斜式Power function ：幂函数Product ：积Quadrant ：象限Quotient Law of limit ：极限的商定律Quotient Rule ：商定律R:Radius of convergence ：收敛半径Range of a function ：函数的值域Rate of change ：变化率Rational function ：有理函数Rationalizing substitution ：有理代换法Rational number ：有理数Real number ：实数Rectangular coordinates ：直角坐标Rectangular coordinate system ：直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum ：相对极大值与极小值Revenue function ：收入函数Revolution , solid of ：旋转体Revolution , surface of ：旋转曲面Riemann Sum ：黎曼和Right-hand derivative ：右导数Right-hand limit ：右极限Root ：根S:Saddle point ：鞍点Scalar ：纯量Secant line ：割线Second derivative ：二阶导数Second Derivative Test ：二阶导数试验法Second partial derivative ：二阶偏导数Sector ：扇形Sequence ：数列Series ：级数Set ：集合Shell method ：剥壳法Sine function ：正弦函数Singularity ：奇点Slant, Oblique asymptote ：斜渐近线Slope ：斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line ：直线的斜截式Smooth curve ：平滑曲线Smooth surface ：平滑曲面Solid of revolution ：旋转体Space ：空间Speed ：速率Spherical coordinates ：球面坐标Squeeze Theorem ：夹挤定理Step function ：阶梯函数Strictly decreasing ：严格递减Strictly increasing ：严格递增Substitution rule ：替代法则Sum ：和Surface ：曲面Surface integral ：面积分Surface of revolution ：旋转曲面Symmetry ：对称T:Tangent function ：正切函数Tangent line ：切线Tangent plane ：切平面Tangent vector ：切向量Taylor’s formula ：泰勒公式Total differential ：全微分Trigonometric function ：三角函数Trigonometric integrals ：三角积分Trigonometric substitutions ：三角代换法Tripe integrals ：三重积分V、X、Z:Value of function ：函数值Variable ：变量Vector ：向量Velocity ：速度Vertical asymptote ：垂直渐近线Volume ：体积X-axis ：x轴X -coordinate ：x坐标X -intercept ：x截距Zero vector ：函数的零点Zeros of a polynomial ：多项式的零点。
derivative
导数（derivative function）当自变量的增量趋于零时，因变量的增量与自变量的增量之商的极限。
在一个函数存在导数时，称这个函数可导或者可微分。
可导的函数一定连续。
不连续的函数一定不可导。
导数实质上就是一个求极限的过程，导数的四则运算法则来源于极限的四则运算法则。
定义设函数y=f(x)在点x。
的某个邻域N(x。
,δ)内有定义，当自变量x在x。
处有增量△x(设x。
+△x∈N(x。
,δ))，函数y=f(x)相应的增量为△y=f(x。
+△x)-f(x。
).如果当△x→0时，函数的增量△y与自变量的增量△x之比的极限lim △y/△x=lim [f(x。
+△x)-f(x。
)]/△x存在，则称这个极限值为f(x)在x。
处的导数或变化率.通常可以记为f'(x。
)或f'(x)|x=x。
.函数的可导性与导函数一般地，假设一元函数y=f(x )在点x0的某个邻域N(x0，δ)内有定义，当自变量取的增量Δx=x-x0时，函数相应增量为△y=f(x0+△x)-f(x0)，若函数增量△y与自变量增量△x之比当△x→0时的极限存在且有限，就说函数f(x)在x0点可导，并将这个极限称之为f在x0点的导数或变化率。
“点动成线”：若函数f在区间I 的每一点都可导，便得到一个以I为定义域的新函数，记作f(x)' 或y'，称之为f的导函数，简称为导数.导数的几何意义函数y=f（x）在x。
点的导数f'（x。
）的几何意义：表示函数曲线在P。
[x 。
，f（x。
）] 点的切线斜率（导数的几何意义是该函数曲线在这一点上的切线斜率）.导数在科学上的应用导数与物理，几何，代数关系密切.在几何中可求切线；在代数中可求瞬时变化率；在物理中可求速度，加速度.导数亦名纪数、微商（微分中的概念），是由速度变化问题和曲线的切线问题（矢量速度的方向）而抽象出来的数学概念.又称变化率.如：一辆汽车在10小时内走了600千米，它的平均速度是60千米/小时.但在实际行驶过程中，是有快慢变化的，不都是60千米/小时.为了较好地反映汽车在行驶过程中的快慢变化情况，可以缩短时间间隔，设汽车所在位置s与时间t的关系为s=f（t）那么汽车在由时刻t。
数学公式的英文表达
1.Logic∃there ex ist∀for allp⇒q p implies q / if p, then qp⇔q p if and onl y if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equi v alent 2.Setsx∈A x bel ongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of Ax∉A x does not bel ong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A A⊂B A is c ontained in B / A is a subset of BA⊃B A c ontains B / B is a subs et of AA∩B A cap B / A meet B / A i ntersec tion BA∪B A c up B / A join B / A union BA\B A minus B / the diference between A and BA×B A cross B / the cartesi an product of A and B3. Real numbersx+1 x plus onex-1 x minus onex±1 x plus or minus onexy xy / x multiplied by y(x - y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus yx y x ov er y= the equals signx = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5x≠5 x (is) not equal t o 5x≡y x is equi valent to (or identical with) yx ≡ y x is not equi v al ent to (or i dentical with) yx > y x is greater than yx≥y x is greater than or equal to yx < y x is l ess than yx≤y x is less than or equal to y0 < x < 1 z ero is less than x is l ess than 10≤x≤1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1| x | mod x / modulus xx 2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2x 3 x cubedx 4 x to the fourth / x to the power fourx n x to the nth / x to the power nx −n x to the (power) minus nx(square) root x / the squar e root of xx 3 cube root (of) xx 4 fourth r oot (of) xx n nth root (of) x( x+y ) 2 x plus y all squared( x y ) 2 x over y all squaredn! n factorialx ^ x hatx ¯x barx ˜x tildex i x i / x subscript i / x suffix i / x s ub i∑ i=1 n a i the sum from i equals one to n a i / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the a i 4. Li near algebra‖x‖the nor m (or modulus) of xOA → OA / vector OAOA ¯OA / the length of the s egment OAA T A transpose / the tr anspose of AA −1 A i nv erse / the inverse of A5. Functionsf( x ) fx / f of x / the func tion f of xf:S→T a function f from S to Tx→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to yf'( x ) f pri me x / f das h x / the (first) deri v ati ve of f with respect to xf''( x ) f doubl e-prime x / f doubl e-das h x / the sec ond derivati v e of f with res pect to x f'''( x ) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third deri v ati ve of f with respect to xf (4) ( x ) f four x / the fourth deri v ati ve of f with respect to x∂f ∂ x 1 the partial (deri v ati ve) of f with res pec t to x1∂ 2 f ∂ x 1 2 the s econd par tial (derivati v e) of f with respect to x1∫ 0 ∞ the integral from zero to infinitylim x→0 the li mit as x approaches zerolim x→ 0 + the li mit as x approaches zero from abovelim x→ 0 − the li mit as x approach es zero from belowlog e y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural l og (of) ylny log y to the base e / l og to the bas e e of y / natural log (of) y一般词汇数学mathematics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理ax i om定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prov e假设hypothesis, hypothes es(pl.)命题propositi on算术arithmetic加plus(prep.), add(v.), additi on(n.)被加数augend, s ummand加数addend和sum减minus(pr ep.), s ubtract(v.), subtracti on(n.) 被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multipl y(v.), multi plication(n.) 被乘数multiplicand, faci end乘数multiplicator积produc t除div ided by(prep.), div i de(v.), di v ision(n.)被除数div idend除数div isor商quotient等于equals, is equal to, is equi valent to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or less er than运算符operator数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denomi nator比ratio正positi v e负negati v e零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal s y stem二进制binar y s y stem十六进制hex adeci mal s y stem权weight, significance进位carry截尾truncati on四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra公式formul a, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial多项式pol y nomi al, multinomial系数coefficient未知数unk nown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式equation一次方程simple equati on二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equati on不等式inequati on阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth power n次方the power of n, the nth power开方evoluti on, ex trac tion二次方根，平方根square root三次方根，立方根cube root四次方根the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根the root of n, the nth root集合aggregate元素element空集v oi d子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数functi on定义域domain, field of definition值域range常量constant变量v ariable单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列，级数series微积分calculus微分differential极限limit无穷大infinite(a.) i nfinity(n.)无穷小infinitesi mal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefi nite i ntegral有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginar y number复数complex number矩阵matri x行列式determinant几何geometry点point线line面plane体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角perigon底base边side高height三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagor ean theorem 钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle 等腰三角形isosceles triangle 等边三角形equilateral triangle平行四边形parallelogram 矩形rectangle长length宽width。
常用在经济中的词汇英文版
boundary condition 边界条件
boundary line 界（线）；边界
bounded 有界的
bounded above 有上界的；上有界的
bounded below 有下界的；下有界的
bounded function 有界函数
bounded sequence 有界序列
capacity 容量
cardioid 心脏
Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标
Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程
Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面
Cartesian product 笛卡儿积
category 类型；范畴
catenary 悬链
amount 本利和；总数
analysis 分析；解析
analytic geometry 解析几何
angle 角
angle at the centre 圆心角
angle at the circumference 圆周角
angle between a line and a plane 直与平面的交角
brace 大括号
bracket 括号
breadth 阔度
broken line graph 折线图
calculation 计算
calculator 计算器；计算器
calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算
cancel 消法；相消
canellation law 消去律
canonical 典型; 标准
absolute monotonic 绝对单调
导数英文版知识点总结
导数英文版知识点总结IntroductionThe concept of derivatives is a fundamental concept in calculus and mathematics. It is a powerful tool used to analyze the behavior of functions, solve problems in various fields such as physics, engineering, and economics, and has wide applications in real-life situations. In this article, we will summarize the key knowledge points of derivatives, including the definition of derivatives, the rules for finding derivatives, applications of derivatives, and some important theorems related to derivatives.Definition of DerivativesThe derivative of a function at a point is defined as the limit of the average rate of change of the function over a small interval around the point, as the interval becomes infinitesimally small. Mathematically, the derivative of a function f(x) at a point x=a, denoted by f'(a) ordf/dx|a, is defined as:\[ f'(a) = \lim _{h \to 0} \frac{f(a + h) - f(a)}{h} \]The derivative measures the rate at which the function changes at a specific point, or the slope of the tangent line to the function at that point.Rules for Finding DerivativesThere are several rules and formulas for finding derivatives of different types of functions. The basic rules for finding derivatives are as follows:1. Power Rule: The derivative of a power function f(x) = x^n, where n is a constant, is given by f'(x) = nx^(n-1).2. Constant Rule: The derivative of a constant function f(x) = c, where c is a constant, is zero.3. Sum and Difference Rule: The derivative of the sum or difference of two functions is the sum or difference of their derivatives.4. Product Rule: The derivative of the product of two functions u(x) and v(x) is given by (uv)' = u'v + uv'.5. Quotient Rule: The derivative of the quotient of two functions u(x) and v(x) is given by (u/v)' = (u'v - uv')/v^2.6. Chain Rule: If y = f(g(x)), then the derivative of y with respect to x is given by dy/dx =f'(g(x))g'(x).These rules are fundamental for finding derivatives of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.Applications of DerivativesDerivatives have wide applications in various fields, including physics, engineering, economics, and biology. Some common applications of derivatives are:1. Optimization Problems: Derivatives are used to find the maximum or minimum values ofa function, such as the maximum profit, minimum cost, maximum area, or minimum distance.2. Rate of Change: Derivatives are used to measure the rate of change of a quantity over time, such as the velocity of an object, the growth of a population, or the rate of decay of a radioactive substance.3. Tangent Lines and Linear Approximations: Derivatives are used to find the equation of the tangent line to a curve at a specific point, and to approximate the value of a function near that point.4. Related Rates: Derivatives are used to solve problems involving the rates of change of two or more related quantities, such as the changing area of a rectangle, the changing volume ofa cone, or the changing distance between two moving objects.5. Newton's Laws of Motion: Derivatives are used to describe the motion of objects in terms of position, velocity, and acceleration, and to analyze the forces acting on the objects. Important Theorems Related to DerivativesThere are several important theorems related to derivatives that are widely used in calculus and mathematical analysis. Some of the key theorems are:1. Mean Value Theorem: If a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one point c in (a, b) such that f'(c) = (f(b) - f(a))/(b - a).2. Rolle's Theorem: If a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one point c in (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.3. Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem: If two functions u(x) and v(x) are continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one point c in (a, b) such that (u(b) - u(a))v'(c) = (v(b) - v(a))u'(c).4. Fermat's Theorem: If a function f(x) has a local maximum or minimum at a point c, andf'(c) exists, then f'(c) = 0.5. L'Hôpital's Rule: If the limit of a quotient of two functions is of the form 0/0 or ∞/∞, then the limit of the quotient of their derivatives is equal to the limit of the original quotient, provided the limit of the derivative exists.ConclusionThe concept of derivatives is a fundamental concept in calculus, and it plays a crucial role in analyzing the behavior of functions, solving problems in various fields, and making predictions about real-life situations. This article has summarized the key knowledge points of derivatives, including the definition of derivatives, the rules for finding derivatives, applications of derivatives, and important theorems related to derivatives. A thorough understanding of these knowledge points is essential for mastering the techniques of finding derivatives and applying them to solve real-world problems.。
清华-计算机图形学chap7-B-Spline-2
