the relationship between market and government
2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高一上学期期中英语质量检测模拟试题(含解析)
2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高一上学期期中英语质量检测模拟试题注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
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1.Why does the woman come so early?A.To practice her story.B.To prepare for the exam.C.To tell the man about her story.2.What's the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Nurse and patient.B.ColleaguesC.Friends.3.What will the woman do?A.Teach the kids to play soccer.B.Do Sally a favor.C.Pick up the man's medicine.4.What happened to the woman yesterday?A.She gave her friend a lift.B.She caught a train home.C.Her car broke down.5.Where does the conversation probably take place?A.At a bus stopB.At an airport.C.At a restaurant.第二节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）听下面5段对话或独白。
高级口译教程第七单元
术语准备-补充术语1
高质量发展 high-quality development
术语准备-补充术语2
区域协调发展 coordinated development across regions
跟读练习1
Over the past two decades // since the Party’s 14th National Congress // we have kept searching for a new positioning for // the relationship between the government and the market // through practice and theoretical research. The Party’s 15th National Congress proposed that // “the market plays a basic role // in allocating resources under state macro control,” // the Party’s 16th National Congress proposed to // “give fuller play to the basic role // of the market in allocating resources,” // the Party’s 17th National Congress sought to // “introduce institutions to give better play to the basic role // of the market in allocating resources,” // and the Party’s 18th National Congress stipulated that // the Party should “leverage to a greater extent and in a wider scope // the basic role of the market in allocating resources.” From the above progression // it can be seen that // we have been constantly deepening our understanding // of the government-market relationship.
曼昆经济学原理英文版答案
曼昆经济学原理英文版答案As the creator of the Baidu Wenku document "Principles of Economics by Mankiw (English Version) Answers", I would like to provide a comprehensive guide to the solutions of the questions in the book. This document aims to help students better understand the principles of economics and improve their problem-solving abilities.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics。
1. People face trade-offs.2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.3. Rational people think at the margin.4. People respond to incentives.5. Trade can make everyone better off.6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.7. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.8. The standard of living depends on a country's production.9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist。
曼昆经济学原理英文版教案加习题答案第4章THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
51WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION:The In the News feature “Price Increases after Disasters” has been updated with a new article.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:➢ what a competitive market is.➢ what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market.➢ what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market.➢ how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold.➢ the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in market economies.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 4 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 shows how supply and demand for a good determines both the quantity produced and the price at which the good sells. Chapter 5 will add precision to the discussion of supply and demand by addressing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic variables. Chapter 6 will address the impact of government policies on prices and quantities in markets.The purpose of Chapter 4 is to establish the model of supply and demand. The model of supply and demand is the foundation for the discussion for the remainder of this text. For this reason, time spent studying the concepts in this chapter will return benefits to your students throughout their study of economics. Many instructors would argue that this chapter is the most important chapter in the text.THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND52 ❖Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandKEY POINTS:• Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets. In a competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.• The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. According to the law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.• In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, the prices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers. If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.• The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. According to the law of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.• In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices, technology, expectations, and the number of sellers. If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.• The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.• The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus of the good, which causes the market price to fall. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage, which causes the market price to rise.• To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the event affects equilibrium price and quantity. To do this we follow three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve (or both). Second, we decide which direction the curve shifts. Third, we compare the new equilibrium with the initial equilibrium.• In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocate scarce resources. For every good in the economy, the price ensures that supply and demand are in balance. The equilibrium price then determines how much of the good buyers choose to consume and how much sellers choose to produce.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand ❖ 53CHAPTER OUTLINE: I. Markets and CompetitionA. What Is a Market?1. Definition of market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.2. Markets can take many forms and may be organized (agricultural commodities) or lessorganized (ice creamB. What Is Competition?1. Definition of competitive market: a market in which there are so many buyers andso many sellers that each has a negligible impact on the market price.2. Each buyer knows that there are several sellers from which to choose. Sellers know that each buyer purchases only a small amount of the total amount sold.C. In this chapter, we will assume that markets are perfectly competitive.1. Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:a. The goods being offered for sale are exactly the same.b. The buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.2. Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are often called "price takers."3. Not all goods are sold in a perfectly competitive market.a. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market.b. Other markets fall between perfect competition and monopoly.54 ❖ Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandD. We will start by studying perfect competition.1. Perfectly competitive markets are the easiest to analyze because buyers and sellers take the price as a given.2. Because some degree of competition is present in most markets, many of the lessons that we learn by studying supply and demand under perfect competition apply in morecomplicated markets.II. DemandA. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded1. Definition of quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing andable to purchase.2. One important determinant of quantity demanded is the price of the product.a. Quantity demanded is negatively related to price. This implies that the demand curve isdownward sloping.b. Definition of law of demand: the claim that, other things being equal, thequantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises .3. Definition of demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between theprice of a good and the quantity demanded. Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Cones Demanded$0.0012 $0.5010 $1.008 $1.506 $2.004 $2.502 $3.00Figure 1Make sure that you explain that, when we discuss the relationship between quantity demanded and price, we hold all other variables constant. You will need toemphasize this more than once to ensure that students understand why a change inprice leads to a movement along the demand curve.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand ❖ 554. Definition of demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.a. Price is generally drawn on the vertical axis.b. Quantity demanded is represented on the horizontal axis. B. Market Demand versus Individual Demand1. The market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good orservice.2. The demand curves are summed horizontally —meaning that the quantities demanded are added up for each level of price.3. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies with the price of the good, holding constant all other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy.C. Shifts in the Demand Curve1. Because the market demand curve holds other things constant, it need not be stable overtime.56 ❖ Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand2. If any of these other factors change, the demand curve will shift.a. An increase in demand is represented by a shift of the demand curve to the right.b. A decrease in demand is represented by a shift of the demand curve to the left.3. Incomea. The relationship between income and quantity demanded depends on what type of good the product is.b. Definition of normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.c. Definition of inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase inincome leads to a decrease in demand.4. Prices of Related Goodsa. Definition of substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.b. Definition of complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.5. Tastes6. Expectationsa. Future incomeb. Future prices7. Number of BuyersChapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand ❖57D. Case Study: Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity of Smoking Demanded1. Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and theprohibition of cigarette advertising on television are policies designed to reduce the demandfor cigarettes (and shift the demand curve to the left).2. Raising the price of cigarettes (through tobacco taxes) lowers the quantity of cigarettesdemanded.a. The demand curve does not shift in this case, however.b. An increase in the price of cigarettes can be shown by a movement along the originaldemand curve.3. Studies have shown that a 10% increase in the price of cigarettes causes a 4% reduction inthe quantity of cigarettes demanded. For teens, a 10% increase in price leads to a 12% dropin quantity demanded.4. Studies have also shown that a decrease in the price of cigarettes is associated with greateruse of marijuana. Thus, it appears that tobacco and marijuana are complements.III. SupplyA. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied1. Definition of quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing andable to sell.a. Quantity supplied is positively related to price. This implies that the supply curve will beupward sloping.b. Definition of law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantitysupplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.2. Definition of supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the priceof a good and the quantity supplied.58 ❖ Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand3. Definition of supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Price of Ice-Cream ConeQuantity of Cones Supplied$0.000 $0.50 0 $1.001 $1.502 $2.003 $2.504 $3.005B. Market Supply versus Individual Supply1. The market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.2. Individual supply curves are summed horizontally at every price.3. The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied varies as the price of thegood varies.C. Shifts in the Supply Curve1. Because the market supply curve holds other things constant, the supply curve will shift ifany of these factors changes.a. An increase in supply is represented by a shift of the supply curve to the right.b. A decrease in supply is represented by a shift of the supply curve to the left.Figure 5Figure 7Figure 6You will want to take time to emphasize the difference between a “change in supply” and a “change in quantity supplied.”Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand ❖ 592. Input Prices3. Technology4. Expectations5. Number of Sellers IV. Supply and Demand TogetherA. Equilibrium1. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the market’s equilibrium.2. Definition of equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached thelevel at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.3. Definition of equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied andquantity demanded.4. The equilibrium price is often called the "market-clearing" price because both buyers andsellers are satisfied at this price.Table 2Figure 8 Students will benefit from seeing equilibrium using both a graph and a supply-and-demand schedule. The schedule will also make it easier for students to understand concepts such as shortages and surpluses.60 ❖Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand5. Definition of equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantitydemanded at the equilibrium price.6. If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be a surplus of thegood.Figure 9a. Definition of surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater thanquantity demanded.b. To eliminate the surplus, producers will lower the price until the market reachesequilibrium.7. If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage of the good.a. Definition of shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater thanquantity supplied.b. Sellers will respond to the shortage by raising the price of the good until the marketreaches equilibrium.8. Definition of the law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any goodadjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.B. Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium 1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both). 2. Determine the direction in which the curve shifts.3. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price andquantity. C. Example: A change in market equilibrium due to a shift in demand —the effect of hot weather onthe market for ice cream.D. Shifts in Curves versus Movements along Curves1. A shift in the demand curve is called a "change in demand." A shift in the supply curve iscalled a "change in supply."2. A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a "change in quantity demanded." Amovement along a fixed supply curve is called a "change in quantity supplied." E. Example: A change in market equilibrium due to a shift in supply —the effect of a hurricane thatdestroys part of the sugar-cane crop and drives up the price of sugar.F. Example: Shifts in both supply and demand —the effect of hot weather and a hurricane thatdestroys part of the sugar cane crop. G. Summary1. When an event shifts the supply or demand curve, we can examine the effects on theequilibrium price and quantity.