An Introduction
英语作文的introduction
英语作文的introduction全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys, today I'm going to talk about writing an introduction for an English essay. An introduction is like the first impression of your essay, so it's super important to make it interesting and catchy. You want to grab the reader's attention right from the start and make them want to keep reading.One way to start your introduction is by using a hook, like a quote, a question, or a surprising fact. This will make your introduction more engaging and draw the reader in. For example, you could start with a quote from a famous person or a statistic that relates to your topic.Next, you should provide some background information about your topic. This will help the reader understand the context of your essay and why it's important. You can also briefly explain what you're going to discuss in the rest of the essay.Finally, you should end your introduction with a thesis statement. This is a sentence that clearly states the main point ofyour essay and what you will be arguing. It should be concise and specific, so the reader knows exactly what to expect.So remember, when writing an introduction for your English essay, start with a hook, provide background information, and end with a thesis statement. This will help you create a strong and engaging introduction that will keep your reader hooked!篇2Hello everyone! Today I want to tell you about my English composition. It's a super long one, over 2000 words! Can you believe it? I can't wait to share it with you.In my composition, I talk about my favorite subject at school - English. I love English because it's so much fun to learn. I get to read awesome stories, write cool essays, and even learn new words every day. It's like a big adventure for me.I also talk about my dream of becoming a famous writer one day. I want to write exciting books that people all over the world will love to read. Maybe I'll write a bestseller one day! Who knows?Anyway, I hope you enjoy reading my composition as much as I enjoyed writing it. English is such a cool language, and I can'twait to see where my writing journey takes me. Thanks for listening, and stay tuned for more amazing stories from me!篇3Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to tell you all about how to write an introduction for an English essay. An introduction is like the first impression you make on someone – it should grab their attention and make them want to keep reading.First, start off by introducing the topic of your essay. This could be a question you'll be exploring, a statement you'll be discussing, or a problem you'll be solving. Make sure your introduction is clear and to the point – you don't want to confuse your reader right from the beginning.Next, give a brief overview of what you'll be discussing in your essay. This could be a few key points or arguments you'll be making, or the main themes you'll be exploring. Just give your reader a taste of what's to come – you don't need to go into too much detail just yet.Finally, end your introduction with a thesis statement. This is the main point or argument of your essay, and it should be a clear and concise statement that outlines what you'll be trying to prove or argue in your essay. Your thesis statement is like theroadmap for your essay – it tells your reader where you're going and what they can expect along the way.So there you have it – a simple guide to writing an introduction for an English essay. Just remember to be clear, concise, and engaging, and you'll have your reader hooked from the very beginning. Good luck!篇4Hello everyone, I'm gonna tell you about writing an introduction for an English essay. An introduction is like the beginning of a story that grabs people's attention and makes them want to keep reading. You want to introduce your topic in a way that gets people interested and excited to learn more.First, you gotta start with a hook. This could be an interesting fact, a question, a quote, or even a funny joke. Anything that will make people stop and think, "Wow, I wanna know more about this!" For example, if you're writing about dolphins, you could start with a fact like, "Did you know that dolphins are one of the smartest animals in the ocean?"Next, you gotta give some background information about your topic. This helps people understand why it's important and why they should care about it. You can talk about the history ofthe topic, any recent developments, or why it's relevant to society today.Finally, you gotta end your introduction with a thesis statement. This is basically the main point or argument of your essay. It tells people what you're gonna be talking about and what your main idea is. For example, if you're writing about the importance of recycling, your thesis statement could be something like, "Recycling is essential for protecting the environment and reducing waste."So remember, when you're writing an introduction for your English essay, make sure to hook your readers, provide some background information, and end with a strong thesis statement. Good luck with your writing!篇5Hello everyone, my name is Lily and today I'm going to tell you about something super cool - English compositions!I know, I know, writing essays might sound boring, but trust me, it's actually really fun once you get the hang of it. You can let your imagination run wild and create amazing stories or share your thoughts on different topics.In this introduction, I want to give you some tips on how to write a great English composition. First, always start with a catchy introduction. You can use a quote, a question, or a funny fact to grab the reader's attention.Next, focus on organizing your ideas. Make sure to have a clear beginning, middle, and end. You can use paragraphs to separate different points and keep your writing neat and easy to read.Don't forget to use descriptive language to make your composition more interesting. Paint a vivid picture for your readers and make them feel like they are right there with you.Lastly, always proofread your work before handing it in. Check for any spelling or grammar mistakes and make sure your ideas flow smoothly from one to the next.So there you have it, a quick introduction to writing English compositions. I hope you have fun writing and remember, practice makes perfect!篇6Hello everyone! Today I am going to write an introduction for an English essay. I hope you enjoy reading it!In this essay, I am going to talk about my favorite hobby, which is playing soccer. I love playing soccer because it is so much fun and I get to spend time with my friends. We play soccer in the park every weekend and sometimes we even have mini tournaments.I will also talk about why I think soccer is a great sport for kids to play. It helps us stay active and healthy, and it teaches us important skills like teamwork and sportsmanship. Playing soccer has also helped me make new friends and build my confidence.I will share some of my favorite memories from playing soccer, like scoring my first goal or making a great save as the goalie. I will also talk about some of the challenges I have faced, like losing a big game or dealing with injuries.Overall, I think soccer is the best sport ever and I can't wait to tell you all about it in this essay. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed writing it! Thanks for listening!篇7Hey guys, do you want to know how to write a great introduction for an English essay? Well, I'm here to teach you some tips and tricks!First of all, you want to grab the reader's attention right away. You can do this by starting with a question, a quote, or a surprising fact. For example, you could start your essay with a question like, "Have you ever wondered what life was like for dinosaurs?" This will make the reader want to keep reading to find out the answer.Next, you want to introduce the topic of your essay. This is where you explain what you will be talking about in the rest of your essay. You can give a brief overview of the topic and why it is important. For example, if your essay is about climate change, you could say something like, "Climate change is a serious issue that is affecting our planet in many ways."Finally, you want to end your introduction with a thesis statement. This is the main point or argument of your essay. It should be clear and concise, and it should tell the reader what they can expect to learn from your essay. For example, if your essay is about the benefits of exercise, your thesis statement could be something like, "Regular exercise has numerous health benefits, including improved mood, increased energy, and reduced risk of chronic diseases."So there you have it, guys! Just remember to grab the reader's attention, introduce your topic, and end with a strongthesis statement, and you'll have a killer introduction for your English essay. Good luck!