Computer GraphicsShi-Min HuShi Min HuTsinghua UniversityTsinghua UniversityToday s TopicsToday’s Topics•Why splines?•B-Spline Curves and properties •B-Spline surfacesB Spline surfaces•NURBS curves and SurfacesWhy to introduce B Spline(BWhy to introduce B-Spline (B样条)•Bezier curve/surface has many advantages, but they have two main shortcomings:e e cu ve/su ace ca ot be od ed oca y–Bezier curve/surface cannot be modified locally(局部修改).–It is very complex to satisfy geometric continuityIt i l t ti f t i ti itconditions for Bezier curves or surfaces joining.•History of B-splinesI1946S h b d li b d–In 1946, Schoenberg proposed a spline-basedmethod to approximate curves.–It’s motivated by runge-kutta problem ininterpolation: high degree polynomial may surge p g g p y y g upper and down–Why not use lower degree piecewise polynomial Wh t l d i i l i lwith continuous joining?–that’s Spline–But people thought it’s impossible to use Spline in shape design because complicatedin shape design, because complicated computation–In 1972, based on Schoenberg’s work, Gordon I1972b d S h b’k G d and Riesenfeld introduced “B-Spline” and lots of corresponding geometric algorithms.f di i l i h–B-Spline retains all advantages of Bezier curves, and overcomes the shortcomings of Bezier curves.•Tips for understanding B-Spline?–Spline function interpolation is well known, it can Spline function interpolation is well known it canbe calculated by solving a tridiagonalequations(三对角方程).i–For a given partition of an interval, we cancompute Spline curve interpolation similarly.–All splines over a given partition will form aAll splines over a given partition will form alinear space. The basis function of this linearspace is called B-Spline basis function.i ll d B S li b i f i–Similar to Bezier Curve using Bernstein basis functions, B-Spline curves uses B-Spline basis f nctions B Spline c r es ses B Spline basis functions.B-Spline curves and it’s p Properties•Formula of B-Spline Curve.n ]1,0[),()(,0∈=Σ=t t B P t P n i i n i are control points ∑==i k i i t N P t P 0,)()(–are control points. –(i=0,1,..,n) are the i-th B-Spline basis function ),,1,0(n i P i L =)(,t N k i of order k. B-Spline basis function is a order k (degree k -1) piecewise polynomial (分段多项式) determined by the knot vector, which is a non-decreasing set of numbers.g•Demo of B-splineThe story of order & degree•The story of order°ree–G Farin: degree, Computer Aided Geometric Design –Les Piegl: order, Computer Aided DesignL Pi l d C Aid d D iB Spline Basis Function B-Spline Basis Function•Definition of B-Spline Basis Function –de Boor-Cox recursion formula:⎧⎩⎨<<=+Otherwiset x t t N i i i 01)(11,−−,,11,111()()()i i k i k i k i k i k i i k i t t t t N t N t N t t t t t +−+−+−++=+−−–Knot Vector: a sequence of non-decreasing number L L L k n k n n n k k t t t t t t t t +−++−,,,,,,,,,,11110L L L•, i = 01k=•, i = 02k=⎧⎩⎨<<=+Otherwiset x t t N i i i 01)(11,,,11,111()()()i i k i k i k i k i k i i k i t t t t N t N t N t t t t t +−+−+−++−−=+−−B Spline Basis Function B-Spline Basis Function•Questions:–What is nonzero domain(非零区间) of B-Splinebasis function ?)(,t N k i –How many knots does it need?Wh t i th d fi iti d i ()f th –What is the definition domain(定义区间) of the curves?4,4()()i i P t PN t =∑0i =B Spline Basis Function B-Spline Basis Function•take k=4, n=4 as example 4,4()()i i P t PN t =∑876543210,,,,,,,,t t t t t t t t t 0i=B Spline Basis Function B-Spline Basis Function•Properties:N ti it d l l t–Non-negativity and local support •is non-negativeis a non ero pol nomial on ,()i k N t ]•is a non-zero polynomial on ⎧∈≥+t t t t N k i i ],[0[,i i k t t +,()i k N t –Partition of Unity⎩⎨=otherwisek i 0)(,•The sum of all non-zero order k basis functions onis 1 ∑n 11[,]k n t t −+=+−∈=i n k k i t t t t N011,],[1)(B Spline Basis Function B-Spline Basis Function•Properties:Diff ti l ti f th b i f ti–Differential equation of the basis function:,,11,11111()()()i k i k i k i k i i k i k k N t N t N t t t t t −+−+−++−−′=+−−–Please compare with the Bernstein base:)]B 10 )],()([)(1,1,1,n i t B t B n t n i n i n i ⋅⋅⋅=−=′−−−;,,,B SplineB-Spline•Category(分类) of B-Splineg g p–General Curves could be categorized to two groups by checking if the start point and the endpoint areoverlapped:•Open Curves•Close CurvesClose Curves–According to the distribution(分布) of the knots inknot vector, B-Spline could be classified to theknot vector B Spline could be classified to thefollowing four groups:Uniform B-Spline(均匀B样条)U if B S li–(1) Uniform B-Spline,,,,,,,,•The knots are uniformed distributed, like 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7•This kind of knot vector defines uniform B-Spline basisfunctionuniform B-Spline of Degree 3if B S li f D3Quasi Uniform B Spline(Quasi-Uniform B-Spline(准均匀B样条)–(2) Quasi-Uniform B-Splinep•Different from uniform B-Spline, it has:–the start-knot and end-knot have repetitiveness(重复度) of k–Uniform B-Spline does not retain the “end point” property ofBezier Curve, which means the start point and end point ofuniform B-Spline are no-longer the same as the start point andend point of the control points. However, quasi-Uniform B-end point of the control points However quasi Uniform BSpline retains this “end point” propertyQuasi-uniform B-Spline curve of degree 3Piecewise Bezier Curve(Piecewise Bezier Curve(分段Bezier曲线)–(3) Piecewise Bezier Curvep()•the start-knot and end-knot have repetitiveness(重复度)of kp•all other knots have repetitiveness of k-1•Then each curve segment will be Bezier curvesPiecewise B-Spline Curve of degree 3Piecewise Bezier Curve(分段Bezier曲线) Piecewise Bezier Curve(•For piecewise Bezier curve, the different pieces of th l ti l i d d t M i ththe curve are relatively independent. Moving the control point will only influence the corresponding piece of curve, while other pieces of curves will be not change. Furthermore, the algorithms for Bezier not change.Furthermore,the algorithms for Bezier could also be used for piecewise Bezier Curve.•But this method need more data to define the curve (more control points, more knots).Non-uniform B-Spline (非均匀B p (样条)–(4) Non-uniform B-Spline•The knot vectors satisfy T t t t =L e o vec o s sa s y conditions that the sequence of knots is non-)01[,,,]n k +decreasing(非递减). –repetitiveness of two end knots, <= k –repetitiveness of other knots, <= k-1•This kind of knot vector defines the non-uniformB-Spline.Properties of B Spline Curves Properties of B-Spline Curves•Properties of B-Spline curvesL l(–Local(局部性)•The curve in interval is only affected ],[1+∈i i t t t by at most k control points , and is independent of other control points.),,1(i k i j P j L +−=•Changing the position of control point will only affect the curve on interval i P only affect the curve on interval),(k i i t t +n∑==i k i i t N P t P 0,)()(Properties of B Spline Properties of B-Spline–Continuity(连续性)P()i i d f i i•P(t) is continuous at a node of repetitiveness r.–Convex hull(凸包性)1k r C −−•A B-spline curve is contained in the convex hullof its control polygon More specifically if t is of its control polygon. More specifically, if t is in knot span , then P(t) is in the h ll f t l i t n i k t t i i ≤≤−+1),,(1convex hull of control points ik i P P ,,1L +−Properties of B Spline Properties of B-Spline–Piecewise polynomial (分段多项式)•In every knot span, P(t) is a polynomial of t whose y p ()p ydegree is less than k.–Derivative formula(Derivative formula(导数公式)′′nn)()()(0,0,'===⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=∑∑i k i i i k i i t N P t N P t P ],[)()1(111,111+−−=−+−∈⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛−−−=∑n k k i ni i k i i i t t t t N t t P PkProperties of B SplineProperties of B-Spline–Variation Diminishing Property(变差缩减性)•this means no straight line intersects a B-splinethi t i ht li i t t B licurve more times than it intersects the curve'scontrol polygons.t l l–Geometry invariability(几何不变性)•The shape and position of curve are independentwith the choosing of coordinate system(坐标系).Properties of B Spline Properties of B-Spline–Affine invariability(仿射不变性)nI h h f f i i i i bl d h∑=+−∈=i n k k i i t t t t N P A t P A 011,],[,)(][)]([•It means that the form of equation is invariable under the affine transformation.–Line holding(直线保持性)•It means that if the control polygon degenerates to a line,the B-Spline curve also degenerates to a line.Properties of B Spline Properties of B-Spline–Flexibility(灵活性)U i B S li C il t t•Using B-Spline Curve we can easily construct special cases such as line segment(线段), cusp(尖)t t li ()点), tangent line(切线).•For example, for B-Spline of order 4 (degree 3), if li l dyou want to construct a line segment, you only need to specify collinear (共线). 321,,,+++i i i i P P P P •you only need to let12i i i P P P ++==Properties of B Spline Properties of B-Spline相•If you want the curve tangent(相切) to a specific line L,you only need to specify on line L, and21,,++i i i P P P repetitiveness of less than 2.3+i t iP 1+i P 2+i P P )(tPP 4+i (a)四顶点共线(b)二重顶点和三重顶点−i P 23()重节点和三重节点(c)二重节点和三重节点(d)三顶点共线图.1.26 三次B样条曲线的一些特例De Boor Algorithm De Boor Algorithm•To compute P(t) (a point on the curve), you could use B-Spline formula, but it is more efficient to use de pBoor algorithm.De Boor Algorithm:•De Boor Algorithm:)()()(,,==∑∑jki ink i i t NP t N P t P 10−+−+−==⎤⎡−+−=jk i i k j i i t N tt t N t t P )()(111,111,1−++−=+++−+⎤⎡−−⎥⎦⎢⎣−−∑jk i i k j i k i i k i k i i k i i t t t t t t t t ],[)(11,1111+−+−=−−+−+∈⎥⎦⎢⎣−+−=∑j j k i k j i i i k i i i k i t t t t N P t t P t tDe Boor Algorithm De Boor Algorithm•Let⎧⋅⋅⋅+−+−==k k i r P ,,2,1,0,⎪⎪⎨−−+−−=−−−+−t P t t t t t P t t t t jj j t P r i r k i r i i i r i ),()()(]1[1]1[][•Then⎪⎪⎩⋅⋅⋅++−++−=−⋅⋅⋅=−+−+j r k j r k j i k r ir k i i r k i ,,2,1;1,,2,1∑∑−==jk i ijki it N t Pt NP t P 1,]1[,)()()()(•This is De Boor Algorithm.+−=+−=k j i k j i 21De Boor Algorithm De Boor Algorithm•The recursion of De Boor Algorithm is as shown below:01P P 1[1]j k P −+M 22[1][2]333j k j k j k j k j k P PP P P −+−+−+−+−+→→→[1][2][1]k j jjjP PPP−→→M M M M nP MDe Boor Algorithm De Boor Algorithm•Geometric meaning (几何意义)of De Boor Algorithm–It has an intuitive geometric interpretation: corner g pcutting (割角).•It means that using line segment to cut][][r r It means that using line segment to cut corner . Begin frompolygon1i i P P +]1[−r i P ⋅⋅⋅polygon , after k-1 steps of cutting, fi ll i j k j k j P P P +−+−21P −P P j we finally get point on the curve P(t).)(]1[t r j +−k j P −P]1[P 4+−k j 1+−k j 2+k j jKnot Insertion Knot Insertion •Knot insertion–An important tool for practical interactive use of B-p pspline, which allows one to add a new knot to a B-spline without changing the shape or its degree.For spline without changing the shape or its degree. For instance, one may want to insert additional knots in order to be able to raise flexibility of shape control order to be able to raise flexibility of shape control.•Insert a new knot t to a knot span Th k t t b[]1,+i i t t •The knot vector becomes:[]k n i i t t t t t t T ++=,,,,,,,1101L L •denoted as:[]11121111101,,,,,,,1++++=k n i i i tt t t t t T L LKnot Insertion Knot Insertion•The new knot sequence defines a new group of B-Spline Basis F nctions The original c r e Spline Basis Functions. The original curve P(t)can be expressed by this new group of BasisFunctions and new control points , which are unknown.1jP +=111n t N P t P ∑=0,)()(j kjjKnot Insertion Knot Insertion•Boehm gives a formula for computing new control points:p ⎪⎧+−==1,,1,0 ,11k i j P P j j L ββ⎪⎩⎨++−==−+−=+−=−−1,,1 ,,,2 ,)1(111n r i j P P r i k i j P P P j jj j j j j L L ββj t t −=β•r is the repetitiveness of newly inserted knot in the knot jk j j t t −−+1s t e epet t ve ess o ew y se ted ot t t e ot sequence.Knot Insertion Knot Insertion1P 1P P 1P 03i points(totally k-1points)36points( totally k 1 points) are replaced by the right ones(totally k points)],[43t t t ∈See demo of knot insertionB Spline Surface(B B-Spline Surface(B样条曲面)•Given knot vectors in axes(参数轴) U and V:],,,[10p m u u u U +=L B S li f f d i d fi d],,,[10q n v v v V +=L •B-Spline surface of order p ×q is defined as:m n∑∑===i j q j p i ij v N u N P v u P 00,,)()(),(B Spline Surface B-Spline Surface•are the control points of B-Splineij P Surface, which are usually referred to as thecontrol net ).(控制网格、特征网格)•and are B-Spline basis)(,u N p i )(,v N q j functions of order p and q , one for each direction (and ),which could also be direction (U and V ), which could also be computed by de Boor-Cox formula.B Spline Surface B-Spline Surface03P 23P33P02P 22P 12P32P01P 11P 21P 31P P 10P 20P 0030PNURBS Curve and SurfaceNURBS Curve and Surface •Disadvantage of B-Spline curve and Bezier Curve:–can’t accurately represent conic(圆锥曲线) curveexcept parabola(抛物线),NURBS (Non Uniform Rational B Spline) •NURBS(Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) (非均匀有理B样条)–In order to find a mathematical method that couldrepresent conic and conicoid(二次曲面) accurately. yNURBS•NURBS is too complex•Les Piegl s The NURBS Book,Les Piegl’s The NURBS Book–“NURBS from Projective Geometry to Practical Use”–Les Piegl，Graduated from Budapest University ofi l d d f d i i fHungary, many years in SDRC company for geometricmodeler designd l d iNURBSSome years ago a few researchers joked about NURBS,saying that the acronym really stands for NOBODYUnderstands Rational B-Splines, write the authors in their foreword; they formulate the aim of changing NURBS to EURBS, that is, Everybody.…There is no doubt that they have achieved this goal....I highly recommend the book to anyone who is interestedp y p in a detailed description of NURBS. It is extremely helpful for students, teachers and designers of geometric modeling ysystems. ——Helmut PottmannNURBS•Advantages of NURBS–It provide a general and accurate representation forrepresenting and designing free curves or surfaces(自由曲线曲面)–They offer one common mathematical form for bothstandard analytical shapes (e.g., conics) and free-formshapes (parametric form).–can be evaluated reasonably fast by numerically stableand accurate algorithms;NURBS•Advantages of NURBS–They are invariant under affine as well as perspectivetransformations.–the control points and weights can be modified, whichgives great flexibility for designing curves/surfaces.–non-rational B-Spline, non-rational and rational Beziercould be viewed as special cases of NURBS.NURBS•Some difficult problems in using NURBS –Require more storage than traditionalcurve/spline methods. (such as circle representation) p–If the weights are set inappropriately, the curvewill be abnormal(畸变).will be abnormal()–It is very complex to deal with situations likecurve overlap(曲线重叠).NURBS •Before discussing about NURBS, let’s first review the definition of B-Spline:n∑==i k i i t N P t P 0,)()()()()(1,111,1,t N t t t t t N t t t t t N k i i k i k i k i i k i i k i −++++−−+−−+−−=k n k n n n k k t t t t t t t t +−++−,,,,,,,,,,11110L LLNURBS•Definition of NURBS curve.–NURBS Curves are defined by piecewiserational B-Spline polynomial basis functionp p y(分段有理B样条多项式基函数):∑== =nnikiiitNP,)(ω∑∑==ikiinikiitRPtNtP,0,)( )()(ω=nki ik itNtR, ,)()(ω∑=jkjjt N,)(ωDefinition of NURBS Definition of NURBS•NURBS basis R i,k (t) retains all properties of B-Spline Basis.–Local support: Ri,k(t)=0，t ∉[ti, ti+k]–Partition of Unity:∑n Partition of Unity:–Differentiability(可微性): If is not a knot is infinitely differentiable()==i k i u R 0,1)(•If t is not a knot, P(t)is infinitely differentiable(无限次可微) in the knot interval. If t is a knot, P(t) is only C-(k-r) continuous.continuous. –If ωi =0, then R i,k (t)=0;If +th R (t)1–If ωi =+∞, then R i,k (t)=1;Definition of NURBSDefinition of NURBS•NURBS curve has similar geometric properties as the B Spline C r e:the B-Spline Curve:–Local support (局部支持性).–Variation Diminishing Property(变差缩减性)–Strong Convex hull(凸包性)–Affine invariability(仿射不变性)–Differentiability(y(可微性)–If the weight of a control point is 0, then correspondingcontrol point doesn t affect the curve.control point doesn’t affect the curve.Definition of NURBS Definition of NURBS–If , and , then N i l/i l B i d ∞→i ω],[k i i t t t +∈i P t P =)(–Non-rational/rational Bezier curves and non-rational B-Spline curves are special cases ofNURBS curve.。
高等数学(微积分学)专业术语名词、概念、定理等英汉对照.
