Culture Adjustment
文化缺省现象在汉英双语转换中几种处理方式论文
文化缺省现象在汉英双语转换中的几种处理方式摘要文化缺省（cultural default）是指具有共同的文化背景知识（shared background knowledge）或语用前提（pragmatic presupposition）的语言交际者之间为提高交际效率而将对双方来说不言而喻或不言自明的部分文化信息省去的一种具有鲜明文化特征的交际现象。
正确处理汉英双语转换过程中的这种现象对帮助英语读者尽可能准确理解源文意图或者是传播中国文化无疑有着重要的作用。
本文重点讨论了汉英双语转换中的对于文化缺省现象的几种处理方式。
关键词汉英双语转换文化缺省文化缺省（cultural default）是指具有共同的文化背景知识（shared background knowledge）或语用前提（pragmatic presupposition）的信息传递者与信息接收者根据语用经济的原则，为提高交际效率而将对双方来说不言而喻或不言自明的部分文化信息省去的一种具有鲜明文化特征的语言交际现象，是源语作者与源文读者在居于共同的文化图式基础上所达成的默契。
然而当源文进入译语语境时，这种文化缺失会使译语读者很难甚至无法将语篇内的信息和被省略的语篇外的知识和经验结合起来以建立理解原文所必需的语意连贯和情景连贯，源语作者与源语读者间达成的默契反而成为了译语受众的理解障碍。
翻译得当，不仅可以促进文化交流，又可以保持源文的含蓄美和简洁美。
下面笔者将重点探讨一下汉英双语转换中的文化缺省的几种主要处理方式：1．注释法（annotation-added technique）即文内直译，文外加注这种译法的优点在于能较好的体现源文的艺术价值和美学价值，对原文中相关的文化知识进行较为详尽的解释，帮助目标语言读者解决文化意义真空（vacuum of sense），实现语篇连贯（textural coherence）的建立。
其弱点是读者阅读的连贯性与兴奋性会受到影响，尤其是在源文的文化缺省比较密集的时候。
文化融合的地道英文表达
文化融合的地道英文表达Acculturation: The Interplay of Cultures.Cultural fusion, a dynamic process where distinct cultures intermingle and exchange ideas, practices, and beliefs, has shaped societies throughout history. This intricate phenomenon, often referred to as acculturation, has profound implications for individuals and communities alike. Acculturation involves the assimilation of new cultural elements into an existing cultural framework, giving rise to a unique blend of traditions and values.Understanding Acculturation.Acculturation encompasses various dimensions, including language acquisition, adoption of customs and practices, and the embrace of new belief systems. It is a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by factors such as the individual's age, social background, and length of exposure to the new culture. Acculturation can be voluntary orinvoluntary, occurring through immigration, globalization, or other forms of cultural interaction.Individuals undergoing acculturation may experience a range of psychological and social responses, including cultural shock, anxiety, and identity conflicts. However, acculturation can also lead to positive outcomes, such as increased cultural awareness, empathy, and resilience.Types of Acculturation.Scholars have identified different types of acculturation strategies, each representing a unique approach to adapting to a new culture.Assimilation: This strategy involves the complete adoption of the new culture, while abandoning or suppressing elements of one's own.Separation: Individuals who adopt this strategy maintain their cultural identity and resist integration with the new culture.Integration: This strategy seeks to balance the adoption of new cultural elements with the preservation of one's own heritage.Marginalization: Individuals who experience marginalization are unable to fully integrate into either their original or the new culture.Factors Influencing Acculturation.Acculturation is influenced by a multitude of factors, including:Individual characteristics: Age, gender, education level, and previous cultural experiences can shape an individual's approach to acculturation.Social context: The attitudes and behaviors of the host community, as well as the availability of support systems, can impact the acculturation process.Cultural distance: The degree of difference between the original and new cultures can affect the difficulty of acculturation.Acculturation policies: Government policies andsocietal norms regarding immigration and cultural diversity can influence acculturation outcomes.Acculturation and Well-being.Research has demonstrated a complex relationship between acculturation and psychological well-being. While acculturation can provide opportunities for personal growth and self-discovery, it can also present challenges that may impact mental health.Individuals who adopt an integration strategy often report higher levels of life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social support. In contrast, those who experience marginalization or separation may face increased risk for depression, anxiety, and other mental health concerns.Promoting Healthy Acculturation.To promote healthy acculturation outcomes, it iscrucial to:Foster inclusivity: Create welcoming and supportive environments that value cultural diversity.Provide language support: Offer language classes and resources to facilitate communication and integration.Encourage cross-cultural exchange: Promoteopportunities for individuals from different cultures to interact and learn from each other.Address cultural barriers: Identify and address systemic barriers that hinder full participation in society for marginalized groups.Conclusion.Cultural fusion, through the process of acculturation, is an ongoing and dynamic aspect of human interaction. Understanding the complexities of acculturation can help us create more inclusive and equitable societies. By embracing cultural diversity and promoting healthy acculturation practices, we can foster a world where all individuals feel valued and connected.。
文化差异的解决办法英语作文
文化差异的解决办法英语作文Addressing Cultural Differences: Strategies and Solutions.In the interconnected world we live in, cultural differences are inevitable. From the smallest interactionsto larger-scale international relations, understanding and addressing these differences is crucial for successful communication and cooperation. This article explores the challenges posed by cultural differences and suggests practical solutions to bridge the gaps.1. Understanding the Root Causes of Cultural Differences.Cultural differences arise from a variety of factors, including geography, history, religion, language, and values. Each culture has its unique way of viewing the world, which shapes people's behavior, communication styles, and social norms. It is essential to recognize that thesedifferences are not just surface-level phenomena but are deeply rooted in people's lives and experiences.2. Importance of Cultural Awareness.Cultural awareness is the ability to understand and appreciate the values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape a particular culture. Developing cultural awareness helps usto be more empathetic,包容的, and respectful towards others. It enables us to navigate complex social situations, avoid misunderstandings, and build stronger relationships.3. Strategies for Addressing Cultural Differences.a. Open Communication.Open communication is essential for bridging cultural gaps. It involves actively listening to others, asking questions, and sharing one's own perspective. Through open communication, we can clarify misunderstandings, identify common ground, and build trust.b. Respect for Diversity.Respecting cultural diversity is fundamental to fostering a harmonious society. We should avoid making assumptions or judgments about others based on their cultural background. Instead, we should strive to understand and appreciate the unique contributions that different cultures bring to the global community.c. Cultural Adaptation.Cultural adaptation involves modifying one's behavior and communication style to fit the context of a different culture. This does not mean sacrificing one's own cultural identity but rather demonstrating flexibility and willingness to accommodate others. Cultural adaptation can be a powerful tool for building bridges and fostering