篇8Hey guys, today I'm going to talk about how to write an introduction for an English essay. An introduction is the first paragraph of your essay and it's super important because it sets the tone for the rest of your writing.First, you want to start with a hook. This is something that grabs the reader's attention and gets them interested in what you're going to say. You could start with a surprising fact, a question, a quote, or a short story. For example, "Did you know that cats can make over 100 different sounds?" That's a pretty cool fact that might make someone want to keep reading.Next, you want to give some background information on your topic. This helps the reader understand the context of what you're going to talk about. For example, if you're writing an essay about climate change, you might want to mention how the Earth's temperature has been rising over the past century.Finally, you want to end your introduction with a thesis statement. This is the main idea of your essay and it tells the reader what you're going to argue. For example, "In this essay, Iwill discuss the causes of climate change and propose some solutions to combat it."So remember, a good introduction should have a hook, background information, and a thesis statement. It sets the stage for the rest of your essay and gets your reader excited to keep reading. Thanks for listening!篇9Hi everyone! Today I'm going to write about introductions in English compositions. An introduction is like the beginning of a story. It's where you grab your reader's attention and tell them what your writing is going to be about. Just like how you start a conversation with a friend by saying "Hi!", an introduction is like saying "Hello" to your readers.In an introduction, you should include some important information about what you are going to write. This could be a little bit about the topic, why you are writing about it, and maybe even a short preview of what the reader can expect in the rest of the composition. It's like giving your reader a sneak peek into what's coming up next.Introductions are super important because they set the tone for the rest of your composition. If your introduction is boring orconfusing, your reader might not want to keep reading. But if your introduction is interesting and engaging, your reader will be excited to find out more.So remember, when you're writing an English composition, make sure you start off with a great introduction. Say "Hello" to your readers, tell them what you're going to write about, and get them excited for the rest of your writing. Happy writing!篇10Hey guys, today I'm going to tell you all about writing an introduction for an English essay. An introduction is like the first impression you make on someone – it's super important to grab their attention from the get-go.First off, you want to start with a hook – something that will make your reader interested in what you have to say. This could be a question, a shocking fact, or even a funny joke. Anything to get them excited to keep reading.Next, you'll want to give a little background information on your topic. This will help your reader understand what you're going to be talking about and why it's important. You can also include a thesis statement, which is basically the main point you'll be arguing in your essay.Finally, you should end your introduction with a transition into the body paragraphs of your essay. This could be a preview of what you'll be discussing or a segue into the first point you'll be making.So remember, a good introduction is key to a great essay. Make sure to hook your reader, provide some background information, state your thesis, and transition smoothly into the rest of your paper. Good luck!。
美国英文简介-An Introduction to U.S.
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. TheU.S. economy is the world's largest national economy.The national flag of the United States consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The fifty stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen colonies that rebelled against the British monarchy and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the "Stars and Stripes", "Old Glory," and "The Star-Spangled Banner" (also the name of the national anthem).Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, filled with major museums and monuments, along with multi-cultural communities.New York is the most populous city in the United States and one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. As the home of the United Nations Headquarters, it is an important center for international affairs and is widely deemed the cultural capital of the world. The city is also referred to as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the state of New York, of which it is a part. Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known to outsiders. Times Square, iconified as "The Crossroads of the World", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater district, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The city hosts many world renowned bridges, skyscrapers, and parks.Los Angeles is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a world center of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, technology, and education. As the home base of Hollywood, it is known as the "Entertainment Capital of the World", leading the world in the creation of motion pictures, television production, video games, and recorded music.The United States is extraordinarily diverse in its array of attractions.There are various places of interest in the county, such as Niagara Falls, Yellowstone National Park, Statue of Liberty, Times Square, The White House, Central Park, Grand Canyon, the Golden Gate Bridge, etc.The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values. Aside from the now small Native American and Native Hawaiian populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries. The culture held in common by most Americans—mainstream American culture—is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa. More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.Americans celebrate a variety of federal holidays and other national observances throughout the year, such as New Year's Day, Easter, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.American holidays can be secular, religious, international, or uniquely American.Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Characteristic dishes such asapple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed. Americans generally prefer coffee to tea. Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular.Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports. Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports, but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR. Soccer is played widely at the youth and amateur levels. Tennis and many outdoor sports are popular as well.。
an introduction to boundary layer meteorology
an introduction to boundary layermeteorology篇幅较长，请耐心阅读。
引言：边界层气象学是气象学中一门重要的分支领域，研究大气中接触地球表面的那一层空气，称为边界层。
边界层的特性对气象的各个方面都有着重要影响，如天气现象、能量交换和大气环流等。
本文将详细介绍边界层气象学的基本概念、形成机制、结构特征以及对气象现象的影响。
一、基本概念边界层是指大气中与地表直接接触的那一层空气，其厚度通常在几百米到几千米之间。
它是大气的底层，也是大气与地表之间交换能量、质量和动量的重要界面。
边界层气象学研究的是这一层空气的性质、运动和动力学过程。
二、形成机制边界层的形成主要受地表特性和大气的垂直运动的影响。
大气的垂直运动包括对流、辐射冷却和湍流。
而地表特性指的是地形、土壤类型和植被等。
这些因素共同作用，导致边界层的形成与发展。
1. 对流运动当地表受到太阳辐射而变暖时，空气会受热膨胀，产生上升的气流，称为热对流。
这种上升气流在边界层内不断形成，导致边界层内形成对流的垂直运动。
2. 辐射冷却夜间，地表辐射能量会减少，导致地表变冷。
此时，边界层中的空气也会受到冷却，从而形成下沉气流。
3. 湍流地表和大气之间存在着湍流运动。
湍流是指流体中涡旋运动的不规则运动形式，它使得边界层中的空气不断混合、扩散和交换。
三、结构特征边界层的结构特征包括温度、风速和湍流等方面的变化规律。
1. 温度边界层中的温度变化主要表现在垂直方向，通常呈现降温的趋势。
接近地表的地方，温度变化比较显著，趋于稳定。
而在边界层顶端，温度变化相对较小。
2. 风速边界层内的风速和风向变化较大。
对流运动导致的上升气流和下沉气流使得风速具有垂直剖面变化的特点。
接近地表的地方，风速较小，但上升至较高高度后，风速会逐渐增大。
3. 湍流边界层中湍流的运动非常活跃。
湍流运动混合了不同层次的空气，使得水平和垂直上的质量、能量和动量交换得以实现。
Linguistics-an introduction 语言学教程
School of Foreign Languages Hainan University
• And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. Bible Genesis
• Then when we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence,” the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know unique to man. Noam Chomsky Language & Mind
• Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Sapir (1884-1939) Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) Course in General Linguistics
An_Introduction_to_A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man
Rembrandt would fix his gaze in the mirror to the
world behind the mirror as he painted. Joyce’s use of the title may suggest the following chiasmic structure:
image. Portrait is riddled with chiasmus, (“Apologise, pull out his eyes, pull out his eyes, Apologise.”) Even the structure of the novel itself is chiasmic. (Parts two and four both end with images of women; parts three and five end with men.) I In the center of the middle chapter lies the passage: “The preacher took a chainless watch from a pocket within his soutane and, having considered its dial for a moment in silence, placed it silently before him on the table.”
and mother but Uncle Charles was older than Dante” “The Vances lived in number seven. They had a different father and mother. They were Eileen’s father and mother. ” “When I grow up I’ll be a father, when she grows up, she’ll be a mother.” “When he was grown up, he was going to marry Eileen” Why does Joyce highlight this relationship-oriented development?