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Go through these examples of events that would shift either the demand or supply of #2 lead pencils:▪ an increase in the income of consumers▪ an increase in the use of standardized exams (using opscan forms) ▪ a decrease in the price of graphite (used in the production of pencils) ▪ a decrease in the price of ink pens ▪ the start of a school year▪ new technology that lowers the cost of producing pencils.2. Table 4 reports the end results of these shifts in supply and demand.H. In the News: Price Increases after Disasters1. When a disaster strikes a region, many good experience an increase in demand or a decreasein supply resulting in upward pressure on prices.2. This article from defends price increases following natural disasters as a naturalresult of market interactions.V. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate ResourcesA. The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B. Supply and demand together determine the prices of the economy’s goods and services.1. These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2. Prices determine who produces each good and how much of each good is produced.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (whodetermine supply) of a particular good or service. A perfectly competitive market is one inwhich there are many buyers and many sellers of an identical product so that each has anegligible impact on the market price.2. Here is an example of a monthly demand schedule for pizza:Price of Pizza Slice Number of Pizza Slices Demanded$ 0.00 100.25 90.50 80.75 71.00 61.25 51.50 41.75 32.00 22.25 12.50 0The demand curve is graphed in Figure 1.Figure 1Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices ofrelated goods like soda or hot dogs, tastes, expectations about future income or prices, andthe number of buyers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only lead to amovement from one point to another along the same demand curve.3. Here is an example of a monthly supply schedule for pizza:Price of Pizza Slice Number of PizzaSlices Supplied$ 0.00 00.25 1000.50 2000.75 3001.00 4001.25 5001.50 6001.75 7002.00 8002.25 9002.50 1000The supply curve is graphed in Figure 2.Figure 2Figure 3Examples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs like tomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automatic dough makers, changes in expectations about the future price of pizza, or a change in the number of sellers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only lead to amovement from one point to another along the same supply curve.4. If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because there hasbeen an increase in the price of an input into pizza production, but there is no shift indemand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 3 shows.If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because thelower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and fewer pizzas,but there is no shift in supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes theequilibrium price to fall and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4 shows.Figure 4Questions for Review1. A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers of anidentical product so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. Another type ofmarket is a monopoly, in which there is only one seller. There are also other markets that fallbetween perfect competition and monopoly.2. The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good andthe quantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price andquantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because thedemand curve is simply a graph showing the points in the demand schedule.The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things beingequal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buyless of a good when its price rises, both because they cannot afford to buy as much andbecause they switch to purchasing other goods.3. A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. If the change inconsumers' tastes leads to an increase in demand, consumers want to buy more of this goodat every price level. A change in price leads to a movement along the demand curve.Because price is measured on the vertical axis, a change in the price represents a movementalong the demand curve.4. Because Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him.His demand curve for spinach shifts out to the right as a result of the decrease in his income.5. A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity a producer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping linerelating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are related because the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, so they supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things being equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.6. A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in priceleads to a movement along the supply curve.7. The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantitysupplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price without losing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.8. When the price of beer rises, the demand for pizza declines, because beer and pizza arecomplements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pizza declines, we mean that the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left as in Figure 5. The supply curve for pizza is not affected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantity both decline, as the figure shows. Thus, the quantity of pizza supplied anddemanded both fall. In sum, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantity demanded declines, and the price falls.Figure 59. Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. Ifthe price is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are not equal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price untilequilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions andallocate scarce resources.Quick Check Multiple Choice1. b2. b3. d4. b5. a6. cProblems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges and raising theprice of oranges. This leads to a decline in the supply of orange juice because orangesare an important input in the production of orange juice. This can be seen in Figure 6 asa shift to the left in the supply curve for orange juice. The new equilibrium price is higherthan the old equilibrium price.Figure 6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, so thedemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, because northern climates are more pleasant. The result, asshown in Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price ofCaribbean hotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figureshows.Figure 7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Because a largeproportion of oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting thesupply curve for gasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in theequilibrium price of gasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating agas-guzzling automobile like a Cadillac will increase. As a result, the demand for usedCadillacs will decline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive.In addition, some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result isthat the demand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Cadillacs.Figure 8 Figure 92. The statement is false. As Figure 10 shows, in equilibrium the increase in demand fornotebooks results in an increased quantity demanded and the quantity supplied.Figure 10 Figure 113. a. If people decide to have more children, they will want larger vehicles for hauling theirkids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply will not be affected. The result is a rise in both the price and the quantity sold, as Figure 12 shows.Figure 12 Figure 13b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a minivan rises andthe supply of minivans decreases. Demand will not be affected. The result is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity sold, as Figure 13 shows.c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. This reduction in firms' costs will result in an increase in supply. Demand is not affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase in the quantity sold, as Figure 14 shows.Figure 14d. The rise in the price of sport utility vehicles affects minivan demand because sport utilityvehicles are substitutes for minivans. The result is an increase in demand for minivans.Supply is not affected. The equilibrium price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, because minivans are likely a normal good. Supply is not affected. As a result, both the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity decline, as Figure 15 shows.Figure 154. a. DVDs and TV screens are likely to be complements because you cannot watch a DVDwithout a television. DVDs and movie tickets are likely to be substitutes because a movie can be watched at a theater or at home. TV screens and movie tickets are likely to besubstitutes for the same reason.b. The technological improvement would reduce the cost of producing a TV screen, shiftingthe supply curve to the right. The demand curve would not be affected. The result is that the equilibrium price will fall, while the equilibrium quantity will rise. This is shown inFigure 16.Figure 16c. The reduction in the price of TV screens would lead to an increase in the demand forDVDs because TV screens and DVDs are complements. The effect of this increase in the demand for DVDs is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity, as shown inFigure 17.Figure 17The reduction in the price of TV screens would cause a decline in the demand for movie tickets because TV screens and movie tickets are substitute goods. The decline in thedemand for movie tickets would lead to a decline in the equilibrium price and quantitysold. This is shown in Figure 18.Figure 185. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a declinein an input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply of computers, as shown in Figure 19. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 19Because computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 20 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 20Because typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 21 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of typewriters.Figure 216. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shownin Figure 22. The new equilibrium price is higher and the new equilibrium quantity ofsweatshirts is lower.。
新编金融英语教程 Chapter5 Exchange Rate
5.2 Key Points
5.2.1 Definition of Exchange Rate
Exchange Rate
The exchange rate is the ratio of the currency of one country to the currency of another country or the price of one currency in another currency.