目录第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part 1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 function and Limit (1)第二章导数与微分Chapter 2 Derivative and Differential (2)第三章微分中值定理Chapter 3 Mean Value theorem of differentials and theApplicati on of Derivatives (3)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Intergrals (3)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integral (3)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Application of the Definite Integrals (4)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Ana lytic Geomertry and Vector Algebra (4)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of functions Several variablesand Its Application (5)第九章重积分Multiple Integrals (6)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter 10 Line(Curve ) Integrals and Sur face Integrals……………………6 第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series……………………………………………………6 第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation (7)第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达 Part 2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and L imit (19)1.1 映射与函数(Mapping and Function ) (19)1.2 数列的极限(Limit of the Sequence of Number) (20)1.3 函数的极限(Limit of Function) (21)1.4 无穷小与无穷大(Infinitesimal and Inifinity) (23)1.5 极限运算法则(Operation Rule of L imit) (24)1.6 极限存在准则两个重要的极限(Rule for theExistence of Limits Two Important Limits) (25)1.7 无穷小的比较(The Comparison of infinitesimal) (26)1.8 函数的连续性与间断点(Continuity of FunctionAnd Discontinuity Points) (28)1.9 连续函数的运酸与初等函数的连续性(OperationOf Continuous Functions and Continuity ofElementary Functions) (28)1.10 闭区间上联系汗水的性质(Properties ofContinuous Functions on a Closed Interval) (30)第二章导数与数分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential (31)2.1 导数的概念(The Concept of Derivative) (31)2.2 函数的求导法则(Rules for Finding Derivatives) (33)2.3 高阶导数(Higher-order Derivatives) (34)2.4 隐函数及由参数方程所确定的函数的导数相关变化率(Derivatives of Implicit Functions and Functions Determined by Parametric Equation and Correlative Change Rate) (34)2.5 函数的微分(Differential of a Function) (35)第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter 3 Mean Value Theorem of Differentials and theApplication of Derivatives (36)3.1 微分中值定理(The Mean Value Theorem) (36)3.2 洛必达法则(L’Hopital’s Rule) (38)3.3 泰勒公式(Taylor’s Formula) (41)3.4 函数的单调性和曲线的凹凸性(Monotonicityof Functions and Concavity of Curves) (43)3.5 函数的极值与最大最小值(Extrema, Maximaand Minima of Functions) (46)3.6 函数图形的描绘(Graphing Functions) (49)3.7 曲率(Curvature) (50)3.8 方程的近似解(Solving Equation Numerically) (53)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Integrals (54)4.1 不定积分的概念与性质(The Concept andProperties of Indefinite Integrals) (54)4.2 换元积分法(Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals) (56)4.3 分部积分法(Integration by Parts) (57)4.4 有理函数的积分(Integration of Rational Functions) (58)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integrals (61)5.1 定积分的概念和性质(Concept of Definite Integraland its Properties) (61)5.2 微积分基本定理(Fundamental Theorem of Calculus) (67)5.3 定积分的换元法和分部积分法(Integration by Substitution andDefinite Integrals by Parts) (69)5.4 反常积分(Improper Integrals) (70)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Applications of the Definite Integrals (75)6.1 定积分的元素法(The Element Method of Definite Integra (75)6.2 定积分在几何学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Geometry) (76)6.3 定积分在物理学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Physics) (79)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebar (80)7.1 向量及其线性运算(Vector and Its Linear Operation) (80)7.2 数量积向量积(Dot Produc t and Cross Product) (86)7.3 曲面及其方程(Surface and Its Equation) (89)7.4 空间曲线及其方程(The Curve in Three-space and Its Equation (91)7.5 平面及其方程（Plane in Space and Its Equation) (93)7.6 空间直线及其方程（Lines in and Their Equations) (95)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of Functions of SeveralVariables and Its Application (99)8.1 多元函数的基本概念（The Basic Concepts of Functionsof Several Variables) (99)8.2 偏导数(Partial Derivative) (102)8.3 全微分(Total Differential) (103)8.4 链式法则（The Chain Rule) (104)8.5 隐函数的求导公式(Derivative Formula for Implicit Functions). (104)8.6 多元函数微分学的几何应用(Geometric Applications of Differentiationof Ffunctions of Severalvariables) (106)8.7方向导数与梯度(Directional Derivatives and Gradients) (107)8.8多元函数的极值(Extreme Value of Functions of Several Variables) (108)第九章重积分Chapter 9 Multiple Integrals (111)9.1二重积分的概念与性质(The Concept of Double Integralsand Its Properities) (111)9.2二重积分的计算法(Evaluation of double Integrals) (114)9.3三重积分(Triple Integrals) (115)9.4重积分的应用(Applications of Multiple Itegrals) (120)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapte 10 Line Integrals and Surface Integrals………………………………121 10.1 对弧长的曲线积分(line Intergrals with Respect to Arc Length) ………121 10.2 对坐标的曲线积分(Line Integrals with respect toCoordinate Variables) ……………………………………………………123 10.3 格林公式及其应用(Green's Formula and Its Applications) ………………124 10.4 对面积的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect to Aarea) ……………126 10.5 对坐标的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect toCoordinate Variables) ………………………………………………………128 10.6 高斯公式通量与散度(Gauss's Formula Flux and Divirgence) …… 130 10.7 斯托克斯公式环流量与旋度(Stokes's Formula Circulationand Rotation) (131)第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series (133)11.1 常数项级数的概念与性质(The concept and Properties ofThe Constant series) ………………………………………………………133 11.2 常数项级数的审敛法(Test for Convergence of the Constant Series) ……137 11.3 幂级数(powe r Series). ……………………………………………………143 11.4 函数展开成幂级数(Represent the Function as Power Series) ……………148 11.5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用(the Appliacation of the Power Seriesrepresentation of a Function) (148)11.6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质(The Unanimous Convergence of the Ser ies of Functions and Its properties) (149)11.7 傅立叶级数（Fourier Series）.............................................152 11.8 一般周期函数的傅立叶级数(Fourier Series of Periodic Functions) (153)第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation……………………………………………155 12.1 微分方程的基本概念（The Concept of DifferentialEqu ation) ……155 12.2 可分离变量的微分方程(Separable Differential Equation) ………156 12.3 齐次方程(Homogeneous Equation) ………………………………156 12.4 一次线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of theFirst Order) (157)12.5 全微分方程(Total Differential Equation) …………………………158 12.6 可降阶的高阶微分方程(Higher-order DifferentialEquation Turned to Lower-order DifferentialEquation) (159)12.7 高阶线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of Higher Order) …159 12.8 常系数齐次线性微分方程(Homogeneous LinearDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (163)12.9 常系数非齐次线性微分方程(Non HomogeneousDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (164)12.10 欧拉方程(Euler Equation) …………………………………………164 12.11 微分方程的幂级数解法(Power Series Solutionto Differential Equation) (164)第三部分常用数学符号的英文表达Part 3 English Expression of the Mathematical Symbol in Common Use第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary映射 mappingX到Y的映射 mapping of X ontoY 满射 surjection 单射 injection一一映射 one-to-one mapping 双射 bijection 算子 operator变化 transformation 函数 function逆映射 inverse mapping复合映射 composite mapping 自变量 independent variable 因变量 dependent variable 定义域 domain函数值 value of function 函数关系 function relation 值域 range自然定义域 natural domain 单值函数 single valued function 多值函数 multiple valued function 单值分支 one-valued branch 函数图形 graph of a function 绝对值函数 absolute value 符号函数 sigh function 整数部分 integral part 阶梯曲线 step curve 第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit 集合 set元素 element 子集 subset 空集 empty set 并集 union交集 intersection 差集 difference of set 基本集 basic set补集 complement set 直积 direct product笛卡儿积 Cartesian product 开区间 open interval 闭区间 closed interval 半开区间half open interval 有限区间 finite interval区间的长度 length of an interval 无限区间 infinite interval 领域 neighborhood领域的中心 centre of a neighborhood 领域的半径 radius of a neighborhood 左领域left neighborhood 右领域 right neighborhood当且仅当 if and only if(iff) 分段函数 piecewise function 上界 upper bound 下界lower bound 有界 boundedness 无界 unbounded函数的单调性 monotonicity of a function 单调增加的 increasing 单调减少的decreasing单调函数 monotone function函数的奇偶性 parity(odevity) of a function对称 symmetry 偶函数 even function 奇函数 odd function函数的周期性 periodicity of a function 周期 period反函数 inverse function 直接函数 direct function 复合函数 composite function 中间变量 intermediate variable 函数的运算 operation of function基本初等函数 basic elementary function 初等函数 elementary function 幂函数 power function指数函数 exponential function 对数函数 logarithmic function 三角函数 trigonometric function反三角函数 inverse trigonometric function 常数函数 constant function 双曲函数hyperbolic function 双曲正弦 hyperbolic sine 双曲余弦 hyperbolic cosine 双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦 inverse hyperbolic sine 反双曲余弦 inverse hyperbolic cosine 反双曲正切 inverse hyperbolic tangent 极限 limit数列 sequence of number 收敛 convergence 收敛于 a converge to a 发散 divergent极限的唯一性 uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性 boundedness of aconvergent sequence子列 subsequence函数的极限 limits of functions函数f(x)当x趋于x0时的极限 limit of functions f(x) as x approaches x0 左极限 left limit 右极限 right limit单侧极限 one-sided limits水平渐近线 horizontal asymptote 无穷小 infinitesimal 无穷大 infinity铅直渐近线 vertical asymptote 夹逼准则 squeeze rule单调数列 monotonic sequence高阶无穷小 infinitesimal of higher order 低阶无穷小 infinitesimal of lower order 同阶无穷小 infinitesimal of the same order 等阶无穷小 equivalent infinitesimal 函数的连续性 continuity of a function 增量 increment函数f(x)在x0连续 the function f(x) is continuous at x0左连续 left continuous 右连续 right continuous区间上的连续函数 continuous function 函数f(x)在该区间上连续 function f(x) is continuous on an interval 不连续点 discontinuity point第一类间断点 discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点 discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性 continuity of the elementary functions定义区间 defined interval最大值 global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值 global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理 the zero point theorem介值定理 intermediate value theorem 第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential 速度 velocity匀速运动 uniform motion 平均速度 average velocity瞬时速度 instantaneous velocity 圆的切线 tangent line of a circle 切线 tangent line切线的斜率 slope of the tangent line 位置函数 position function 导数 derivative 可导derivable函数的变化率问题 problem of the change rate of a function导函数 derived function 左导数 left-hand derivative 右导数 right-hand derivative 单侧导数 one-sided derivativesf(x)在闭区间【a,b】上可导 f(x)isderivable on the closed interval [a,b] 切线方程 tangent equation 角速度 angular velocity 成本函数 cost function 边际成本 marginal cost 链式法则 chain rule隐函数 implicit function 显函数 explicit function 二阶函数 second derivative 三阶导数 third derivative 高阶导数 nth derivative莱布尼茨公式 Leibniz formula 对数求导法 log- derivative 参数方程 parametric equation 相关变化率 correlative change rata 微分 differential 可微的 differentiable 函数的微分 differential of function自变量的微分 differential of independent variable微商 differential quotient间接测量误差 indirect measurement error 绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives 罗马定理Rolle’s theorem 费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点 stationary point 稳定点 stable point 临界点 critical point辅助函数 auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式 indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式 indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式 Taylor formula 余项 remainder term拉格朗日余项 Lagrange remainder term 麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’s formula 佩亚诺公式 Peano remainder term 凹凸性 concavity凹向上的 concave upward, cancave up 凹向下的，向上凸的concave downward’ concave down拐点 inflection point函数的极值 extremum of function 极大值 local(relative) maximum 最大值global(absolute) mximum 极小值 local(relative) minimum 最小值 global(absolute) minimum 目标函数 objective function 曲率 curvature弧微分 arc differential平均曲率 average curvature 曲率园 circle of curvature 曲率中心 center of curvature 曲率半径 radius of curvature渐屈线 evolute 渐伸线 involute根的隔离 isolation of root 隔离区间 isolation interval 切线法 tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数 primitive function(antiderivative) 积分号 sign of integration 被积函数integrand积分变量 integral variable 积分曲线 integral curve 积分表 table of integrals换元积分法 integration by substitution 分部积分法 integration by parts分部积分公式 formula of integration by parts有理函数 rational function 真分式 proper fraction 假分式 improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals 曲边梯形 trapezoid with 曲边 curve edge窄矩形 narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积 area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限 lower limit of integral 积分上限 upper limit of integral 积分区间 integral interval 分割 partition积分和 integral sum 可积 integrable矩形法 rectangle method积分中值定理 mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值 average value of a function on an integvals牛顿－莱布尼茨公式 Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式 fundamental formula of calculus换元公式 formula for integration by substitution递推公式 recurrence formula 反常积分 improper integral反常积分发散 the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛 the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分 improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分 improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛 absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法 the element method 面积元素 element of area平面图形的面积 area of a luane figure 直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标 (Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标 polar coordinates 抛物线 parabola 椭圆 ellipse旋转体的面积 volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体 ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长 arc length of acurve 可求长的 rectifiable 光滑 smooth 功 work水压力 water pressure 引力 gravitation 变力 variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量 vector自由向量 free vector 单位向量 unit vector 零向量 zero vector 相等 equal 平行parallel向量的线性运算 linear poeration of vector 三角法则 triangle rule平行四边形法则 parallelogram rule 交换律 commutative law 结合律 associative law 负向量 negative vector 差 difference分配律 distributive law空间直角坐标系 space rectangular coordinates坐标面 coordinate plane 卦限 octant向量的模 modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角 angle between vector a and b方向余弦 direction cosine 方向角 direction angle向量在轴上的投影 projection of a vector onto an axis数量积，外积，叉积 scalar product,dot product,inner product曲面方程 equation for a surface 球面 sphere旋转曲面 surface of revolution 母线 generating line 轴 axis圆锥面 cone 顶点 vertex旋转单叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面 cylindrical surface ,cylinder 圆柱面 cylindrical surface 准线 directrix抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 二次曲面 quadric surface 椭圆锥面 dlliptic cone 椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面 hyperboloid of one sheet 双叶双曲面 hyperboloid of two sheets 旋转椭球面 ellipsoid of revolution 椭圆抛物面 elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面 paraboloid of revolution 双曲抛物面 hyperbolic paraboloid 马鞍面 saddle surface椭圆柱面 elliptic cylinder 双曲柱面 hyperbolic cylinder 抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 空间曲线 space curve空间曲线的一般方程 general form equations of a space curve空间曲线的参数方程 parametric equations of a space curve 螺转线 spiral 螺矩 pitch 投影柱面 projecting cylinder 投影 projection平面的点法式方程 pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量 normal vector平面的一般方程 general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角 angle between two planes 点到平面的距离 distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程 general equation of a line in space方向向量 direction vector直线的点向式方程 pointdirection form equations of a line方向数 direction number直线的参数方程 parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角 angle between two lines 垂直 perpendicular直线与平面的夹角 angle between a line and a planes平面束 pencil of planes平面束的方程 equation of a pencil of planes行列式 determinant系数行列式 coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application 一元函数 function of one variable 多元函数 function of several variables 内点 interior point 外点 exterior point 边界点 frontier point,boundary point 聚点 point of accumulation 开集 openset 闭集 closed set 连通集 connected set 开区域 open region 闭区域 closed region有界集 bounded set 无界集 unbounded setn维空间 n-dimentional space 二重极限 double limit 多元函数的连续性 continuity of function of seveal 连续函数 continuous function 不连续点 discontinuity point 一致连续 uniformly continuous 偏导数 partial derivative 对自变量x的偏导数 partial derivative with respect to independent variable x 高阶偏导数 partial derivative of higher order 二阶偏导数 second order partial derivative 混合偏导数 hybrid partial derivative 全微分 total differential 偏增量 oartial increment 偏微分 partial differential 全增量 total increment 可微分 differentiable 必要条件 necessary condition充分条件 sufficient condition 叠加原理 superpostition principle 全导数 total derivative中间变量 intermediate variable 隐函数存在定理 theorem of the existence of implicit function 曲线的切向量 tangent vector of a curve 法平面 normal plane 向量方程vector equation 向量值函数 vector-valued function 切平面 tangent plane 法线 normal line 方向导数 directional derivative梯度 gradient数量场 scalar field 梯度场 gradient field 向量场 vector field 势场 potential field 引力场 gravitational field 引力势 gravitational potential 曲面在一点的切平面 tangent plane to asurface at a point 曲线在一点的法线 normal line to asurface at a point 无条件极值 unconditional extreme values 条件极值 conditional extreme values 拉格朗日乘数法 Lagrange multiplier method 拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 经验公式 empirical formula 最小二乘法 method of least squares 均方误差mean square error 第九章重积分 Chapter9 Multiple Integrals 二重积分 double integral 可加性 additivity累次积分 iterated integral 体积元素 volume element 三重积分 triple integral 直角坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in rectangular coordinate system 柱面坐标 cylindrical coordinates 柱面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in cylindrical coordinate system 球面坐标 spherical coordinates 球面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in spherical coordinate system 反常二重积分 improper double integral 曲面的面积 area of a surface 质心 centre of mass 静矩 static moment 密度 density 形心centroid 转动惯量 moment of inertia 参变量 parametric variable 第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分 line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分 line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧 directed arc单连通区域 simple connected region 复连通区域 complex connected region 格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分 surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面 directed surface对坐标的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分 surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元 element of directed surface 高斯公式 gauss formula拉普拉斯算子 Laplace operator 格林第一公式Green’s first formula 通量 flux散度 divergence斯托克斯公式 Stokes formula 环流量 circulation 旋度 rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series 一般项 general term 部分和 partial sum 余项 remainder term 等比级数 geometric series 几何级数 geometric series 公比 common ratio调和级数 harmonic series柯西收敛准则 Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence 正项级数series of positive terms 达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test 柯西判别法 Cauchy test交错级数 alternating series 绝对收敛 absolutely convergent 条件收敛 conditionally convergent 柯西乘积 Cauchy product 函数项级数 series of functions 发散点 point of divergence 收敛点 point of convergence 收敛域 convergence domain 和函数 sum function 幂级数 power series幂级数的系数 coeffcients of power series 阿贝尔定理 Abel Theorem收敛半径 radius of convergence 收敛区间 interval of convergence 泰勒级数 Taylor series麦克劳林级数 Maclaurin series 二项展开式 binomial expansion 近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差 round-off error,rounding error 欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法 Weierstrass test 三角级数 trigonometric series 振幅 amplitude 角频率 angular frequency 初相 initial phase 矩形波 square wave谐波分析 harmonic analysis 直流分量 direct component 基波 fundamental wave 二次谐波 second harmonic三角函数系 trigonometric function system 傅立叶系数 Fourier coefficient 傅立叶级数 Forrier series 周期延拓 periodic prolongation 正弦级数 sine series 余弦级数cosine series 奇延拓 odd prolongation 偶延拓 even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式 complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程 solve a dirrerential equation 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation偏微分方程 partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶 order of a differential equation微分方程的解 solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解 general solution of a differential equation初始条件 initial condition微分方程的特解 particular solution of a differential equation初值问题 initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线 integral curve of a differential equation可分离变量的微分方程 variable separable differential equation隐式解 implicit solution隐式通解 inplicit general solution 衰变系数 decay coefficient 衰变 decay齐次方程 homogeneous equation一阶线性方程 linear differential equation of first order非齐次 non-homogeneous齐次线性方程 homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程 non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法 method of variation of constant暂态电流 transient stata current 稳态电流 steady state current 伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation全微分方程 total differential equation 积分因子 integrating factor高阶微分方程 differential equation of higher order悬链线 catenary高阶线性微分方程 linera differentialequation of higher order自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程 differential equation of forced oscillation串联电路的振荡方程 oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程 second order linera differential equation线性相关 linearly dependence 线性无关 linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient 特征方程 characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率 natural frequency简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子 differential operator待定系数法 method of undetermined coefficient共振现象 resonance phenomenon 欧拉方程 Euler equation幂级数解法 power series solution 数值解法 numerial solution 勒让德方程 Legendre equation微分方程组 system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组 system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达Part2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and Limit1.1 映射与函数 (Mapping and Function)一、集合 (Set)二、映射 (Mapping)映射概念 (The Concept of Mapping) 设X, Y是两个非空集合 , 如果存在一个法则f，使得对X中每个元素x，按法则f，在Y中有唯一确定的元素y与之对应 ,则称f为从X到 Y的映射 , 记作f:X→Y。
常用数学公式的英语表述
常用的数学英语表述1.Logic∃there exist∀for allp⇒q p implies q / if p, then qp⇔q p if and only if q /p is equival ent to q / p and q are equival ent 2.Setsx∈A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member)of Ax∉A x does not belongto A / x is not an element (or a member)of A A⊂B A is contain ed in B / A is a subsetof BA⊃B A contain s B / B is a subsetof AA∩B A cap B / A meet B / A interse ctionBA∪B A cup B / A join B / A union BA\B A minus B / the diferen ce between A and BA×B A cross B / the cartesi an product of A and B3. Real numbersx+1 x plus onex-1 x minus onex±1 x plus or minus onexy xy / x multipl ied by y(x - y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus yx y x over y= the equalssignx = 5 x equals5 / x is equal to 5x≠5x (is) not equal to 5x≡y x is equival ent to (or identic al with) yx≡y x is not equival ent to (or identic al with) yx > y x is greater than yx≥y x is greater than or equal to yx < y x is less than yx≤y x is less than or equal to y0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 10≤x≤1zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1 | x | mod x / modulus xx 2 x squared / x (raised)to the power 2x 3 x cubedx 4 x to the fourth/ x to the power fourx n x to the nth / x to the power nx−n x to the (power) minus nx (square) root x / the squareroot of xx 3 cube root (of) xx 4 fourthroot (of) xx n nth root (of) x( x+y ) 2 x plus y all squared( x y ) 2 x over y all squaredn! n factori alx ^ x hatx ¯x barx˜x tildex i xi / x subscri pt i / x suffixi / x sub i∑i=1 n a i the sum from i equalsone to n a i / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the a i4. Linearalgebra‖x ‖ the norm (or modulus) of xOA→ OA / vectorOAOA ¯ OA / the lengthof the segment OAA T A transpo se / the transpo se of AA −1 A inverse/ the inverse of A5. Functio nsf( x ) fx / f of x / the functio n f of xf:S→T a functio n f from S to Tx→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped)to yf'( x ) f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivat ive of f with respect to xf''( x ) f double-prime x / f double-dash x / the secondderivat ive of f with respect to xf'''( x ) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third derivat ive of f with respect to xf (4) ( x ) f four x / the fourthderivat ive of f with respect to x∂f∂x1 the partial (derivat ive) of f with respect to x1∂2 f∂x1 2 the secondpartial (derivat ive) of f with respect to x1∫0 ∞ the integra l from zero to infinit ylimx→0 the limit as x approac hes zerolimx→0 + the limit as x approac hes zero from abovelimx→0 − the limit as x approac hes zero from belowlog e y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y lny log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y一般词汇数学 mathema tics, maths(BrE), math(AmE)公理axiom定理 theorem计算 calcula tion运算 operati on证明prove假设hypothe sis, hypothe ses(pl.)命题 proposi tion算术 arithme tic加 plus(prep.), add(v.), additio n(n.)被加数 augend, summand加数 addend和sum减 minus(prep.), subtrac t(v.), subtrac tion(n.) 被减数 minuend减数 subtrah end差 remaind er乘times(prep.), multipl y(v.), multipl icatio n(n.) 被乘数 multipl icand, faciend乘数 multipl icator积 product除 divided by(prep.), divide(v.), divisio n(n.) 被除数 dividen d除数 divisor商 quotien t等于 equals, is equal to, is equival ent to大于 is greater than小于 is lesserthan大于等于 is equal or greater than小于等于 is equal or lesserthan运算符 operato r数字digit数 number自然数 natural number整数integer小数 decimal小数点 decimal point分数 fractio n分子 numerat or分母 denomin ator比ratio正 positiv e负 negativ e零 null, zero, nought,nil十进制 decimal system二进制 binarysystem十六进制 hexadec imal system权 weight, signifi cance进位carry截尾 truncat ion四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字 signifi cant digit无效数字 insigni ficant digit代数 algebra公式 formula, formula e(pl.)单项式 monomia l多项式 polynom ial, multino mial系数 coeffic ient未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式，方程式 equatio n一次方程 simpleequatio n二次方程 quadrat ic equatio n三次方程 cubic equatio n四次方程 quartic equatio n不等式inequat ion阶乘 factori al对数 logarit hm指数，幂 exponen t乘方power二次方，平方 square三次方，立方cube四次方 the power of four, the fourthpower n次方the power of n, the nth power开方 evoluti on, extract ion二次方根，平方根 squareroot三次方根，立方根cube root四次方根 the root of four, the fourthroot n次方根the root of n, the nth root集合 aggrega te元素 element空集void子集 subset交集 interse ction并集union补集 complem ent映射 mapping函数 functio n定义域 domain, field of definit ion值域range常量 constan t变量 variabl e单调性 monoton icity奇偶性 parity周期性 periodi city图象image数列，级数 series微积分 calculu s微分 differe ntial导数 derivat ive极限limit无穷大 infinit e(a.) infinit y(n.) 无穷小 infinit esimal积分 integra l定积分 definit e integra l不定积分 indefin ite integra l 有理数 rationa l number无理数 irratio nal number实数 real number虚数 imagina ry number复数 complex number矩阵 matrix行列式 determi nant几何 geometr y点point线line面plane体solid线段 segment射线 radial平行 paralle l相交 interse ct角angle角度 degree弧度 radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角 obtuseangle平角 straigh t angle周角 perigon底base边side高 height三角形 triangl e锐角三角形 acute triangl e直角三角形 right triangl e直角边leg斜边 hypoten use勾股定理 Pythago rean theorem钝角三角形 obtusetriangl e不等边三角形scalene triangl e等腰三角形 isoscel es triangl e等边三角形 equilat eral triangl e四边形 quadril ateral平行四边形 paralle logram矩形 rectang le长 length宽width附：在一个分数里，分子或分母或两者均含有分数。