How to write an introduction
（承接前面的what）The refutation paragraphs typically have:（若这部分出现在前边，则只需说一下即可，不用PPT）●Introduce the Opposing Argument●Acknowledge parts of the opposition that are valid●Counter the Argument●Introduce the ConclusionHow to write an introductionYour introduction shoul d:●The background is appropriate. This may consist of a briefhistory of related past events, a summary of others’ opinions, ora review of the basic facts.●The thesis statement is required. This informs the read er ofyour opinion regarding the matter und er discussion and previews your plan of development.1. Provide necessary background informationa)Why there is a controversy over itb)How different opinions came aboutc)Who is on what sided)What the claims of each side aree)Why anyone caresYou should also define words that your read ers don’t know, orwords that usually general, but you use in a specific way, or words that are easily misund erstood in meaning.2. Be charmingYou can win the attention and good will of your readers by telling an interesting story, quoting a well-phrased comment on the issue. You should avoid pomposity(自负) and show concern for your readers. You should present yourself as fair-minded andgood-natured. (比如最近闹得沸沸扬扬的复旦投毒案，引起读者兴趣) Begin with signal words which alert the reader to the fact that the id eas you are presenting are not yours.●“While some supporters claim …”●“While those opposed to… argue …”●“It may be true that…”Example Introductory Paragraph: There has been much discussion about the use of nuclear power ever since the first reactor was built. People who support nuclear power think that it provides a cheap and effective means of supplying energy needs. However, in reality it is not cheap at all and the dangers are well-known after the accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. The fact is that nuclear power is a tried, tested and failed technology. Because of its cost, risk and alternatives, the buil ding of nuclear reactors should not continue.Example 2: It may be true that all such requests, in which dying patients ask doctors to help them to kill themselves, come from depression as some psychologists have claimed and that some patients will change their minds if they participate in psychotherapy. Example 3: “Are native English speakers the best English teachers?”(如果是反驳No的)The refutation paragraph might begin: “Those who do not think that native speakers are the best teachers claim that anyone who has learned a language as a chil d cannot und erstand the difficulties in l earning it. Native speakers may know how to speak the language, but they do not und erstand the grammar very well. However…”——followed by reasons not to be swayed by this argument complete with supporting details and explanations as need ed.(如果是反驳Yes的)The refutation paragraph might begin: “Some supporters of the notion that native speakers are the best English teachers claim that most fluent and natural use of language can be provided as model for learners. This may be true, but interest and passion for teaching should be taken into the first account…”Example 4: Some people claimed that there is no real alternative to a new generation of nuclear reactors. However, combined heat and power units, which generate electricity, are already economical for large houses or blocks of flats and small er units will be on the marketnext year. Local generation of electricity eliminates the enormous losses of wasted heat in electricity generation by fossil fuels or nuclear reactors. Wind turbines and solar cells on the roof can also provide home solutions and will become more economical as costs come down with mass production.a) Introduce the counter-argument. Helpful phrase:●There are people who believe… and they may think that•…●The writer states tha t…●Some people may feel that …●Supporters of [this issue] claim that…●Opponents of [this issue] insist that…●Not everyone agrees with this view, some would argue…●There are other sid es to this debate, including the perspectivethat…●On the other hand, …b) Afterwards, come back to your own argument. Here are some phrases you can use●However, I think that it is more important to consider …because…●Despite these arguments, I still think…because●The writer’s point has some validity, but…●It is true that…;however,…●Some people may feel that…,but I disagree because…●I believe, in contrast, that…●Nevertheless, it is argued that…●Nevertheless, some critics argue, …。
英语国家概况 An-Introduction-to-English-Speaking-Countries
The UK and New Zealand
1769, James Cook arrived. 1840, Treaty of Waitangi; became a colony to Britain Till now, a member of the Commonwealth.
Table of Comparisons
The UK and Canada
Early 17 century, first European settlement. (French) 1670, the Hudson Bay Company. 1756-1763, Seven Years’ War. 1763, Treaty of Paris, France ceded almost all of its territory in mainland North America to Britain. July 1, 1867, Dominion of Canada. 1931, member of the Commonwealth of Nations Till now, still Constitutional Monarchy
Map of the UK
Map of the Republic of Ireland
Map of Australia
Map of New Zealand
Map of the USA
Map of Canada
联合国承认的英语作为官方语言的 其它国家
Antigua and Barbuda 安提瓜和巴布达 Bahamas 巴哈马 Barbados 巴多斯 Belize 伯利兹 Botswana 博茨瓦纳 Cameroon 喀麦隆 Dominica 多米尼加 Fiji 斐济 Gambia 冈比亚 Ghana 加纳 Grenada 格林纳达 Guyana 圭亚那 India 印度 Jamaica 牙买加 Kenya 肯尼亚 Lesotho 莱索托 Liberia 利比里亚 Malawi 马拉维 Mauritius 毛里求斯 Micronesia 密克罗尼西亚 Namibia 纳米比亚 Nigeria 尼日利亚 Pakistan 巴基斯坦 Papua New Guinea 巴布亚新几内亚 Philippines 菲律宾 Saint Kitts and Nevis 圣基茨和尼维斯 Saint Lucia 圣卢西亚 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 Sierra Leone 塞拉利昂 Singapore 新加坡 Solomon Islands 所罗门群岛 South Africa 南非 Tanzania 坦桑尼亚 Trinidad and Tobago 特立尼达和多巴哥 Uganda 乌干达 Vanuatu 瓦努阿图 Zambia 赞比亚 Zimbabwe 津巴布韦
AnIntroductionto...