Given that different currencies in the world have different names and values, it is necessary for countries to set a rate, at which they can exchange their currencies. This rate is called the exchange rate.
We begin by identifying the major factors that can alter demand:
Yen/dollar
100 50
Supply of dollars
A
B
Demand
of
dollars
Demand for dollars after rise in U.S. price
Chapter 5
江西省抚州市金溪县第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期11月联考英语试卷(含答案)
江西省2025届高三11月阶段检测考高三英语试卷试卷共8页，67小题，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．考查范围：高中全部内容。
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3．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
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写在本试卷上无效。
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考试结束后，请将答题卡交回。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30 分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirtA．19.15. B．9.18. C．9.15.答案是C。
1．What kind of beefsteak would the man likeA．Medium rare one. B．Medium one. C．Well done one. 2．What is the man doing nowA．Making a call. B．Making a bid. C．Applying a bid. 3．What’s the woman’s last nameA．Nangong qing. B．Qing. C．Nangong.4．What does the man want to doA．Make a reservation. B．Buy a restaurant. C．Change a room. 5．What will the man probably wearA．Blue pants. B．White coat. C．Shorts.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
国际贸易名词解释英文及简答论述期末考试复习
国际贸易英文名词解释International Trade国际贸易International trade is the international exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events.Free Trade自由贸易The main idea of free trade is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.Protectionism贸易保护主义In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Production Possibilities Curve /Frontier生产可能性曲线/边界A Production Possibilities Frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce, given the available factors of production and the existing technology . Opportunity Cost机会成本Opportunity Cost means whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Supply Curve供给曲线A Supply Curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Demand Curve 需求曲线A Demand Curve is a graph that describes the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Excess Supply Curve出口供给曲线Because Excess Supply is a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded, Excess Supply Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the available quantity for export of a product. Excess Supply Curve can be derived from subtracting a supply curve with a corresponding demand curve.Excess Demand Curve进口需求曲线Because Excess Demand is a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied, Excess Demand Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the desirable quantity for import of a product. Excess Demand Curve can be derived from subtracting a demand curve with a corresponding supply curve.Consumer Surplus消费者剩余Consumer Surplus means a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Consumer surplus measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a market.Producer Surplus 生产者剩余Producer Surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.Economies of Scale规模经济Economies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost falls as the quantity of output increases.Diseconomies of Scale规模不经济Diseconomies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant Returns to Scale规模报酬不变Constant Returns to Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes. Indifference Curve无差异曲线Indifference Curve is a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction.The Gravity Model引力模型In its basic form, the gravity model assumes that only size and distance 经济规模和距离 are important for trade in the following way：Tij = A x Yi x Yj /Dij两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比,与两国之间的距离成反比;Service Outsourcing服务外包Service outsourcing occurs when a firm that provides services moves its operations to a foreign location.服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商;Mercantilism重商主义Belief that nation could become rich and powerful only by exporting more than it imported.Mercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessedAbsolute Advantage绝对优势A nation has absolute advantage over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently. When one nation has absolute advantage in production of a commodity, but an absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.Comparative Advantage比较优势Even if one nation is less efficient than has absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Production Possibilities生产可能性The production possibility frontier PPF of an economy shows the maximum amount of a goods that can be produced for a fixed amount of resources.Factor Endowment 要素禀赋the overall amount of productive factors , such as capital, labor, and land, available to one nation.Factor Abundance要素丰裕度There are two ways to define factor abundance. One way is in terms of physical units., in terms of the overall amount of capital and labor available to each nation. Another way is in terms of relative factor price., in terms of the rental price of capital and the price of labor time in each nation.Factor Intensity 要素密集度In a world of two commodities X and Y and two factors labor and capital, at any given wage-interest, we say that commodity Y is capital intensive if the capital-labor ratio K/L used in the production of Y is greater than K/L used in the production of X.Heckscher-OhlinTheoremH-O定理An economy is predicted to export goods that are intensive in its abundant factors of production and import goods that are intensive in its scarce factors of production.