understanding.d. Education and Training.Education and training play a crucial role inaddressing cultural differences. By providing opportunities for people to learn about different cultures, we can enhance their cultural awareness and prepare them to navigate complex social situations. This can take the formof courses, workshops, and cultural exchanges that promote understanding and respect.e. Cross-Cultural Collaboration.Cross-cultural collaboration involves working with people from different cultural backgrounds to achieve common goals. This process can be challenging but also incredibly rewarding. Through collaboration, we can learn from each other's perspectives, share knowledge and resources, and create more inclusive and sustainable solutions.4. Conclusion.Addressing cultural differences is an ongoing process that requires continuous effort and commitment. Byfostering cultural awareness, practicing open communication,respecting diversity, adapting to new cultures, and collaborating across borders, we can build bridges that connect people and create a more harmonious and inclusive world.In conclusion, cultural differences are an inevitable part of our globalized world. By understanding their root causes, developing cultural awareness, and implementing practical solutions such as open communication, respect for diversity, cultural adaptation, education and training, and cross-cultural collaboration, we can bridge the gaps and foster deeper understanding and cooperation across cultures.。
大学英语跨文化交流教程课后习题答案整理
Unit 1AKey conceptsreservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神Q1、what is a reserved person like?Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.Q3、what is sportsmanship?Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing gene rosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.Case studyQ、What made the Britisher feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking made the reserved Britisher feel quite unhappy.Unit1BKey conceptsthe pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer 白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦Comprehension questions1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom.2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an importantpart of the American character?Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. They are in search of greater prosperity and freedom.3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. 4. What are the basic roots of American character?The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.Case studyQ;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.Because he did something that he think it is friendly, but the Englishseemed unfriendly.American: outgoing/optimistic/casual/friendlyEnglish: Reserved/politeSuggestions:1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.Unit2Akey concept: Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想humanism 人道主义 individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利1.cording to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friend. ”2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism , collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit ,an organization or a community .3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselvesas much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals shouldnot be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People incollectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisionsfor themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chineseterm for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”. 5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.No, I don’t think so .Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .Unit3Akey concept:Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults?The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the childis a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so highin the United States?(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because American expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?(1)Families place older relatives in nursing homes(2)Theirfnancial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And Older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.Unit3BKey concepts ：A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence 暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固Connection VS contract关系和合约Comprehension questions1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose /individual’s needs come first ./contractual /friendly/compartmentalized/2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group ,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese socialrelationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?what is the difference between each part?○1I and family dearest friends work colleagueswho are familiar but not so closeEveryone but under obligation everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the differencebetween inner and out side is from most important to least important .4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American ?American social relationship are based on a shared activity, event, or experience, so they have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few.Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable.Case 1Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.Case3Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school .No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent andbased on a shared class , activity or event .If one drop of it , the relationship will fragmented.Unit5AKey concepts ：Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义1.What are the functions of chopsticks?Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knivesat dinner?Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staplefood. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasizedthe delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and tastethat Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients,herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?Because in their eyes ,food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, havinglittle to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the blance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.Unit6AKey concepts ：1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imaginationto produce new ideas, make things.2.Exploring:探索1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other peopleOriginality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. thequality of being new and original (not derived from something else)Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can youfind the theories supporting the different teaching methods?（1）For Chinese, they show a child how to do the something, or teach themby holding their hands .But in American, they teach children to rely onthemselves for solutions to problems.（2） Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired. American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge.unit7AKey concepts；1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.4 . Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.Comprehension questions (p82)1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?It is at least partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale. Feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as in M-time culures.4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation?What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?Nothing is solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, evenimportant plans may be changed right up to the minute of execution. 5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?M-time systemStrengths: stimulating productive desirableWeaknesses: often feel uncomfortableP-time systemStrengths: oriented punctuality schedules proceduresWeaknesses: wastedUnit9AKey concepts:Silence 沉默 high-context culture 高语境文化 low-context culture 低语境文化implicitness 含蓄 explicitness 明确 impersonal sources of information 客观的信息来源 personal sources of information 人际间的信息来源 verbalizing 以言语表述1.What is high-context culture？What is low-context culture？1) Communication occurs in ways other than through language is high context. It is rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communicate or communication or an internalized social context or both, to convey a large part or even all of a message's meaning.2) Communication that occurs mostly through language is low context. it is assumed to be understood, messages are explicit ,direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.2. How do people of different communicative cultures behave differently in their daily life？High-context are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative and they use the context to communicate the message. Members of low-context cultures put their thoughts into words. They are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.?3. What does silence mean in high-context cultures？What is the function of silence in high-context cultures？In high context cultures silence means agreement. can communicate apathy, confusion, repressed hostility, thoughtfulness, contemplation, sadness, regret, obligation, respect, agreement, disagreement, embarrassment, awe or any number of meanings.?4.What does silence means in low-text cultures？Why do the Westerners feel uncomfortable to silence？1). In low-context cultures, silence is often interpreted as the absence of communication. 2) Because silence dose not fit with it’s emphasis on precision and clarify, it may indicate that the receiver of the message did not hear the message, is angry at the message, needs time to think,or is embarrassed.5. Why does silence mean differently in different cultures？Because this is very different from the tendency in individualist culture to verbalize--that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph in presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it .In collectivist cultures, being right isn't as important as being in concord with the group.Case16. Do you think the old Chinese couple tired or not after theLong flight ？Why did he reply with keyi?I think the old Chinese couple tired. Because to the Chinese ,silence means agreement.7. Why did the young traveler reply differently to the same question? Because silence mean differently in different cultures. Westerners may seek to express a different point of view so as to be recognized or to triumph. In presenting a point of view that carries the majority with it.8. According to Chinese custom, what will probably be the response to the young traveler's reply?According to Chinese custom, we will reply that you can have a good rest.Unit9BKey concepts:1.culture shock文化冲击 2.emotional and physical symptoms 情感和身体症状3.bewilderment and disorientation 困惑和迷惘4.adjestment process适应过程Comprehension questions2. how does culture shock affect people who are exposed to a new cultural environment?Culture as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. When the way we lived before is not as or considered as normal in the new place.3. What are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?(1) Honeymoon period, culture shock, initial adjustment, mental isolation, acceptance and integration. (2) Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivation for being in the new country.4. How do individuals differ in the degree of culture shock? Individuals experience the stage of adjustment in different ways. It depends on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation,job status, and motivation for being in the new country.5. Which suggestion is most helpful to you ？Can you give other suggestions to cope with culture shock?Develop friendship, take a course or read a book on cross-cultural communication, re-exam your values and outlookCase studyCase 11.第一小问自述题，第二小问Chinese students typically focus on single-mindedly on their studies that they lose sight of the larger picture ,that is ,their ultimate role as cultural interpreters between their homeland and the foreign .2..自述题Case 21.找不到具体答案要根据课文理解给出2.自述题Case 31.It seemed that the representative was always changing the subject and they persisted in asking lots of personal questions about Tom2..无找不到确定答案3.During the next few days ,Tom noticed that though they had said they wanted to discuss details of his presentation ,they seemed to spend an inordinate amount of time on inconsequentiality .。
POSTWAR SOCIETY AND CULTURE CHANGE AND ADJUSTMENT战后的社会与文化的变化与调整
More and more people married for love and attraction than social status than ever
They married later and had fewer children Intra-family democracy emerged Advocates of “trial marriages” began to appear “scientific” child rearing – medical care and nutrition –
Superstars began to emerge “Red” Grange – Illinois Football Jack Dempsey – Boxing “Big Bill” Tilden – Tennis “Bobby” Jones – Golf Helen Wills – Tennis Gertrude Ederle – Swimming Babe Ruth – Baseball
Women smoked, shortened their hair, wore make-up, and shortened their skirts
Culture shock-adjusting to your abroad experience
Culture shock: adjusting to your study abroad experience 对初出国门的留学生来说，被陌生的文化所包围可能是一个不小的挑战。
在这里，我们为你介绍文化冲击的产生以及各个阶段的特点，并附上应对小贴士，帮你适应留学生活。
You’re studying abroad in a new country and everything is going great, until suddenly you’re up, you’re down, you’re lost, confused, and tired. Could it be you have got some rare disease? It could be. However, it is more likely that you are just experiencing culture shock.Culture shock refers to the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to another co untry or a place different from one’s own. The feeling of culture shock generally sets in after the first few weeks of coming to a new place.At first you are excited by the new environment. Then follows a period in which cultural differences in behavior and values become obvious. What previously seemed exciting, new and challenging is now only annoying. You may feel lonely and become withdrawn (离群的) from life around you. However, you will eventually get used to this new way of life.But you can enjoy certain aspects of the foreign culture and feel relieved and strengthened after having overcome the difficulties.The following suggestions may assist you in reducing the strain (紧张) of culture shock:◆Soon after arriving, explore the surroundings. Walk around and get to know yourneighborhood. Create a mental map of your surroundings.◆Avoid mixing only with compatriots (同胞) or other international students. Tocontact with local people allows you to adapt more quickly.