高等数学名词（中英文）
高等数学名词（中英文）高等数学名词(中英文)第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit 集合set元素element子集subset空集empty set并集union交集intersection差集difference of set基本集basic set补集complement set直积direct product笛卡儿积Cartesian product开区间open interval闭区间closed interval半开区间half open interval有限区间finite interval区间的长度length of an interval无限区间infinite interval领域neighborhood领域的中心centre of a neighborhood 领域的半径radius of a neighborhood 左领域left neighborhood右领域right neighborhood映射mappingX到Y的映射mapping of X ontoY 满射surjection单射injection一一映射one-to-one mapping双射bijection算子operator变化transformation函数function逆映射inverse mapping复合映射composite mapping自变量independent variable 因变量dependent variable定义域domain函数值value of function函数关系function relation值域range自然定义域natural domain单值函数single valued function多值函数multiple valued function单值分支one-valued branch函数图形graph of a function绝对值函数absolute value符号函数sigh function整数部分integral part阶梯曲线step curve当且仅当if and only if(iff)分段函数piecewise function上界upper bound下界lower bound有界boundedness无界unbounded函数的单调性monotonicity of a function 单调增加的increasing单调减少的decreasing单调函数monotone function函数的奇偶性parity(odevity) of a function 对称symmetry偶函数even function奇函数odd function函数的周期性periodicity of a function周期period反函数inverse function直接函数direct function复合函数composite function中间变量intermediate variable函数的运算operation of function基本初等函数basic elementary function 初等函数elementary function幂函数power function指数函数exponential function对数函数logarithmic function三角函数trigonometric function反三角函数inverse trigonometric function 常数函数constant function双曲函数hyperbolic function双曲正弦hyperbolic sine双曲余弦hyperbolic cosine双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦inverse hyperbolic sine反双曲余弦inverse hyperbolic cosine反双曲正切inverse hyperbolic tangent极限limit数列sequence of number收敛convergence收敛于a converge to a发散divergent极限的唯一性uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性boundedness of a convergent sequence子列subsequence函数的极限limits of functions函数当x趋于x0时的极限limit of functions as x approaches x0左极限left limit右极限right limit单侧极限one-sided limits水平渐近线horizontal asymptote无穷小infinitesimal无穷大infinity铅直渐近线vertical asymptote夹逼准则squeeze rule单调数列monotonic sequence高阶无穷小infinitesimal of higher order低阶无穷小infinitesimal of lower order同阶无穷小infinitesimal of the same order等阶无穷小equivalent infinitesimal 函数的连续性continuity of a function增量increment函数在x0连续the function is continuous at x0左连续left continuous右连续right continuous区间上的连续函数continuous function函数在该区间上连续function is continuous on an interval不连续点discontinuity point第一类间断点discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性continuity of the elementary functions定义区间defined interval最大值global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理the zero point theorem介值定理intermediate value theorem第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential速度velocity匀速运动uniform motion平均速度average velocity瞬时速度instantaneous velocity圆的切线tangent line of a circle切线tangent line切线的斜率slope of the tangent line位置函数position function导数derivative可导derivable函数的变化率问题problem of the change rate of a function 导函数derived function左导数left-hand derivative右导数right-hand derivative单侧导数one-sided derivatives在闭区间[a, b]上可导is derivable on the closed interval [a,b] 切线方程tangent equation角速度angular velocity成本函数cost function边际成本marginal cost链式法则chain rule隐函数implicit function显函数explicit function二阶函数second derivative三阶导数third derivative高阶导数nth derivative莱布尼茨公式Leibniz formula对数求导法log- derivative参数方程parametric equation相关变化率correlative change rata微分differential可微的differentiable函数的微分differential of function自变量的微分differential of independent variable微商differential quotient间接测量误差indirect measurement error绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 Mean Value Theorem ofDifferentials and the Application ofDerivatives罗马定理Rolle’s theorem费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点stationary point稳定点stable point 临界点critical point辅助函数auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem 洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式indeterminate form of type 0/0 不定式indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem 泰勒公式T aylorformula余项remainder term拉格朗日余项Lagrange remainder term麦克劳林公式Ma claurin’s formula佩亚诺公式Peano remainder term凹凸性concavity凹向上的concave upward, cancave up凹向下的，向上凸的concave downward’ concave down 拐点inflection point函数的极值extremum of function极大值local(relative) maximum最大值global(absolute) mximum极小值local(relative) minimum最小值global(absolute) minimum目标函数objective function曲率curvature弧微分arc differential平均曲率average curvature曲率园circle of curvature曲率中心center of curvature曲率半径radius of curvature渐屈线evolute渐伸线involute根的隔离isolation of root隔离区间isolation interval切线法tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数primitive function(anti-derivative)积分号sign of integration被积函数integrand积分变量integral variable积分曲线integral curve积分表table of integrals换元积分法integration by substitution分部积分法integration by parts分部积分公式formula of integration by parts 有理函数rational function真分式proper fraction假分式improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals曲边梯形trapezoid with曲边curve edge窄矩形narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限lower limit of integral积分上限upper limit of integral积分区间integral interval分割partition积分和integral sum可积integrable矩形法rectangle method积分中值定理mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值average value of a function on an integvals牛顿－莱布尼茨公式Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式fundamental formula of calculus换元公式formula for integration by substitution递推公式recurrence formula反常积分improper integral 反常积分发散the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals元素法the element method面积元素element of area平面图形的面积area of a luane figure直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标(Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标polar coordinates抛物线parabola椭圆ellipse旋转体的面积volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长arc length of acurve可求长的rectifiable光滑smooth功work水压力water pressure引力gravitation变力variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry andVector Algebra向量vector自由向量free vector单位向量unit vector零向量zero vector相等equal平行parallel向量的线性运算linear poeration of vector三角法则triangle rule平行四边形法则parallelogram rule交换律commutative law结合律associative law负向量negative vector差difference分配律distributive law空间直角坐标系space rectangular coordinates坐标面coordinate plane卦限octant向量的模modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角angle between vector a and b方向余弦direction cosine方向角direction angle向量在轴上的投影projection of a vector onto an axis数量积，外积，叉积scalar product,dot product,inner product 曲面方程equation for a surface球面sphere旋转曲面surface of revolution母线generating line轴axis圆锥面cone顶点vertex旋转单叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面cylindrical surface ,cylinder圆柱面cylindrical surface准线directrix抛物柱面parabolic cylinder二次曲面quadric surface 椭圆锥面dlliptic cone椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面hyperboloid of one sheet双叶双曲面hyperboloid of two sheets旋转椭球面ellipsoid of revolution椭圆抛物面elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面paraboloid of revolution双曲抛物面hyperbolic paraboloid马鞍面saddle surface椭圆柱面elliptic cylinder双曲柱面hyperbolic cylinder抛物柱面parabolic cylinder空间曲线space curve空间曲线的一般方程general form equations of a space curve 空间曲线的参数方程parametric equations of a space curve 螺转线spiral螺矩pitch投影柱面projecting cylinder投影projection平面的点法式方程pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量normal vector平面的一般方程general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角angle between two planes点到平面的距离distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程general equation of a line in space方向向量direction vector直线的点向式方程pointdirection form equations of a line方向数direction number直线的参数方程parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角angle between two lines垂直perpendicular直线与平面的夹角angle between a line and a planes平面束pencil of planes平面束的方程equation of a pencil of planes 行列式determinant系数行列式coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions ofSeveral Variables and Its Application一元函数function of one variable多元函数function of several variables内点interior point外点exterior point边界点frontier point,boundary point聚点point of accumulation开集openset闭集closed set连通集connected set开区域open region闭区域closed region有界集bounded set无界集unbounded setn维空间n-dimentional space二重极限double limit多元函数的连续性continuity of function of seveal连续函数continuous function不连续点discontinuity point一致连续uniformly continuous偏导数partial derivative对自变量x的偏导数partial derivative with respect to independent variable x高阶偏导数partial derivative of higher order 二阶偏导数second order partial derivative混合偏导数hybrid partial derivative全微分total differential偏增量oartial increment偏微分partial differential 全增量total increment可微分differentiable必要条件necessary condition充分条件sufficient condition叠加原理superpostition principle全导数total derivative中间变量intermediate variable隐函数存在定理theorem of the existence of implicit function 曲线的切向量tangent vector of a curve法平面normal plane向量方程vector equation向量值函数vector-valued function切平面tangent plane法线normal line方向导数directional derivative梯度gradient数量场scalar field梯度场gradient field向量场vector field势场potential field引力场gravitational field引力势gravitational potential曲面在一点的切平面tangent plane to a surface at a point曲线在一点的法线normal line to a surface at a point无条件极值unconditional extreme values条件极值conditional extreme values拉格朗日乘数法Lagrange multiplier method 拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier经验公式empirical formula最小二乘法method of least squares均方误差mean square error第九章重积分Chapter9 Multiple Integrals二重积分double integral可加性additivity累次积分iterated integral体积元素volume element三重积分triple integral直角坐标系中的体积元素volume element in rectangular coordinate system柱面坐标cylindrical coordinates柱面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in cylindrical coordinate system球面坐标spherical coordinates球面坐标系中的体积元素volume element in spherical coordinate system反常二重积分improper double integral曲面的面积area of a surface质心centre of mass静矩static moment密度density形心centroid转动惯量moment of inertia参变量parametric variable第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line (Curve) Integrals andSurface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧directed arc单连通区域simple connected region复连通区域complex connected region格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to area 有向曲面directed surface对坐标的曲面积分surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元element of directed surface高斯公式gauss formula拉普拉斯算子Laplace operator格林第一公式Green’s first formula通量flux散度divergence斯托克斯公式Stokes formula环流量circulation旋度rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series一般项general term部分和partial sum余项remainder term等比级数geometric series几何级数geometric series公比common ratio调和级数harmonic series柯西收敛准则Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence正项级数series of positive terms达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test柯西判别法Cauchy test交错级数alternating series绝对收敛absolutely convergent条件收敛conditionally convergent柯西乘积Cauchy product函数项级数series of functions发散点point of divergence收敛点point of convergence收敛域convergence domain和函数sum function幂级数power series幂级数的系数coeffcients of power series阿贝尔定理Abel Theorem收敛半径radius of convergence收敛区间interval of convergence泰勒级数Taylor series麦克劳林级数Maclaurin series二项展开式binomial expansion近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差round-off error,rounding error欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法Weierstrass test三角级数trigonometric series振幅amplitude角频率angular frequency初相initial phase矩形波square wave谐波分析harmonic analysis直流分量direct component基波fundamental wave二次谐波second harmonic三角函数系trigonometric function system傅立叶系数Fourier coefficient傅立叶级数Forrier series周期延拓periodic prolongation正弦级数sine series余弦级数cosine series奇延拓odd prolongation偶延拓even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程solve