一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品;Stolper-Samuelson theorem S-S定理:长期内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素本国的充裕要素的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素本国的稀缺要素的报酬下降;The factor price equalization theorem要素价格均等化定理Because relative output prices are equalized and because of the direct relationship between output prices and factor prices, factor prices are also equalized. 由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会导致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同Economies of scale规模经济Economies of scale could mean either that larger firms or a larger industry is more efficient: the cost per unit of output falls as a firm or industry increases output.Internal economies of scale内部规模经济Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.随着工厂或企业规模的扩大,单位产品成本下降; External economies of scale外部规模经济External economies of scale occur when cost per unit of output depends on the size of the industry.是指行业规模经济,由于行业内企业数量的增加和产业集聚所引起的产业规模的扩大,使行业中的单个企业获得单位成本下降的好处;Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopolistic competition is a model of an imperfectly competitive industry 垄断竞争是一个不完全竞争产业模式Inter-industry Trade产业间贸易Trade occurs only between industries贸易只在产业之间发生Intra-industry Trade产业内贸易Trade occurs within the industry由于产品的多样化或经济规模的扩大等原因,贸易在产业内发生Index of intra-industrial trade, IIT产业内贸易指数表示产业内贸易在国际贸易中所占比重,用来衡量产业内贸易的发展程度; Dumping 倾销Dumping is the practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than for goods sold is an example of price discrimination价格歧视: the practice of charging different customers different prices.倾销的前提条件：imperfect competition exists: firms are able to influence market prices.不完全竞争的存在：企业能够影响价格markets are segmented so that goods are not easily bought in one market and resold in another. and Anti-Dumping;市场是分割的,以至于商品Anti-Dumping反倾销Dumping as well as price discrimination in domestic markets is widely regarded as unfair. 倾销被认为是一种不公平的贸易行为The Commerce Department may impose an “anti-dumping duty反倾销税,” or tax, as a precaution against possible injury.External Economies外部经济External economies: a country that has a large industry will have low average costs of producing that industry’s good or service.当规模经济存在于一个行业内部而不是单个厂商内部时,就被称作外部经济Dynamic Increasing Returns动态收益递增Dynamic increasing returns to scale exist if average costs fall as cumulative output over time rises.当平均成本随着累积产量而非当前产量的增加而下降的情形就是动态规模报酬递增learning curve学习曲线A graphical representation of dynamic increasing returns to scale is called a learning curve学习曲线.The efficiency case for free trade自由贸易的效率.The first case for free trade is the argument that producers and consumers allocate resources most efficiently when governments do not distort market prices through trade policy.Political argument for free trade主张自由贸易的政治依据Political argument for free trade,says that free trade is the best feasible political policy, even though there may be better policies in principle.The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff赞成关税的贸易条件改善论For a “large” country, a tarif f or quota lowers the price of imports in world markets and generates a terms of trade gain. In fact, a small tariff will lead to an increase in national welfare for a large country.The Optimum Tariff最优关税For a large country, there is an optimum tariff t0 at which the marginal gain from improved terms of trade just equals the marginal efficiency lossfrom production and consumption distortion.A tariff rate tp that completely prohibits imports leaves a country worse off, but tariff rate t0 may exist that maximizes national welfare: an optimum tariff.The Domestic Market Failure Argument Against Free Trade反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论A second argument against free trade is that domestic market failures 国内市场失灵 may exist that cause free trade to be a suboptimal policy 次优政策.theory of the second best次优理论The domestic market failure argument against free trade is an example of a more general argument called the theory of the second best次优理论.次优理论认为,在任何一个市场上,只有所有其他市场都能正常发挥作用时,自由放任才是最理想的政策；如果不是这样,政府干预虽会扭曲市场激励,但有可能通过抵消市场失灵的影响而增加国家福利;Median Voter Theorem中点选民理论The median voter theorem predicts that democratic political parties may change their policies to court争取 the voter in the middle of the ideological spectrum意识形态范围 ., the median voter. 越接近中点选民意见的政策越能得到大多数选民的支持;Collective Action 集体行动While consumers as a group have an incentive to advocate free trade,each individual consumer has no incentive because his benefit is not large compared to the cost and time required to advocate free that impose large losses for society as a whole but small losses on each individual may therefore not face strong opposition.国际贸易简答题1. 贸易引力模型的主要内容及运用;在其他条件不变的情况下,两个国家间的贸易与两国的国内生产总值成正比,与两国间的距离成反比;引力模型的重要用途之一就是有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象;运用：贸易引力模型不是万能的,对于服务贸易和资本贸易领域验证效果不显着,对于商品贸易领域的验证效果显着;实例比较：中国与日本&中国与越南的商品贸易量对比比较生产总值,中国与东盟&中国与美国的商品贸易量对比比较距离2. 