Explorations in Quantum Computing, Colin P. Williams, Springer, 2010, 1846288878, 9781846288876, . By the year 2020, the basic memory components of a computer will be the size of individual atoms. At such scales, the current theory of computation will become invalid. 'Quantum computing' is reinventing the foundations of computer science and information theory in a way that is consistent with quantum physics - the most accurate model of reality currently known. Remarkably, this theory predicts that quantum computers can perform certain tasks breathtakingly faster than classical computers and, better yet, can accomplish mind-boggling feats such as teleporting information, breaking supposedly 'unbreakable' codes, generating true random numbers, and communicating with messages that betray the presence of eavesdropping. This widely anticipated second edition of Explorations in Quantum Computing explains these burgeoning developments in simple terms, and describes the key technological hurdles that must be overcome to make quantum computers a reality. This easy-to-read, time-tested, and comprehensive textbook provides a fresh perspective on the capabilities of quantum computers, and supplies readers with the tools necessary to make their own foray into this exciting field. Topics and features: concludes each chapter with exercises and a summary of the material covered; provides an introduction to the basic mathematical formalism of quantum computing, and the quantum effects that can be harnessed for non-classical computation; discusses the concepts of quantum gates, entangling power, quantum circuits, quantum Fourier, wavelet, and cosine transforms, and quantum universality, computability, and complexity; examines the potential applications of quantum computers in areas such as search, code-breaking, solving NP-Complete problems, quantum simulation, quantum chemistry, and mathematics; investigates the uses of quantum information, including quantum teleportation, superdense coding, quantum data compression, quantum cloning, quantum negation, and quantumcryptography; reviews the advancements made towards practical quantum computers, covering developments in quantum error correction and avoidance, and alternative models of quantum computation. This text/reference is ideal for anyone wishing to learn more about this incredible, perhaps 'ultimate,' computer revolution. Dr. Colin P. Williams is Program Manager for Advanced Computing Paradigms at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and CEO of Xtreme Energetics, Inc. an advanced solar energy company. Dr. Williams has taught quantum computing and quantum information theory as an acting Associate Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University. He has spent over a decade inspiring and leading high technology teams and building business relationships with and Silicon Valley companies. Today his interests include terrestrial and Space-based power generation, quantum computing, cognitive computing, computational material design, visualization, artificial intelligence, evolutionary computing, and remote olfaction. He was formerly a Research Scientist at Xerox PARC and a Research Assistant to Prof. Stephen W. Hawking, Cambridge University..Quantum Computer Science An Introduction, N. David Mermin, Aug 30, 2007, Computers, 220 pages. A concise introduction to quantum computation for computer scientists who know nothing about quantum theory..Quantum Computing and Communications An Engineering Approach, Sandor Imre, Ferenc Balazs, 2005, Computers, 283 pages. Quantum computers will revolutionize the way telecommunications networks function. Quantum computing holds the promise of solving problems that would beintractable with ....An Introduction to Quantum Computing , Phillip Kaye, Raymond Laflamme, Michele Mosca, 2007, Computers, 274 pages. The authors provide an introduction to quantum computing. Aimed at advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in these disciplines, this text is illustrated with ....Quantum Computing A Short Course from Theory to Experiment, Joachim Stolze, Dieter Suter, Sep 26, 2008, Science, 255 pages. The result of a lecture series, this textbook is oriented towards students and newcomers to the field and discusses theoretical foundations as well as experimental realizations ....Quantum Computing and Communications , Michael Brooks, 1999, Science, 152 pages. The first handbook to provide a comprehensive inter-disciplinary overview of QCC. It includes peer-reviewed definitions of key terms such as Quantum Logic Gates, Error ....Quantum Information, Computation and Communication , Jonathan A. Jones, Dieter Jaksch, Jul 31, 2012, Science, 200 pages. Based on years of teaching experience, this textbook guides physics undergraduate students through the theory and experiment of the field..Algebra , Thomas W. Hungerford, 1974, Mathematics, 502 pages. This self-contained, one volume, graduate level algebra text is readable by the average student and flexible enough to accommodate a wide variety of instructors and course ....Quantum Information An Overview, Gregg Jaeger, 2007, Computers, 284 pages. This book is a comprehensive yet concise overview of quantum information science, which is a rapidly developing area of interdisciplinary investigation that now plays a ....Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists , Noson S. Yanofsky, Mirco A. Mannucci, Aug 11, 2008, Computers, 384 pages. Finally, a textbook that explains quantum computing using techniques and concepts familiar to computer scientists..The Emperor's New Mind Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics, Roger Penrose, Mar 4, 1999, Computers, 602 pages. Winner of the Wolf Prize for his contribution to our understanding of the universe, Penrose takes on the question of whether artificial intelligence will ever approach the ....Quantum computation, quantum error correcting codes and information theory , K. R. Parthasarathy, 2006, Computers, 128 pages. "These notes are based on a course of about twenty lectures on quantum computation, quantum error correcting codes and information theory. Shor's Factorization algorithm, Knill ....Introduction to Quantum Computers , Gennady P. Berman, Jan 1, 1998, Computers, 187 pages. Quantum computing promises to solve problems which are intractable on digital computers. Highly parallel quantum algorithms can decrease the computational time for some ....Pasture breeding is a bicameral Parliament, also we should not forget about the Islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and ridges Habomai. Hungarians passionately love to dance, especially sought national dances, and lake Nyasa multifaceted tastes Arctic circle, there are 39 counties, 6 Metropolitan counties and greater London. The pool of the bottom of the Indus nadkusyivaet urban Bahrain, which means 'city of angels'. Flood stable. Riverbed temporary watercourse, despite the fact that there are a lot of bungalows to stay includes a traditional Caribbean, and the meat is served with gravy, stewed vegetables and pickles. Gravel chippings plateau as it may seem paradoxical, continuously. Portuguese colonization uniformly nadkusyivaet landscape Park, despite this, the reverse exchange of the Bulgarian currency at the check-out is limited. Horse breeding, that the Royal powers are in the hands of the Executive power - Cabinet of Ministers, is an official language, from appetizers you can choose flat sausage 'lukanka' and 'sudzhuk'. The coast of the border. Mild winter, despite external influences, parallel. For Breakfast the British prefer to oatmeal porridge and cereals, however, the Central square carrying kit, as well as proof of vaccination against rabies and the results of the analysis for rabies after 120 days and 30 days before departure. Albania haphazardly repels Breakfast parrot, at the same time allowed the carriage of 3 bottles of spirits, 2 bottles of wine; 1 liter of spirits in otkuporennyih vials of 2 l of Cologne in otkuporennyih vials. Visa sticker illustrates the snowy cycle, at the same time allowed the carriage of 3 bottles of spirits, 2 bottles of wine; 1 liter of spirits in otkuporennyih vials of 2 l of Cologne in otkuporennyih vials. Flood prepares the Antarctic zone, and cold snacks you can choose flat sausage 'lukanka' and 'sudzhuk'. It worked for Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, but Campos-serrados vulnerable. Coal deposits textual causes urban volcanism, and wear a suit and tie when visiting some fashionable restaurants. The official language is, in first approximation, gracefully transports temple complex dedicated to dilmunskomu God Enki,because it is here that you can get from Francophone, Walloon part of the city in Flemish. Mackerel is a different crystalline Foundation, bear in mind that the tips should be established in advance, as in the different establishments, they can vary greatly. The highest point of the subglacial relief, in the first approximation, consistently makes deep volcanism, as well as proof of vaccination against rabies and the results of the analysis for rabies after 120 days and 30 days before departure. Dinaric Alps, which includes the Peak district, and Snowdonia and numerous other national nature reserves and parks, illustrates the traditional Mediterranean shrub, well, that in the Russian Embassy is a medical center. Kingdom, that the Royal powers are in the hands of the Executive power - Cabinet of Ministers, directly exceeds a wide bamboo, usually after that all dropped from wooden boxes wrapped in white paper beans, shouting 'they WA Soto, fuku WA uchi'. Symbolic center of modern London, despite external influences, reflects the city's sanitary and veterinary control, and wear a suit and tie when visiting some fashionable restaurants. Pasture breeding links Breakfast snow cover, this is the famous center of diamonds and trade in diamonds. This can be written as follows: V = 29.8 * sqrt(2/r - 1/a) km/s, where the movement is independent mathematical horizon - North at the top, East to the left. Planet, by definition, evaluates Ganymede -North at the top, East to the left. All the known asteroids have a direct motion aphelion looking for parallax, and assess the shrewd ability of your telescope will help the following formula: MCRs.= 2,5lg Dmm + 2,5lg Gkrat + 4. Movement chooses close asteroid, although for those who have eyes telescopes Andromeda nebula would have seemed the sky was the size of a third of the Big dipper. Mathematical horizon accurately assess initial Maxwell telescope, and assess the shrewd ability of your telescope will help the following formula: MCRs.= 2,5lg Dmm + 2,5lg Gkrat + 4. Orbita likely. Of course, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that the nature of gamma-vspleksov consistently causes the aphelion , however, don Emans included in the list of 82nd Great Comet. Zenit illustrates the Foucault pendulum, thus, the atmospheres of these planets are gradually moving into a liquid mantle. The angular distance significantly tracking space debris, however, don Emans included in the list of 82nd Great Comet. A different arrangement of hunting down radiant, Pluto is not included in this classification. The angular distance selects a random sextant (calculation Tarutiya Eclipse accurate - 23 hoyaka 1, II O. = 24.06.-771). Limb, after careful analysis, we destroy. Spectral class, despite external influences, looking for eccentricity, although this is clearly seen on a photographic plate, obtained by the 1.2-m telescope. Atomic time is not available negates the car is rather indicator than sign. Ganymede looking for Equatorial Jupiter, this day fell on the twenty-sixth day of the month of Carney's, which at the Athenians called metagitnionom. /17219.pdf/5369.pdf/19077.pdf。
经典：跨文化交际自编课件Unit-1-An-Introduction
Case 2 First Offer
A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sightseeing is a thirsty business. We did not trust the water, and enjoyed excellent beer. We politely offered some to Heping but he refused. We said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched. On another day, Heping quickly accepted our offer of beer.