◆Ask questions about social customs from people with whom you feel comfortable.You will always find someone kind who will assist you in finding out about life abroad. This can be a win-win exchange, with you telling people about life in your home country.◆Be open and curious. Try new things, and discover how and why certain things aredone. The more you explore, the more you’ll learn. Don’t be afraid to laugh at yourself. It is likely that you will make mistakes as you explore a new culture.Laughing at yourself will encourage others to respond to you in a friendly manner and help you learn.◆ Try not to misjudge. You will see many things that are different from your ownculture. Don’t label anything as“good” or “bad” in comparison to your ownculture; most customs, habits, and ideas are simply different. You may alsomisunderstand some things; don’t make judgments until you have completeinformation.And finally, remember that other students probably go through the same experiences as you do.。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends."2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.Thirdly, westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representatives of their group, and to accept more responsibility for the other members of their groups too.A final difference lies in the way people in different cultures view the idea of "individualism". Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In contrast, the Chinese term for "individualism", often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for "selfishness."Unit3 Nuclear family: include a husband, a wife and their childrenExtended family: adult couples are expected to form their own household with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners，they expect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not existing for indefinitely long durations. Stable: resistant to change of position or conditionConnection vs. contract: relationship4. ①Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. ②In China a friend is accepted completely or not at all ③Chinese friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Western friends do.①American have casual, friendly relationships with many people, but deeper, closer friendships with only a few. ②American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized. ③American friendships is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spending time together.Unit5 Nutrition and balance: a look at the nutritional information, like the number of calories preserving, grams of fat, sodium, cholesterol, fiber and sugar content will make you more knowledgeable in selecting foods to reduce your nutritional health risk.Pragmatism:in the westerns’ eyes, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy, having little to do with artistry. Nor will they be particular about the taste of food too much.Unit6 Creativity: the ability to createSelf-reliance: is a principal value of child rearing in middle-class American. Originality：1.How do the Chinese teach their children？A: Chinese teach their children by holding their handsHow do Americans do？A: On their own and even to discover new problem for which creative solutions are wanted.Can you find the theories supporting the two different teaching method？A: Evolutionary and revolutionary2. Can you tell any other differences between the two educational systems?A: The contrast between the two cultures can also be seen in the fears we both harbor. Chinese teachers are fearful that if skills are not acquired early, they may never be acquired; there is, on the other hand, no comparable hurry to promote creativity.American educators fear that unless creativity has been acquired early, it may never emerge; on the other hand, skills can be picked up later.Unit7 Key concepts Monochronic time Monochronic time is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.Polychronic time A polychronic time system is a system where several things can be done at once, and a more fluid approach is taken to scheduling time. Unlike Americans and most northern and western European cultures, Latin American and Arabic cultures use the polychromic of time.Linear structure In monochromic time, linear structure means people focus on one event or interaction at a time.Schedule oriented People in polychronic time cultures treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time.People oriented Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else, close friends come next..Comprehension questionsWhat is monochronic culture? What is polychronic culture?Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.What are the different attitudes monchronic people and polychronic people hold toward time?Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)Sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?Once the time is set, it is rarely changed, and people take it seriously. M-time cultures is one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously. Matters in a polychronic plans for the future: even important plans maybe changed right up the minute of execution.Unit 9Key concepts High-context culture High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low-context culture Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessThe message which someone expressed is elliptical, indirect, and allusive. Explicitness The message which someone expressed is direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words..Verbalizing Verbalizing- that is, to put things in words, whether written or oral. Comprehensive questionsWhat is High-context culture? What is Low-context culture?High context cultures rely on the context, either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both, or convey a large part or even all of a message’s meaning.Low context culture, in which context is not assumed to be understood, messages are explicit, direct, and completely encoded in words, and meaning is entrusted almost entirely to words.ImplicitnessWhat does silence mean in high-context cultures? What is the function of silence in high-context cultures?It means entirely accepted.In the individual level, silence can be viewed as a state of being allowing you to experience the highest truth and bliss; on the interpersonal level, silence can be used to promote harmony, cooperation, and other collectivistic values; on the level of social movements, silence can be protest.Why does silence mean differently in different cultures?Different in the uses of silence can be best examined in high-context and low-context cultures. High-context cultures are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. Low-context cultures are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.Key conceptsCulture shock Culture shock happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It is, first and foremost an emotional phenomenon; then comes cognitive disorientation and identity dissonance.Comprehension questionsWhat are the five stages of the cultural adjustment process? Does everyone have the same experience?The five stages of the cultural adjustment process:Honeymoon period: Initially many people are fascinated and excited by everything of the new culture.Culture shock: The individuals are immersed in news problems: housing, transportation, employment, shopping, and language.Initial adjustment: Everyone activities such as housing and shopping are no longer major problems. The visitors may not yet be fluent in the spoken language, but they can express their basic ideas and feelings.Mental isolations: Individuals away from their family and good friends for a long time may feel lonely.Acceptance and integration: A routine ( eg; work, business, or school) has been established. The newcomer has become accustomed to the habits, customs, foods, and characteristics of the people in the new culture.Individuals experience the stages of adjustment in different ways. Some people never experience a “honeymoon” period because the circumstances of their coming to a new country may have been too painful. In addition, certain stages last longer for some than for others, dep ending on such factors as the newcomer’s personality, age, language and cultural competence, support from family and friends, financial situation, job status, and motivations for being in the new country.。
