A Discourse on Complexity of Process Models (Survey Paper)
学习英语过程中遇到的困难英语作文大学作文
学习英语过程中遇到的困难英语作文大学作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Learning the English Language: A Challenging Yet Rewarding JourneyAs an international student, mastering the English language has been one of the most daunting yet enriching experiences of my academic journey. English, with its intricate grammar rules, vast vocabulary, and subtle nuances, has presented me with numerous challenges that have tested my perseverance and determination. However, through unwavering effort and a genuine passion for learning, I have been able to navigate these obstacles and unlock a world of opportunities that come with proficiency in this global lingua franca.One of the most significant hurdles I encountered was grasping the complex grammar rules of English. Coming from a language with a different grammatical structure, it was initially overwhelming to comprehend the intricate system of tenses, subject-verb agreement, and sentence construction. The seemingly endless exceptions to rules only added to myconfusion. I vividly remember the frustration of meticulously crafting a sentence, only to realize that a tiny grammatical error had completely altered its meaning. However, through consistent practice, seeking guidance from professors and language tutors, and immersing myself in English literature and media, I gradually began to internalize these rules, transforming them from daunting obstacles into second nature.Vocabulary acquisition was another formidable challenge I faced. English boasts an incredibly rich and diverse lexicon, with words originating from various linguistic roots, including Latin, Greek, and Germanic languages. Memorizing the countless word meanings, spellings, and usages felt like an insurmountable task at times. I resorted to various mnemonic techniques, such as creating mental associations and visual imagery, to aid in retaining new vocabulary. Additionally, I made a conscious effort to incorporate newly learned words into my daily conversations and writing, ensuring that they became ingrained in my linguistic repertoire.Beyond grammar and vocabulary, comprehending the subtleties and nuances of the English language posed a significant hurdle. Idioms, metaphors, and cultural references often left me puzzled, as their intended meanings were notalways literal. I recall countless instances where I misinterpreted a phrase or expression, leading to confusion and occasionally, embarrassing situations. However, through immersing myself in English-speaking environments, watching films and TV shows, and engaging in conversations with native speakers, I gradually developed a deeper understanding of these linguistic intricacies, enabling me to navigate various social and academic contexts with greater confidence and fluency.Despite these challenges, my determination to master English was fueled by the numerous opportunities and benefits that proficiency in this language offers. English has become the lingua franca of academia, business, and international communication, opening doors to a wealth of knowledge, professional prospects, and cross-cultural connections. By overcoming the obstacles in my journey, I have gained access to a vast array of resources, from scholarly publications to global networking opportunities, which have enriched my personal and academic growth.Furthermore, learning English has not only expanded my linguistic abilities but also broadened my perspective on the world. Through exposure to diverse literary works, films, and media from English-speaking cultures, I have gained invaluableinsights into different ways of thinking, living, and perceiving the world. This cultural awareness has fostered a deeper sense of empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for diversity, qualities that are invaluable in our increasingly interconnected global society.Looking back on my journey, I can confidently say that the challenges I faced in learning English have been instrumental in shaping my personal growth and resilience. Each obstacle I overcame was a testament to my perseverance and dedication, reinforcing the belief that with hard work and a willingness to learn, even the most daunting tasks can be conquered. The sense of accomplishment that accompanied each milestone, whether it was understanding a complex grammatical concept or successfully communicating in English in a professional setting, was immensely gratifying and motivating.As I continue to refine my English language skills, I remain committed to embracing the challenges that lie ahead. I understand that language learning is a lifelong journey, and there will always be new idioms, expressions, and cultural nuances to explore. However, armed with the skills and resilience I have acquired through my previous struggles, I am confident in my ability to navigate these obstacles and continue to grow as aproficient and culturally aware communicator in the English language.In conclusion, learning the English language has been a transformative and challenging experience, replete with obstacles ranging from grammar intricacies to comprehending cultural nuances. However, by embracing these challenges with determination and a genuine passion for learning, I have not only developed linguistic proficiency but also cultivated valuable personal qualities such as resilience, cultural awareness, and a growth mindset. As I reflect on my journey, I am filled with a sense of accomplishment and gratitude for the opportunities that proficiency in this global language has afforded me, both academically and personally. The challenges I faced have only strengthened my resolve to continue exploring the depths of the English language and unlocking the boundless possibilities it holds.篇2Learning English: A Relentless Journey of Trials and TriumphsAs an international student hailing from a non-English speaking country, the path to mastering the English language has been a arduous and multifaceted journey, fraught withchallenges that have tested my resilience and determination at every turn. From the initial struggles of grasping the intricate web of grammar rules to the seemingly insurmountable task of expanding my vocabulary, the process has been a constant battle against self-doubt and linguistic barriers.One of the most daunting obstacles I encountered early on was the complexity of English grammar. The myriad tenses, subject-verb agreements, and sentence structures felt like an intricate puzzle that defied logic. I vividly recall the frustration of meticulously crafting a sentence, only to realize that a single misplaced preposition or verb tense had rendered the entire construction incorrect. It was a humbling experience that forced me to confront the limitations of my linguistic abilities and embrace the art of constant learning.Furthermore, the vast and ever-expanding vocabulary of the English language presented an intimidating challenge. As a non-native speaker, I found myself grappling with the nuances of word meanings, connotations, and contextual usage. Countless hours were spent poring over dictionaries and thesauruses, meticulously memorizing definitions and synonyms, only to encounter new and unfamiliar words in the next literary work oracademic text. It was a cyclical process that demanded unwavering persistence and an insatiable thirst for knowledge.Beyond the grammatical and lexical intricacies, the cultural nuances interwoven within the English language posed yet another hurdle. Idioms, metaphors, and colloquialisms that were second nature to native speakers often left me bewildered and lost in translation. I vividly recall the perplexity of encountering phrases like "raining cats and dogs" or "a piece of cake," unable to comprehend their figurative meanings. Unraveling these linguistic gems required a deep dive into the cultural tapestry of the English-speaking world, a task that demanded patience, curiosity, and an open-minded approach.Moreover, the art of academic writing in English presented its own set of challenges. Mastering the intricate dance of formal language, citation styles, and rhetorical devices was a steep learning curve. I spent countless hours poring over style guides, meticulously analyzing the structure and flow of well-crafted academic papers, and seeking guidance from mentors and writing centers. Each draft was a testament to my growth, as I learned to navigate the intricate world of scholarly discourse, honing my ability to articulate complex ideas with precision and eloquence.Despite these formidable obstacles, the journey of learning English has been an incredible source of personal growth and intellectual enrichment. With each hurdle overcome, I have gained a deeper appreciation for the richness and beauty of the language, as well as a newfound respect for the resilience and determination required to conquer such a monumental task.Through immersing myself in English literature, music, and media, I have discovered a world of cultural diversity and artistic expression that has broadened my horizons and nurtured a profound sense of global citizenship. The very act of grappling with linguistic barriers has honed my critical thinking skills, fostered my adaptability, and instilled in me a deep respect for the power of communication.Furthermore, the process of learning English has taught me invaluable lessons about perseverance and self-belief. In those moments of frustration and self-doubt, when the linguistic obstacles seemed insurmountable, I learned to embrace failure as a stepping stone to growth. Each misstep, each misunderstood idiom, and each grammatical error became a catalyst for self-reflection and a reminder of the incredible journey I had undertaken.As I reflect on my ongoing linguistic odyssey, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude for the challenges I have faced and the lessons I have learned. The path to fluency may be arduous, but the rewards are immeasurable. With each linguistic barrier overcome, I have unlocked a gateway to a world of knowledge, cultural richness, and personal growth that transcends boundaries and fosters a deeper understanding of the human experience.In the end, the journey of learning English is not merely a pursuit of linguistic proficiency; it is a transformative odyssey that shapes our character, broadens our perspectives, and cultivates a profound appreciation for the incredible diversity of our global community. As I continue to navigate this linguistic labyrinth, I embrace the challenges that lie ahead, secure in the knowledge that each obstacle is an opportunity for growth, and every triumph a testament to the boundless potential of the human spirit.篇3The Uphill Climb of Mastering EnglishAs a student, my journey to conquer the English language has been a winding road riddled with challenges and obstacles.From the moment I first encountered this global lingua franca, I knew that mastering it would be no easy feat. However, armed with determination and a thirst for knowledge, I have been relentlessly chipping away at this linguistic mountain, one struggle at a time.The very foundation of my struggles lies in the stark contrast between English and my native tongue. The intricate web of grammar rules, the perplexing pronunciations, and the vast vocabulary have all conspired to make English a formidable adversary. Grappling with the complexities of tenses, particularly the infamous twelve tenses that seem to defy all logic, has been a constant thorn in my side. Just when I think I've finally grasped the nuances of the present perfect continuous, I'm swiftly humbled by the intricate exceptions that seem to pop up at every turn.Then there are the conundrums of pronunciation, where words seem to take delight in defying their written forms. The silent letters, the peculiar vowel sounds, and the multitude of homophones have all contributed to my occasional tongue-tied moments. I've lost count of the times I've been met with quizzical looks after mispronouncing a seemingly innocuous word, only torealize that my rendition bore no resemblance to its proper enunciation.But perhaps the most daunting aspect of my English learning odyssey has been the vast expanse of vocabulary. With its roots stretching across multiple languages and cultures, the English lexicon is a veritable labyrinth of words, each with its own nuanced meaning and context. Just when I think I've mastered a particular word, I'm swiftly introduced to its numerous synonyms, each with its own subtle shades of meaning. It's a constant exercise in precision and nuance, a game of linguistic Tetris where I must carefully slot the right word into the appropriate context.Despite these formidable obstacles, I've found solace in the fact that I'm not alone in this struggle. My fellow classmates and I have forged a bond of camaraderie, sharing our triumphs and commiserating over our failures. We've become a support system, offering encouragement and guidance when the path seems too steep to navigate alone.Moreover, I've come to appreciate the beauty and richness that lies within the English language itself. Its ability to convey complex ideas with elegance and precision is a testament to its enduring power. Every time I decode a intricate metaphor orunravel the layers of meaning within a literary masterpiece, I'm reminded of why this linguistic odyssey is worth the toil.And so, I soldier on, undeterred by the challenges that lie ahead. For every grammatical rule I struggle to grasp, there's a newfound appreciation for the intricacies of language. For every mispronounced word, there's a lesson in humility and perseverance. And for every new vocabulary term I encounter, there's a glimpse into the vast tapestry of human expression.The road to English proficiency may be long and arduous, but it's a journey that promises to yield invaluable rewards. With each stumbling block I overcome, I'm one step closer to unlocking the doors of global communication, cultural understanding, and personal growth. And while the summit may seem distant, I take solace in the knowledge that every struggle, every misstep, and every triumph is shaping me into a more well-rounded and competent individual.So, to my fellow language learners, I say: Embrace the challenges, revel in the small victories, and never lose sight of the ultimate prize – the ability to wield the English language with confidence and grace. For in the end, it is this perseverance that will transform our struggles into a testament of resilience and awell-earned mastery of one of the world's most fascinating and powerful tongues.。
怀疑往往能带来进步的英语作文素材
怀疑往往能带来进步的英语作文素材Doubt: A Catalyst for Progress.Doubt, often perceived as a negative emotion that hinders progress, holds within it the seeds of intellectual growth and societal advancement. By questioning established norms, challenging conventional wisdom, and fostering critical thinking, doubt serves as a driving force behind human progress and innovation.Throughout history, countless scientific breakthroughs and technological marvels have emerged from the crucible of doubt. When Copernicus dared to doubt the geocentric model of the universe, he set in motion a revolution in astronomy that forever altered our understanding of our place in the cosmos. Similarly, Charles Darwin's relentless skepticism towards the prevailing belief in divine creation gave rise to the transformative theory of evolution.The power of doubt extends beyond the realm ofscientific inquiry. In the social and political spheres, it has played a vital role in exposing injustices, challenging oppressive systems, and paving the way for meaningful change. The abolitionist movement, the civil rights movement, and the feminist movement all gained momentum from individuals who dared to question the status quo and advocate for a more just and equitable society.Doubt also fosters intellectual curiosity and encourages us to seek deeper understanding. When we are confronted with uncertainties, we are compelled to explore new ideas, investigate hidden truths, and reassess our preconceived notions. This process of inquiry broadens our perspectives, expands our knowledge, and promotes a deeper appreciation for the complexity of the world around us.Furthermore, doubt cultivates humility and intellectual honesty. By acknowledging the limits of our knowledge and the fallibility of our beliefs, we become more open to learning from others and more willing to embrace new ideas. This mindset fosters a culture of collaboration and dialogue, where diverse perspectives are valued andcollective progress is nurtured.While it is true that doubt can sometimes be uncomfortable and unsettling, it is precisely this discomfort that drives us to seek solace in knowledge, understanding, and progress. By embracing doubt andfostering a spirit of inquiry, we cultivate a mindset thatis conducive to innovation, social justice, andintellectual growth.Moreover, doubt plays a crucial role in safeguardingour intellectual freedom and preventing us from becoming complacent or dogmatic. In an era of rampant misinformation and echo chambers, the ability to question, challenge, and critically evaluate information is more important than ever. By encouraging doubt, we create a society that values truth, promotes rational discourse, and resists the tyranny of uncritical acceptance.In conclusion, doubt is not a weakness but a strength.It is a driving force behind scientific progress, social change, and intellectual growth. By questioning theestablished order, embracing uncertainty, and fostering a spirit of inquiry, we cultivate a society that is constantly evolving, adapting, and striving for a better future. Therefore, let us embrace doubt not as an obstacle but as an essential catalyst for progress.。
多维度分析法在语料库语体分析中使用现状综述
外语外文7学法教法研究课程教育研究1、多维度分析法简介Douglas Biber （1988）[1]创建的多维度分析法（Multi-dimensional Analysis ）被认为是目前为止涉及语言特征最多，分类最细的语域分析方法。
在多维度分析法被提出之前，语域对比研究主要集中于分析语域在某一参数上的差异，而这种单维度的对比方法并不能全面揭示语域间的差异，而且对语言特征的分类也是建立在研究者主观直觉上。
为了弥补之前研究的不足，1988年，Biber 提出了多维度分析法：利用因子分析法（Factor Analysis ），对英国LOB 语料库（Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus ）和LLC 语料库（London-Lund Corpus ）中的23种口笔语与语文本的67种语言特征的“共现”进项归类分析，将众多语言特征变量分解为几个公共因子，归纳出五个主要维度：交互性与信息性、叙述性与非叙述性、指称明晰性与情景依赖型、显性劝说型、信息抽象与具体程度。
