12-16考研英语一新题型

16年
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A]Create a new image of yourself
[B]Decide if the time is right
[C]Have confidence in yourself
[D]Understand the context
[E]Work with professionals
[F]Know your goals
[G]Make it efficient
No matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look.
The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.
So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips;
41.
As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during
transitions---when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.
42. Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image
or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look
more“SoHo”.(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)
43.
Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.
44.
Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.
45.
The point of a style upgrade i sn’t to become more vain or to spend more time passing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.
41. B Decide if the time is right
解析：此段第一句话主句里面说“在过渡的阶段提升自我形象尤其有用”。

第二句和第三、四句分别展开说明，第二句表明：如果你处在变动的时期或者感觉需要变动，那么可能这可能是一个好的时机。

相反，第三、四句话表示：如果不确定的话，就需要得到别人的反馈了。

也许无需提升。

故整段的意思是说要先确定是否现在是提升自我形象的正确时机。

故答案为C选项。

42. F Know your goals
解析：此段中心句即第一句话，标明“要清楚你想要的结果或影响”。

其实就是你想要的目标。

紧接着开始解释，提到比如，你是否想要更新你的形象?那么，对于一个人来讲，这个目标可能是要被认真对待或者要加强专业的形象。

对于其他人，这个目标可能是要被看作可以触摸到的，或者是现代的，或者是时尚的。

对于那些要从金融转到广告的，他们可能得看起来更“SOHO”.所以，整段都在讲目标。

而选项F中的”goal”形成复现。

故为答案。

43. D Understand the context
解析：复现原则，文章多次重复environment, understand the context 就是要理解你的工
作处境。

44. E Work with professionals
解析：复现原则，文章多次重复professional, work with,就是要与专业人士一起工作。

45. G Make it efficient
解析：此段第二句句首出现instead, 故为转折句。

所以从此句获得中心内容。

该句讲的是“最好是将形象升级用做减少做决定的机会。

”紧接着提到“选取一套标准的工作服或几个
其他的选择。

把衣服一下子都买了，而不是一个人购买，或者一次只买一件”。

这些提到的都是要有效率。

故选G。

15年
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. 41. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where?
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues; and 42. .
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ‘true’meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. 43.
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. 44. This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page—including for texts
that engage with fundamental human concerns – debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. 45. . Such dimensions of reading suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.
[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: these might be the ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for instance about how the text may be significant to you, or about its plausibility – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
答案解析：
41. C，If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms……。

原文中，前句是Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar。

讲的是关于词汇(words)的理解，那么理所应当下句应该继续这个话题，浏览七个选项之后，只有C中包含words。

那么正确答案是C。

42. E，You make further inferences……。

前句是You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues。

其中的infer和选项E中的inferences照应，并且further也在提示答案。

43. G，Rather……。

前句是What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ‘true’ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world，关注的是meaning。

浏览选项后，有三个选项中有meaning这个词——C(已选)、D和G。

再看43题的下一句，是Such background material inevitably reflects who we are。

其中有关键词background提示答案应该是G，因为其中有“……various kinds of background……”提示。

44. B，Factors such as……。

前句是Such background material inevitably reflects who we are。

剩余的选项中，只有B是关于我们自身的，介绍我们身处的地点和时间。

45. A 45题的后面一句是Such dimensions of reading suggest……，讲的是阅读的角度。

浏览选项后，A以问句的形式阐释这些角度。

41、【答案】C How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?
【解析】
42、【答案】F Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archacologists who have set out to look for them.
【解析】
43、【答案】G Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful.
【解析】
44、【答案】D Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.
【解析】
45、【答案】B In another case, American archaeologists Rene and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.
13年
【答案】G (These issues all have root causes in human behavior...) 【解析】此题可以通过上下文的衔接和代词指代来确定答案。

空格前一句谈到“这种巨大的能源不是当今全球问题的主要影响因素，这些问题包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和健康问题”，空后谈到“人类有必要的农业技术工具来消除饥饿”，空格处应该填入的选项可以连接前后句的内容，既包括谈及到全球问题，又谈及到解决问题的选项只有G项。

该项
首句提到的these issues即指代空前所提及的全球问题，以及该项第二句的climate change举例说明即是空前所列出的问题之一，并且该项提及解决气候变化的问题，很好的启示了下文。

