刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学PPT课件
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2. It clearly demonstrates that sentences are not mere left-to-right linear sequences of elements. Instead, elements come into relationships of great complexity and varying kinds.
tence
Subject
Predicate
a referring expression
comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject
Introduction
Lexical item 语项 --labels attached to “words”. “Lexical item”
ultimate constituents poor, John, ran, away
Advantages of IC analysis
1. It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.
e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.
is a term associated with dictionaries or lexicons. It takes an abstract view of words. --a word has more or less consistent meaning, but can differ because of grammatical function. e.g. do/did/done/doing/does are particular
3. (胡壮麟，P125-126)
The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son
=（1）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老儿子的女儿
=（2）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老女儿的儿子
Disadvantages of IC Analysis 1. It results in technical problems due to
discontinuous constituents. E.g. Leave + the book+ on the shelf.
2. It results in ambiguity problems. E.g. the love of God, the shooting of the
constituents directly below the level of a construction • ultimate constituent (UC) 最终成分:
last level of constituents
Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) ---by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949)
The definition of syntax
A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it studies the combination
of words to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Breaking a sentence down to its constituent elements until the smallest grammatical unit, i.e. morphemes,
e.g. Poor|| John| ran|| away.
constituent
immediate constituents poor John, ran away
forms of the lexical item do.
Lexical categories 词汇范畴
句法学简介
In generative linguistics, syntax, phonology and semantics are the major constituents of grammar. Syntax consists of various generative syntactical rules: s-rule，phrase rule and transformational rule. Syntactical construction is composed of syntactic classes and syntactic categories. Syntactical analysis is based on lexical items and syntactic relationships.
Basic Concepts
• Constituent 组构成分:
grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level • immediate constituent（IC）直接成分:
hunters
(胡壮麟，P128)
Exercise
Work in pairs to answer the question:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of IC analysis?
Basic components of a sentence
tence
Subject
Predicate
a referring expression
comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and says something about the subject
Introduction
Lexical item 语项 --labels attached to “words”. “Lexical item”
ultimate constituents poor, John, ran, away
Advantages of IC analysis
1. It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.
e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son.
is a term associated with dictionaries or lexicons. It takes an abstract view of words. --a word has more or less consistent meaning, but can differ because of grammatical function. e.g. do/did/done/doing/does are particular
3. (胡壮麟，P125-126)
The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son
=（1）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老儿子的女儿
=（2）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老女儿的儿子
Disadvantages of IC Analysis 1. It results in technical problems due to
discontinuous constituents. E.g. Leave + the book+ on the shelf.
2. It results in ambiguity problems. E.g. the love of God, the shooting of the
constituents directly below the level of a construction • ultimate constituent (UC) 最终成分:
last level of constituents
Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) ---by Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949)
The definition of syntax
A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it studies the combination
of words to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Breaking a sentence down to its constituent elements until the smallest grammatical unit, i.e. morphemes,
e.g. Poor|| John| ran|| away.
constituent
immediate constituents poor John, ran away
forms of the lexical item do.
Lexical categories 词汇范畴
句法学简介
In generative linguistics, syntax, phonology and semantics are the major constituents of grammar. Syntax consists of various generative syntactical rules: s-rule，phrase rule and transformational rule. Syntactical construction is composed of syntactic classes and syntactic categories. Syntactical analysis is based on lexical items and syntactic relationships.
Basic Concepts
• Constituent 组构成分:
grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level • immediate constituent（IC）直接成分:
hunters
(胡壮麟，P128)
Exercise
Work in pairs to answer the question:
What are the advantages and disadvantages of IC analysis?
Basic components of a sentence