每个维度都包含其特有的语言特征，例如动词的过去式（past tense verb ），第三人称（third-person pronouns ）、公共动词（public verbs ）等语言特征主要出现在叙述性语体中，在非叙述性文章中则很少出现，由此可见这一组语言特征“共现”在某一语域中，我们便可将其归纳为同一维度。
Biber （2002）指出多维度分析法作为一种基于语料库进行语域分析的研究方法，能够客观揭示口笔语语域不同，从而得以实证分析出任何两种语域之间的区别。
2、基于语料库的多维度分析法研究概述2.1 国外研究综述早期使用多维度分析法对语料库进行分析的研究主要集中在口笔语语域差异比较。
Biber （1992）[2]使用该方法首先对索马里语的口笔语语域差异进行了分析，分析得出任何语言都有一个或者更多的口语维度。
之后，Biber （1994）在此研究基础上对体现作者写作风格的语言特征进行分析，在2002年[3]总结之前的研究成果，Biber 等人对大学口笔语语域进行了多维度分析，该研究以TOFEL2000口语及WALC （Written Academic Language Corpus ，书面语学术语言语料库）作为研究对象，发现口语语域和书面语域之间存在本质性差异。
性别语言学 Gender Linguistics
Asking Questions
Men have been socialized not to ask questions because it may place them in a one down position Women on the other hand ask questions and may be perceived by men as not being very smart
Subfields of linguistics conducting research bearing on language & gender:
1. Phonetics
2. Discourse analysis 3. Sociolinguistics
Terminology: sex vs. gender
Tag Questions
A tag question is a declarative statement that has been turned into a question with the use of a tag, such as “The war in Vietnam is terrible, isn’t it?” (Lakoff, 1975) Puts the speaker in a one down position because the speaker sounds as though confirmation, reassurance, or approval is sought
Sex-related variability
Phonetics
Vowel quality differences:
Sex-related variability
价值观与道德思考(英文作文)
Values and Moral Reflection: Navigating the Complexities of Human ConductIn the intricate tapestry of human society, values and moral thinking serve as the underlying threads that bind individuals together, shaping behaviors, decisions, and the very fabric of interpersonal relationships. At the heart of this discourse lie the timeless questions: What constitutes right and wrong? How do we determine the principles that should guide our actions? And how do these values evolve amidst the ever-changing landscape of culture and technology?The Foundations of ValuesValues are the subjective beliefs and principles that individuals or societies hold dear. They encompass a wide spectrum, ranging from universal concepts like compassion and honesty to culturally specific norms such as filial piety or individualism. These values are often instilled through upbringing, education, religious teachings, and societal influences, forming the moral compass that orients one's actions.Moral thinking, on the other hand, is the cognitive process by which we evaluate actions, intentions, and outcomes against our values. It involves weighing the consequences, considering the impact on others, and reflecting on the inherent rightness or wrongness of a decision. This introspection is crucial in navigating ethical dilemmas, where conflicting values may collide, requiring nuanced judgment and compromise.The Dynamics of Moral EvolutionMorality is not static; it evolves with time, influenced by philosophical inquiry, scientific discoveries, social progress, and historical events. For instance, the expansion of civil rights and the growing awareness of environmental sustainability reflect evolving moral attitudes in response to changing societal needs and understanding. The advent of technology, particularly in areas like artificial intelligence and biotechnology, introduces new ethical considerations, challenging us to redefine the boundaries of responsibility and moral agency.Individual Versus Collective MoralityAt the core of moral reflection lies the tension between individual autonomy and collective well-being. While personal values emphasize self-expression and fulfillment, communal values prioritize harmony, cooperation, and the greater good. Navigating this dichotomy requires empathy, open dialogue, and a willingness to balance self-interest with the impact on others and the environment. It is in this space that concepts like justice, fairness, and altruism find their expression, guiding actions that respect both personal dignity and social cohesion.The Role of Reason and EmotionEffective moral thinking integrates both reason and emotion. Reason allows for objective analysis, assessing the logical consistency and practical implications of different courses of action. Emotion, however, provides the moral impetus, connecting us to the emotional consequences of our decisions and fostering empathy.A balanced approach recognizes that while emotions can cloud judgment, they also imbue morality with the depth and authenticity necessary for genuine ethical engagement.Conclusion: Cultivating a Reflective Moral ConsciousnessIn today's complex and interconnected world, the importance of values and moral reflection cannot be overstated. It is through this ongoing introspection and dialogue that we refine our moral compass, adapting to new challenges and fostering a moreequitable, compassionate society. By embracing the complexity of our moral landscape and engaging in thoughtful, empathetic decision-making, we can navigate the intricacies of human conduct with wisdom and grace, contributing to a shared future where values and ethics guide us towards a better world.。
抽象意志英文作文
抽象意志英文作文Title: The Concept of Abstract Will: A Philosophical Exploration。
Abstract will, a concept deeply rooted in philosophical discourse, encapsulates the essence of human volition beyond mere tangible actions. It delves into the realm of intentionality, decision-making, and the intrinsic motivations that drive human behavior. In this essay, wewill explore the multifaceted nature of abstract will andits significance in understanding the human condition.At its core, abstract will transcends the physicalrealm and delves into the intricacies of the mind and consciousness. It embodies the capacity to conceive, desire, and pursue goals that extend beyond immediate gratification or material gain. Unlike instinctual drives or conditioned responses, abstract will involves a conscious deliberation and choice-making process that reflects the complexity of human cognition.One of the fundamental aspects of abstract will is its autonomy. It signifies the ability of individuals to act in accordance with their own internal principles and values, rather than being solely driven by external influences or deterministic forces. This autonomy grants individuals a sense of agency and responsibility for their actions, as they navigate the moral and ethical landscapes of their lives.Moreover, abstract will encompasses the notion of freedom. It denotes the liberation from constraints, whether they be physical, social, or psychological. While external factors may impose limitations on human actions, the exercise of abstract will enables individuals to transcend these barriers and assert their autonomy. This freedom is not merely the absence of coercion, but rather the capacity to actively shape one's own destiny.Furthermore, abstract will embodies the concept of intentionality. It involves the conscious direction ofone's actions towards a desired end, guided by motives andpurposes that are deeply personal and subjective. Through intentionality, individuals imbue their actions with meaning and significance, as they pursue objectives that resonate with their innermost desires and aspirations.In addition, abstract will is intrinsically linked to the notion of self-determination. It emphasizes the role of individuals as the architects of their own lives, capable of making choices that shape their identity and destiny. This self-determination empowers individuals to transcend societal expectations and cultural norms, forging their own paths based on their unique aspirations and values.Moreover, abstract will encompasses the concept of authenticity. It entails the alignment between one's actions and one's true self, free from pretense or conformity. Authenticity involves the courage to embrace one's individuality and express it boldly in the world, regardless of external judgments or expectations. It is through the cultivation of authenticity that individuals can live in accordance with their deepest convictions and aspirations.In conclusion, abstract will stands as a testament to the profound complexity of human volition. It transcends the boundaries of the physical world and delves into the depths of consciousness, exploring the intricate interplay of autonomy, freedom, intentionality, self-determination, and authenticity. By understanding the nature of abstract will, we gain insight into the essence of human existence and the fundamental principles that govern our actions and aspirations.。
大学生理想与现实中的差距英语作文
大学生理想与现实中的差距英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Disconnect Between Dreams and Reality for College StudentsAs an idealistic freshman stepping onto campus for the first time, I had such lofty visions of what my college experience would be like. I imagined stimulating classroom discussions exploring profound ideas, bonding with a diverse group of new friends over shared passions, and truly finding my purpose in life. College was going to be this incredible journey of self-discovery where I blossomed into the person I was meant to become.Boy, was I in for a rude awakening. The reality of college life turned out to be quite different from the rosy picture I had built up in my mind. Don't get me wrong, it hasn't been all bad, but there is definitely a major disconnect between the idealized version of college I had envisioned and the actual reality I've experienced so far.One big area of disillusionment has been academics. I went into college thinking my classes would be filled with brilliantprofessors lecturing on cutting-edge topics and classmates engaging in lively debates analyzing complex theories and concepts. The reality has been...well, a lot more mundane than that. Many courses have felt more like glorified versions of high school classes - just larger lectures of a professor droning on while students tune out or browse on their laptops. Group discussions frequently devolve into awkward silences or tangents rather than substantive discourse. It's been really disappointing at times just how little actual analysis, critical thinking or passion for learning happens in the classroom.Then there are the endless busywork assignments and mindless memorization for tests. I thought this type of nitpicky, hoop-jumping busy work would end after high school, but nope - it's alive and well in college too. It often feels like jumping through bureaucratic hoops just to check boxes rather than deeply engaging with and understanding the material. My idealized vision of an enlightening academic experience has been weighed down by plodding along, checking off requirements. Kind of soul-crushing if I'm being honest.Beyond academics, my social life in college has also failed to live up to expectations. I was so excited to expand my horizthe and connect with a diverse array of new people from all over.And while I have made some good friends, developing close-knit bonds has proven much harder than I anticipated. With everyone coming from different places and on different paths, it's actually been really tough to find people I truly click with on a deep level. My social circle has ended up being a pretty narrow slice rather than the wonderfully eclectic community I pictured.There's also just a general loneliness and disconnection that comes with college life. With everyone going their separate ways for classes, work, activities and more, it's easy to feel isolated even surrounded by thousands of other students. I imagined college being this constant buzz of social connection and feeling part of a vibrant community. But between bouts of busyness and stretches of solitude, capturing that sense of togetherness has been elusive. The highs of bonding with new friends or feeling that collegiate spirit have been intermittent rather than the constant I expected.Another major letdown has been the lack of clarity I've found for my future path. As a freshman, I couldn't wait to "find my passion" and discover that driving purpose that would lead to my dream career. But after exploring various interests through classes, jobs, clubs and more, I feel more confusion than ever about what I want to do after graduation. The wealth of optionsand opportunities is exciting in some ways but utterly paralyzing in others. My youthful idealism about having my calling just "click" has given way to rumors of an existential crisis about my future. Not quite the seamless journey of self-discovery I had envisioned.Of course, it's not all doom and gloom. College definitely has had its amazing moments that confirm why I wanted this experience so badly. Engaging discussions in a seminar that briefly rekindled my passion for learning. Bonding overlate-night realness with friends in a way you can't replicate from home. The sheer freedom and excitement of being an independent adult for the first time, able to shape your own life. Rare but profound experiences that made me feel like I was part of something bigger than myself. Fleeting glimpses that reminded me why the idealized college dream resonates so powerfully.But for every one of those transcendent moments, there always seem to be three more experiences that represent the more disappointing, uninspiring reality of college life. The frustrations, the loneliness, the burnout, the bouts of uncertainty and aimlessness. Maybe my expectations were just built up too high from decades of college being propped up as this utopia ofpersonal growth and exploration. Or maybe the cracked facade of "best years of your life" is simply reflecting the wider disillusionment of our generation.Whatever the reason, closing the gap between dreams and reality when it comes to college has been an immense struggle in my first few years at university. The highs have been higher than I could have imagined, but the lows have been equally, shockingly low in a way I was unprepared for. College has represented the ultimate embodiment of the disconnect between ideals and actual lived experience. Just a constant cycle of raising expectations, having them shattered, recalibrating to appreciate whatever beauty you can find, and then repeating that cycle infinitely.As cliche as it sounds, a huge part of the growing up process in college has been learning to straddle that line between holding onto the dreams that inspire you and accepting the constraints of reality. It's been a constant battle between my youthful idealism and wishful thinking versus pragmatism and acceptance. Balancing becoming just jaded enough to liberation from unrealistic expectations, while still maintaining enough hope to find fulfillment. Not an easy line to walk, and quitefrankly I'm still searching for the answer myself as I head into my senior year.Through the confusion and disillusionment, at the end of the day I still feel incredibly grateful for the opportunity of a college experience, flaws and all. For all its frustrations and shortcomings, being surrounded by incredible facilities, resources and some of the brightest minds certainly beats remaining in the insular bubble of my hometown. I may not have found the seamless path to my passion and life's purpose, but I'm infinitely more prepared to navigate the complexity of the real world after being forced to wrestle with life's contradictions head-on. College has represented the fundamental transition to grappling with realities rather than ideals, an awakening that's been as painful as it's been necessary.Truthfully, I don't know if the gap between expectations and reality in college will ever fully close for me. Maybe that's just part of becoming an adult - having to accept dreams rarely match up with actuality, but finding meaning and purpose wherever you can. It's a lifelong journey of managing disillusionment while still maintaining enough optimism to find fulfillment. I'm taking the first steps on that journey in college, learning to embrace life's contradictions rather than fightingthem. Straddling the divide between dreaming and accepting, and starting to build my own bridge between ideals and reality. Heavy stuff for someone who just wanted to have the "best years of their life", huh? Isn't that always how it goes - reality smacking you in the face when you least expect it. The true coming-of-age in college, I suppose.