如何纠正文化误解问题英语作文
如何纠正文化误解问题英语作文Culture is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses the beliefs, values, traditions, and behaviors of a particular group of people. In our increasingly globalized world, where people from diverse cultural backgrounds interact more frequently, the potential for cultural misunderstandings has become a significant challenge. Addressing these misunderstandings is crucial for fostering cross-cultural understanding, promoting effective communication, and building strong relationships. In this essay, we will explore several strategies to help correct cultural misunderstandings.Firstly, it is essential to develop a deeper understanding of different cultures. This involves actively learning about the history, customs, and norms of other cultures, rather than relying on stereotypes or assumptions. By gaining a more comprehensive understanding of cultural differences, individuals can better recognize and appreciate the unique perspectives and experiences of people from different backgrounds. This knowledge can help prevent the formation of cultural biases and misconceptions.One effective way to gain a deeper understanding of other cultures is through cross-cultural interactions and experiences. Engaging in cultural exchange programs, traveling to different countries, or participating in cultural events can provide valuable opportunities to immerse oneself in unfamiliar cultural contexts. These experiences can challenge existing beliefs and preconceptions, and foster a more nuanced and empathetic understanding of cultural diversity.Additionally, effective communication is crucial in addressing cultural misunderstandings. When interacting with individuals from different cultural backgrounds, it is essential to be mindful of both verbal and non-verbal communication cues. Paying attention to tone, body language, and cultural norms can help prevent misinterpretations and ensure that the intended message is accurately conveyed. Furthermore, actively listening and seeking clarification when needed can help bridge the gap between different cultural perspectives.Another important strategy in correcting cultural misunderstandings is to acknowledge and address one's own biases and prejudices. Everyone has inherent biases and preconceptions that can influence their perceptions and interactions with others. By becoming aware of these biases and actively working to overcome them, individuals can create a more open and inclusive environment for cross-cultural dialogue.One effective way to address biases is through cultural sensitivity training and education. Workshops, seminars, and educational resources can help individuals understand the origins and manifestations of cultural biases, and provide strategies for overcoming them. This can be particularly valuable in professional and organizational settings, where cultural misunderstandings can have significant consequences.Moreover, fostering a culture of empathy and respect is crucial in addressing cultural misunderstandings. By cultivating a genuine interest in and appreciation for the experiences and perspectives of others, individuals can build stronger cross-cultural relationships and overcome the barriers created by cultural differences. This involves actively listening, suspending judgment, and being willing to engage in constructive dialogue and conflict resolution.In addition to individual efforts, addressing cultural misunderstandings also requires collective action and institutional support. Governments, educational institutions, and organizations can play a pivotal role in promoting cultural awareness and understanding through policies, programs, and initiatives. This may include implementing diversity and inclusion initiatives, providing language and cultural training, and creating platforms for cross-cultural exchange and collaboration.Furthermore, the media can significantly influence public perceptions and understandings of different cultures. It is essential for media outlets to present accurate, balanced, and nuanced representations of cultural diversity, avoiding the perpetuation of stereotypes and misrepresentations. By promoting positive and inclusive media portrayals of different cultures, the public can be better equipped to recognize and challenge cultural misunderstandings.In conclusion, addressing cultural misunderstandings is a multifaceted and ongoing process that requires a combination of individual and collective efforts. By developing a deeper understanding of cultural differences, improving communication skills, acknowledging and addressing biases, fostering empathy and respect, and advocating for institutional support, individuals and communities can work towards creating a more inclusive and harmonious world. Ultimately, the ability to navigate and bridge cultural divides is a critical skill in our increasingly interconnected global society.。
对待文化差异的态度英语作文
对待文化差异的态度英语作文Title: Embracing Cultural Differences: A Necessary Journey.In the interconnected world we live in, cultural diversity is not just a phenomenon but a reality that we must constantly engage with. Cultural differences, while rich and complex, can often pose challenges, especially when it comes to understanding and respecting each other's values, traditions, and ways of life. However, it is these differences that make our world vibrant and dynamic, pushing us to broaden our horizons and embrace a more inclusive perspective.The first step in addressing cultural differences is recognition. It is crucial to acknowledge that every culture, regardless of its origin or background, is unique and holds its own value. This recognition fosters a sense of curiosity and openness, urging us to delve deeper into understanding the nuances of other cultures. By doing so,we not only expand our knowledge but also enhance ourability to communicate and connect with people from different backgrounds.Furthermore, embracing cultural differences requires a willingness to adapt. In a globalized world, where people from diverse cultures interact frequently, it is inevitable that misunderstandings and conflicts will arise. However, rather than viewing these differences as obstacles, we should embrace