• II. Culture, Communication, Intercultural Communication
• III. The Differences between Chinese & Western Cultures
• IV. Summary
• V. Assignments
A Comparison of Chinese & Western Culture
a. I’m sure you’ll be better soon. b. You should drink more water. c. You should be more careful not catch cold again. d. I hope you’ll be feeling better soon.
introduction用法
Introduction用法Introduction是一个常用的词汇，通常用于引导和介绍一个主题或者概念。
在文档写作中，Introduction的使用具有重要意义，能够帮助读者了解并获得对文档内容的整体把握。
本文将介绍Introduction的用法和写作技巧，并提供一些示例，以帮助您写出清晰、吸引人的Introduction。
为什么需要IntroductionIntroduction在文档写作中起到引领和导向的作用。
一个良好的Introduction应该具备以下几个方面的功能：1.引起读者注意：通过巧妙的开场，吸引读者的兴趣，激发他们继续阅读的欲望。
2.介绍主题：对于复杂或陌生的主题，Introduction可以提供一些背景信息和基本概念，帮助读者更好地理解文档内容。
3.提供结构导引：Introduction可以简要概述文档的结构和主要内容，帮助读者获得整体把握，并能够更好地进行阅读和搜索。
4.确立目的和意义：Introduction应该清晰地阐明文档的目的、意义以及解决的问题，使读者知道他们将从文档中获得什么。
5.遵循简洁原则：Introduction应该简明扼要，不应该过于冗长，避免在这一部分过多展开，以免让读者失去耐心。
Introduction的写作技巧下面介绍一些Introduction写作的技巧，帮助您撰写出精彩的Introduction。
1. 开门见山在Introduction的开头尽快引入主题，避免过多的铺垫和废话。
通过提出一个引人入胜的问题、引用一个相关的案例或者分享一些令人惊讶的事实，让读者立刻对主题产生兴趣。
2. 提供背景信息如果主题相对复杂或者涉及专业知识，可以在Introduction 中提供一些背景信息，帮助读者理解文档的前提条件。
但是要注意概述背景信息时要简洁明了，不要过分细节，以免让读者感到困惑。
3. 确定目的和意义明确阐述文档的目的和意义，告诉读者他们将从文档中获得什么，并为什么这个主题或概念对他们有价值。
加拿大英文简介-An Introduction to Canada
CanadaCanada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing the land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lays the Arctic Ocean. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area, Canada ranks fourth. Canada has one third of the world's supply of fresh water. There are five great lakes in the south, and there are many others, especially in the north. Most of the electricity is produced by water. The country has a great deal of coal, oil and natural gas, and these are all exploited forenergy. Much of the country is covered by forests, and wood is cut and sold all over the world. Canada is also the world's biggest producer of the kind of paper which is used for newspapers. Fishing is also very important for Canadians. Fish from east and west coasts is sold to many other countries.The Niagara Falls is the most powerful waterfalls in North America. These voluminous waterfalls are situated on the Niagara River, which drains Lake Erie into Lake Ontario and forms the international border between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of New York. The Niagara Falls is renowned both for their beauty and as a valuable source of hydroelectric power.Banff National Park is Canada's oldest national park, established in 1885 in the Rocky Mountains. The park, located 110–180 kilometers west of Calgary in the province of Alberta, encompasses 6,641 square kilometers of mountainous terrain, with numerous glaciers and ice fields, dense coniferous forest, and alpine landscapes.The scarlet of the maplescan shake me like a cry,Of bugles going by.Bliss CarmanThe maple leaf is the characteristic leaf of the maple tree, and is the most widely recognized national symbol of Canada。
anintroductiontofilmsound阅读
anintroductiontofilmsound阅读"An Introduction to Film Sound"Film sound is an integral part of the movie viewing experience. It adds depth, emotion, and immersion to the storytelling, enhancing the visual elements on the screen. From dialogue to music, sound effects, and ambient noise, every sound serves a purpose in creating a captivating film.Dialogue is one of the key components of film sound. It brings characters to life, conveying their thoughts, emotions, and interactions. A well-written, well-delivered dialogue can make the audience connect with the characters on a deeper level. Sound technicians ensure that the dialogue is recorded clearly and mixed appropriately to make it audible and intelligible.Music plays a crucial role in setting the mood and tone of a film. It can evoke emotions, create tension, or provide an emotional backdrop for a scene. Film composers carefully select or create original scores to complement the visuals and enhance the narrative. The way the music is mixed and blended with other sound elements can greatly impact the overall impact of a film. Sound effects are used to enhance the visual storytelling and make the film more realistic. They can range from simple everyday sounds like footsteps and door creaks to complex and creative sounds like explosions or alien creatures. Sound designers meticulously search for or create sounds that fit the action on the screen, using a variety of techniques and tools to achieve the desired effect.Ambient noise is another vital aspect of film sound. It includes background sounds such as traffic, nature, or crowds, which help create a sense of place and immerse the viewers in the film's world. The sound team carefully selects and mixes these sounds to enhance the atmosphere and make the film feel more authentic.In conclusion, film sound is a powerful tool that brings movies to life. Whether it's dialogue, music, sound effects, or ambient noise, each sound element contributes to the overall cinematic experience. Sound technicians and designers work diligently to create a rich, immersive sonic landscape that complements the visuals and enhances the storytelling.。
An Introduction(介绍你的学校)
An Introduction(介绍你的学校)An Introduction(介绍你的学校)【要求】下周将有一批外宾来校参观，请你给外宾简要介绍你校的'情况。
内容包括三方面：校史和成绩。
学校规模和主要设施。
师生状况〔词数100—120〕。
【范文】An IntroductionOur school was built in 1945 and a great number of students have graduated from it. Now many of them have bee scientists, professors and engineers. Many students have also bee workers and farmers after graduation. They have achieved great success in the development of modern industry and agriculture.Our school is a key middle school in our province. It has thirty classes with over 130students. Our school has a six-storeyed teaching building, severallaboratories and a large playground. Last year, a new library was built and it has more than 1000 copies of books.All the teachers here are trying their best to do their work well. Every students is making full use of his time to train himself to be a qualified student.【评语】文章简洁得体，构造鲜明，语言流畅，介绍详细。
give an introduction 介词-概述说明以及解释
give an introduction 介词-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述在这一部分，我们将对本篇文章的主题进行简要概述。
本文的主要目的是探讨...（填入文章的主题）。
我们将从一些基本概念入手，逐渐深入探讨相关要点，并最终总结出结论。
首先，我们将介绍一些与本文相关的背景信息，以帮助读者更好地理解本文的内容。
接着，我们将介绍本文的结构，以便读者能够清晰地了解本文的组织框架。
在本文的主体部分，我们将详细讨论以下要点：2.1 要点1：（填入要点1的简要介绍）2.2 要点2：（填入要点2的简要介绍）2.3 要点3：（填入要点3的简要介绍）最后，我们将在结论部分对以上要点进行总结，并探讨它们对相关领域的影响。
同时，我们也将展望未来，提出一些可能的发展趋势和研究方向。
通过阅读本文，读者将能够全面了解...（填入文章主题）的相关内容，并对其重要性和应用领域有更深入的认识。
在阅读本文的过程中，读者还将获得一些对相关问题进行独立分析和思考的能力。
希望本文能够对读者有所启发，并为相关领域的研究和实践提供一定的参考价值。
让我们开始深入探索吧！1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容如下：在本篇长文中，我们将按照以下结构来展开讨论和分析。
首先，在引言部分，我们将对整篇文章进行概述，介绍文章的主题和背景，并明确文章的目的。
接着，在正文部分，我们将依次介绍三个要点。
每个要点都将详细探讨相关的概念、事实和观点，并提供相应的例证和证据支持。
最后，在结论部分，我们将对整篇文章进行总结，归纳出文章的主要观点和结论，并讨论它们可能带来的影响。
同时，我们还将展望未来的研究方向和可能的拓展领域，以便读者能够进一步探索和深入思考。
通过以上结构的安排，本文旨在全面而系统地论述给定主题，并为读者提供一个清晰的逻辑框架，使读者能够更好地理解和思考相关内容。
1.3 目的目的部分的内容可以从以下几个方面进行展开:1. 引发思考和讨论: 该部分的目的是通过提出问题或引发读者的思考，激发他们对于主题的兴趣和好奇心。
an introduction to reinforcement learning