篇2The Gap Between Ideals and Reality for College StudentsWhen I was a kid, I had all these grand ideas about what college would be like. I imagined myself being extremely studious, acing all my classes while still having an active social life and being involved in multiple clubs and activities. Maybe I'd even run for student government. I'd meet my best friends for life and we'd stay up late studying together, bonding over our shared academic struggles and triumphs. On the weekends, we'd let loose a bit, going to parties and football games, cheering on our school's team to victory. I'd get amazing internships and job offers, setting myself up for a dream career right after graduation. Adulthood and "the real world" seemed so far away back then. College was going to be this perfect transitional period of student life – the best of both worlds between childhood and adulthood.Well, now that I'm actually in college, reality has set in. And let me tell you, the contrast between my idealized visions of college life and the reality I've experienced is pretty stark. Don't get me wrong, college is great and I've had some wonderful experiences so far. But it's also been much more challenging, stressful, and different than I ever imagined it would be.My first wake-up call was my very first semester. I had mapped out the perfect schedule, filling it with interesting core classes along with some courses for my intended major. I was so excited and determined to get straight A's. But almost immediately, I found myself in over my head with the amount of homework, readings, and writing assignments. The academic workload was unlike anything I'd ever experienced in high school. essay after essay was due, important test dates were always looming, and there never seemed to be enough hours in the day or week to get it all done and still have a social life. My ideals of being this put-together, engaged student involved in tons of activities went out the window as I struggled just to keep up with my coursework.And then there's been the whole social side of college. In my idealized version, I'd quickly make a ton of new friends that would become like a second family to me. We'd live in the samedorm, grab meals together every day, and do everything together. The reality has been...quite different. While I have made some friends, it's been harder than I expected. Everyone is on a different schedule, juggling academics, work, activities, and social commitments. Making time to really bond with people and nurture those relationships has been tough. There have been a lot of pretty nights spent alone in my dorm room wondering why the classic idyllic "college experience" has been so elusive for me.Living away from home for the first time has also had its challenges that I didn't fully anticipate. From having to buy and cook all my own food, do my own laundry, and take care of myself when I'm sick, to managing my own finances and simply being fully self-reliant...it's been a harsh wake-up call. My mom isn't here to do those things for me anymore. On top of that, I really had no idea just how expensive college is, even with financial aid, until I was hit with those tuition bills. I've had to get a part-time job, which has eaten into my study time and social time even more.Another idealistic vision I had was that by now, as I approach the end of my third year, I'd have it all figured out. I'd be completely certain about my major, what I want to do after graduation, and have my whole life and career path planned out.But in reality, I've changed my major once already and I'm still pretty uncertain about what I want to do long-term. All my friends seem to have these clear, narrow paths they're on, from pre-med to finance to engineering. But for me, my interests are broader and I haven't experienced that "calling" toward any one specific career yet. I vacillate between going to graduate school or trying to find a job after completing my bachelor's degree. It's anxiety-provoking not having that sureness that I expected to possess by now.Despite all these ways that college has not lived up to my idealized pre-college dreams, I don't want to sound overly negative. College has been amazing in many ways and I've experienced incredible personal growth as a result of being here. My critical thinking abilities have been sharpened, I've became a better writer, I've expanded my knowledge in areas I never would have explored otherwise, and I've become more independent and self-reliant. I've made wonderful friends that I know will remain important people in my life, even if they aren't the "life-long bestie" group I envisioned. And I've had so many new experiences that have gotten me out of my comfort zone and allowed me to really start figuring myself out as an individual.So while the reality of college has fallen quite short of my idealistic expectations in some ways, I've realized that's not an entirely bad thing. Maybe those idealized visions were superficial and set me up for disappointment from the start. The reality, though messier and more difficult than I imagined, has allowed for real personal growth, struggle, self-discovery, and perseverance in a way that simply coasting through some perfect fantasy version of college would not have. The gap between my ideals and the reality has been pretty huge at times. But I've learned so much from that gap and am coming out of this experience as a stronger, more mature, and self-aware person because of it. I may not be exactly where I dreamed I'd be by now, but this reality is shaping me into who I'll eventually become. And at the end of the day, that's what this is all about.篇3The Chasm Between University Dreams and Grim RealitiesWhen I was a bright-eyed, bushy-tailed high school senior, I had grandiose visions of what university would be like. The brochures depicted ivy-covered buildings, deep thinking in libraries, and meeting kindred spirits to debate the great questions over coffee until dawn. It seemed the quintessentialenvironment to develop my mind and discover my purpose in life.Boy, was I in for a rude awakening when I actually set foot on campus. Don't get me wrong, there have been some magical moments that lived up to the hype. But the daily grind has been far more disillusioning than I ever could have imagined back in those halcyon pre-university days.One of the biggest ideal vs. reality gaps has been around academics. I incorrectly assumed that university would be a bastion of intellectual curiosity, where both students and professors were passionately consumed by the pursuit of knowledge. How naive I was.In reality, many students treat university as a credentialing treadmill. They're here to check the boxes and get that degree, not necessarily to broaden their horizons. Lectures feel more like being dictated facts to regurgitate on exams, rather than an entree into scintillating discourse. And too many professors seem to just be going through the motions rather than sparking any true enthusiasm for their subject matter.Then there's been the social side of university life that has fallen well short of expectations. I had visions of developing deep, enriching relationships through constant engaging banter andprofoundly bonding over shared experiences and values. The reality has been more superficial socializing within insular groups that are more focused on drinking, partying, and exclusive social rituals than the meaningful interactions I craved.I'm honestly finding it difficult to foster close connections outside of my narrow major-based social circle. There always seems to be some invisible force field preventing me from breaking into other established friend groups. Perhaps it's the overwhelming size and fragmentation of this large university that makes it challenging to integrate more broadly and find true soulmates.Living situations have also been less than ideal compared to my naïve assumptions. I wrongly envisioned the dorms as a sort of monastery for scholarly contemplation and deep bonding between free-thinking intellectuals. Instead, I've found an endless cycle of distractions, debauchery, and inconsiderate behavior from immature residents. Studying amidst the constant din of blaring music, rambunctious hallway antics, and hazardous drunken stumbling is nigh impossible most nights.Then there's the general university bureaucracy and infrastructure that pales in comparison to what was advertised in those ubiquitous viewbooks. The technology is surprisinglyoutdated and constantly glitchy. Class registration is an anxiety-inducing mess that requires heroic efforts to get the courses you need. And the fees, fees, and more inscrutable fees that keep piling up make this supposedly affordable public education outrageously expensive.Trying to get any straight answers or helpful guidance when you need it can feel like an exercise in futility thanks to the labyrinthine, obfuscating administrative bureaucracy. It often seems like the university's sole priority is extracting every last tuition dollar from students rather than providing a nurturing, supportive environment. We're looked at more as capital assets to be monetized than actual people with needs and aspirations.I could go on, but you get the general gist - the collegiate experience has been riddled with great disillusionment at every turn thus far. From academics to social life to living situations to overall university operations, the ideal rarely matches the blunt reality on the ground.With that said, I don't want to come across as completely jaded or negative. There have been plenty of bright spots that have made parts of university compelling and rewarding in their own right. It's just that my expectations were so unrealisticallybuilt up over the years that the inevitable shortcomings become amplified in stark contrast.At the end of the day, university is still a profound privilege that opens up opportunities that wouldn't otherwise be possible. And I've undoubtedly grown and matured in ways that high school me couldn't even fathom, even if the journey has involved some painful disillusionment.I've realized that no environment can live up to the perfection of a fantasy. There will always be some disconnect between the idealized imagining versus the inherent flaws and limitations of reality. The true key is keeping both feet on the ground while still allowing some space to aspire for better. Tempering expectations while relentlessly striving - that seems to be the ideal mindset.So while the shine has worn off the university experience for this erstwhile starry-eyed pupil, I'm keeping my sights set on making the most of the opportunities available rather than lapsing into complete cynicism. The path forward involves taking the good with the bad and doing my level best to make a positive impact despite the imperfect circumstances.It's all about finding that balance between the realities we have to accept and the ideals we should still fight to uphold.Even amidst the disillusionment, I'm aiming to keep that dream alive through my thoughts, words and actions. Here's hoping I can be a force that helps universities live up to their highest ideals.。
盖房子的过程常用英语作文
Building a house is a complex process that involves various stages,each with its own set of tasks and responsibilities.Here is a detailed description of the process in English,as one might find in an essay on the subject.nd Acquisition:The first step in building a house is acquiring the land.This involves identifying a suitable plot,negotiating the price,and completing the legal formalities to secure ownership.2.Planning and Design:Once the land is secured,the next step is to plan the house.This includes deciding on the layout,the number of rooms,and the overall design.Architects and designers play a crucial role in this stage,creating blueprints and ensuring that the design meets the clients needs and local building regulations.3.Securing Permits and Approvals:Before construction can begin,various permits and approvals must be obtained from local authorities.This includes building permits,which ensure that the construction will be carried out safely and in accordance with local building codes.4.Site Preparation:The land must be prepared for construction.This involves clearing the site of any obstacles,such as trees or existing structures,and leveling the ground.Soil tests may also be conducted to determine the suitability of the ground for building.5.Foundation and Footings:The foundation is the base upon which the house will rest.It is crucial for the stability of the structure.Footings are dug into the ground to support the weight of the house,and the foundation is then built on top of these footings.6.Framing:Once the foundation is in place,the framing of the house begins.This involves constructing the skeletal structure of the house,including the walls,floors,and roof. Framing is typically done with wood or steel.7.Utilities Installation:While the framing is being completed,the installation of utilities such as plumbing, electrical wiring,and HVAC systems can begin.This is a critical stage as it involves laying the groundwork for the houses essential functions.8.Exterior and Interior Finishing:After the framing is complete,the exterior and interior of the house are finished.This includes installing windows and doors,applying insulation,and finishing the walls with drywall or other materials.The exterior may also be covered with siding or brick.9.Roofing:The roof is a crucial part of the house,providing protection from the elements.Roofing materials are chosen based on durability,weather resistance,and aesthetic appeal.The roof is then installed,ensuring it is watertight and secure.10.Finishing Touches:The final stage of construction involves adding the finishing touches to the house.This includes painting,installing flooring,and adding fixtures such as light fittings and ndscaping and outdoor features are also completed at this stage.11.Inspection and Handover:Before the house can be occupied,it must pass a final inspection to ensure that it meets all safety and building code requirements.Once the house passes inspection,the keys are handed over to the homeowner,marking the completion of the construction process. Building a house is a significant undertaking that requires careful planning,skilled labor, and adherence to safety and building standards.It is a journey from an empty plot of land to a home filled with memories.。
英语作文优秀句子开头摘抄
英语作文优秀句子开头摘抄Title: Exemplary Sentences as Essay Starters。
Introduction:In crafting a compelling piece of writing, the beginning is often deemed the most critical part. It sets the tone, grabs the reader's attention, and establishes the foundation upon which the rest of the composition is built. Among the myriad techniques employed by skilled writers, utilizing exemplary sentences as essay starters stands out as a powerful method to captivate the audience from the outset. These sentences, drawn from various sources, literature, and renowned authors, possess a magneticquality that instantly draws the reader into the narrative. In this essay, we delve into the art of employing exemplary sentences as essay starters, exploring their impact, effectiveness, and versatility in different contexts.Body:1. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." Charles Dickens。
倾听细小的声音质疑巨大的声音英语作文
倾听细小的声音质疑巨大的声音英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Listen to the Small Voices that Question the Loud VoicesWe live in a world of noise. Everywhere we turn, there are voices shouting at us – advertisements promising happiness through consumption, politicians spewing polarizing rhetoric, social media influencers setting unrealistic expectations. These loud voices are hard to ignore, as they bounce off every surface and reverberate through our minds. But it's the small, quiet voices that we must strain to hear – for they often speak the greatest truths.As a student, I've learned that the loudest voice in the classroom isn't always the most insightful. In fact, some of the most profound observations come from those humble souls who hesitate to raise their hands. The loud voices confidently assert their opinions as facts, dismissing any dissent. But true learning happens when we open our ears to the small voices that timidly question what the majority accepts as gospel.I remember in my freshman year, our philosophy class was discussing a famous thought experiment about pulling a switch that would divert a runaway trolley from killing five people onto a track where it would kill only one. The loud voices quickly declared that sacrificing one life to save five was the most ethical choice based on pure utilitarian logic. But then a small, wavering voice spoke up with a painfully honest personal experience about losing a loved one. They didn't outright disagree with the stated rationale, but their perspective forced the entire class to wrestle with the unsettling emotional realities behind the abstract scenario. It was an important reminder that even established philosophical theories don't always align with the nuances of human experiences.In certain academic fields, the loudest voices are often those clinging to antiquated ways of thinking, rejecting new evidence that contradicts their entrenched beliefs. The Semmelweis case from the 19th century offered a sobering example – despite overwhelming proof that his hand-washing protocols drastically reduced maternal deaths, the medical establishment's loud voices dismissed his findings as a fringe theory, stubbornly prolonging the agonizing loss of countless lives. It was only by heeding the lone voices bucking conventional wisdom that this lifesaving breakthrough finally took hold.On contentious social and political issues, the loudest voices tend to shout down all nuance and complexity, turning discourse into an unbridgeable divide. But brave small voices daring to share their personal experiences and unique perspectives are what really shed light on the human truths obscured by partisan bluster. A few years ago, the raging national debate around immigration policies was being defined by emphatic voices on both extremes, leaving little room for contextualized understanding. That changed when some undocumented students quietly started sharing their stories of struggling to pursue an education while living in fear – putting relatable human faces on an issue too often degraded into fearmongering rhetoric and statistics. Their vulnerability forced a more compassionate dialogue.Of course, not every small voice is automatically correct just for being the underdog counterpoint. There are certainly misguided or even malicious fringe views that deserve to be drowned out by a chorus of credible voices. But we must be careful not to let the clamor of the crowd make us deaf to the small voices articulating incisive critiques or raising vital questions others have missed. History has shown time and again that the innovators and trailblazers were first dismissed as eccentric voices daring to question the loud, smug consensus.It's all too easy to simply embrace the loud voices constantly bombarding us from all sides, surrounding ourselves in echoing reinforcement of what we've already convinced ourselves is true. It's comfortable, it's simple, it's safe. But that path leads only to stagnation. If we genuinely want to grow – as individuals, as societies, as a species – we have to actively make space for the small voices offering new perspectives that shake up our preconceptions. We have to stop trying to silence or shout over every dissenting view that makes us uncomfortable. We have to humble ourselves enough to listen, to engage, to consider what those quiet voices are really saying underneath their meekness.The loud voices will always be there, bellowing their certitudes with great fanfare and confidence. But the small voices questioning those tidy falsehoods are the catalysts for deeper understanding, for meaningful change, for truth. To truly open our minds, we must open our ears to those brave enough to disagree with the noise all around us. If we don't, all the loudest voices will tell us is what we want to hear, while the unheard hold the uncomfortable insights we need to hear.