42．【答案】C (Despite these factors...)
【解析】本题可以通过连贯性原则和代词指代来确定答案。

上段末句提到“问题也带有社会因素：对食物的组织和分配，财产和财富”，空格后谈到“这是一种耻辱，社会应该抓住机会提升它在真实世界中的影响”，并且应用了社会科学家的话语来表明应该采取行动，即：上段末句提到的问题，空前谈到存在问题，那么接下来应该解决问题，但是空后谈到这是一种耻辱，然后纠正应该解决问题，所以空格处应该承上启下，表达没有解决问题这个含义，因此C项“尽管存在这些因素，很多社会科学家不愿意解决此问题”即为正确选项，该项中these factors指代上段末句提到的社会因素，而“很多科学家不愿意解决此问题”就是下文提及的this。

43．【答案】B (However, the numbers are still small...)
【解析】本题可以通过原词复现和逻辑关系来确定答案。

空前一句讲到“ the number of papers including.....have increased rapidly ...”，紧接着在选项B中也出现了“the number”，属于原词复现。

从逻辑关系的角度来看，选项B有一个明显的转折词“however”，这说明其表达的含义与空前信息相反，该选项提到“the numbers are still small”（数量非常小），空前信息是“the number ... increased rapidly”（数量增长非常迅速），两者在语意上构成了明显的转折关系。

所以正确答案为B。

44．【答案】D (During the late 1990s...)
【解析】本题设在段落中间，可以通过段落一致性代词指代来确定答案。

该段第一句提到：“The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding”,其表达的含义是：事情的问题不是可用资金的数目。

那接下来要讲的内容一定和资金有关系。

空后出现了代词“this is an adequate amount”其含义是：这个资金数目是足够的。

那么this指代的内容一定和adequate amount相关，而选项D的题干是“national spending varied from 4% to 25%”，其表述的内容正是资金的总量。

因此选项D为正确答案。

45．【答案】E (The idea is to force social to integrate...)
【解析】本题设空在段落中间，应瞻前顾后地依据连贯性原则确定答案。

空前的信息是指欧盟提议取消了之前设定的专门投资支持社会科学家的专栏项目，其目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是完全相反，即文章中的“complete opposite”，根据语意衔接，接下来会说明欧盟这一做法的真正目的，并且这一目的对于社会科学家一定是积极的。

选项E中的the idea指代空前出现的“it was proposed that...”，即欧盟的提案。

除此之外，空后提到了collaborative endeavors，与选项E中的短语integrate with构成了同义替换。

空后信息中的global problems与选项E中的health and demographic change, food security, ... and secure societies构成上下义的关系，这也是解题的一道线索，因此，正确答案为选项E。

12年
How computers can cure cultural diabetes
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aero-plane window and realize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner
than a brown-paper envelope, or your cell-phone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true。

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses,
warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 41. Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day。

41. 选[C]; 理由是上文提到一些人士，比如天才geniuses, 武士warriors, 企业家entrepreneurs and 翻唱组合(visionaries) 等发明了一台神奇的机器(create a fabulous machine, 后面又提到这些机器的例子。

【C】选项中出现了关键的代词they，它用来指代前面提到的一些人名，谓语代词develop such a device属于同义词替换来达到主题一致这一重要原则。

The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production (you can make stuff)， means of distribution (you can upload stuff to the network)， site of reception (you can download stuff and interact with it)， and locus of praise and critique (you can talk about the stuff you have downloaded or uploaded). The computer is the 21st century's culture machine。

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. 42. This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing。

42. 选[D]，主要理由是整个段落是在分析原因。

第一句讲到有理由来庆祝电脑带来的好处(即上一段提到的好处)，但我们必须也要谨慎小心(tread with caution)，因此作者在这一段是要转折其对电脑的态度了。

接下来这句话I call it a secret war很重要，说明这一句前面应该提到这些关键词a secret war, 最后作者列出了其中的两个理由。

解题关键：转折关系；关键词重复；代词指代。

All animals download, but only a few upload anything besides faces and their own bodies. Beavers build dams, birds make nests and termites create mounds, yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use
them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. 43. Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity。

43. 选[A]。

上文提到动物和人的一些区别特征，[A]选项里刚好有these superfluous things 这些指示代词来指代前面提到的这些东西，所以这个选项也恰好是对前面的句子内容在总结归纳。

For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. 44. One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading。

44. 选[F]，是在分析原因，选项中出现了关键词重复pyramid of production，和选项[D]构成强烈的干扰，但是一比较我们发现，尽管都是在说原因，但是原因离得关键名词不同，选项[D]的关键词是computer(电脑)，也就是主题词不同，属于主题词要一致的做题依据。

Television is a one-way spigot gushing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after they have turned it on.
45. The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading。

45. 选[G]，networked computer和上文的TV构成转折关系(Reverse the flow)。

具体分析链接黄涛博客/huangtaokaoyan
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.。