them as opportunities for growth and learning. By adapting our communication style, behavior, and even our mindset, we can bridge the gaps and foster meaningful relationships across cultures.Additionally, respecting cultural differences is paramount. It is essential to appreciate the fact that each culture is shaped by its unique historical, social, and environmental context. Therefore, it is not surprising that different cultures may have differing values, beliefs, and norms. By respecting these differences, we show respect for the people who hold these values and, in turn, foster a more inclusive and harmonious society.Moreover, the celebration of cultural differences adds a rich layer of diversity and creativity to our world. The exchange of ideas, traditions, and practices across cultures not only enhances our understanding of each other but also contributes to the development of new ideas and perspectives. This cultural exchange is crucial for fostering innovation, creativity, and progress.However, embracing cultural differences is not always easy. It requires conscious effort, patience, and a willingness to step outside our comfort zones. It is a journey that involves constant learning, reflection, and adjustment. But the rewards of this journey are immense. By embracing cultural differences, we not only enhance our own growth and development but also contribute to building a more inclusive, understanding, and connected world.In conclusion, cultural differences are an integral part of our globalized world. By embracing these differences, we can expand our horizons, foster meaningful relationships, and contribute to the development of a moreharmonious and prosperous society. It is a journey that requires openness, understanding, and respect, but one that is rich in rewards and opportunities for growth. Let us embark on this journey together, embracing the beauty and richness of cultural diversity.。
调节 翻译
调节翻译AdjustmentAdjustment is an essential process in life that enables us to adapt and cope with various changes and challenges. It involves making small changes to our thoughts, actions, and behaviors in order to achieve a sense of balance and harmony.There are many aspects of life in which adjustment plays a crucial role. One such aspect is work. In the workplace, we often encounter new tasks and responsibilities. Adjusting to these new challenges requires us to acquire new skills, change our work habits, and develop a positive attitude towards change. By being open to learning and adapting, we can enhance our performance and increase our chances of success.Another aspect of life that requires adjustment is relationships. Whether it is with family, friends, or romantic partners, relationships inevitably change over time. Adjusting to these changes requires open and effective communication, empathy, and compromise. It also involves being flexible and understanding that relationships evolve and go through different phases. Adjustment is also essential in maintaining good physical and mental health. When faced with stressful situations or major life changes, such as moving to a new city or starting a new job, learning to adapt and adjust can help us maintain our well-being. This may involve developing new coping mechanisms, seeking support from others, or taking time for self-care activities.Furthermore, adjustment is crucial in dealing with emotional challenges. Emotional adjustment involves acknowledging and accepting our emotions and finding healthy ways to manage and express them. This may require seeking professional help, practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques, or engaging in activities that promote emotional well-being.In order to effectively adjust to changes and challenges, it is important to have a positive mindset. This involves being open to new experiences, having a flexible attitude, and being willing to learn and grow. It also involves being patient with ourselves and others, as adjustment takes time and effort.In conclusion, adjustment is a necessary process in life that allows us to adapt and cope with changes and challenges. It is a skill that can be developed and improved through practice and self-awareness. By recognizing the importance of adjustment and being open to change, we can lead more fulfilling and balanced lives.。
调节 翻译
调节翻译Adjustment is a term used to describe the process of modifying or fine-tuning something in order to achieve a desired outcome or to bring it into alignment with a specific standard. It is often used in a variety of contexts, including personal development, organizational management, and technological innovation.In the realm of personal development, adjustment refers to the steps one takes to modify their behavior, habits, or mindset in order to improve themselves or their circumstances. This could involve making changes to one's daily routine, such as waking up earlier or exercising regularly, in order to increase productivity or promote better health. Additionally, it could involve making adjustments to one's thought patterns or beliefs, in order to cultivate a more positive and optimistic outlook on life.In the field of organizational management, adjustment is often necessary in order to adapt to changing market conditions or to improve overall efficiency. This might involve reorganizing work processes, reallocating resources, or implementing new strategies in response to shifts in consumer trends or advances in technology. The goal of these adjustments is to maximize productivity and profitability, while ensuring that the organization remains competitive in the marketplace.Technological innovation also requires constant adjustment in order to keep pace with rapidly evolving industry standards and consumer expectations. This might involve updating software or hardware systems, integrating new technologies into existing products or services, or even pivoting to an entirely new businessmodel in order to remain relevant. The ability to quickly and effectively adjust to these changes is crucial for companies seeking to maintain a competitive edge in the fast-paced tech industry.Regardless of the specific context, adjustment is typically a dynamic and ongoing process that requires careful evaluation and flexibility. It often involves identifying areas for improvement or areas where alignment is lacking, and then developing and implementing strategies to address these issues. This could involve trial and error, as adjustments are made and evaluated, with further modifications made as necessary.It is important to note that adjustment is not always an easy or straightforward process. It often requires a willingness to change, adapt, and learn from mistakes or setbacks. Additionally, successful adjustment often relies on effective communication and collaboration, as input from others can provide valuable insights and perspectives.In conclusion, adjustment is a multifaceted process that is essential for personal development, organizational success, and technological innovation. It involves modifying or fine-tuning various aspects of a person, organization, or technology in order to achieve desired outcomes or to bring them into alignment with particular standards. While adjustment can be challenging, the ability to adapt and make necessary changes is crucial for growth and success in a rapidly changing world.。