篇2In our world today, we are constantly bombarded with loud, booming voices that demand our attention. The media,politicians, corporations, and even social media influencers shout at us from every direction, each proclaiming their version of the truth as the only valid one. Amidst this cacophony of noise, it can be easy to get swept up in the currents of popular opinion, accepting the dominant narratives without question.However, I have come to realize the importance of pausing, taking a step back, and actively seeking out the small, often muffled voices that offer alternative perspectives. These voices, frequently marginalized or overlooked, possess a wisdom and insight that can challenge and enrich our understanding of the world around us.One of the most powerful examples of this comes from my own experiences in the classroom. As a student, I have witnessed firsthand how the authoritative voice of the teacher can sometimes drown out the quieter, questioning voices of the students. Too often, we are expected to passively absorb the information presented to us, without being given the space or encouragement to critically examine and interrogate the material.However, there have been instances where a single student, perhaps initially seen as disruptive or troublesome, has raised their hand and voiced a dissenting opinion or a probing question.In those moments, the entire classroom dynamic shifts. Suddenly, we are forced to reckon with an alternative viewpoint, one that may contradict the accepted narrative or expose its limitations.These small voices, when given the opportunity to be heard, can open up entirely new avenues of thought and inquiry. They remind us that knowledge is not a finite, immutable entity, but rather a constantly evolving and malleable construct, shaped by the diverse perspectives and experiences of individuals.Beyond the classroom, the importance of listening to small voices extends to every aspect of our society. In the realm of politics, for instance, it is all too easy to become entranced by the thunderous rhetoric of charismatic leaders and the simplistic slogans that appeal to our baser instincts. Yet, if we take the time to actively seek out and amplify the voices of marginalized communities, grassroots activists, and dissenting thinkers, we may find ourselves confronted with uncomfortable truths and complex realities that challenge our preconceived notions.Similarly, in the sphere of social justice and human rights, the dominant narratives often reflect the perspectives and priorities of those in positions of power and privilege. It is only by intentionally seeking out and elevating the voices of those who have experienced oppression, discrimination, and injusticefirsthand that we can truly understand the depth and nuance of these issues.Ultimately, listening to small voices is not merely an exercise in intellectual curiosity or moral righteousness; it is a necessity for the healthy functioning of any society that values diversity, critical thinking, and progress. When we allow ourselves to be seduced by the loud, confident proclamations of the powerful and the popular, we risk falling into a dangerous cycle of conformity and stagnation.By contrast, when we actively seek out and amplify the small voices that challenge the status quo, we open ourselves up to new ways of thinking, new solutions to complex problems, and a deeper understanding of the world around us. We become more attuned to the richness and complexity of human experience, and we cultivate a more nuanced and empathetic perspective.Of course, this process of seeking out and truly listening to small voices is not without its challenges. It requires a willingness to step outside of our comfort zones, to confront ideas and perspectives that may be uncomfortable or even threatening to our existing belief systems. It demands patience, humility, and a genuine openness to having our assumptions challenged and our worldviews reshaped.Moreover, in a world where the loudest voices often receive the most attention and amplification, it can be difficult to even locate and access these small, marginalized perspectives. We must be proactive in seeking them out, whether through independent research, engagement with diverse communities, or simply by cultivating an attitude of curiosity and openness to alternative viewpoints.Yet, despite these challenges, the rewards of listening to small voices are immense. By doing so, we not only deepen our understanding of the world around us, but we also cultivate a more inclusive, just, and vibrant society. We become better equipped to tackle complex challenges, to navigate the nuances of human experience, and to build bridges across divides.In the end, it is not the loudest or most confident voice that necessarily holds the most truth or wisdom. Rather, it is the symphony of diverse perspectives, the harmonious interplay of big and small voices alike, that can lead us towards a more comprehensive and enriching understanding of our world.As students, as citizens, and as human beings, it is our responsibility to actively seek out and amplify these small voices, to question the dominant narratives, and to continuously challenge our own assumptions and biases. Only then can wetruly progress, both as individuals and as a society, towards a more just, equitable, and enlightened future.篇3The world we live in is dominated by great voices - the voices of leaders, celebrities, influential figures and major institutions. These powerful voices shape our perceptions, drive narratives and set the agenda for what is deemed important. However, in the cacophony of these booming voices, it is all too easy for the small voices - the voices of the marginalized, the oppressed and the overlooked - to be drowned out and silenced. As students, it is crucial that we learn to listen to these small voices, to question the dominant narratives put forth by the great voices, and to amplify those who have been rendered voiceless.From a young age, we are conditioned to revere and obey the great voices of authority - our parents, teachers, religious leaders and politicians. We are taught that these voices know best, that they have our best interests at heart, and that to question them is an act of defiance or disrespect. However, history has shown time and again that the great voices are not infallible, and that blind obedience to authority can lead to disastrous consequences.The great voices often represent the interests of the powerful and the privileged, and their narratives are shaped by their own biases, agendas and desire to maintain the status quo. They may speak of equality and justice, but their actions often perpetuate systems of oppression and marginalization. The small voices, on the other hand, represent the experiences and struggles of those who have been silenced and oppressed by these very systems.Consider the civil rights movement in the United States, where the great voices of the government and the media sought to uphold the systems of segregation and racism that had long been in place. It was the small voices of activists like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks and the countless others who risked their lives to challenge these unjust systems that ultimately brought about change. Their voices were initially dismissed and ridiculed by the great voices, but their persistence and unwavering commitment to justice eventually forced the world to listen.Similarly, in the ongoing struggle for LGBTQ+ rights, the great voices of religious institutions and conservative governments have long sought to suppress and marginalize the voices of the LGBTQ+ community. It is only through the tirelessefforts of activists and advocates, who have refused to be silenced, that progress has been made in the fight for equal rights and acceptance.The examples are countless, from the suffragettes who fought for women's right to vote, to the indigenous activists who continue to defend their land and rights against the encroachment of corporate and governmental interests. In each case, the small voices have challenged the dominant narratives put forth by the great voices, exposing the injustices and inequalities that have been perpetuated in the name of tradition, religion or economic progress.As students, it is our responsibility to cultivate a critical mindset and to question the narratives that are presented to us by the great voices. We must learn to seek out and amplify the small voices, to listen to their stories and to understand the perspectives and experiences that have been marginalized or erased by the dominant narratives.This does not mean that we should dismiss the great voices entirely, for they too have a role to play in shaping our understanding of the world. However, we must approach them with a critical eye, questioning their biases, their agendas and the systems of power that they represent. We must be willing tochallenge them when they perpetuate injustice or marginalization, and to elevate the small voices that offer alternative perspectives and solutions.In our classrooms, we should encourage open and respectful dialogue, where all voices are heard and valued, regardless of their volume or perceived importance. We should seek out diverse perspectives and voices, particularly those that have been historically marginalized or silenced. We should challenge our teachers and our textbooks when they present a one-sided or biased narrative, and encourage them to incorporate the perspectives and voices of those who have been overlooked.Outside of the classroom, we should seek out and support organizations and movements that amplify small voices and work towards social justice and equity. We should attend protests and rallies, participate in civic engagement and use our voices and platforms to elevate those who have been silenced.Ultimately, listening to small voices and questioning great voices is not just about promoting diversity and inclusion; it is about upholding the fundamental principles of justice, equality and human rights. When we silence or marginalize voices, we perpetuate systems of oppression and injustice that have no place in a truly democratic and equitable society.As the future leaders and changemakers of tomorrow, it is our responsibility to cultivate a culture of active listening, critical thinking and a willingness to challenge the status quo. We must be willing to question the narratives put forth by the great voices and to amplify the small voices that have been silenced for far too long. Only by doing so can we create a more just, equitable and inclusive world for all.。
哲学家福柯名言
米歇尔·福柯（Michel Foucault）是一位法国哲学家、社会学家和历史学家，他对权力、知识和社会结构等问题进行了深刻的思考。
以下是一些福柯的代表性名言：1."知识就是权力。
"•"Knowledge is power."2."对于权力，我们需要了解的不是它的本质，而是它的操作方式、工作方式、效力和功能。
"•"What must be understood is not the nature of power but the operation of power, its mode of action, its immediate effects."3."在任何社会，知识都是创造差异、分配差异和强化差异的工具。
"•"In every society, the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organized and redistributed according to a certain number of procedures,whose role is to avert its powers and its dangers, to cope with chance events,to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality."4."真理并不在于隐藏，而在于被展示和被监视。
"•"Truth isn't outside of power, or lacking in power...truth isn't the reward of free spirits, the child of protracted solitude, nor the privilege of those whohave succeeded in liberating themselves. Truth is a thing of this world: it isproduced only by virtue of multiple forms of constraint."5."权力并不是一个物体，也不是一种特权或资源。
牛津上海版7上所有的英语作文
牛津上海版7上所有的英语作文The Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 is a comprehensive English textbook that covers a wide range of topics and genres in the English language. From personal narratives to argumentative essays, the textbook provides students with a solid foundation in English writing skills. In this essay, I will explore the various types of compositions featured in this textbook and discuss the unique perspectives and skills they aim to develop.One of the standout compositions in the Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 is the personal narrative. These essays allow students to share their personal experiences and perspectives, giving them a chance to showcase their creativity and individuality. The prompts often encourage students to reflect on significant events or moments in their lives, allowing them to delve into the emotional and psychological aspects of their experiences. By crafting these personal narratives, students hone their ability to effectively communicate their thoughts and feelings, as well as develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their place in the world.Another genre featured in the textbook is the descriptive essay. These compositions focus on vividly describing a person, place, or object, challenging students to use rich language and sensory details to paint a vivid picture for the reader. The descriptive essays in the Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 often explore the beauty and complexity of the natural world, encouraging students to appreciate the wonders that surround them. By mastering the art of descriptive writing, students can develop their skills in observation, attention to detail, and the effective use of language to convey a specific mood or atmosphere.The Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 also includes argumentative essays, which require students to take a stance on a particular issue and support their position with well-researched evidence and logical reasoning. These compositions help students develop critical thinking skills, as they must analyze different perspectives, identify the strengths and weaknesses of various arguments, and construct a compelling case for their own point of view. Through the process of writing argumentative essays, students learn to think critically, communicate effectively, and engage in meaningful discourse on important topics.In addition to these core essay types, the textbook also features other forms of writing, such as literary analysis, research papers, and creative fiction. These compositions allow students to explore diversegenres and develop a range of skills, from close reading and textual interpretation to research and imaginative storytelling. By engaging with these varied writing tasks, students gain a deeper appreciation for the nuances and complexities of the English language, as well as the ability to adapt their writing style to different purposes and audiences.One of the standout features of the Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 is its emphasis on the writing process. Rather than simply focusing on the final product, the textbook guides students through the various stages of writing, including brainstorming, outlining, drafting, revising, and editing. This approach encourages students to view writing as a dynamic and iterative process, where they can experiment, refine, and improve their work over time. By fostering this mindset, the textbook helps students develop a stronger sense of ownership and pride in their writing, as well as the confidence to tackle increasingly complex writing challenges.Moreover, the Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 integrates writing instruction with other language skills, such as reading, vocabulary, and grammar. This holistic approach ensures that students develop a well-rounded understanding of the English language, where writing is not viewed in isolation but rather as a means of expressing and communicating their ideas effectively. By reinforcing the connections between different language skills, the textbook helps students builda solid foundation for successful academic and professional communication.In conclusion, the English compositions featured in the Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 are a testament to the breadth and depth of the textbook's approach to English language learning. From personal narratives to argumentative essays, the compositions challenge students to explore a variety of genres, develop critical thinking skills, and hone their written communication abilities. Through the textbook's emphasis on the writing process and its integration of language skills, students are equipped with the necessary tools to become confident and competent writers, prepared to navigate the demands of academic and professional life. The Oxford Shanghai Edition 7 truly stands as a comprehensive and invaluable resource for English language learners.。
复杂的评论英语作文
复杂的评论英语作文In the realm of online discourse, the complexity of comments can often be a reflection of the depth of thought and the diversity of perspectives. Here is a sample English essaythat delves into the intricacies of complex comments:The Layered Nature of Complex CommentsIn the digital age, the art of communication has evolved, and with it, the way we express our thoughts and opinions. One such medium where this evolution is evident is in the comments section of online platforms. Complex comments, in particular, stand out as they encapsulate a multitude of ideas, emotions, and interpretations.The Essence of ComplexityComplex comments are not merely long; they are rich in content and layered in meaning. They often include nuanced arguments that require a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Such comments are typically the result of careful thought and deliberation, reflecting the commenter's engagement with the material and their desire to contribute meaningfully to the conversation.The Role of Critical ThinkingA hallmark of complex comments is the application of critical thinking. Commenters who engage in this manner do not simply accept information at face value; they question, analyze, and synthesize information to form a well-rounded perspective. This process is often evident in the way they dissect an argument, challenge assumptions, and propose alternative viewpoints.The Impact of Emotional IntelligenceComplex comments are also characterized by emotional intelligence. Commenters who exhibit this trait understand the power of empathy and the importance of respectful discourse. They are able to convey their thoughts in a manner that is considerate of differing opinions, fostering an environment where dialogue can flourish rather than devolving into conflict.The Challenge of ClarityOne of the challenges faced by those who pen complex comments is maintaining clarity. The intricacy of their thoughts can sometimes lead to a labyrinth of ideas that may confuse readers. To overcome this, skilled commenters employ clear and concise language, structured arguments, and the strategic use of examples to illustrate their points.The Value of DiversityThe diversity of perspectives in complex comments isinvaluable. It enriches the conversation by introducing new ideas and challenging preconceived notions. This diversity is a testament to the power of open dialogue and the importance of inclusivity in the exchange of ideas.ConclusionIn conclusion, complex comments are a testament to the evolving nature of communication in the digital age. They represent a sophisticated approach to discourse that values depth, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and diversity. As we navigate the vast landscape of online platforms, embracing the complexity of comments can lead to a more profound understanding of the world around us and the issues that matter most.This essay aims to provide a comprehensive look at the nature of complex comments, highlighting their significance and the skills required to craft them effectively.。