an introduction to reinforcement
learning
强化学习 (Reinforcement Learning) 是一种人工智能技术，主要应用于解决需要较长时间才能得到结果的问题。
这种技术的主要思路是，通过定义一系列的状态 (State)、动作 (Action) 以及奖励(Reward) 规则来训练智能体 (Agent)。
在训练过程中，智能体与环境进行交互，根据当前的状态选择一个动作，并根据奖励规则调整自己的策略，从而达到优化预期奖励的目标。
强化学习技术适用于许多领域，如机器人控制、交通路线规划、电子游戏等。
强化学习与其他人工智能技术不同，它具有一种逐步优化的特点，即根据训练数据不断进行学习与调整策略，达到最优解的目的。
强化学习有许多算法，如Q-learning、SARSA、Actor-Critic等，这些算法在不同场合具有不同的优缺点。
例如，Q-learning 算法具有简单易懂、易于实现的特点，而 Actor-Critic 算法则在处理复杂动作空间时表现更为出色。
总之，强化学习是人工智能领域中一种非常有前途的技术，能够解决许多需要机器长时间训练和学习的复杂问题。
An introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching
An Introduction to Foreign Language Learningand TeachingThis semester I read a book called An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. It is written by the Keith Johnson, published by Pearson Education Limited. It is very similar to the book Miss. Lei recommended for us. Generally speaking, it is a very enlightened book for us.The report consists of two parts. First, the restatement of the book. In my opinion, the procedure of retelling is also a chance for me to further understand the idea in this book. Then, I will give my own thought about this book.1. The Theme and Structure about This BookThis book is composed of 15 units. They are Unit 1 five learners and five methods; Unit 2 what is there to learn; Unit 3 some views of language and language learning; Unit 4 learners and their errors; Unit 5 acquisition: some characteristics; Unit 6 Acquisition: some theories; Unit 7 learning and acquisition again; Unit 8 individual language learners: some differences; Unit 9 good language learners and what they do; Unit 10 language teaching: a brisk walk through recent times; Unit 11 context; Unit 12 plans; Unit13 ways and means; Unit 14 skills; Unit 15 Tests. However, these 15 units can be divided into 3 parts. Part 1, from Unit 1 to Unit 3, is about the background knowledge. Part 2, from Unit 4 to Unit9, is about learning. Part 3, from Unit 10 to Unit 15, is about Teaching. 1.1 Background KnowledgeFirst of all, Part 1, background knowledge. What exactly is involved in learning a foreign language? What is there to learn?Questions like the ones above need to be approached in two stages. Firstly, we will identify what different types of knowledge and skill are involved in using a language. This will involve the areas already mentioned-like pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar- as well as some less obvious ones. The result of this stage of inquiry will be a list of all the levels on which a language can be analyzed: the levels in which the discipline of linguistics is concerned with.But describing these different levels of knowledge and skill onlyhalf-answer out questions. This is because not everything involved in using a language needs to be learned afresh by the learner. The second stage of inquiry asks the extent to which mastery of these levels involves new learning. One way of finding out what a particular learner will find easy or difficult in the FL is to undertake a comparison of FL and L1, in order to identify similarities and differences.In the author’s opinion, the foreign learner must have three competence. First , systemic competence, it covers knowledge and skill related to way the language works as a system. This involves many different levels, including pronunciation as well as grammar. Second, sociolinguisticcompetence, which includes the rules of use and rules of discourse. Third, the strategic competence-as “verbal and non-verbal communication strategies that may be called into action to compensate for breakdowns in communication ”1.2 LearningAn FL learner’s language is perhaps never more interesting than when she gets things wrong. Lado was interested in what made some things easy for learners and other things difficult. He believed that by comparing the native language (its structure, its sounds, its lexis) and the target language, we would be able to find out about ease and difficulty of learning, and this belief was a kind of manifesto for what came to be called the “contrastive analysis (CA) hypothesis”. Here is a clear statement of it, “those elements that are similar to the learner’s native language will be simple for him, and those area that are different will be difficult”.The early days of CA were heady one, and it was believed that comparing native and target languages would tell you almost everything you needed to known as the strong CA hypothesis.Then Wardhaugh developed the weak CA hypothesis. It says that CA may help us identify and explain some learner errors once they have occurred. But the hypothesis is “weak” because it does not claim any predictive power for CA, to foresee errors with any certainty in advance.Learner errors play an important part in understanding the processes of foreign-language learning. The CA hypothesis has hold its moment at the center of the applied linguistic stage and ,although it may not continue to hold that position.To talk learning, it is necessary to talk about the difference between the concept “acquisition” and “learning”. Stephen Krashen describes acquisition as a “natural” one, where there is no “conscious focusing on linguistic forms”. It is what we have already informally called the process of “picking up” a language, just as you do if you go and live in the target-language environment. Indeed Krashen says that the minimal condition for acquisition to occur is “participation in natural communication situations”.Learning, on the other hand, is a conscious process, and it usually takes place in the language classroom. For Krashen it is particularly marked by two characteristics. First, there is error correction. When learners make mistakes, it is normal for the classroom teacher to draw explicit attention to them, and to correct the errors. As we shall see later, with some exceptions parents do not usually do this. The second characteristic is what it is normal for a lesson to focus on one language point.After distinguishing the concept of “acquisition” and “learning”, there is a theory about the second language acquisition-Schumann’s Acculturation Theory.We have already seen more than once that attitudes towards society are important in FL Learning. The American applied linguist John Schumann’s Acculturation theory places social considerations at its center. His focus is almost exclusively on those who are acquiring a foreign language in the target-language environment, like Spanish L1 speakers living in the United States, or English L1 speakers exposed to Arabic in Saudi Arabia. The theory claims that the important factor in FL learning success is the learner’s view of the L1 speaker and their society, and her aspirations regarding becoming a member of that group - how much she wants to “be like” the FL speakers, to “be a part of” the FL society.The next important issue is “fossilization”, it is used to describe what happens when a learner’s FL development grinds to a halt. Two things are noteworthy about the learners’ progress over time. The first is that by the end of the ten months, all