英语作文我在大学的挑战
The journey through university is a transformative experience, filled with both opportunities and challenges. As I navigated the halls of academia, I encountered a myriad of obstacles that tested my resilience, adaptability, and intellectual curiosity. Academic Challenges:The first and foremost challenge was the sheer volume of coursework. The transition from high school to university was a significant leap in terms of the depth and breadth of the material covered. The lectures were fastpaced, and the readings were extensive, requiring a level of discipline and time management that I had not previously needed. I had to develop effective study habits and learn to prioritize my assignments to keep up with the coursework.Adapting to a New Environment:Adjusting to the university environment was another challenge. The campus was much larger, and the diversity of the student body was overwhelming at first. I had to learn to navigate not just the physical space but also the social dynamics. Making new friends and finding a sense of belonging took time and effort.Financial Strain:The financial burden of attending university was a constant source of stress. Balancing the costs of tuition, books, and living expenses was a delicate act. I had to work parttime jobs and apply for scholarships to help alleviate the financial pressure, which added another layer of complexity to my schedule.Mental Health Struggles:The pressure to perform academically, coupled with the stress of adjusting to a new environment, took a toll on my mental health. I experienced periods of anxiety and depression, which made it difficult to focus on my studies. Seeking help from the universitys counseling services was a crucial step in managing my mental health and maintaining my academic performance.Balancing Work and Studies:Juggling a parttime job with a full course load was a significant challenge. It required careful planning and a strong work ethic. There were times when I had to make tough decisions about which assignments to prioritize and when to take a break from work to focus on exams.Cultural Adjustments:As an international student, I faced the additional challenge of adapting to a new culture. Understanding the nuances of American social norms, language, and customs was alearning curve. I had to be openminded and willing to learn from my experiences, which sometimes meant stepping out of my comfort zone.Networking and Career Preparation:Building a professional network and preparing for life after graduation was another challenge. I had to proactively seek out internships, attend career fairs, and engage with faculty to gain insights into my field of study. This process required a level of selfawareness and initiative that I had to develop over time.Overcoming Academic Difficulties:There were courses that I found particularly challenging. I had to seek additional help, whether through tutoring services, study groups, or office hours with professors. Overcoming these academic hurdles required persistence and a willingness to ask for help when needed.Time Management:Balancing the demands of coursework, parttime work, social life, and selfcare was a constant struggle. I had to learn to manage my time effectively, setting realistic goals and being flexible when plans changed.Conclusion:The challenges I faced during my university years were not insurmountable, but they required resilience, adaptability, and a commitment to personal growth. Each obstacle I overcame contributed to my development as a student and as an individual, preparing me for the complexities of life beyond the university walls.。
河北省沧州市高三英语上学期12月复习质量监测试题
沧州市普通高中2014年12月高三复习质量监测英语注意事项:本试卷分第1卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分。
考试结未后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷注意事项:1.答第I卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2.选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用根皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题海小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A,B,C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍.1. Why is the woman tired?A. She saw a movie.B.She studied all nightC.She took an exam.2. What did the man do in his vacation?A.He stayed at homeB.He did a part-time job.C.He took some courses3. What is the woman's job?A. A cook.B. A waitress.C. A saleswoman.4. What will. the man do on Sunday?A.Go swimmingB. Play tennis.C. Play football.5. What does the man mean?A. The woman's uncle will come for a visit.B. He asks the woman to go over to his place.C. He thinks the woman should visit her uncle.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
跨文化交际第六章
• 跨文化适应（INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION / INTERCULTURAL ADJUSTMENT）泛 指对一个新文化环境逐渐感到贴切或相称的过程。
• 跨文化适应的研究，通常着重在居于异国的人们，适应新文化过程所产生的矛盾、焦躁、 烦恼与痛苦的心理冲击，又被称为文化休克。
包括对模糊性的容忍程度、内在动机、灵活性、幽默感、内向与外向等。 • 期望值是决定性因素之一，它影响一个人在目的文化中的思维、态度和行为。
如，许多中国教师期望学生尊重老师遵守纪律 • 社交支持
包括家人、朋友和社交网络。 • 目的文化的知识
思考：包括哪些内容？
第二节 文化休克
• 文化休克的含义： • 是一种心理焦虑，主要是由于人们日常生活所熟悉的文化语言与非语言符号突然间的异地
上汉语课时一个学生说她肚子疼，我就问她：“你是不是拉肚子？”没想到 别的同学都笑起来，那个学生一下子就不高兴了。没过一会儿，一个学生居然学 我不标准的英文发音。我在这里怎么一点尊严都没有呢？
在国外，我发现自己经常会受到关于衣着的赞美。比如图书馆老师会对我说，她覚得 我穿的玫红色大衣色鲜艳，非常适合我。而早上开会时，另一位老师也说很喜欢我粉色的 衣服，她也经常会穿着这种颜色。起初，我觉得受到赞美很开心，后来我却发现，赞美穿 着是他们寒喧的一个热门话题，属于交际的一部分，他们从小就在这些礼仪方面受过很好 的训练。平常在学校里，低年级的学生也会时常跟我说“我很喜欢你的衣服鞋子”“我很 喜欢你这一身的搭配”。但是我却很少赞美他们，尽管有时候我也会觉得别人的服饰好看， 但可能是因为害羞，我只会在心里评价，却不会宣之于ロ。在中国，很少有人会直白、频 繁地夸赞别人的衣服，哪怕有人夸赞，人们一般也会用“哪里哪里”这样的回答来表示谦 虚。因此，在国外受到这样的李赞时，我常常会觉得他们言过其实，党得他们有些夸张。 面对这种热情的夸赞时，我难以同样热情地表达感谢，而是经常说“这件衣服买了很久了” 这样的话，大概是谦虚的本能暴露了出来。
跨文化翻译中的文化缺省现象与文化补偿策略
2007年2月黑龙江教育学院学报Feb.2007第26卷第2期Journal of Heilongjiang C ollege of Education V ol.26N o.2跨文化翻译中的文化缺省现象与文化补偿策略李家春,崔常亮(黑龙江大学外语部,哈尔滨150080)摘 要:跨文化视阈下,由于汉英两种文化历史传统和现实发展的差异,英语文本的可译性受到较大限制。
原文中的文化缺省问题,干扰了跨文化信息传递,是翻译需要解决的重要问题。
译者需要审慎地对待原文的文化信息,采取适当的策略对文化缺省信息进行文化补偿,从而再现原文的艺术效果和美学价值,促进跨文化交流和异质文化的建构。
关键词:跨文化翻译;文化缺省;文化补偿 中图分类号:H059 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-7836(2007)02-0117-03 收稿日期:2006-11-04作者简介:李家春(1980-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,助教,从事翻译和跨文化交际研究;崔常亮(1979-),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,助教,从事法律英语和翻译研究。
1 跨文化翻译和文化缺省现象翻译的目的是进行跨文化间的信息传递,既是一种跨文化交际活动,又是一种建构异质文化的过程。
跨文化翻译过程中,译者在理解与诠释异族文化特有的语言和文化现象时经常按照自己的文化习惯进行认知推理,难以正确把握原文作者的交际意图和文中的文化缺省现象,无法达到社会语用功效。
文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时对双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略,是翻译需要解决的重要问题。
作者通常会在文中省略与原语读者共有的文化信息,缺省信息可以被特定的文化语境激活于读者的脑海中,使读者得到连贯的语义理解。
而译文读者遇到此类缺省时就会出现意义真空,难以调动语言之外的各种因素来参与话语理解并形成连贯的语义。
原语作者与读者之间的默契便在译者与译文读者之间失落,因此译者要具备双语和双文化能力,适当进行文化补偿,准确传达深层文化内涵。
跨文化适应
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跨文化认知
跨文化认知是个体对其他文化信息的收 集整合、评价和接受的过程。由于个体已 有的认知结构决定了个体对外界信息的选 择和加工方式，因此也决定了他对其他文 化的态度偏好，从而成为跨文化冲突产生 的个体基础。
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跨文化的认知过程包括感知、文化振颤、文 化碰撞、文化认识到文化认同或否认的过程。
现在除了上课，每周花一个下午到敬老院去 看老人，花两个下午到国际难民组织去做志愿者， 每周有一天做助教，同时经常参加留学生组织的 活动，他很喜欢在德国的生活。
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故事三：不和中国人交往的中国人
开始的时候，都是和中国留学生住在一 起，说中国话，吃中国菜。后来我觉得这 样和国内没有两样，于是我搬了出了和德 国人住在一起，再也没有回到原来的圈子。 我很喜欢别人把我当作德国人来交往。
学历 : 硕士 所学专业 : 贸易 健康状况 : 优秀 工作经验 : 一年 目前单位 : 英国肯德基 目前月薪 : 1000英磅元
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招聘代表: 这篇简历写的很杂,但我坚信这些信息