英语进步方法发言稿
英语进步方法发言稿Unlocking Language Fluency: A Discourse on Effective English Improvement Strategies.In the dynamic landscape of globalization, proficiency in the English language has emerged as an indispensable key to unlock countless opportunities. Whether seeking professional advancement, pursuing academic excellence, or navigating the complexities of international communication, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become paramount. However, the path to English proficiency is not without its challenges, and countless individuals embark on a lifelong journey to improve their command of this global language.Embrace Immersive Learning.One of the most effective strategies for improving English proficiency is to immerse oneself in the language. This can be achieved through a variety of methods,including:Surrounding Yourself with English Input: Immerse yourself in English-speaking environments by watching movies, listening to music, reading books, and engaging with native speakers. Constant exposure to authentic language will enhance your comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation.Participating in Language Exchange Programs: Connect with native English speakers through online platforms or local language exchange groups. Engage in regular conversations to practice speaking and listening skills while gaining insights into the nuances of the language.Enrolling in Immersion Programs: Consider enrolling in an immersion program abroad or in your home country. These programs provide an intensive environment where you are surrounded by English and forced to communicate in the language.Prioritize Active Engagement.Merely consuming English content passively will not suffice to achieve significant improvement. Active engagement is crucial for developing fluency. Someeffective strategies include:Speaking Regularly: Practice speaking English as often as possible, both in formal and informal settings. Join conversation groups, participate in debates, and engage in discussions with native speakers to enhance your pronunciation, fluency, and confidence.Writing Consistently: Write regularly to improve your grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. Start with simple entries in a personal journal and gradually increase the complexity of your writing tasks over time. Seek feedback from native speakers or qualified teachers to identify areas for improvement.Engaging in Role-Playing Exercises: Role-playing allows you to simulate real-life scenarios and practice your English skills in a controlled environment. Assumedifferent roles in various situations, such as interviews, business meetings, or social interactions, to enhance your communication adaptability.Leverage Technology and Resources.In the digital age, a plethora of resources and technological tools are available to support your English improvement journey. Consider utilizing the following:Language Learning Apps: Utilize language learning apps like Duolingo, Babbel, or Rosetta Stone to practice grammar exercises, build vocabulary, and improve pronunciation at your own pace.Online Courses and Platforms: Enroll in online courses or join platforms like Coursera, edX, or Udemy to access structured lessons, video lectures, and interactive exercises tailored to your learning needs.Language Exchange Websites and Tandem Learning: Connect with language partners on platforms like HelloTalk,Tandem, or Speaky to exchange language skills and engage in real-time conversations.Set Realistic Goals and Seek Feedback.To sustain your motivation and track your progress, it is essential to set realistic goals and seek regular feedback. Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for yourself. Regularly assess your progress and identify areas where you need additional support or improvement.Consider seeking feedback from native speakers, language teachers, or peers to gain valuable insights into your pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and overall communication style. Constructive criticism can help you identify weaknesses and refine your approach to learning.Embrace Patience, Consistency, and Enjoyment.Improving your English proficiency is a journey that requires patience, consistency, and a genuine enjoyment ofthe language. While there may be moments of frustration, it is important to remain persistent and celebrate your progress along the way. Remember that learning a languageis an ongoing process and that fluency is not a destination but rather a continuous pursuit.Additional Tips for Success.In addition to the strategies outlined above, consider the following tips to enhance your English improvement journey:Read voraciously: Expand your vocabulary and enhance your understanding of grammar and syntax by reading widely in English. Choose books, articles, and online content that align with your interests and challenge your comprehension.Attend workshops and seminars: Participate in workshops and seminars led by experienced English teachers or native speakers to gain exposure to different teaching methodologies and engage in interactive learning experiences.Set aside dedicated study time: Consistency is key. Dedicate specific time slots in your schedule to focus on English learning and stick to your routine as much as possible.Improving your English proficiency is an investment in yourself and your future. By embracing the right strategies, leveraging available resources, and maintaining a positive attitude, you can unlock the power of this global language and reach your goals in both your personal and professional life. Remember, the journey to fluency is an ongoing one,but the rewards of effective communication are immeasurable.。
邀请外国友人到我们学校参观英语作文
邀请外国友人到我们学校参观英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1An Insider's View: Welcoming You to My SchoolDear Alex,I hope this letter finds you well in your hometown across the ocean. It's been too long since we last saw each other during that Spanish language camp two summers ago. Do you remember those late nights practicing conversational drills, or the time we got lost trying to find that authentic tapas restaurant? What amazing memories we made!I'm writing to you today not just to reminisce about the past, but to extend a heartfelt invitation for you to visit me here in my city. Specifically, I would love to show you around my school, XYZ Academy, and give you an authentic insider's perspective into the daily life of a student here.I know what you're thinking - "Why would I want to spend time at a school during my vacation?" Trust me, XYZ is no ordinary institution of learning. It's a vibrant community thatcelebrates diversity, fosters personal growth, and provides a world-class education that will undoubtedly leave you inspired.To begin with, our campus itself is a architectural masterpiece. Imagine a perfect blend of historical charm and modern innovation, with ivy-covered brick buildings standing alongside sleek, sustainable structures. The quaint courtyards and immaculate gardens provide the perfect setting for lively discussions or quiet contemplation between classes.Speaking of classes, you'll be amazed by the breadth of academic offerings we have here. Whether your passion lies in literature, physics, or everything in between, our renowned faculty is comprised of leading experts in their respective fields. They aren't just brilliant minds, though; they're also dedicated mentors who truly care about nurturing the intellectual curiosity of each student.Hands-on learning is paramount at XYZ. Our state-of-the-art laboratories and maker spaces allow students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world challenges. I'll never forget the sense of accomplishment I felt last semester when my robotics team's creation successfully navigated an obstacle course after months of coding and tinkering.Academics, however, are just one dimension of the XYZ experience. We take immense pride in our vibrant extracurricular scene. You'll find no shortage of clubs, organizations, and teams to join based on your unique interests. Are you a passionate thespian? Our drama club puts on productions that would rival professional companies. Is volunteering more your calling? Our community outreach initiatives impact countless lives throughout the region.Athletically, we fielders of XYZ-ers compete fiercely while embodying the virtues of good sportsmanship. Our soccer team is coming off an unprecedented championship run, and I've been told the cheers from our dedicated fan section could be heard from miles away! Who knows, you might get inspired to join us for a future season.Of course, what really sets XYZ apart is our close-knit community. Diversity is more than just a buzzword here; it's a way of life that we wholeheartedly embrace. Students from every corner of the globe bring their unique perspectives, creating an environment that is both richly textured and warmly inviting. I've formed so many meaningful friendships that I know will last a lifetime.During your visit, I'll gladly give you a tour of our top-notch facilities, but more importantly, I'll introduce you to the people who make this place truly special. You'll have the chance to join me for classes, meet my incredible professors, share laughs with my friends over meals in our dining hall, and get an authentic taste of the XYZ lifestyle.Alex, this invitation isn't just about seeing the campus grounds; it's about experiencing a microcosm of the real world in all its beautiful complexity. At XYZ, we celebrate our differences while uniting around our shared human experience. We stimulate intellectual discourse while forging lasting bonds. We pursue excellence in all endeavors while maintaining a deep commitment to character development.So what do you say, my friend? Will you allow me to be your guide as you immerse yourself, if only briefly, in this remarkable place I'm fortunate enough to call my academic home? I eagerly await your response, hopefully containing an enthusiastic "Yes!" I can hardly wait to show you why XYZ isn't just a school; it's a life-changing journey.Warmly,[Your Name]篇2An Invitation to Visit Our SchoolDear Emily,I hope this letter finds you well! It's been too long since we last saw each other. How have you been? I've been keeping busy with school, extracurricular activities, and just trying to make the most of my high school experience here.Speaking of school, that's actually why I'm writing to you today. I wanted to extend a warm invitation for you to come visit me and get a taste of what life is like at my school, Greenwood High. I think you'd really enjoy seeing it firsthand and experiencing everything it has to offer.Let me start by telling you a bit about the academics here. We have such a diverse range of courses available, covering everything from the core subjects like math, science, literature, and history to more specialized electives like computer programming, entrepreneurship, aviation, and culinary arts. The faculty is excellent, with teachers who are incredibly passionate about their subjects and invested in helping students succeed.My personal favorite is our English department. The teachers always keep classes engaging by encouraging lots of discussionsand bringing in really fascinating literary works to analyze. I've gained such an appreciation for the beauty and complexity of the English language through their guidance. I think you'd absolutely love being a student in those classes, given your own love of reading and writing.Of course, academics are just one part of the high school experience. Greenwood High also has an incredible selection of extracurricular activities for students to get involved in. Given your talent on the stage, I'm sure you'd be blown away by our theater program. They put on multiple productions each year, ranging from dramas and comedies to musicals, and the quality is truly phenomenal. I went to see their rendition of LesMisérables a few months ago and was mesmerized the entire time.If performing isn't your thing, there are still so many other clubs and organizations to choose from. We have academic teams like Mathletes and Science Olympiad for those looking to flex their intellectual muscles. There are cultural clubs celebrating the diversity of our student body, allowing members to share their rich heritages. Community service groups give students the chance to volunteer locally and make a positive impact.Personally, I'm heavily involved in our school's newspaper and literary magazine. It's been such a rewarding creative outlet for me to pursue my passion for writing while also developing important teamwork and leadership skills. I actually have an editor position now and absolutely love the whole process of compiling outstanding written works from our talented student body into polished publications. I'm sure you'd make a fantastic contribution to either group!Another area where Greenwood High truly shines is our athletic programs. Our sports teams are extremely competitive and have brought home numerous state championship titles across a variety of sports. From football and basketball to soccer, baseball, and more, we have teams for all kinds of athletic interests. Even if you're not looking to be a star player, you could still get involved through supporting roles like team manager or athletic trainer.The school spirit and sense of community here is incredible, especially when it comes to cheering on our teams. Students pack into our impressive stadium and gymnasium to cheer the players on, united by our distinctive forest green and white colors. The energy is electrifying! I'm sure you'd get caught up in the excitement just like the rest of us.Beyond sports, we also go all-out with our other major events like pep rallies, homecoming festivities, dances, and more. Homecoming week every fall is an absolute blast, jam-packed with themed dress-up days, engaging activities, and intense competitions between the different classes. And the dance at the end of the week is always a highlight, with everyone dressing to the nines and dancing the night away. You'd love being a part of the fun!Our school facilities themselves are also quite impressive and make for an enjoyable daily environment. We have beautiful, well-maintained grounds with ample green spaces for students to relax or hang out during free periods. The buildings are modern and recently renovated, equipped with cutting-edge technology in every classroom. Specialized labs and workshops allow students to get hands-on learning experiences in subjects like chemistry, engineering, visual arts, and more.Perhaps my favorite spot on campus, though, is our library. It's a warm, welcoming space with cozy reading nooks, plenty of desktop computers and study rooms, and shelves upon shelves absolutely overflowing with books. I could (and frequently do) spend hours among the stacks, discovering fascinating newreads and working on assignments. As a fellow book lover, I'm sure you'd be in heaven.Beyond just the tangible resources we have access to at school, I also wanted to highlight the wonderful community and environment Greenwood High fosters. The faculty, staff, and administration all cultivate an incredibly supportive atmosphere focused on helping students grow academically, socially, and personally. There's a huge emphasis on preparing us not just for college, but also for success in whatever future paths we may choose.We're encouraged to step outside our comfort zones, explore new interests, and develop ourselves as well-rounded individuals. I've gained so much more confidence and become a stronger leader thanks to the various opportunities provided. The resources for career and college planning have also been invaluable in helping me start mapping out my future goals.At the same time, Greenwood places equal importance on our social-emotional wellbeing. There's a strong focus on promoting positive school culture by establishing an inclusive, respectful environment. Bullying and discrimination are not tolerated whatsoever. Counselors are readily available to provide emotional support when needed, and various wellness initiativesaim to reduce student stress and anxiety levels. Overall, it's a really healthy, nurturing setting.So as you can probably tell by now, I really love my school and am immensely grateful for the well-rounded experience it has provided me thus far. Getting to spend my high school years at Greenwood has allowed me to grow tremendously, discover new passions, make cherished memories, and forge meaningful connections that will last a lifetime.I wholeheartedly believe you would have an equally enriching experience if you were able to come visit for a while and see everything firsthand. You'd get a true sense of the vibrant academic and social atmosphere, as well as all the incredible opportunities available here. Experiencing a day in the life of a Greenwood student would be so valuable