a differential equation常微分方程ordinary differential equation偏微分方程partial differential equation,PDE 微分方程的阶order of a differential equation 微分方程的解solution of adifferential equation 微分方程的通解general solution of a differential equation初始条件initial condition微分方程的特解particular solution of a differential equation 初值问题initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线integral curve of a differential equation 可分离变量的微分方程variable separable differential equation 隐式解implicit solution隐式通解inplicit general solution衰变系数decay coefficient衰变decay齐次方程homogeneous equation一阶线性方程linear differential equation of first order非齐次non-homogeneous齐次线性方程homogeneous linear equation 非齐次线性方程non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法method of variation of constant 暂态电流transient state current稳态电流steady state current伯努利方程Bernoulli equation全微分方程total differential equation积分因子integrating factor高阶微分方程differential equation of higher order悬链线catenary高阶线性微分方程linear differential equation of higher order 自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程differential equation of forced oscillation 串联电路的振荡方程oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程second order lineardifferential equation线性相关linearly dependence线性无关linearly independence二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneous linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient特征方程characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率natural frequency 简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration 微分算子differential operator待定系数法method of undetermined coefficient共振现象resonance phenomenon欧拉方程Euler equation幂级数解法power series solution数值解法numerial solution勒让德方程Legendre equation微分方程组system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组system of linear differential equations with constant coefficientV、X、Z:Value of function ：函数值Variable ：变数Vector ：向量Velocity ：速度Vertical asymptote ：垂直渐近线Volume ：体积X-axis ：x轴x-coordinate ：x坐标x-intercept ：x截距Zero vector ：函数的零点Zeros of a polynomial ：多项式的零点T:Tangent function ：正切函数Tangent line ：切线Tangent plane ：切平面Tangent vector ：切向量Total differential ：全微分Trigonometric function ：三角函数Trigonometric integrals ：三角积分Trigonometric substitutions ：三角代换法Tripe integrals ：三重积分S:Saddle point ：鞍点Scalar ：纯量Secant line ：割线Second derivative ：二阶导数Second Derivative Test ：二阶导数试验法Second partial derivative ：二阶偏导数Sector ：扇形Sequence ：数列Series ：级数Set ：集合Shell method ：剥壳法Sine function ：正弦函数Singularity ：奇点Slant asymptote ：斜渐近线Slope ：斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line ：直线的斜截式Smooth curve ：平滑曲线Smooth surface ：平滑曲面Solid of revolution ：旋转体Space ：空间Speed ：速率Spherical coordinates ：球面坐标Squeeze Theorem ：夹挤定理Step function ：阶梯函数Strictly decreasing ：严格递减Strictly increasing ：严格递增Sum ：和Surface ：曲面Surface integral ：面积分Surface of revolution ：旋转曲面Symmetry ：对称R:Radius of convergence ：收敛半径Range of a function ：函数的值域Rate of change ：变化率Rational function ：有理函数Rationalizing substitution ：有理代换法Rational number ：有理数Real number ：实数Rectangular coordinates ：直角坐标Rectangular coordinate system ：直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum ：相对极大值与极小值Revenue function ：收入函数Revolution , solid of ：旋转体Revolution , surface of ：旋转曲面Riemann Sum ：黎曼和Riemannian geometry ：黎曼几何Right-hand derivative ：右导数Right-hand limit ：右极限Root ：根P、Q:Parabola ：拋物线Parabolic cylinder ：抛物柱面Paraboloid ：抛物面Parallelepiped ：平行六面体Parallel lines ：并行线Parameter ：参数Partial derivative ：偏导数Partial differential equation ：偏微分方程Partial fractions ：部分分式Partial integration ：部分积分Partiton ：分割Period ：周期Periodic function ：周期函数Perpendicular lines ：垂直线Piecewise defined function 分段定义函数Plane ：平面Point of inflection ：反曲点Polar axis ：极轴Polar coordinate ：极坐标Polar equation ：极方程式Pole ：极点Polynomial ：多项式Positive angle ：正角Point-slope form ：点斜式Power function ：幂函数Product ：积Quadrant ：象限Quotient Law of limit 极限的商定律Quotient Rule ：商定律M、N、O:Maximum and minimum values ：极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem ：均值定理Multiple integrals ：重积分Multiplier ：乘子Natural exponential function 自然指数函数Natural logarithm function 自然对数函数Natural number ：自然数Normal line ：法线Normal vector ：法向量Number ：数Octant ：卦限Odd function ：奇函数One-sided limit ：单边极限Open interval ：开区间Optimization problems ：最佳化问题Order ：阶Ordinary differential equation ：常微分方程Origin ：原点Orthogonal ：正交的L:Laplace transform ：Leplace 变换Law of Cosines ：余弦定理Least upper bound ：最小上界Left-hand derivative ：左导数Left-hand limit ：左极限Lemniscate ：双钮线Length ：长度Level curve ：等高线L'Hospital's rule 洛必达法则Limacon ：蚶线Limit ：极限Linear approximation：线性近似Linear equation ：线性方程式Linear function ：线性函数Linearity ：线性Linearization ：线性化Line in the plane ：平面上之直线Line in space ：空间之直线Lobachevski geometry 罗巴切夫斯基几何Local extremum ：局部极值Local maximum and minimum 局部极大值与极小值Logarithm ：对数Logarithmic function ：对数函数I:Implicit differentiation ：隐求导法Implicit function ：隐函数Improper integral ：瑕积分Increasing/Decreasing Test 递增或递减试验法Increment ：增量Increasing Function ：增函数Indefinite integral ：不定积分Independent variable ：自变数Indeterminate from ：不定型Inequality ：不等式Infinite point ：无穷极限Infinite series ：无穷级数Inflection point ：反曲点Instantaneous velocity ：瞬时速度Integer ：整数Integral ：积分Integrand ：被积分式Integration ：积分Integration by part ：分部积分法Intercepts ：截距Intermediate value of Theorem 中间值定理Interval ：区间Inverse function ：反函数Inverse trigonometric function反三角函数Iterated integral ：逐次积分H:Higher mathematics 高等数学/高数E、F、G、H:Ellipse ：椭圆Ellipsoid ：椭圆体Epicycloid ：外摆线Equation ：方程式Even function ：偶函数Expected Valued ：期望值Exponential Function ：指数函数Exponents , laws of ：指数率Extreme value ：极值Extreme Value Theorem ：极值定理Factorial ：阶乘First Derivative Test ：一阶导数试验法First octant ：第一卦限Focus ：焦点Fractions ：分式Function ：函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ：微积分基本定理Geometric series ：几何级数Gradient ：梯度Graph ：图形Green Formula ：格林公式Half-angle formulas ：半角公式Harmonic series ：调和级数Helix ：螺旋线Higher Derivative ：高阶导数Horizontal asymptote ：水平渐近线Horizontal line ：水平线Hyperbola ：双曲线Hyper boloid ：双曲面D:Decreasing function ：递减函数Decreasing sequence ：递减数列Definite integral ：定积分Degree of a polynomial ：多项式之次数Density ：密度Derivative ：导数of a composite function ：复合函数之导数of a constant function ：常数函数之导数directional ：方向导数domain of ：导数之定义域of exponential function ：指数函数之导数higher ：高阶导数partial ：偏导数of a power function ：幂函数之导数of a power series ：羃级数之导数of a product ：积之导数of a quotient ：商之导数as a rate of change ：导数当作变率right-hand ：右导数second ：二阶导数as the slope of a tangent 导数看成切线之斜率Determinant ：行列式Differentiable function 可导函数Differential ：微分Differential equation ：微分方程partial ：偏微分方程Differentiation ：求导法implicit ：隐求导法partial ：偏微分法term by term ：逐项求导法Directional derivatives ：方向导数Discontinuity ：不连续性Disk method ：圆盘法Distance ：距离Divergence ：发散Domain ：定义域Dot product ：点积Double integral ：二重积分change of variable in二重积分之变数变换in polar coordinates ：极坐标二重积分C:Calculus ：微积分differential ：微分学integral ：积分学Cartesian coordinates ：笛卡儿坐标一般指直角坐标Cartesian coordinates system 笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem 柯西均值定理Chain Rule ：连锁律Change of variables ：变数变换Circle ：圆Circular cylinder ：圆柱Closed interval ：封闭区间Coefficient ：系数Composition of function ：函数之合成Compound interest ：复利Concavity ：凹性Conchoid ：蚌线Cone ：圆锥Constant function ：常数函数Constant of integration ：积分常数Continuity ：连续性at a point ：在一点处之连续性of a function ：函数之连续性on an interval ：在区间之连续性from the left ：左连续from the right ：右连续Continuous function ：连续函数Convergence ：收敛interval of ：收敛区间radius of ：收敛半径Convergent sequence ：收敛数列series ：收敛级数Coordinate：s：坐标Cartesian ：笛卡儿坐标cylindrical ：柱面坐标polar ：极坐标rectangular ：直角坐标spherical ：球面坐标Coordinate axes ：坐标轴Coordinate planes ：坐标平面Cosine function ：余弦函数Critical point ：临界点Cubic function ：三次函数Curve ：曲线Cylinder：圆柱Cylindrical Coordinates ：圆柱坐标A、B:Absolute convergence ：绝对收敛Absolute extreme values ：绝对极值Absolute maximum and minimum 绝对极大与极小Absolute value ：绝对值Absolute value function ：绝对值函数Acceleration ：加速度Antiderivative ：反导数Approximate integration ：近似积分Approximation ：逼近法by differentials ：用微分逼近linear ：线性逼近法by Simpson’s Rule ：Simpson法则逼近法by the Trapezoidal Rule 梯形法则逼近法Arbitrary constant ：任意常数Arc length ：弧长Area ：面积under a curve ：曲线下方之面积between curves ：曲线间之面积in polar coordinates ：极坐标表示之面积of a sector of a circle ：扇形之面积of a surface of a revolution 旋转曲面之面积Asymptote ：渐近线horizontal ：水平渐近线slant ：斜渐近线vertical ：垂直渐近线Average speed ：平均速率Average velocity ：平均速度Axes, coordinate ：坐标轴Axes of ellipse ：椭圆之轴Binomial series ：二项级数微积分专有名词中英文对照absolutely convergent 绝对收敛absolute value 绝对值algebraic function 代数函数analytic geometry 解析几何antiderivative 不定积分approximate integration 近似积分approximation 近似法、逼近法arbitrary constant 任意常数arithmetic series/progression (AP)算数级数asymptotes (vertical and horizontal)(垂直/水平)渐近线average rate of change 平均变化率base 基数binomial theorem 二项式定理，二项展开式Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标(一般指直角坐标)Cartesian coordinates system 笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem 柯西均值定理chain rule 链式求导法则calculus 微积分学closed interval integral 闭区间积分coefficient 系数composite function 复合函数conchoid 蚌线continuity (函数的)连续性concavity (函数的)凹凸性conditionally convergent 有条件收敛continuity 连续性critical point 临界点cubic function 三次函数cylindrical coordinates 圆柱坐标decreasing function 递减函数decreasing sequence 递减数列definite integral 定积分derivative 导数determinant 行列式differential coefficient 微分系数differential equation 微分方程directional derivative 方向导数discontinuity 不连续性discriminant (二次函数)判别式disk method 圆盘法divergence 散度divergent 发散的domain 定义域dot product 点积double integral 二重积分ellipse 椭圆ellipsoid 椭圆体epicycloid 外摆线Euler's method (BC)欧拉法expected valued 期望值exponential function 指数函数extreme value heorem 极值定理factorial 阶乘finite series 有限级数fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理geometric series/progression (GP)几何级数gradient 梯度Green formula 格林公式half-angle formulas 半角公式harmonic series 调和级数helix 螺旋线higher derivative 高阶导数horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal line 水平线hyperbola 双曲线hyper boloid 双曲面implicit differentiation 隐函数求导implicit function 隐函数improper integral 广义积分、瑕积分increment 增量increasing function 增函数indefinite integral 不定积分independent variable 自变数inequality 不等式ndeterminate form 不定型infinite point 无穷极限infinite series 无穷级数infinite series 无限级数inflection point (POI) 拐点initial condition 初始条件instantaneous rate of change 瞬时变化率integrable 可积的integral 积分integrand 被积分式integration 积分integration by part 分部积分法intercept 截距intermediate value of Theorem ：中间值定理inverse function 反函数irrational function 无理函数iterated integral 逐次积分Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换law of cosines 余弦定理least upper bound 最小上界left-hand derivative 左导数left-hand limit 左极限L'Hospital's rule 洛必达法则limacon 蚶线linear approximation 线性近似法linear equation 线性方程式linear function 线性函数linearity 线性linearization 线性化local maximum 极大值local minimum 极小值logarithmic function 对数函数MacLaurin series 麦克劳林级数maximum 最大值mean value theorem (MVT)中值定理minimum 最小值method of lagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘数法modulus 绝对值multiple integral 多重积分multiple 倍数multiplier 乘子octant 卦限open interval integral 开区间积分optimization 优化法，极值法origin 原点orthogonal 正交parametric equation (BC)参数方程partial derivative 偏导数partial differential equation 偏微分方程partial fractions 部分分式piece-wise function 分段函数parabola 抛物线parabolic cylinder 抛物柱面paraboloid ：抛物面parallelepiped 平行六面体parallel lines 并行线parameter ：参数partial integration 部分积分partiton ：分割period ：周期periodic function 周期函数perpendicular lines 垂直线piecewise defined function 分段定义函数plane 平面point of inflection 反曲点point-slope form 点斜式polar axis 极轴polar coordinates 极坐标polar equation 极坐标方程pole 极点polynomial 多项式power series 幂级数product rule 积的求导法则quadrant 象限quadratic functions 二次函数quotient rule 商的求导法则radical 根式radius of convergence 收敛半径range 值域(related) rate of change with time (时间)变化率rational function 有理函数reciprocal 倒数remainder theorem 余数定理Riemann sum 黎曼和Riemannian geometry 黎曼几何right-hand limit 右极限Rolle's theorem 罗尔(中值)定理root 根rotation 旋转secant line 割线second derivative 二阶导数second derivative test 二阶导数试验法second partial derivative 二阶偏导数series 级数shell method (积分)圆筒法sine function 正弦函数singularity 奇点slant 母线slant asymptote 斜渐近线slope 斜率slope-intercept equation of a line 直线的斜截式smooth curve 平滑曲线smooth surface 平滑曲面solid of revolution 旋转体symmetry 对称性substitution 代入法、变量代换tangent function 正切函数tangent line 切线tangent plane 切(平)面tangent vector 切矢量taylor's series 泰勒级数three-dimensional analytic geometry 空间解析几何total differentiation 全微分trapezoid rule 梯形(积分)法则。
(抱佛脚必备)数学专业英语重点词汇