都是必要的,都是您所想知道的.因此,请您耐心的
把我简历读完,谢谢您！ 您好：首先我想介绍一下
自己，:我名字叫董剑宏,生于一九八二年,十一月
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文化融入的概念
文化融入（acculturation）：当拥有不 同文化群体中的个体和其他文化有持续的 第一手接触时所出现的现象，其结果是原 来的个体和群体的文化模式都有变化。
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文化融入具有以下特点：
1.与异文化直接并且第一手接触 2.接触必须持续一段时间 3.两种文化相互影响 盲目融入、强加融入、民主融入 4.文化接触带来变化
跨文化交际考试英语
跨文化交际考试英语I.定义Chapter 1 CultureCulture(from intellectual perspective)从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective)从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective)从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective)从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1.Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2.Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
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Culture Adjustment(杜洪勋061732 机械设计制造及其自动化)Summary:Globlizition is the mainstream of nowadays’international businessoperation,more and more international companies establish their brands in the foreign countries,but many of them are facing with the problem named culture adjustment.The author will analysis the reason of it and carry out some solutions in this article.Keywords: cultutre adjustment globlization cooperationA CaseSaudi Arabia，the largest oil-export country in the world , is having a big hug to the foreign companies which can bring new blood to his heart. But it’s so hard for the foreigners to adapt the strict Islamic rules and their ancient customs, the religion principles are really like the stars in night’s sky.Saudi Arabins even earged StarBucks to remove the woman’s face under the crown on StarBucks’logo. And PRI (Parris-Rogers, a British publishing house)is in trouble too.PRI sent two salesman to Saudi Arabia to have some contracts, but when they reached Saudi Arabia they found the Saudi Arabin businessmen are so different from the clerks of other countries.In Britain businessmen went to coffee bars only when they felt it’s necessary to have a rest during a hardworking day, of course, they didn’t talk anything of business, however, Saudi Arabins liked it so much that their business negotiations were mainly held in bars.The British felt so confused .What’s worse , Saudi Arabins acted slowly in bars, the salesmen finally recognized that it was Saudi Arabins’custom, and they acted the same in office, but Saudi Arabins considered the salesmen as low-efficient people , the British felt more confused, of course , they were in trouble.The ReasonIn the case above,we can see two poor salesmen,both of them fall into the t rap of culture.Culture is a set of learned core values , beliefs, standards, knowl edge, morals, laws, and behaviors shared by individual acts, feels, and views oneself and others. We can make some conclution from this definition, that is ●One culture belongs to one area and one community, people are born toadapt their own culture ,and when they meet another culture ,they will fell unease ,and they need adjustment indeed.●You should value their culture because you are in their atmo sphere, everyone in international business should cooperate with each other, and you shou ld respect each other firstly.●Culture is dynamic, you should learn different type of culture in your workplace, such as etiquette and normal behaviors.In Saudi Arabia, talking about business in coffee bars can make the people feel more comfortable and it’s good to the final decision, in coffee bars people act slowly to make the gust feel ease, too. But it’s impolite to act slowly in offices, however, in British culture, no one would like to make business decisions, because it’s too informal, and it’s impolite to act slowly wherever you are. It’s not difficult for us to understand that not eve ry culture is the same, but the problem is, the salesmen’s misunderstanding of Saudi Arabin culture and lack of adjustment of another nature.SolutionsAfter analysising the case of PRI, we have to carry out some solutions for there’re so many companies facing with the problem.★DO YOUR HOMEWORK BEFORE IT IS SIGNIFICANTThe best way to avoid culture shock is learning something about it,before your trip.For example, if you know that in Arabin countries women are forbidden to appear without anything covering their faces, you will not use the image of sexy girls in the advertisement of your production sold there, and you will understand the StarBuck’s problem. Don’t be too confident, people are born to adapt their own culture not the other’s.★CULTURE IS DYNAMIC YOU SHOULD BE DYNAMIC TOOThe salesmen in our case have made a mistake—a manner can be used in any occasions. The etiquette has different forms in different situations. A salesman from Japan went to Latin America to have a meeting, he found men kissed women and women kissed women when they meet each other, and he attemped to kiss the clerk who received him at the airport, the clerk tried his best to avoid his kiss, but he felt so strange, finally he learnt that in Latin America, men kissed women momen kissed women but men didn’t kissed men. Therefore not only pay your attention to KISS but also to MEN and MOMEN!★DON’T BE THA T CURIOUS, THEY ARE CHANGING MINDS A T THE SAME TIME, TOO!The core of globlization is cooperation, and cooperation based on understanding of each other, when you’re busy with learning their culture, they’re learning yours, too. A businessman from Europe saw a shop sold pork when he had a walk in an Arabin country, felt so confused, he asked the shopkeeper how dare they sold pork there, then the shopkeeper told him that this country admitted some pork sales in the area where no Muslem worked or shopped. So you have to know some policies of the area where your company located, it’s important to be CARELESS!★YOU ARE NOT LONEY JUST LEARN FROM THECOMPANY WHO HAS MORE EXPERIENCEIt’s impossible that only one company has its brand abroad in a country, you have many chance to cooperate with a company who has variety of experience on international business(such as MicroSoft in America, British Airline in England, and Haier in China, etc.). Y ou can learn some types of their conduction, and the experience of success. Just remember: you’re not loney in the world, open your eyes widely, and seek for the Golden Apple of yourself.ConclutionThere’re many aspacts of success in international business ,culture adjustment is one of them,in this article, the author analysed the reason of culture shock and the importance of culture adjustment, and then carried out some tips which would be useful to the company who want’s to and the one who is operating business in foreign countries. The keys to handle international business well are learning , seeking, understanding.ReferencesJohn D. Daniels, Lee H. Radebaugh, Daniel P Sullivan International Business Environments and Operations (Tenth Edition) Beijing :Press of People’s University, 2005Philip R. .Cateora International Marketing (Seventh Edition) Boston:Homewood, 1990Selo Soemardjan, Kenneth W. Thompson Culture, development, and democracy: The role of the intellectual Tokyo. Newyork.Paris: United Nations University Press, 1994Charles Mitchell International Business Culture Shanghai:SHANGHAI FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCA TION PRESS, 2002。