in shaping your own perspective as you start thinking about where you'd like to attend high school.Of course, your visit would also allow us to reunite and spend some quality time together after being separated for so long. I could give you a personal tour of the campus, introduce you to my incredible teachers and classmates, and fill you in on all the exciting school happenings. We'd undoubtedly make plenty of new memories to add to our collection.Hopefully this extended invitation has given you a strong grasp of what my high school experience has been like at Greenwood, and why I'm so enthusiastic about you coming to check it out for yourself. Just let me know if and when you're able to plan a visit. I'll be sure to roll out the red carpet and show you a taste of the quintessential Greenwood High experience!Looking forward to seeing you soon and catching up in person. Until then, take care!Your friend,[Your Name]篇3An Invitation to Visit My SchoolDear Emma,I hope this letter finds you well! It's been too long since we last saw each other during that exchange program back in high school. I still have such fond memories of the time we spent together exploring my hometown and getting to know each other's cultures. That trip really opened my eyes to the world beyond my own little corner, and I've been bit by the travel bug ever since.Speaking of exploring new places, I simply must invite you to come visit me here at University City. I know what you're thinking - "But Christopher, I've already been to your country before!" Trust me though, this place is like nowhere else. It's a whole different world packed into one compact little city.To start with, our university is a true melting pot of cultures. We have students from literally every corner of the globe! On any given day just walking across campus, you'll hear a bazaar of different languages and accents. The diversity is amazing. There always seems to be some kind of cultural festival or event going on where students can share their traditions through music, dance, food and more.The best part is, everyone is so open and eager to learn about each other's backgrounds. Comparing customs and swapping stories is just part of everyday life here. I've made so many new friends from vastly different cultures than my own, and I've learned so much about the world just from our conversations. It's been an incredibly enriching experience so far.Of course, the academics here are stellar too. We've got top-notch faculty, resources and facilities that attract the best and brightest minds. You'll find fascinating guest lecturers andseminars on every subject you can imagine nearly every day of the week. The intellectual energy is simply electric.But for me, the highlight is the bustling international vibe of the city itself. University City may be small in terms of area, but it's simply overflowing with a dizzying array of sights, sounds and flavors from across the globe.The restaurant scene is out of this world, with more authentic ethnic cuisines than you could ever sample in one lifetime. One night you could be digging into spicy Mexican dishes and the next, savoring fragrant Moroccan tagines or fiery Indian vindaloos. There are quaint little family-run holes in the wall alongside sleek modern hotspots run by celebrity chefs from every tradition you can name.And let's not forget about all the international markets, bakeries and sweet shops lining the streets! Whether you're craving delicate French patisseries, mini guava cakes from Brazil or pillowy-soft milk bread from Asia, you'll find it all within a few blocks. It's a food lover's paradise for sure.The lively arts and entertainment district offers an equally eclectic mix of attractions. You could spend weeks taking in exhibits at the world-class museums celebrating different global cultures through art, history and science. Or you could hop fromtheatre to theatre catching award-winning dance troupes, orchestras, plays and musicals featuring local and international talent.There are so many colorful festivals and street fairs throughout the year too, celebrating all sorts of international holidays and traditions with parades, music, food and more. One weekend you might find yourself dancing at a lively Brazilian Carnaval and the next, savoring sugary churros at a Mexican Cinco de Mayo fiesta. It's an ongoing celebration of our world's rich tapestry.Of course, no visit would be complete without indulging in some shopping at the bustling open-air markets and international districts. You could easily spend a whole day hunting for treasures like vibrantly patterned tapestries, ornate jewelry, colorful handicrafts and more from around the world. The different enclaves feel like mini cultural transports, surrounding you with the sights, sounds and even the scents of faraway lands.With so many diverse attractions packed into such a compact area, it's easy to spend your days constantly exploring new pockets of the global community right here in our city.You'll expand your cultural horizons without even having to board a plane!I could go on for ages, but I think you get the idea. University City offers an unbeatable opportunity to immerse yourself in the traditions and daily lives of people from literally every nation on Earth, all within just a few square miles. It's the ultimate destination for a citizen of the world like yourself.So what do you say, Emma? When can I expect you for a visit?I would be absolutely delighted to be your tour guide and introduce you to all the hidden gems this wonderfully diverse place has to offer. Let me know when you're free, and I'll start planning out an unforgettable cultural odyssey for us!I can't wait to hear from you and hopefully see you here soon. Safe travels!Your friend,Christopher。
国家线 研究生mem 英语
国家线研究生mem 英语The National Line: Exploring the Journey of Graduate Mem EnglishThe pursuit of higher education is a transformative experience that shapes individuals and societies alike. For many, the decision to embark on a graduate program, particularly in the realm of English studies, is a strategic step towards personal and professional growth. This essay delves into the intricacies of the graduate mem English journey, examining the challenges, opportunities, and the significance of this academic path.Navigating the Graduate Mem English LandscapeThe graduate mem English program is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses a diverse range of academic disciplines. From literary analysis to linguistic studies, the program offers a rich tapestry of intellectual exploration. Students are encouraged to delve deep into the complexities of the English language, its historical evolution, and its cultural significance. This holistic approach to language and literature equips them with a comprehensive understanding of the field, preparing them for a wide array of career prospects.One of the defining features of the graduate mem English programis the emphasis on research. Students are expected to engage in rigorous academic inquiry, conducting in-depth investigations and contributing to the scholarly discourse. This research-oriented focus hones critical thinking skills, fosters analytical prowess, and cultivates the ability to synthesize complex information. The process of crafting a thesis or dissertation not only showcases the student's mastery of the subject matter but also demonstrates their capacity for independent and innovative thinking.Navigating the Graduate Mem English LandscapeThe graduate mem English program is a multifaceted endeavor that encompasses a diverse range of academic disciplines. From literary analysis to linguistic studies, the program offers a rich tapestry of intellectual exploration. Students are encouraged to delve deep into the complexities of the English language, its historical evolution, and its cultural significance. This holistic approach to language and literature equips them with a comprehensive understanding of the field, preparing them for a wide array of career prospects.One of the defining features of the graduate mem English program is the emphasis on research. Students are expected to engage in rigorous academic inquiry, conducting in-depth investigations and contributing to the scholarly discourse. This research-oriented focus hones critical thinking skills, fosters analytical prowess, and cultivates the ability to synthesize complex information. The process of craftinga thesis or dissertation not only showcases the student's mastery of the subject matter but also demonstrates their capacity for independent and innovative thinking.Beyond the Classroom: Opportunities and ChallengesThe graduate mem English journey extends far beyond the confines of the classroom. Students are exposed to a rich tapestry of extracurricular activities, from participating in academic conferences and workshops to engaging in community outreach initiatives. These experiences not only broaden their intellectual horizons but also develop essential soft skills such as effective communication, teamwork, and adaptability.One of the most significant challenges faced by graduate mem English students is the balancing act between academic responsibilities and personal commitments. The demands of research, coursework, and teaching assistantships can be overwhelming, requiring students to develop robust time management strategies and the ability to prioritize effectively. Additionally, the financial burden associated with graduate education can pose a significant obstacle, necessitating creative problem-solving and resourcefulness.Despite these challenges, the graduate mem English program offers a wealth of opportunities for personal and professional growth. Students have the chance to collaborate with renowned scholars,explore interdisciplinary connections, and forge valuable networks within the academic community. These connections can open doors to prestigious research positions, teaching appointments, and even entrepreneurial ventures.The Significance of the Graduate Mem English JourneyThe significance of the graduate mem English journey extends far beyond the individual student. As these students navigate the complexities of their studies, they contribute to the broader intellectual landscape, shaping the future of the field. Their research, publications, and pedagogical contributions have the potential to influence academic discourse, inform policy decisions, and inspire future generations of scholars.Moreover, the graduate mem English program plays a crucial role in fostering cultural understanding and linguistic diversity. By delving into the nuances of the English language, students gain a deeper appreciation for the richness and complexity of human expression. This knowledge can be leveraged to bridge cultural divides, facilitate cross-cultural communication, and promote inclusive practices in various sectors, from education to diplomacy.ConclusionThe graduate mem English journey is a transformative experience that transcends the boundaries of academia. It is a pathway tointellectual growth, personal development, and the cultivation of essential skills that are highly valued in today's dynamic job market. As students navigate the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by this program, they not only enrich their own lives but also contribute to the betterment of their communities and the world at large. The pursuit of graduate mem English is a testament to the power of education to shape individuals, societies, and the very fabric of our global civilization.。
英语的流程词
英语的流程词Captivating the essence of communication, the art of English is intricately woven with a tapestry of process words that guide our narrative through the complexities of thought and expression. These linguistic signposts, such as "initially," "subsequently," and "ultimately," are the cornerstones that lay the foundation for a coherent and compelling discourse.As we embark on the journey of crafting a tale or an argument, the process words act as our compass, pointing us towards the logical progression of ideas. "Firstly," we set the stage by introducing our subject, establishing the context that will anchor our discourse. "Then," we delve into the details, exploring the nuances that add depth to our exposition. "Furthermore," we expand upon our points, weaving in additional insights that strengthen our argument or enrich our narrative.As the discussion unfolds, "consequently" and "as a result" become our allies, linking cause and effect, and highlighting the inevitable outcomes of our premises. "However," and "nevertheless" serve as the pivots that allow us to introduce counterpoints or alternative perspectives, adding layers of complexity and fostering a balanced view.In the crescendo of our narrative, "finally" and "lastly" signal the approach of our conclusion, where we synthesizeour arguments and present our final thoughts. "In conclusion," we encapsulate the essence of our discourse, leaving our audience with a lasting impression of our message.The mastery of process words in English is not just about stringing words together; it's about orchestrating a symphony of ideas that resonate with clarity, coherence, and impact. They are the unsung heroes of our language, the subtle yet powerful forces that shape the very fabric of our communication.。
理解当代中国英语unit1读后感
理解当代中国英语unit1读后感全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Understanding contemporary China through the lens of English is a crucial aspect of global communication. Unit 1 of the textbook "Understanding Contemporary China through English" delves into the history, culture, and society of China, providing insights that are essential for students to grasp the complexities of this vast and diverse country.One of the key takeaways from this unit is the emphasis on the interconnectedness of China with the rest of the world. From ancient trade routes like the Silk Road to more recent economic globalization, China has always been a central player in international relations. By studying the English language, students can gain a deeper understanding of how China interacts with the global community and how these interactions shape its development.Furthermore, the unit explores the rich cultural heritage of China, from its traditional arts and literature to its modern innovations in technology and entertainment. By studyingChinese language and culture through the lens of English, students can appreciate the diversity and dynamism of Chinese society, as well as the ongoing dialogue between tradition and modernity.Moreover, the unit also touches upon important social issues in China, such as urbanization, environmental sustainability, and social inequality. By examining these topics through the medium of English, students can develop a more nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities facing contemporary China, as well as the role that language plays in shaping public discourse and policy making.In conclusion, Unit 1 of "Understanding Contemporary China through English" offers a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted nature of China, highlighting its historical legacy, cultural richness, and social complexity. By studying China through the lens of English, students can gain a deeper appreciation of this vast and diverse country, as well as the global significance of its development.篇2Understanding Contemporary China--My Reading Experience of Unit 1As a student studying foreign languages, I believe that learning about different cultures is an essential part of the learning process. This is especially true when it comes to learning about a country as diverse and complex as China. In Unit 1 of the textbook “Understanding Contemporary China”, I had the opportunity to delve into the rich history, culture, and society of this vast nation.The unit began by providing an overview of the foundational principles of Chinese society, including the importance of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. These philosophical traditions have played a significant role in shaping Chinese values and beliefs, and have had a lasting impact on the country's social and political development.One of the most intriguing aspects of Chinese society that I learned about in this unit was the concept of guanxi. This system of personal connections and relationships plays a crucial role in all aspects of Chinese life, from business dealings to social interactions. By understanding the importance of guanxi, I gained a deeper insight into the complexities of Chinese society and the ways in which relationships are valued and cultivated.The unit also delved into the economic reforms that have transformed China into a global economic powerhouse. FromDeng Xiaoping's policy of opening up and reform to the country's rapid industrialization and urbanization, I gained a greater appreciation for the challenges and opportunities that China has faced in its quest for economic development.One of the most thought-provoking topics discussed in Unit 1 was the issue of censorship and control of information in China. As someone who values freedom of expression and access to information, I found it troubling to learn about the extent to which the Chinese government restricts access to certain websites and social media platforms. This raised important questions about the balance between security and freedom, and the implications of government control on the flow of information in a society.Overall, my reading experience of Unit 1 of “Understanding Contemporary China” was both enlightening and challenging. I gained a deeper understanding of the complexities of Chinese society, politics, and culture, and developed a newfound appreciation for the rich history and traditions of this fascinating country. I look forward to diving deeper into the subsequent units of the textbook and continuing to expand my knowledge of contemporary China.篇3Understanding Contemporary China Unit 1: Reading ReflectionAs I delved into the first unit of “Understanding Contemporary China”, I was fascinated by the depth and complexity of the topics covered. The unit focused on the historical and cultural background of China, providing me with a better understanding of this ancient civilization and its rich heritage.One of the key takeaways from the readings was the emphasis on the importance of Confucianism in shaping Chinese society and values. Confucianism, with its emphasis on family, hierarchy, and social harmony, has played a crucial role in shaping the moral and ethical outlook of the Chinese people. It was interesting to learn about the profound influence that Confucianism continues to have on contemporary Chinese society, influencing everything from education to business practices.Another aspect that I found intriguing was the discussion on the impact of China’s rapid economic development on its society and culture. The readings highlighted how China’s economic rise has led to significant social changes, such as urbanization, increased consumerism, and a growing wealth gap.It was eye-opening to understand the challenges and opportunities that come with China’s economic transformation, and how it has shaped the lives of millions of Chinese people.Furthermore, the unit also touched upon the role of the Chinese government in shaping the country’s development and foreign policy. The readings provided valuable insights into China’s political system, including the Communist Party’s tight grip on power and the challenges of governance in a country as vast and diverse as China. It was interesting to learn about China’s approach to diplomacy and its efforts to expand its influence on the global stage.Overall, the first unit of “Under standing Contemporary China” provided me with a comprehensive overview of China’s history, culture, society, and politics. It deepened my understanding of this complex and multifaceted country, and left me eager to explore more about its fascinating past, present, and future. I am looking forward to diving into the subsequent units and gaining further insights into the many layers of contemporary China.。