【Mathematical analysis】1 、上确界(supremum value) 下确界(infimum value)2 、极限(limit) 导数(derivative) 一阶导数(firstderivative) 二阶导数(second derivate)偏导数(partialderivative)方向导数(directional derivative)3 、泰勒展式(Taylor’s expansion) 洛必达法则(L’Hopital’srule) 链式法则(chain rule)连续可微(continuouslydifferentiable)4、微积分 (calculus)微分(differential)级数(series)积分(integral)原函数 (antiderivative)不定积分(indefinite integral)定积分(definite integral)5 、调和级数(harmonic series)马克劳林级数(Maclaurin series)交错级数 (alternating series)傅里叶级数(Fourier series)6 、二重积分(double integral)三重积分(triple integral)多重积分(multiple integral) 格林公式(Green’s formula)斯托克斯定理(Stokes’ theorem)7、收敛(convergence)发散(divergence)一致收敛(uniformly convergent)绝对收敛(absolutely convergent)条件收敛(conditionally convergent) 连续(continuity) 一致连续(uniformly continuous)8 、指数函数(exponential function)对数函数(logarithmicfunction)幂函数(power function)初等函数(elementary function)三角函数(trigonometric function) 调和函数(harmonic function) 周期函数(periodic function) 可微函数(differential function)单调函数(monotonefunction)9 、素数(prime number) 正数(positive number) 负数(negative number) 相反数(opposite number) 自然数(natural number) 有理数(rational number)无理数(irrational number)实数(real number)虚数(imaginarynumber)复数(complex number) 10、等式(equality)不等式(inequality)三角不等式(triangle inequality)勾股定理(Pythagorean theorem)无穷大(infinity)无穷小(infinitesimal)【Linear algebra】1、向量(vector)秩(rank)行列式(determinant)线性方程(linear equation)2 、奇异矩阵(singular matrix)可逆矩阵(invertible matrix)逆矩阵(inverse matrix) 转置矩阵(transposed matrix)酉矩阵(unitary matrix)对称矩阵(symmetric matrix)正定矩阵(positive definite matrix)负定矩阵(negative definitematrix) 雅克比矩阵(Jacobian matrix)3 、迹(trace)主子式(principle minor)代数余子式(algebraic cofactor)4 、二次型(quadratic form)标准型(normal form)最小多项式(minimal polynomial) 特征多项式(characteristicpolynomial)约当块(Jordan block)5 、特征值(eigenvalue)特征向量(eigenvector)约当标准型(Jordan canonical form)6 、几何重数(geometric multiplicity)可对角矩阵(diagonalizable matrix) 【Analytic Geometry】1 、平面几何(plane geometry) 立体几何(solid geometry)射影几何(projective geometry)代数几何(algebraicgeometry)黎曼几何(Riemann geometry)微分几何(differential geometry)几何分析(geometryanalysis)分形几何(fractal geometry)2 、平行线(parallel line) 中线(median line) 直线(straightline) 垂直线(vertical line)水平线(horizontal line)切线(tangent line)法线(normal line)3 、抛物线(parabola)椭圆(ellipse)双曲线(hyperbola)斜率(slope) 【Complex analysis】1 、解析函数(holomorphic function) 留数定理(residualtheorem) 柯西积分公式 (Cauchy’s integral formula)2 、定义域(domain) 值域(range) 像(image) 中值定理(mean value theorem)3 、凸函数(convex function) 凸集(convex set) 变分不等式(variational inequality) 变分法(calculus of variation)线性规划(linear programming)【Real analysis】1 、测度(measure) 可测函数(measure function) 可积函数(integrable function) 平方可积函数(square integrablefunction)黎曼积分(Riemann integral) 勒贝格积分(Lebesgue integral)【Functional analysis】1 、内积(inner product) 向量积(cross product)范数(norm)2 、向量空间(vector space)距离空间(distance space)拓扑空间(topological space) 测度空间(measure space)线性空间(linear space)内积空间(inner product space) 希尔伯特空间(Hilbert space) 赋范空间(normed space) 巴拿赫空间(Banach space)完备空间(complete space)可分空间(separable space) 概率空间(probability space)3 、有穷维的(finite dimensional)无穷维的(infinitedimensional)基底(basis) 线性相关(linear dependence) 线性无关(linear independence) 最佳逼近(bestapproximation ) 最大值原理( maximum principle) 比较原理( comparison principle)最小二乘(least squares)4、泛函(functional)线性算子(linear operator)有界线性算子(bounded linear operator) 有界线性泛函(boundedlinear functional) 闭图像定理(closed graph theorem)一致有界定理(uniform boundedness principle)不动点定理(fixed point theorem)压缩映照定理(contraction mapping theorem)【Supplements】1 、引理(lemma)推论(corollary)公理(axiom)命题(proposition)猜想(conjecture) 数学归纳法(mathematical induction) 充分性(sufficiency) 必要性(necessity) 反例(counterexample)2、加法(addition)减法(subtraction)乘法(multiplication)除法(division)3、理想(ideal)环(ring)单位(unit)陪集(coset)群(group)域(field)置换群(permutation group)有限群(finite group)同态(homomorphism) 同构(isomorphism)维数(dimension)4 、抽象代数(abstract algebra) 广义函数论(theory of distribution) 弦理论(stringtheory) 随机变量(random variable) 动力系统(dynamical system) 偏微分方程(partial differentialequation)。
数学专用术语中英文对照
数学专用术语中英文对照数学mathematics, maths（BrE）, math（AmE）公理axiom定理theorem？计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis，hypotheses(pl。
）命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus(prep.)，add（v。
)，addition（n.)被加数augend, summand加数addend和sum减minus(prep。
), subtract(v.)，subtraction(n。
)被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.)，multiply（v。
)，multiplication(n.)被乘数multiplicand, faciend 乘数multiplicator积product？除divided by(prep。
)，divide（v.), division(n。
)被除数dividend除数divisor商quotient？等于equals，is equal to, is equivalent to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than？小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator？数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point?分数fraction分子numerator？分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative？零null，zero，nought, nil十进制decimal system?二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system？权weight，significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round？下舍入round down上舍入round up?有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit?代数algebra公式formula, formulae(pl。
1DerivativeFormulas：1导数公式
Math3B Worksheet1G.Kennedy1Derivative FormulasThe following two properties are known as the linearity of the deriva-tive:ddx(f(x)+g(x))=f (x)+g (x)“The derivative of the sum is the sum of the derivatives.”or“You can take the derivative term by term.”ddx[cf(x)]=cf (x)“You can pull out constants.”Other Rules:•Power Rule:ddx (x n)=nx n−1What does this say about the derivative of a constant?•Product Rule:ddx[f(x)g(x)]=f(x)g (x)+g(x)f (x)•Quotient Rule:ddx [f(x)g(x)]=g(x)f (x)−f(x)g (x)[g(x)]2“LodiHi-HidiLo all over LoLo.”•Chain Rule:ddxf(g(x))=f (g(x))g (x)•ddx(e x)=e x•ddx ln(|x|)=1xd dx (sin(x))=cos(x)ddx(cos(x))=−sin(x)ddx(tan(x))=sec2(x)d dx (csc(x))=−csc(x)cot(x)ddx(sec(x))=sec(x)tan(x)ddx(cot(x))=−csc2(x)ddx(sin−1(x))=1√1−x2ddx(cos−1(x)=−1√1−x2ddx(tan−1(x))=11+x2You will need to memorize these!You spent the entire last coursemastering how to calculate a derivative,and this course will be all about undoing your hard work.:(So you still have to have all of these memorized.12The AntiderivativeThe antiderivative of a function f(x)is a function F(x)whose derivative is f(x).Examples:If f (x)=2x2,then f(x)=If f (x)=x3,then f(x)=If f(x)=sin(x),then F(x)=Question:Are antiderivatives unique?•Power Rule:If f (x)=x n,then what is f(x)?In other words,(n=−1)x n dx=•If f(x)=1x,what is F(x)?In other words,dxx=•If f(x)=e x,what is F(x)?In other words,e x dx=•If f (x)=e x+6x,what is f(x)?Fill out the following antiderivative formulas if possible:sin(x)dx=cos(x)dx=sec2(x)dx=tan(x)dx=ln(x)dx=etc...Everything on thefirst page gives you an integration formula.But some seemingly common functions don’t have an obvious derivative while some seemingly obscure functions do!2。
Formulaandproofofderivative（导数的公式及证明）
Formula and proof of derivative（导数的公式及证明）The derivative formula and the proof here will enumerate the derivatives of five basic elementary functions and their derivation process (elementary function can be calculated by it): basic derivative formula1. constant function (i.e. constant) y=c (C constant) y'=02. power function y=x^n, y'=nx^ (n-1) (n, Q*) 1/X3. index function by derivative (1) y=a^x, y'=a^xlna (2) by y=e^x y'=e^x; only a guide function for itself function logarithmic function (1) y=logaX4. y'=1 (a>0, /xlna and a is not equal to 1, x>0) by y=lnx, y'=1/x5.; sine function y= (SiNx) y'=cosx y= (cosx)6. cosine function y'=-sinx7. (TaNx) y'=1/ tangent function y= (cosx) ^28. (Cotx) y'=-1/ cotangent function y= (SiNx) ^29. y= (inverse sine function arcsinx y'=1/ 1-x^2 10.) V arccosine function y= (arccosx) y'=-1/ 1-x^2 11. V arctan function y= (arctanx) y'=1/ (1+x^2) 12. - y= (arccotx) y'=-1/ cotangent function (1+x^2) in order to facilitate memory, are sorted out the following formula: often zero power down time, 对导数（e 为底时直接导数，a为底时乘以lna），指不变（特别的，自然对数的指数函数完全不变，一般的指数函数须乘以lna）；正变余，余变正，切割方（切函数是相应割函数（切函数的倒数）的平方），割乘切，反分式在推导的过程中有这几个常见的公式需要用到：1.y=f[g(x)],y'=f'[g(x)]·g'(x)‘f'[g(x)]中g(x）看作整个变量，而g'(x)中把x看作变量’ 2．y=u/v,y'=(u'v-uv')/v^2 3．原函数与反函数导数关系（由三角函数导数推反三角函数的）：y=f(x)的反函数是x=g(y），则有y'=1/x' 证：1.显而易见，y=c是一条平行于x轴的直线，所以处处的切线都是平行于x的，故斜率为0。
数学公式 英文表示
1.Logic∃ there exist∀ for allp⇒q p implies q / if p, then qp⇔q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent 2.Setsx∈A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of Ax∉A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A A⊂B A is contained in B / A is a subset of BA⊃B A contains B / B is a subset of AA∩B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection BA∪B A cup B / A join B / A union BA\B A minus B / the diference between A and BA×B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B3. Real numbersx+1 x plus onex-1 x minus onex±1 x plus or minus onexy xy / x multiplied by y(x - y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus yx y x over y= the equals signx = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5x≠5 x (is) not equal to 5x≡y x is equivalent to (or identical with) yx ≡ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) yx > y x is greater than yx≥y x is greater than or equal to yx < y x is less than yx≤y x is less than or equal to y0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 10≤x≤1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1| x | mod x / modulus xx 2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2x 3 x cubedx 4 x to the fourth / x to the power fourx n x to the nth / x to the power nx −n x to the (power) minus nx (square) root x / the square root of xx 3 cube root (of) xx 4 fourth root (of) xx n nth root (of) x( x+y ) 2 x plus y all squared( x y ) 2 x over y all squaredn! n factorialx ^ x hatx ¯ x barx ˜ x tildex i xi / x subscript i / x suffix i / x sub i∑ i=1 n a i the sum from i equals one to n a i / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the a i4. Linear algebra‖ x ‖ the norm (or modulus) of xOA → OA / vector OAOA ¯ OA / the length of the segment OAA T A transpose / the transpose of AA −1 A inverse / the inverse of A5. Functionsf( x ) fx / f of x / the function f of xf:S→T a function f from S to Tx→y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to yf'( x ) f prime x / f dash x / the (first) derivative of f with respect to xf''( x ) f double-prime x / f double-dash x / the second derivative of f with respect to x f'''( x ) triple-prime x / f triple-dash x / the third derivative of f with respect to xf (4) ( x ) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x∂f∂ x 1 the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1∂ 2 f ∂ x 1 2 the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1∫ 0 ∞ the integral from zero to infinitylim x→0 the limit as x approaches zerolim x→ 0 + the limit as x approaches zero from abovelim x→ 0 − the limit as x approaches zero from belowlog e y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) ylny log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y+plus加号；正号-minus减号；负号±plus or minus正负号×is multiplied by乘号÷is divided by除号＝is equal to等于号≠is not equal to不等于号≡is equivalent to全等于号≌is equal to or approximately equal to等于或约等于号≈is approximately equal to约等于号＜is less than小于号＞is greater than大于号≮is not less than不小于号≯is not more than不大于号≤is less than or equal to小于或等于号≥is more than or equal to大于或等于号%per cent百分之…‰per mill千分之…∞infinity无限大号∝varies as与…成比例√(square) root平方根∵since; because因为∴hence所以∷equals, as (proportion)等于，成比例∠angle角⌒semicircle半圆⊙circle圆○circumference圆周πpi 圆周率△triangle三角形⊥perpendicular to垂直于∪union of并，合集∩intersection of 交，通集∫the integral of …的积分∑(sigma) summation of总和°degree度′minute分″second秒℃Celsius system摄氏度{open brace, open curly左花括号}close brace, close curly右花括号(open parenthesis, open paren左圆括号)close parenthesis, close paren右圆括号() brakets/ parentheses括号[open bracket 左方括号]close bracket 右方括号[] square brackets方括号.period, dot句号，点|vertical bar, vertical virgule竖线&ersand, and, reference, ref和，引用*asterisk, multiply, star, pointer星号，乘号，星，指针/slash, divide, oblique 斜线，斜杠，除号//slash-slash, comment 双斜线，注释符#pound井号\backslash, sometimes escape反斜线转义符，有时表示转义符或续行符~tilde波浪符.full stop句号,comma逗号:colon冒号;semicolon分号?question mark问号!exclamation mark (英式英语) exclamation point (美式英语)'apostrophe撇号-hyphen连字号-- dash 破折号...dots/ ellipsis省略号"single quotation marks 单引号""double quotation marks 双引号‖ parallel 双线号&ersand = and～swung dash 代字号§section; division 分节号→arrow 箭号；参见号。
数学专业英语词汇（F）