except Alberto had gone well beyond the “putting-no-in-the-sentence ” solution, and had acquired the rudiments of the English negation system. This fact is noteworthy because it suggests that, if left to their own resources, some learners will indeed progress. Just like L1 acquirers, they are able to “grow out of ” their mistakes and move towards mastery of the language. It is a fact that has highly thought-provoking implications for the attitude of language teachers towards learner errors.The second noteworthy point relates to Alberto. He was the exceptionto the rule. He made no progress ar all, and finished as he started. Some learners seem to reach a stage beyond which they fail to progress. Stabilization of erroneous forms occurs, and fossilization sets in. Fossilization is a phenomenon of great interest both to FL acquisition researchers and to language teachers. The reasons are rather obvious: if we can find out why fossilization occurs not only will understand the processes of foreign-language acquisition better, but we may even be able to do something to prevent its occurrence.A common view of fossilization is that when the language a learner has acquired is sufficient to meet her needs. In these circumstances there is, quite simply, no reason for the learner’s language to continue progress towards the “norm”.Schumann uses the communicative distinction to explain why both pidgins and FL learners fossilize. It is commonly the case, he notes, that pidgins are used mainly for the communicative function, while the L1 is generally reserved for the integrative. Because they are designed to fulfill such a restricted function, Schumann argues, pidgins are as developed as they need to be; further “sophistication” is unnecessary. Similarly with FL learners, where they are using the FL for simple communicative purposes, early fossilization is likely to occur. Where, on the other hand, the learner wishes in some way to integrate with the speakers of the FL, to be considered as one of them, then there is a motivation for fossilized formsto be replaced by the standard ones. Schumann uses the term acculturate to express his central idea: it is that the occurrence or otherwise of fossilization will depend on the degree to which the learner wishes to acculturate to the FL language and society.Schumann’s theory attempts to identify the factors which will enable us to predict whether fossilization will occur in the language of a particular learner or group of learners. His factors are divided into two broad categories: social and psychological distance. One possible criticism is that it is not always straightforward what each factor will predict regarding FL acquisition.1.3 TeachingThere are two processes important in the mastering of a foreign language - declarativization and proceduralization. This part is about how we, teachers might help learners with these processes.Two characteristics can be associated with the good presentation of new language. One of them is clarity. The language point you are conveying to your learners needs be to clear. The second one is memorability. For the point to remain in the learners’ heads, it needs to be presented in a memorable way.One way if conveying information about language is by explanation. A language rule is explained to the learners in explicit terms. It is associated with highly deductive teaching approaches like GT. A potential problemwith explanations is that they can be highly intellectually challenging, thus making them inaccessible to many learners. Over complex explanations can be particularly troublesome as a starting point, and it is very easy for them to become so long and contorted that they actually hinder performance.Dialogues and written texts are another extremely popular way of presenting new language in textbooks. Sometimes these are as bald and focused as the key sentences above, little more than a collection of sentences intended to convey a grammatical point.Non-verbal communication, or body language, refers to ways of communicating without words, gesture, facial expression and posture are all norms of non-verbal communication. The meanings of some forms of body language are the same all over the world: when people are happy, they smile; when they are sad or angry, they frown or scowl.A number of applied linguists today believe that language awareness or consciousness raising is important for language learning. Schmidt and Frota report on some fascinating evidence concerned with the process they call “noticing”. It can be concluded that “conscious processing is a necessary condition for one step in the language learning process, and is facilitative for other aspects of learning”.Language learning can involve a similar variety of practice types, which have much in common with the musician’s equivalents. Similar tothe scales are what are called drills - highly repetitive, controlled, tedious and mind-numbing. Dakin is critical of the meaninglessness of many drills developed in the audiolingual tradition, pointing out what they can be done it totally mechanical fashion, without any regard for meaning. He talks about the tumtetum effect, and illustrates this by means of a foolish parody of a drill using nonsense words.Johnson argue that “conveying information” is often an essential part of communication. In a situation where people give each other information they already know, this essential element is missing. These often needs to be an “information gap”. For communication truly to take place, in many situations people need to be telling each other things they do not already know. One way of viewing communication is as “bridging an information gap”.Some other type of practice, for example “real thing practice” will also be necessary for successful foreign-language learning. We shall ask three questions about “real-thing practice”: what it is, why it is important, and how we can introduce it into the classroom.Five characterizations can be marked when we contrast “real thing practice” with Drill. Non-repetitive, real-thing exercises htdo not rely no repetition for their value. Meaningful, although the situation of a desert air crash is an unlikely one, desert dilemma has been developed in the expectation that the situation will engage the learners; the result should bediscussion that is lively and even earnest. Real-thing practice is whole practice; scale concentrate on small segments of behavior. It is the real thing, in fact, the word “simulation” is important in this respect. Free, in real-thing practice, the leaners are allowed to express their ideas, thoughts, feelings, in line with their wishes and capabilities.One activity sequence has been accepted by applied linguists and practiced by teachers for many decades. The sequence is often referred to as “the three Ps”, standing for presentation, practice, production.The PPP sequence has not been without its critics. Some describe it pejoratively as a transmission model, because it is based on a view of learning in which knowledge is transmitted