关于下围棋的争论作文英语
The ancient game of Go has been a subject of debate and fascination for centuries, not only for its strategic depth but also for the philosophical and cultural implications it carries.Here is an essay discussing the arguments surrounding the game of Go.The Timeless Debate Surrounding the Game of GoGo,known as Weiqi in China,Baduk in Korea,and Igo in Japan,is one of the oldest board games still played today.With its simple rules and complex strategies,Go has been a battleground for intellectual debates and a mirror reflecting cultural values.The Simplicity of Rules vs.the Complexity of StrategyOne of the primary arguments about Go is the contrast between its straightforward rules and the profound depth of its gameplay.Go is played on a grid with black and white stones,where the objective is to surround more territory than the opponent.The simplicity of the rules belies the complexity of the game,which can be likened to life itselfsimple in its basic premise but infinitely complex in its execution.Cultural Significance and National PrideGo is deeply rooted in the cultures of East Asia,with each country claiming a unique relationship with the game.In China,it is considered one of the four arts of the scholar, alongside calligraphy,painting,and music.In Japan,it is a professional sport with a longstanding tradition and a revered status.The game has been a source of national pride and a symbol of cultural identity,leading to debates about its origins and the rightful claim to its mastery.Philosophical ImplicationsThe game of Go has also been a subject of philosophical discussions.It is often seen as a metaphor for life,with its emphasis on balance,harmony,and the interplay of offense and defense.The strategic decisions made in Go reflect the choices we make in life,and the games outcomes can be seen as a reflection of ones character and approach to challenges.Technological Impact and AI IntegrationIn recent years,the integration of artificial intelligence AI into the game has sparked newdebates.The defeat of the world champion Go player by the AI program AlphaGo in 2016was a landmark event,raising questions about the future of human intelligence and the role of AI in traditional games.This has led to discussions about the ethical implications of AI in games and whether it detracts from the human experience of playing Go.Educational ValueAnother point of contention is the educational value of Go.Advocates argue that the game teaches strategic thinking,patience,and the ability to handle defeat gracefully. Critics,however,question whether the time spent on mastering Go could be better utilized in other educational pursuits.ConclusionThe debate surrounding Go is as multifaceted as the game itself.It touches on issues of culture,philosophy,technology,and education.Whether one views Go as a simple pastime,a profound intellectual challenge,or a cultural treasure,it remains a testament to the enduring appeal and complexity of human thought and creativity.As the game continues to evolve,so too will the discussions and debates that surround it,ensuring that the game of Go remains a vibrant and relevant part of our cultural discourse.。
现象的英语作文句型
现象的英语作文句型Title: Exploring Phenomena: An Essay on English Sentence Structures。
In the realm of language, mastering diverse sentence structures is akin to wielding a painter's palette, enabling one to craft vivid and engaging narratives. When delving into the exploration of phenomena, the adept utilization of English sentence patterns becomes indispensable. Herein lies a discourse on various sentence structures, their applications, and their potency in articulating observations and insights on phenomena.1. Simple Sentences:Simple sentences, with their succinct structure comprising a subject and a predicate, serve as the foundation of expression. They offer clarity and directness in conveying observations. For instance, "The sun sets in the west" encapsulates a straightforward observation of anatural phenomenon.2. Compound Sentences:Compound sentences, characterized by the joining of two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, amplify the complexity of expression. They facilitate the articulation of relationships between phenomena. Consider the sentence, "The wind howled fiercely, but the trees stood tall." Here, the juxtaposition of contrasting phenomena accentuates their distinctiveness.3. Complex Sentences:Complex sentences, featuring an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses, enrich discourse by interweaving various elements of phenomena. They enable the depiction of causality, conditions, or relationships. For example, "As the temperature drops, the leaves change color," elucidates the cause-and-effect relationship between temperature and leaf transformation.4. Compound-Complex Sentences:Compound-complex sentences amalgamate the attributes of both compound and complex structures, offering a nuanced framework for articulating multifaceted phenomena. Such sentences aptly capture interconnected occurrences. An illustration of this is, "While the rain poured incessantly, the thunder rumbled, and the lightning flashed, signaling the onset of the storm."5. Inversion:Inversion, a stylistic device where the usual order of words is reversed for emphasis or rhetorical effect,injects dynamism into sentence structures. It isparticularly effective in drawing attention to phenomena. "Into the abyss plunged the fearless explorer," exemplifies inversion's ability to heighten the drama surrounding an event.6. Passive Voice:The passive voice, where the subject of the sentence undergoes the action, rather than performing it, offers a nuanced perspective on phenomena by shifting focus. "The experiment was conducted by the researchers," demonstrates how the passive voice directs attention towards the action itself, rather than the individuals performing it.7. Parallelism:Parallelism, the repetition of grammatical structures, fosters coherence and rhythm in expression. It aids in emphasizing similarities or contrasts between phenomena. "She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling," showcases parallelism in enumerating similar activities.8. Emphatic Structures:Emphatic structures employ various techniques such as fronting, cleft sentences, or inversion to emphasize specific elements of phenomena. "It is under the moonlight that the true beauty of the landscape reveals itself," employs fronting to underscore the significance ofmoonlight in illuminating the landscape.9. Ellipsis:Ellipsis, the omission of words or phrases, imbues sentences with brevity and intrigue, inviting readers to infer missing elements. "After the storm, calm prevailed," employs ellipsis to imply the restoration of tranquility following tumultuous weather.10. Rhetorical Questions:Rhetorical questions, posed for persuasive effect rather than eliciting a response, provoke contemplation on phenomena. "Is there any force more powerful than the human spirit?" prompts reflection on the resilience inherent in human nature.In conclusion, the mastery of diverse sentence structures in English is indispensable for effectively articulating observations and insights on phenomena. From simple statements to intricate compound-complexconstructions, each structure offers a unique lens through which phenomena can be explored and elucidated, enriching communication and fostering deeper understanding.。
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A Discourse on Complexity of Process Models(Survey Paper)J.Cardoso1,J.Mendling2,G.Neumann2,and H.A.Reijers31University of Madeira9000-390Funchal,Portugaljcardoso@uma.pt2Vienna University of Economics and Business AdministrationAugasse2-6,1090Vienna,Austria{jan.mendling,neumann}@wu-wien.ac.at3Eindhoven University of TechnologyP.O.Box513,5600MB Eindhoven,The Netherlandsh.a.reijers@tm.tue.nlplexity has undesirable effects on,among others,thecorrectness,maintainability,and understandability of business processmodels.Yet,measuring complexity of business process models is a rathernew area of research with only a small number of contributions.In thispaper,we surveyfindings from neighboring disciplines on how complexitycan be measured.In particular,we gather insight from software engineer-ing,cognitive science,and graph theory,and discuss in how far analogousmetrics can be defined on business process models.1IntroductionSince business process management has become an accepted concept for the implementation and integration of large-scale information systems,there is an increasing need for insight into how errors can be avoided,how maintenance can be facilitated,or how the quality of the processes can be improved.In this context,there is some evidence that complexity is a determinant of error prob-ability of a business process[18].As process complexity and its measurement is a rather newfield in business process management,there is only a limited understanding of how far existing knowledge of complexity e.g.for the software engineering domain can be adopted.The complexity of a software program comes in three‘flavors’:computa-tional complexity,psychological complexity,and representational complexity [26].The most important is psychological complexity,which encompasses pro-grammer characteristics,product/documentation complexity and problem com-plexity.Obviously,the latter aspect,the complexity of the problem itself,cannot be controlled in developing software.It is therefore frequently dismissed from consideration in the software engineering literature.It seems sensible to do the same for analyzing the complexity of process models.However,the issue remains that complex processes will require more complex process models.Therefore,forJ.Eder,S.Dustdar et al.(Eds.):BPM2006Workshops,LNCS4103,pp.115–126,2006.c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2006116J.Cardoso et al.the development of process model complexity it seems worthwhile to evaluate complexity measures as relative to the underlying process complexity.Existing theoretical approaches to formulate’complexity metrics’for software include the use of information theory from signal processing(e.g.[10])and com-munication theory(e.g.[24]),as well as approaches based on analogues with graph theory(e.g.[15])and lattice theory(e.g.[11]).Approaches taking the cognitive sciences as starting point have resulted,for example,in Bastani’s com-plexity model[4].An overview of some50different software complexity metrics is provided in Table1in[5].In this paper,we contribute to a better understanding of business process model complexity.In particular,we provide a theoretical survey of complexity considerations and metrics in thefields of software engineering,cognitive science, and graph theory and we relate them to business process modelling.A further empirical investigation might ultimately lead to establishing a complexity theory of business process models.Following this line of argumentation,the rest of the paper is structured as follows.Section2discusses complexity metrics for software and their applicability for business process models.After a general introduction to the discipline,we define analogous metrics to the Line-of-Code,McCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity called Control-Flow Complexity,Halstead Complexity Metric,and Information Flow Complexity as defined by Henry and Kafura. Section3relatesfindings from cognitive science to measuring complexity in software engineering.In Section4graph theoretical measures are considered as potential complexity metrics for business process models.Section5closes the paper and gives an outlook on future research with a focus on how the process complexity metrics can be validated.2Complexity in Business Processes2.1Software MetricsOver the last30years many measures have been proposed by researchers to analyze software complexity,understandability,and maintenance.Metrics were designed to analyze software such as imperative,procedural,and object-oriented programs.Software measurement is concerned with deriving a numeric value for an attribute of a software product,i.e.a measurement is a mapping from the empirical world to the formal world.From the several software metrics available we are particularly interested in studying complexity metrics andfind out how they can be used to evaluate the complexity of business processes.Software metrics are often used to give a quantitative indication of a pro-gram’s complexity.However,it is not to be confused with computational com-plexity measures(cf.O(n)-Notation),whose aim is to compare the performance of algorithms.Software metrics have been found to be useful in reducing software maintenance costs by assigning a numeric value to reflect the ease or difficulty with which a program module may be understood.There are hundreds of software complexity measures that have been described and published by many researchers.For example,the most basic complexityA Discourse on Complexity of Process Models117 measure,the number of lines of code(LOC),simply counts the lines of executable code,data declarations,comments,and so on.While this measure is extremely simple,it has been shown to be very useful and correlates well with the number of errors in programs.2.2The Analogy Between Software and Business ProcessesWhile traditional software metrics were designed to be applied to programs writ-ten in languages such as C++,Java,FORTRAN,etc,we believe that they can be revised and adapted to analyze and study business processes characteristics, such as complexity,understandability,and maintenance.We based our intu-ition on the fact that there is a strong analogy between programs and business processes,as argued before in e.g.[23,9].Business process languages aim to enable programming in the large.The concepts of programming in the large and programming in the small distinguish between two aspects of writing the type of long-running asynchronous processes that one typically sees in business processes.Programming in the large emphasis is on partitioning the work into modules whose interactions are precisely specified and can refer to programming code that represents the high-level state transition logic of a business process (typically using splits and joins).This state transition logic included information such as when to wait for messages from incoming transitions,when to activate outgoing transitions,and when to compensate for failed activities,etc.A business process,possibly modeled with a language such as BPEL[2],can be seen as a traditional software program that has been partitioned into mod-ules or functions(i.e.activities)that take in a group of inputs and provide some output.Module interactions are precisely specified using predefine logic operators such as sequence,XOR-splits,OR-splits,and AND-splits.There is a mapping that can be established between software programs constructs and busi-ness processes.Functions,procedures,or modules are mapped to activities.Two sequential software statements(i.e.instructions or functions)can be mapped to two sequential process activities.A’switch’statement can be mapped to a XOR-split.In programs,threads can be used to model concurrency and can be mapped to AND-splits.Finally,the conditional creation of threads using a sequence of’if-then’statements can be mapped to an OR-split.2.3Business Process MetricsWe believe that the future for process metrics lies in using relatively simple metrics to build tools that will assist process analysts and designer in making design decisions.Furthermore,because business processes are a high-level notion made up of many different elements(splits,joins,resources,data,activities,etc.), there can never be a single measure of process complexity.The same conclusion has been reached in software engineering.Nagappan et al.