f distribution f分布f ratio 方差比f space f空间f test f检定face 面face centered 面心的face centered cubic 面心立方体的face of a polyhedron 多面体面face operator 面算子factor 因子factor analysis 因子分析factor combination 因子组合factor group 商群factor groupoid 商广群factor loading 因子载荷factor matrix 因子矩阵factor model 因子模型factor module 商模factor of a polynomial 多项式的因子factor of proportionality 比例系数factor out 提出撰因子factor ring 商环factor set 商集factor space 商空间factor system 因子组factor theorem 因子定理factorability 因子可分解性factorable 可因子分解的factorial 阶乘factorial cumulant 阶乘累积量factorial design 因子设计factorial experiment 析因实验factorial notation 阶乘记号factorial of an integer 整数的阶乘factorial polynomial 阶乘多项式factorial series 阶乘级数factoring 因式分解factorizable 可因子分解的factorization 因式分解factorization method 因子分解方法factorization theorem 因子分解定理factorize 因子分解fair game 适当对策faithful anti representation 一一反表示faithful functor 一一的函子faithful module 一一的模faithful representation 一一表示faithfully flat ring 一一平坦环false 假的false conclusion 假结论family 族family of curves 曲线族family of elements 元素族family of functions 函数族family of orthogonal curves 正交曲线族family of planes 平面族family of sets 集族family of solutions 解族family of surfaces 曲面族fan 扇形farey series 法雷级数fast fourier transformation 快速傅里叶变换fatou lemma 法都引理favorable case 有利情形favorable event 有利事件feasible base 可行基feasible constraint 可行约束feasible control 可行控制feasible direction 可行方向feasible point 可行点feasible region 可行区域feasible restriction 可行约束feasible solution 可行解feeble solution 弱解fermat last theorem 费马最后定理fermat number 费马数fermat spiral 费马螺线fermat theorem 费马定理feynman integral 费曼积分fiber 纤维fiber bundle 纤维丛fiber map 纤维映射fiber preserving mapping 保纤映射fiber space 纤维空间fibonacci number 斐波那契数fibring 纤维空间fiducial distribution 置信分布fiducial estimation 置信估计fiducial inference 置信推理fiducial limit 置信限fiducial probability 置信概率fiducial region 置信区域field 域;场field of algebraic functions 代数函数域field of constants 常数域field of definition 定义域field of events 事件场field of extremals 极值曲线场field of forces 力场field of numbers 数域field of rational functions 有理函数域field of rationals 有理数域field of real numbers 实数域field of scalars 系数域field of sets 集域field theory 域论;场论figure 图形filter 滤子filter base 滤子基filtered category 滤子化范畴filtered degree 滤子化次数filtered group 过滤群filtering 过滤filtration 过滤final decision 最后判决final functor 尾函子final state 终态final topology 终拓扑fine sheaf 强层fine topology 细拓扑fineness 细度finer topology 较细拓扑finish time 终止时间finite automaton 有限自动机finite base 有限基finite cardinal 有限基数finite constructibility 有限可构成性finite continued fraction 有限连分数finite cyclic group 有限循环群finite definability 有限可定义性finite difference approximation 有限差分逼近finite difference equation 有限差分方程finite dimensional 有限维的finite dimensional extension field 有限维扩张域finite dimensional operator 有限维算子finite discontinuity 有限不连续性finite element method 有限元法finite equation 有限方程finite extension 有限维扩张域finite field 有限域finite function 有限函数finite game 有限对策finite group 有限群finite induction 有限归纳法finite mathematics 有限数学finite measure 有限测度finite model 有限模型finite multiplier 有限乘数finite nilpotent group 有限幂零群finite number plane 有限数平面finite ordinal number 有限序数finite part 有限部分finite partition 有限划分finite point 有限点finite presentation 有限表示finite progression 有限级数finite quantity 有限量finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集finite sum 有限和finite valued function 有限值函数finitely additive 有限加性的finitely additive measure 有限加性测度finitely cocomplete category 有限共完全范畴finitely complete category 有限完全范畴finitely generatable vector space 有限可生成向量空间finitely generated abelian group 有限生成阿贝耳群finitely generated algebra 有限生成代数finitely generated extension field 有限生成扩张域finitely generated group 有限生成群finitely generated ideal 有限生成理想finitely generated module 有限生成模finitely presented 有限出现的finitely presented group 有限出现群finitely representable 有限可表示的finitely valued function 有限值函数finiteness 有限性finiteness principle 有限性原理finiteness theorem 有限性原理finsler manifold 芬斯莱廖first approximation 首次近似first axiom of countability 第一可数性公理first boundary condition 狄利克雷边界条件first boundary value problem 狄利克雷问题first class 第一类first comparison test 第一比较检验first derivative 一阶导数first fundamental form 第一基本形式first fundamental form of surface 曲面的第一基本形式first integral 初积分first isomorphism theorem 同态定理first mean value theorem 平均值定理first obstruction 第一障碍类first order theory 一阶理论first quadrant 第一象限first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项first theorem of the mean 第一平均值定理fisher z distribution 费歇耳z分布fitted curve 拟合曲线fitting 拟合five color theorem 五色定理five figure 五位数的five point finite difference scheme 五点有限差分格式five sided 五面的fix 固定fixed element 不变元fixed error 偏倚fixed point 定点fixed point calculation 定点计算fixed point method 不动点法fixed point of mapping 映射的不动点fixed point representation 定点表示法fixed point theorem 不动点定理fixed sample 固定样本fixed vector 固定向量flabby resolution 松弛分解flabby sheaf 散射层flag 旗flag manifold 旗廖flat morphism 平坦射flat point 平坦点flat space 平坦空间flat surface 平面flatness 平坦性flecnode 拐结点flex 拐点floating point 浮点floating point calculation 浮点记数法floating point notation 浮点记数法floating point representation 浮点记数法flow 流flow line 吝flow of scalar field 纯量场的流flow problem 潦题fluctuation 起状fluent 变数fluid 铃fluid dynamics 铃动力学fluid mechanics 铃力学flux 量flux of the vector 量fluxion 导数focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal circle 焦圆focal conic 焦点圆锥曲线focal distance 焦距focal length 焦距focal line 焦线focal plane 焦平面focal point 焦点focal radius 焦半径focal strip 焦带focal surface 焦曲面focus 焦点focus of a parabola 抛物线的焦点fold singularity 折奇性folding 卷积foliated manifold 叶状廖foliation 叶状结构folium 叶形线folium of descartes 笛卡儿叶形线follow 跟foot 垂足foot of a perpendicular 垂足force 力force function 力函数force of gravity 重力force of inertia 惯性力force polygon 力的多角形force triangle 力三角形force vector 力向量forced oscillation 受迫振动forced vibration 受迫振动forcing method 力迫法forecasting 预报form 形式formal 形式的formal derivative 形式导数formal language 形式语言formal logic 形式逻辑formal model 形式模型formal power series 形式幂级数formal system 形式系统formally real field 形式实域formation 形成formation rule 形成规则formless 无形状的formula 公式formula language 公式语言formula of computation 计算公式formula of propositional logic 命题逻辑公式formulate 公式化formulation 用公式表示forward difference 前向差分forward difference operator 前向差分算子forward difference quotient 前向差商forward solution 前向解法foundation 基础foundation of geometry 几何基础foundations of geometry 几何基础foundations of mathematics 数学基础four address 四地址的four address instruction 四地址指令four color conjecture 四色猜想four color problem 四色问题four color theorem 四色定理four digit 四位的four dimensional 四维的four dimensionality 四维性four fold table 四重表four vector 四元向量four vertex theorem 四顶点定理fourier analysis 傅里叶分析fourier analyzer 傅里叶分析仪fourier bessel series 傅里叶贝塞耳级数fourier bessel transformation 汉克尔变换fourier coefficient 傅里叶系数fourier cosine transform 傅里叶余弦变换fourier expansion 傅里叶展开fourier integral 傅里叶积分fourier integral equation 傅里叶积分方程fourier integral theorem 傅里叶积分定理fourier kernel 傅里叶核fourier series 傅里叶级数fourier sine transform 傅里叶正弦变换fourier synthesis 傅里叶综合法fourier transform 傅里叶变换fourierstieltjes transform 傅里叶斯蒂尔吉斯变换fractal 分形fractal dimension 分形维数fraction 分数fraction in lowest terms 最简分数fractional derivative 分数导数fractional equation 分数方程fractional exponent 分式指数fractional function 分数函数fractional ideal 分式理想fractional integral 分数次积分fractional number 分数fractional part 分数部分fractional rational function 分数有理函数fractional replication 分数配置fractionary ideal 分式理想frame 架frechet derivative 弗雷谢导数frechet differentiable function 弗莱谢可微函数frechet differential 弗雷谢微分frechet space f空间fredholm alternative 弗雷德霍姆择一fredholm alternative theorem 弗雷德霍姆择一定理fredholm determinant 弗雷德霍姆行列式fredholm integral equation 弗雷德霍姆积分方程fredholm operator 弗雷德霍姆算子fredholm point 弗雷德霍姆点fredholm radius 弗雷德霍姆半径fredholm type integral equation 弗雷德霍姆型积分方程free decision variable 自由决策变量free end 自由端free group 自由群free groupoid 自由广群free index 自由指标free liberty 自由可动性free mobility 自由可动性free monoid 自由独异点free optimization problem 自由最优化问题free product 自由积free semigroup 自由半群free subscript 自由添标free ultrafilter 自由超滤子free variable 自由变量free vector 自由向量frequency 频率frequency curve 频率曲线frequency diagram 频率图frequency distribution 频率分布frequency function 频率函数frequency polygon 频数多边形frequency theory of probability 概率的频率论fresnel integral 菲涅耳积分friction 摩擦frobenius algebra 弗罗宾尼斯代数frobenius automorphism 弗罗宾尼斯自同构frobenius group 弗罗宾尼斯群front 前面frontier 边界frontier point 边界点frustum of a paraboloid 平截头抛物面体frustum of cone 平截头圆锥体frustum of pyramid 截棱锥fubini theorem 富比尼定理fuchsian function 富克斯函数fuchsian group 富克斯群fulcrum 支点full inhomogeneous lorentz group 完全非齐次洛伦茨群full line 实线full linear group 全线性群full solid angle 完全立体角full subcategory 完全子范畴full unimodular group 完全幺模群fully faithful 完全一一的fully faithful functor 完全一一函子fully normal space 仿紧空间fully reducible star body 完全可约星形体fully transitive group 全可迁群function 函数function algebra 函数代数function chart 函数尺function code 操纂function constant 函数常数function continuous on the right 右连续函数function field 函数域function of bounded variation 有界变差函数function of class 类函数function of complex variable 复变函数function of confluent type 合镣函数function of function 合成函数function of n variables n元函数function of one variable 一元函数function of several real variables 多实元函数function of several variables 多元函数function of third order 三阶函数function of unbounded variation 无界变差函数function representation 函数表示function sequence 函数序列function series 函数级数function space 函数空间function symbol of n arguments n变数函数符号function theoretic 函数论的function theoretic null set 函数论的零集function theory 函数论function value 函数值function variable 函数变数functional 泛函functional analysis 泛函分析functional calculus 函项演算functional constant 函数常数functional dependence 函数相关functional determinant 函数行列式functional differential equation 泛函微分方程functional equation 函数方程functional expression 函数式functional matrix 函数矩阵functional relation 函数关系functional scale 函数尺functional space 函数空间functional symbol 函数符号functional transformation 泛函变换functionelement 函数元素functor 函子fundamental 基本的fundamental class 基本类fundamental cocycle 基本上循环fundamental conjunction 基本合取fundamental constants 基本常数fundamental curve 基本曲线fundamental cycle 基本闭链fundamental determinant 基本行列式fundamental discriminant 基本判别式fundamental domain 基本域fundamental element 基本元素fundamental equations 基本方程fundamental form 基本形式fundamental formulae 基本公式fundamental frequency 基频fundamental function 特寨数fundamental group 基本群fundamental groupoid 基本广群fundamental homology class 基本同掂fundamental identity 基本恒等式fundamental invariant 基本不变量fundamental law 基本律fundamental lemma 基本引理fundamental lemma of calculus of variation 变分法的基本引理fundamental matrix 基本矩阵fundamental net 基本有向点族fundamental parallelepipedon 基本平行六面体fundamental period 基本周期fundamental period parallellogram 基本周期平行四边形fundamental period parallelogram 原始周期平行四边形fundamental point 基本点fundamental polygon 基本多角形fundamental sequence 柯悟列fundamental set 基本集fundamental solution 基本解fundamental surface 基本曲面fundamental system of solutions 基本解组fundamental tensor 基本张量fundamental tetrahedron 基本四面体fundamental theorem 基本定理fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理fundamental transformation 基本变换fundamental unit 基本单位fundamentals 原理fuzzy set 模糊集。
数学公式之英语词汇
数学公式之英语词汇数学公式之英语词汇大全salaries tax 薪俸税sample 抽样;样本sample mean 样本平均数sample space 样本空间sampling distribution 抽样分布sampling theory 抽样理论sandwich theorem 迫近定理satisfy 满足;适合scalar 纯量; 无向量, 标量scalar matrix 纯量矩阵scalar multipliction 纯量乘法scalar product 纯量积scalar triple product 纯量三重积scale 比例尺;标度;图尺scalene triangle 不等边三角形;不规则三角形scatter diagram 散点图Schwartzs inequality 施瓦兹不等式scientific notation 科学记数法secant (1)正割; (2)割线secant method 正割法second 秒second derivative 二阶导数second order ordinary differential equation 二阶常微分方程second quartile 第二四分位数(1)截面;截线;(2)截点section (1)截面;截线?;(2)截点section formula 截点公式sector 扇式segment 段;节segment of a circle 弓形selling price 售价semicircle 半圆semi-conjugate axis 半共轭轴semi-major axis 半主轴; 半长轴semi-minor axis 半副轴; 半短轴semi-transverse axis 半贯轴semi-vertical angle 半顶角sentence 句;语句separable differential equation 可分微分方程septic equation 七次方程sequence 序列series 级数set 集set square 三角尺;三角板set-builder form 集的.结构式shaded portion 有阴影部分shape 形状shear 位移side 边;侧sign 符号;记号signed number 有符号数significance level 显著性水平significant figure 有效数字signum 正负号函数similar 相似similar figures 相似图形similar triangles 相似三角形similarity 相似(性)simple equation 简易方程simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple interest 单利;单利息simple iteration method 简单迭代法simple pendulum 单摆simplify 简化Simpsons integral 森逊积分Simpsons rule 森逊法则simultaneous differential equations 微分方程组; 联立微分方程simultaneous equations 联立方程simultaneous inequalities 联立不等式simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns 联合二次线性方程式sine 正弦sine formula 正弦公式singleton 单元集single-valued function 单值函数singular 奇的singular matrix 奇异矩阵; 不可逆矩阵skew distribution 偏斜分布skew line 偏斜线slant edge 斜棱slant height 斜高slope 斜率;斜度;倾斜;坡度slope-intercept form 斜率截距式;斜截式soild with uniform corss-section 有均匀横切面的立体solid 立体;固体solid of revolution 旋转体; 回旋体solution 解;解法solution of equation 方程解solution of triangle 三角形解法solution set 解集solve 解span 生成special angle 特殊角;特别角speed 速率sphere 球形;球面spheroid 球体spiral 螺线square (1)平方;(2)正方形square bracket 方括号square matrix 方(矩)阵square number 正方形数;平方数square root 平方根;二次根squeeze theorem 迫近定理stability 稳度standard deviation 标准差;标准偏离standard equation 标准方程standard error 标准误差standard form 标准式standard normal distribution 标准正态分布; 标准常态分布standard score 标准分standard unit 标准单位statement 语句statement calculus 命题演算static friction 静磨擦statics 静力学stationary 平稳stationary point 平稳点; 逗留点; 驻点stationary value 平稳值statistical chart 统计分析statistical data 统计图表statistical significance 统计数据statistics 统计显著性step 统计; 统计学step function 阶梯函数straight line 直线straight line graph 直线图像strictly monotonic 严格单调strictly monotonic function 严格单调函数subject 主项submultiple angle formula 半角公式subnormal 次法线subsequence 子(序)列subset 子集subsidiary angle 辅助角substitute 代入substitution 代入; 代入法subtangent 次切线subtend 对向subtract 减subtraction 减法successive approximation 逐次逼近法successive derivative 逐次导数successive differentiation 逐次微分法sufficiency 充份性sufficient and necessary condition 充要条件sufficient condition 充份条件sufficiently close 充份接近suffix 下标sum 和sum to infinity 无限项之和sum to n terms n 项和sum to product formula 和化积公式summation 求和法; 总和summation formula 求和公式superimposing 迭合super set 母集supplementary angle 补角surd 根式; 不尽根surface 面; 表面surface area 表面面积; 曲面面积surface of revolution 旋转曲面; 回转曲面surjection 满射surjective function 满射函数; 映成函数syllogism 三段论symbol 符号; 记号symmetrix difference 对称差symmetric expression 对称式symmetric relation 对称关系symmetry 对称; 对称性synthetic division 综合除法system 系统; 体系; 组; 系system of circles 圆族; 圆系system of numerals 记数系统system of straight lines 直线族; 直线系。