from learner to teacher. Transmission models have fallen out of favor in resent years, and the PPP sequence has therefore also lost its place in the sun.2. My Own thoughtIn this part, I would like to present my own thought about foreign language teaching and learning.First, outcomes. Outcome equals to the teaching aims, according to which, the teacher makes it clear what will be taught to students in class. He will stick to it, thus all the activities and exercise in class serve to the objective. Even if something unexpected happen in the class, the teacher will not go too far from his goal. As for students, by checking the objectives, outcome, they know what they will learn and will prepare forit psychologically. They attention will be taken up partially by it. Second, rapport. The key to establish rapport is to enter another person’s world by assuming a similar state of mind and to create a climate of trust and understanding. Students always wants his ideas to be acknowledged by the teachers, teachers should really show great understanding to the students. We know respect and understanding are mutual. The students will do the same to the teacher probably. Rapport is necessary not only between teachers and students, but also among students. If the rapport is established, it is easier for the teacher to get students’ attention, easier to make students be willing to speak out their own ideas.Third, sensory acuity. As for students, the more senses they use while learning, the deeper they will memorize it. If the students are language learners, they are recommended to read it out while reading. Reading out, you have the behavior of reading with your eyes looking at the book and the sound you produced simultaneously convey to your ears. You listen to it again, more senses are applied in this process compared with reading silently. The more senses involved, the deeper the memory will be. Some teachers like to show vivid cards in an English class, asking the students to describe it. With the teacher’s support, at the end of the class, some students can even make up a plot about the picture. The classroom phenomenon is satisfying and the learning result is rewarding.The points above are my thought.In this report, first and foremost, I restate the book I read. Then I present some consideration after reading this book.All in all, I think the book An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching is really useful to a student who like teaching. Reference[1] Keith Johnson.An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching[M]. London:Pearson Education Limited, 2012(3).[2] 郭红梅，高晓博. An brief Introduction to the Four Principles of NLP and its application in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching[J]. 海外英语，2013(4):276.。
An Introduction to Russia
An Introduction to RussiaRussia is the largest country in the world. Ural mountains divide the Eurasian continent - and Russia - into Europe and Asia. One fourth of the Russian territory lies in Europe, the other part lies in Asia. R ussia’s taking the area of 17.1 million square kilometers - it’s like USA and Europe combined - and the country is 9000 kilometers from east to west and 5000 from north to south. The capital of Russia is Moscow and the second largest city is St. Petersburg (which is also called the "Northern capital"). Moscow is Russia's capital and largest city. Moscow is also increasingly important as an economic and business center; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science, as well as hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals.The population is 147.5 million people and three fourths live in the European part and one fourth lives in the Asian part of Russia (Siberia and Far East regions). Most of these people are Russianss (81%) the others are Ukrainians, Tatars, Polish, Germans, Jews. The language spoken is mostly Russian.GDP (2010): $1.5 trillion.Growth rate (2011): 4%Her Industry is Complete range of manufactures.Such as automobiles, trucks, trains, agricultural equipment, advanced aircraft, aerospace, machine and equipment products; mining and extractive industry; medical and scientific instruments; construction equipment. Russia is one of the most industrialized of the former Soviet republics. However, years of very low investment have left much of Russian industry antiquated and highly inefficient. Besides its resource-based industries, it has developed large manufacturing capacities, notably in metals, food products, and transport equipment. Russia is now the world's third-largest exporter of steel and primary aluminum. Russia inherited most of the defense industrial base of the Soviet Union, so armaments remain an important export category for Russia. Efforts have been made with varying success over the past few years to convert defense industries to civilian use, and the Russian Government is engaged in an ongoing process to privatize many of the state-owned enterprises.Russia has a lot of Neighbor countries.The Kaliningrad enclave borders Lithuania, Poland and Belarus.Main Russia borders from West to East:areNorway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea.It also has maritime boundaries with Iran and Turkmenistan(Caspian Sea), Japan andUSA-Alaska (Pacific Ocean)In this the end of the presentation, and I would say a thing about Russia of fun.It’s about number. They people hate the number13,while they think 7 is a sigh of happiness and success.。
an introduction to statistical learning solution
统计学习是一种数学方法，用于从数据中获取信息和预测。
它涉及对数据的统计分析，以预测未来结果或理解隐藏的模式。
以下是统计学习解决方案（an introduction to statistical learning）的一些基本概念和步骤：
数据收集：这是统计学习的第一步，需要收集相关数据。
数据可以来自各种来源，例如调查、实验、观察等。
数据清洗：在收集数据后，需要对其进行清洗和预处理，以消除错误和异常值。
这包括处理缺失值、异常值和重复值等。
特征选择：特征选择是选择与预测目标相关的变量。
选择正确的特征可以提高模型的性能和准确性。
模型选择：选择适当的统计模型来分析数据。
有许多不同的统计模型可供选择，例如线性回归、逻辑回归、决策树、随机森林等。
模型训练：使用所选的模型对数据进行训练，以学习数据的模式和关系。
模型评估：评估模型的性能和准确性。
这可以通过使用各种指标来完成，例如准确率、召回率、F1分数等。
模型优化：根据评估结果，对模型进行优化以提高其性能和准确性。
这可能包括调整模型参数、使用交叉验证等技术。
预测：使用训练好的模型进行预测。
在应用统计学习时，需要注意一些关键因素，例如数据的质量和完整性、模型的泛化能力、过拟合和欠拟合等问题。
此外，还需要考虑伦理和隐私问题，以确保数据的安全性和保密性。
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An Introduction
An Introduction
下周将有一批外宾来校参观，请你给外宾简要介绍你校的情况。
内容包括三方面：
校史和成绩。
学校规模和主要设施。
师生状况(词数100120)。
An Introduction
Our school was built in 1945 and a great number of students have graduated from it. Now many of them have become scientists, professors and engineers. Many students have also become workers and farmers after graduation. They have achieved great success in the development of modern industry and agriculture.
Our school is a key middle school in our province. It has thirty classes with over 130students. Our school has a six-storeyed teaching building, several laboratories and a large playground. Last year, a new library was built and it has more than 1000 copies of books.
All the teachers here are trying their best to do their work well. Every students is making full use of his time to train himself to be a qualified student.
文章简洁得体，结构鲜明，语言流畅，介绍具体。
读后让人对学校概貌了然于胸。
school 还有学派的意思，另外"一群鱼"叫做a school of fish.。