[20]point out that there is no single set of complexity metrics that could act as a universally best defect predictor for software programs.For this reason several process metrics can be designed to analyze business processes.For example,Cardoso[8]identifies118J.Cardoso et al.four main types of complexity metrics for processes:activity complexity,control-flow complexity,data-flow complexity,and resource complexity.The following sections describe several approaches to adapt known software metrics proposed by researches worldwide to business processes analysis.Havingestablished that there is a mapping from traditional programming languages andbusiness processes;we will study and adapt some of the most well known and widely used source code metric,i.e.number of lines of code(LOC)[13],McCabecyclomatic complexity[15,16],Halstead’s software science measures[10],and Henry and Kafura[12]informationflow metric.2.4Adapting the LOC MetricOne of the earliest and fundamental measures based on the analysis of softwarecode is based on the basic count of the number of Lines of Code(LOC)of a program.Despite being widely criticized as a measure of complexity,it continuesto have widespread popularity mainly due to its simplicity[3].The basis of theLOC measure is that program length can be used as a predictor of program characteristics such as errors occurrences,reliability,and ease of maintenance.If we view a process activity as a statement of a software program,we can derive a very simple metric(metric M1)that merely counts the number ofactivities(NOA)in a business process.It should be noticed that the NOA metriccharacterizes only one specific view of size,namely length,it takes no account of functionality or complexity.Also,bad process design may cause an excessivenumber of pared to the original LOC metric,the NOA is notlanguage-dependent and it is easier for users to understand.M1:NOA=Number of activities in a processAnother adaptation of the LOC metric is to view not only activities as pro-gram statements,but to also take into account process control-flow elements (i.e.control structures).Control-flow elements affect the execution sequence ofactivities.This statements are different since they are executed for their effectand do not have values.Two types of metrics can be designed depending on the structured of process.On the one hand,we can consider that processes are well-structured[1].Whenprocesses are well-structured we can simply count the control structures corre-sponding to splits,since it is explicitly known that a corresponding join exits.Please note that the structure of well-structured processes is analogue to soft-ware programs.In computer programming,a statement block is a section of codewhich is grouped together,much like a paragraph;such blocks consist of one ormore statements.For example,in a C statement blocks are enclosed by braces {and}.In Pascal,blocks are denoted by begin and end statements.Having these characteristics in mind we design our second metric(M2)which countsthe activities and control-flow elements of a process:M2:NOAC=Number of activities and control-flow elements in a processA Discourse on Complexity of Process Models119On the other hand,we also have to consider that some languages allow the construction of processes that are not well-structured.As we have already men-tioned,examples of such languages include EPC and Workflow nets.In these modeling languages,splits do not have to match a corresponding join.These processes are generally more difficult to understand and result often in design errors.For processes that are not well-structured we can design a third metric (M3)which counts the number of activities and the number of splits and joins of a process.M3:NOAJS=Number of activities,joins,and splits in a processIn EPC models,we would count the number of activities,XOR-joins and -splits,OR-joins and-splits,and AND-joins and-splits to calculate NOAJS. 2.5Adapting McCabe’s Cyclomatic ComplexityAn early measure,proposed by McCabe[15],views program complexity related to the number of control paths through a program module.McCabe derived a software complexity measure from graph theory using the definition of the cyclomatic number which corresponds to the number of linearly independent paths in a program.It is intended to be independent of language and language format[17].This measure provides a single number that can be compared to the complexity of other programs.Since its development,McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity(MCC)has been one of the most widely accepted software metrics and has been applied to tens of millions of lines of code in both the Department of Defense(DoD)and commer-cial applications.The resulting base of empirical knowledge has allowed software developers to calibrate measurements of their own software and arrive at some understanding of its complexity.McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity is an indica-tion of a program module’s control-flow complexity and has been found to be a reliable indicator of complexity in large software projects[25].Considering the number of control paths through the program,a10-line program with10assign-ment statements is easier to understand than a10-line program with10if-then statements.MCC is defined for each module to be e−n+2,where e and n are the number of edges and nodes in the controlflow graph,respectively.Controlflow graphs describe the logic structure of software modules.The nodes represent computational statements or expressions,and the edges represent transfer of control between nodes.Each possible execution path of a software module has a corresponding path from the entry to the exit node of the module’s controlflow graph.For example,in Figure1,the MCC of the controlflow graph for the Java code described is14−11+2=5.2.6The CFC MetricIn our previous work[6,7]we have designed a process complexity metric that borrows some ideas from McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity.Our objective was to120J.Cardoso et al.Fig.1.of a Java program and its correspondingflowgraphdevelop a metric that could be used in the same way as the MCC metric but to evaluate processes’complexity.One of thefirst important observations that can be made from the MCC controlflow graph,shown in Figure1,is that this graph is extremely similar to a process.One major difference is that the nodes of a MCC controlflow graph have identical semantics,while process nodes(i.e.,activities)can have different semantics(e.g.,AND-splits,XOR-splits,OR-joins,etc).Our approach has tackled this major difference.The metric that we have previously developed and tested,called Control-flow Complexity(CFC)metric,was based on the analysis of XOR-splits,OR-splits, and AND-splits control-flow elements.The main idea behind the metric was to evaluate the number of mental states that have to be considered when a designer is developing a process.Splits introduce the notion of mental states in processes. When a split(XOR,OR,or AND)is introduced in a process,the business process designer has to mentally create a map or structure that accounts for the number of states that can be reached from the split.The notion of mental state is important since there are theories[19]suggesting that complexity beyond a certain point defeats the human mind’s ability to perform accurate symbolic manipulations,and hence results in error.Mathematically,the control-flow complexity metric is additive,thus it is very easy to calculate the complexity of a process,by simply adding the CFC of all split constructs.The control-flow complexity was calculated as follows,where P is a process and a an activity.CF C(P)=a∈P,a isa xor−splitCF C XOR(a)+a∈P,a isa or−split CF C OR(a)+a∈P,a isa and−splitCF C AND(a)A Discourse on Complexity of Process Models121 The CF C XOR−split,CF C OR−split,and CF C AND−split functions is calculated as follows:–CF C XOR−split(a)=fan−out(a).The control-flow complexity of XOR-splits is determined by the number of branches that can be taken.–CF C OR−split(a)=2fan−out(a)−1.The control-flow complexity of OR-splits is determined by the number of states that may arise from the execution of an OR-split construct.–CF C AND−split(a)=1.For an AND-split,the complexity is simply1. The higher the value of CF C XOR−split,CF C OR−split,and CF C AND−split,the more complex is a process design,since developer has to handle all the states between control-flow constructs(splits)and their associated outgoing transitions and activities.Each formula to calculate the complexity of a split con-struct is based on the number of states that follow the construct.CFC analysis seeks to evaluate complexity without direct execution of processes.The advantages of the CFC metric is that it can be used as a maintenance and quality metric,it gives the relative complexity of process designs,and it is easy to apply.Disadvantages of the CFC metric include the inability to measure data complexity,only control-flow complexity is measured.Additionally,the same weight is placed on nested and non-nested loops.However,deeply nested conditional structures are harder to understand than non-nested structures.2.7Adapting the Halstead Complexity MetricThe measures of Halstead[10]are the best known and most thoroughly studied composite measure of software complexity.The measures were developed as a means of determining a quantitative measure of complexity based on a program comprehension as a function of program operands(variables and constants)and operators(arithmetic operators and keywords which alter program control-flow). Halstead’s metrics comprise a set of primitive measures(n1,n2,N1,and N2) that may be derived from the source code:–n1=number of unique operators(if,while,=,ECHO,etc);–n2=number of unique operands(variables or constants);–N1=total number of operator occurrences;–N2=total number of operand occurrences.In our work,we suggest to map business process elements to the set of prim-itive measures proposed by Halstead.For example,n1is the number of unique activities,splits and joins,and control-flow elements(such as sequence,switch, while,etc.in BPEL)of a business process.While the variable n2is the number of unique data variables that are manipulated by the process and its activities. N1and N2can be easily derived directly from n1and n2.With these primitive measures we introduce the notion of Halstead-based Process Complexity(HPC) measures for estimating process length,volume,and difficulty.These measures are based on Halstead measures and are calculates as follows:122J.Cardoso et al.–Process Length:N=n1*log2(n1)+n2*log2(n2)–Process Volume:V=(N1+N2)*log2(n1+n2)–Process Difficulty:D=(n1/2)*(N2/n2)By the means of the presented mapping we can design an additional mea-sure for processes based on the original measurement proposed by Halstead, including the process level,effort to implement,time to implement,and number of delivered bugs.We do not formalize these measurements since they require calibration that can only be done with empirical experiments.Using HPC measures for processes has several advantages.The measures do not require in-depth analysis of process structures,they can predict rate of errors and maintenance effort,they are simple to calculate,and they can be used for most process modelling languages.2.8Adapting the Information Flow Metric by Henry and Kafura Henry and Kafura[12]proposed a metric based on the impact of the information flow in a program’structure.The technique suggests identifying the number of calls to a module(i.e.theflows of local information entering:fan-in)and identifying the number of calls from a module(i.e.theflows of local information leaving:fan-out).The complexity of a procedure(PC)is defined as:PC=Length*(Fan-in*Fan-out)2The value of the variable length can be obtained by applying the lines of code or alternatively the McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity metric.The procedure complexities are used to establish module complexities.A module with respect to a data structure DS consists of those procedures which either directly update DS or directly retrieve information from DS.As it can be seen,the measure is sensitive to the decomposition of the program into procedures and functions,on the size and theflow of information into procedures and out of procedures.Henry and Kafura metric can be adapted to evaluate the complexity of pro-cesses in the following way.To calculate the length of an activity we needfirst to identify if activities are seen as black boxes or white boxes by the business pro-cess management system.If activities are black boxes then only their interface is known.Therefore,it is not possible to calculate the length of an activity.In this situation we assume the length to be1.If activities are white boxes then the length of an activity is based on knowledge of its source code.In this situation, the length can be calculated using traditional software engineering metrics that have been previously presented,namely the LOC and MCC.The fan-in and fan-out can be mapped directly to the inputs and outputs of activities.Activities are invoked when their inputs(fan-in)are available and the activities are scheduled for execution.When an activity completes its execution, its output data is transferred to the activities connected to it through transitions. We propose a metric called interface complexity(IC)of an activity which is defined as:A Discourse on Complexity of Process Models123 IC=Length*(number of inputs*number of ouputs)2The advantages of the IC metric are that it takes into account data-driven processes and it can be calculated prior to coding,during the design stage.The drawbacks of the metric are that it can give complexity values of zero if an activity has no external interactions.This typically only happens with the end activities of a process.This means the,for example,EPC processes with a large percentage of end activities will have a low complexity.3Cognitive Science on Software ComplexityMost approaches in the software engineering domain take certain characteristics of software as a starting point and attempt to define what effect they might have on the difficulty of the various programmer tasks(e.g.maintaining,testing and understanding code).In[5],it is argued that it is much more useful to analyse the processes involved in programmer tasksfirst,as well as the parameters which govern those efforts:“..one should start with the symptoms of complexity,which are all manifested in the mind,and attempt to understand the processes which produce such symptoms”.Using results from cognitive sciences,e.g.the division of the mind into short-term and long-term memory,and the mental processes involved with programming known as“chunking”and“tracing”,Cant et al. come up with a set of tentative complexity metrics for software programs[5].A similar approach for determining the complexity of a process model would be to determine meaningful process model“chunks”,which can be captured as a single section in the short-term memory.One could think of constructions like a(short)sequence of activities or a control construct like an XOR-split. Each of these“chunks”would have to be characterized by a complexity score. The work in[5]suggests that notably the size of the chunk would be a good estimate.Next,it is necessary to see the controlflow through these chunks,as people need to scan the relations between chunks to understand the complete picture.This is referred to as the“tracing”mechanism.In[5],not only the length of the path but also the kind of dependency influences the comprehension of theflow between chunks.For software,for example,Cant et al.state that “a conditional control structure is more complex to understand than a normal sequential section of code”.For a process model,this could mean that both(a) the distance between the chunks and(b)a complexity factor for the specific kind of dependency should be used.Unfortunately,the work in[5]rather sets an agenda for complexity metrics than providing exact measures.Therefore,it is far from straightforward to transfer the presented,tentative relations to the process modelling domain.4Complexity of the Process GraphGraph theory provides a rich set of graph metrics or graph measures that can be adapted for calculation of the complexity of the process graph.In[14]the124J.Cardoso et al.coefficient of network complexity(CNC),the complexity index(CI),the restric-tiveness estimator(RT),and the number of trees in a graph are discussed as suitable for business process models.The coefficient of network complexity(CNC)provides a rather simple metric for the complexity of a graph.It can easily be calculated as the number of arcs divided by the number of nodes.In the context of a business process model,the number of arcs has to be divided by the number of activities,joins,and splits. In formal esthetics this coefficient is also considered with the notion of elegance [21].CNC=number of arcs/(number of activities,joins,and splits)The complexity index(CI),or reduction complexity is defined as the mini-mal number of node reductions that reduces the graph to a single node.This measure shares so similarity to the notion of structuredness of a process graph and respective reduction rules.In a BPEL process it can be associated with the number of structured activities.The complexity index of a process graph has to be calculated algorithmically and is not applicable for process models with arbitrary cycles.Restrictiveness estimator(RT)is an estimator for the number of feasible se-quences in a graph.RT requires the reachability matrix r ij,i.e.the transitive closure of the adjacency matrix,to be calculated.RT=2Σr ij−6(N−1)/(N−2)(N−3)There are further measures in graph theory which demand rather complex computations.The number of trees in a graph requires the tree-generating de-terminant to be calculated based on the adjacency matrix(see[14]).Measures such as tree width,directed tree width,and directed acyclic graph width are compared in[22].The latter measures how close a graph is to a directed acyclic graph.5Contributions and LimitationsIn this paper,we have surveyed several contributions from software engineering, cognitive science,and graph theory,and we discussed to what extent analogous metrics and measurements can be defined for business process models.In or-der to demonstrate that these metrics serves their purpose,we plan to carry out several empirical validations by means of controlled experiments.These ex-periments will involve more than100students from the Eindhoven University of Technology(Netherlands),the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration(Austria),and the University of Madeira(Portugal).The col-lected data will be analyzed using statistical methods to verify the degree of correlation between students’perception of the 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