重商主义、绝对优势理论、比较优势理论的贸易思想及贸易政策主张;重商主义认为,一个国家的财富由其拥有的贵金属代表,拥有的贵金属越多,这个国家就越富有;由于世界资源是有限的,因此,国与国之间的经济交往是一种零和博弈,即一方所得为另一方所失;对于国际贸易,贸易盈余是贸易所得,而贸易赤字为贸易所失,因此重商主义主张贸易要实现盈余;在当时的金属本位币制度下,贸易盈余意味着贵金属的流入,这将有助于缓解货币缺口;绝对优势理论：当两个国家生产两种商品,使用一种生产要素——劳动时,如果刚好A国家在一种商品上劳动生产率高,B国家在这种商品上劳动生产率低,则A国该商品生产上具有绝对优势;两国按各自的绝对优势进行专业生产分工并参与贸易,则两国都能从贸易中得到利益;这种贸易利益来自专业化分工促进劳动生产率的提高;比较优势理论：如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本,则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势;贸易政策：每个国家都出口本国具有比较优势的商品;3. 衡量比较优势的主要指标;如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本用其他产品来衡量低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话,则这个过家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势;4. 要素禀赋理论的贸易思想、政策主张以及贸易对收入分配的影响;要素禀赋理论：根据生产要素禀赋理论,在各国生产同一产品的技术水平相同的情况下,两国生产同一产品的价格差来自于产品的成本差别,这种成本差别来自于生产过程中所使用的生产要素的价格差别,这种生产要素的价格差别则决定于该国各种生产要素的相对丰裕程度;一个国家供给相对多的生产要素,称为这个国家的充裕要素；供给相对少的要素,称为这个国家的稀缺要素;国际贸易收入分配效应的一般结论如下：一个国家充裕要素的所有者可以从贸易中获利,稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损;5. H-O理论和S-S定理的主要内容及其运用;H-O理论：一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品;S-S定理：长期内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素本国的充裕要素的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素本国的稀缺要素的报酬下降;6. 要素价格均等化定理的主要内容及要素价格均等化实现的前提条件;要素价格均等化定理：由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会导致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同前提条件：1 两个国家同时生产两种相同的产品；2 两国的技术水平相同； 3 贸易会使得两个国家的产品价格相等;7. 产业内贸易的基础;产业内贸易是产业内国际贸易的简称,是指一个国家或地区,在一段时间内,同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象;产业内贸易还包括中间产品的贸易,即是某项产品的半制成品、零部件在两国间的贸易;产业内贸易是建立在不完全竞争的基础上的;8. 产业内贸易发生需要具备的条件;造成产业内贸易现象的主要原因基础：1、产品差异2、规模经济3、消费者需求偏好差别 4、国家之间产品层次结构和消费层次结构的重叠10. 倾销以及反倾销需要满足的前提条件;倾销：指一国或地区的生产商或出口商以低于其正常价格或低于成本将其商品销售到另一国或地区市场的行为;确定某出口产品是否存在倾销,主要看这一产品是否以低于它的正常价格在国外市场销售;倾销实际是一种国际间的价格歧视,出口企业实施倾销必须具备三个条件：1企业在国内市场上有一定的垄断力量,有能力决定其销售价格;2本国和外国市场是分割的,本国出口产品不能回流;3出口商在国外市场面临较高的需求弹性;反倾销：是指进口国主管当局根据受到损害的国内企业的申诉,按照一定的法律程序对以低于正常价格在进口国进行销售的、并对进口国生产相似产品的产业造成法定损害的外国产品,进行立案、调查和处理的过程和措施;进口国实施反倾销措施必须满足三个条件：1 倾销成立；2 国内产业受到实质性损害；3 倾销与损害有因果关系;11.结合名义关税率和有效保护率评价关税的贸易保护作用;名义保护率：表示实施保护政策后一种商品的国内价格高于国际价格的百分率; 有效保护率：指一个国家的一整套贸易政策使某一产业每单位产出的增加值提高的百分率;评价:当最终产品的名义保护率大于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率就大于其名义保护率；当最终产品的名义保护率小于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率就小于其名义保护率；只有当最终产品的名义保护率等于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率才等于其名义保护率;研究关税结构,区分名义保护率与实际保护率的差异,具有重要的意义;当最终产品名义税率一定时,对所需的原材料等中间投入品征收的名义税率越低,则最终产品名义税率的保护作用就越大有效保护率越高;因此,如果要保护某产业,不仅要考虑对该产业最终产品的关税率,而且要把整个关税结构与该产业的生产结构结合起来进行考虑,再来制定相应的政策措施;基于有效保护率的考虑,发达国家常常采用逐步升级的关税结构关税升级：对初级产品进口免税或只征很低的关税,对半成品征收较高的关税,但对制成品,特别是劳动密集型制成品征收更高的关税;关税升级的结果是：国内加工程度越深,有效保护率超出名义保护率的比率就越大;12. 从量关税与从价关税的比较;从价关税ad valorem tariff是以进口商品的价格为标准计征的关税,其税率表现为货物价格的一定百分率;从价税随商品价格的变动而变动,商品价格上涨,从价税额也随之增加,因此其保护作用受价格变动的影响较大;在通货膨胀时,从价税有较强的保护作用;从价税不具有累进性和累退性,按照商品价格的一定比例征收;一些特殊商品如绘画等艺术品的价格相差悬殊,适合从价税;从量关税specific tariff是根据商品的的实物单位重量、数量、长度、容积和面积等征收的关税;从量税操作简单,海关人员只需要将商品按照重量、体积等进行分类即可;在征收从量税的情况下,商品价格下跌时,实际上等于增加了关税,因而从量关税对外国出口商的低价倾销有着较高的保护作用;从量税具有累退性,对发展中国家的出口不利;因为发展中国家出口的制成品和半制成品大多属于低档货,如果进口国仍按一定数量征收一定的关税,这与同一种商品中的高档货相比,等于提高了关税税率;13. 进口配额与关税的比较;进口配额import quota又称进口限额,是一国政府在个一定时期如一个季度、半年或一年内,对某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接的数量控制;在规定的期限内,配额以内的货品可以进口,超过配额的不能进口,或者征收较高的关税或罚款;它是众多国家实行进口数量限制的重要手段之一;关税是对通过一国关境海关的贸易商品课征的税收,是历史上最重要的一类贸易壁垒;在竞争条件下,进口配额对本国生产、消费、价格的影响与征收同样数量的进口关税相似,只不过关税是通过提高进口商品的价格来减少进口和增加国内生产,而配额则从相反的途径,即先减少进口造成价格上涨从而增加国内生产;对政府收入的影响：配额对国内经济福利的影响与关税不同之处主要反映在政府税收上;关税给政府带来收益,而配额带来的“经济租”c则不一定归政府所有;“经济租”的归属取决于政府如何分配进口配额;配额相对于关税的优点:第一,配额可以比关税更有效地控制进口；第二,实施配额更灵活,政府可以通过发放进口许可证随时调节进口数量；第三,配额给政府更多的权力；第四,配额比关税承受相对小的国际贸易自由化压力;14. “自愿”出口配额的优点及其本质;国家一般都是鼓励出口的,某些国家往往用配额来限制资源性产品和农产品的出口;除了保护本国的资源供给以外,现实世界中的出口配额往往是出口国家或地区在进口国的要求或压力下“自动”制定的;所以出口配额又称“自愿”出口配额; 优点：增强企业的出口竞争力;如果企业通过获得出口许可证,将获得的额外出口利润用于再投资,则可能增强企业竞争力;实施自愿出口配额,在出口国可能形成既得利益集团;“自愿”出口配额是由出口国直接控制这些商品对指定进口国家的出口;但是就进口国单方面来说,自动出口配额象绝对进口配额一样,起到了限制商品进口的作用,因而其实质还是进口配额,具有等效进口配额的所有经济效应;15. 产业补贴政策与关税、配额的比较;出口补贴,又称出口奖金,它是政府为了降低出口商品的价格,增强出口商品在国外市场上的竞争力,在出口某种商品时给予出口厂商的补贴;包括直接补助和间接补助;直接补助是政府直接向出口商提供现金补助,或津贴;间接补助是政府对选定商品的出口给予财政税收上的优惠;关税是对通过一国关境海关的贸易商品课征的税收,是历史上最重要的一类贸易壁垒;配额是指对进出口商品的数量或金额加以限制,分为进口配额和出口配额两种; 进口配额import quota指一国政府在一定时期内,对某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接的限制,在规定的配额内,商品可以进口,超过的则不准进口,或征收较高的关税,甚至罚款;它分为绝对配额和关税配额两种形式;关税、配额与补贴是一个国家用来保护国内市场、帮助国内厂商抵御国外对手竞争的常用措施;由于保护机制不同,关税、配额与补贴对不同利益主体的利益再分配会产生不同的影响：1.关税措施有利于生产者和政府,不利于消费者；2.配额措施有利于生产者,不利于消费者,政府利益影响则视乎配额的分配方式而定；3.补贴措施有利于生产者和消费者,不利于政府;一个国家可以根据其要保护的利益主体不同采取相应的保护措施;进口配额与关税的比较对需求变化的反应不同;进口配额将进口限定到一个确定的水平,而进口关税的贸易效果则不确定;进口配额涉及进口配额的发放,而关税则没有内在作用机制不同;对生产者的保护程度不同对消费者福利的损失程度不同16. 小国和大国征收进口关税的经济效应;所谓小国指不是某种商品的重要的进口国；大国,指某种商品的重要进口国;大小国征收关税上消费效应,生产效应和贸易效应等等;1.消费效应;小国征收关税后,国内市场价格上升造成需求下降,人们消费水平收缩或减少；大国征收关税后,因国内市场价格上涨,使消费水平减少;2.生产效应;小国征收关税后,国内市场价格因进口减少而上升,国内厂商扩大生产,产量增加；大国征收关税后,国内产品价格上升,产量提高,生产者剩余增加;3.税收效应;小国征收的税收将由政府获得,形成政府的财政收入；大国征收关税后,政府财政收入增加;4.保护效应;小国征收关税后,国内价格上升,原来在世界价格下因成本太高而退出生产的厂商,这时在较高价格下又重新进入生产,国内供给增加;而,大国征收关税,税率越高,关税的保护作用越大;除此之外,大国征收关税后产生的效应不同于小国的有：1大国征收关税后,使该进口商品的的国内价格上升,而国内该进口商品的价格上升会引导国内生产扩大,消费减少,总体效果会使进口需求下降;该大国进口的下降又使得该商品的国际市场供应量增加,直接导致该商品的世界市场价格下降;大国的贸易条件改善,即会产生贸易条件效应,这是在小国情形下所没有的效应;2大国征收关税所得财政税收效应比小国情形时大;18. 小国实施进口配额的经济效应;进口配额是指一国政府在一定时期内,对于某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接限制的措施,它对于进口的阻碍作用是十分明晰的;一、进口配额的含义指一国政府在一定时期内,对于某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接限制的措施; 在实践中存在着超过配额不得进口绝对配额与对超额进口部分实行惩罚性关税关税配额,以及针对国别与全球发放进口配额的做法;二、进口配额的效应1、贸易小国进口配额的效应小国模型国内价格从到；生产者剩余：增加了部分；消费者剩余减少：配额的净福利效应：配额净损失：：一种垄断利润;也许归之于获得进口配额的企业,也许进入政府;2、贸易大国进口配额的效应消费者剩余：减少了图a中的P1P0FB 部分；生产者剩余：增加了图a中的P1P0CA 部分;在大国条件下,由于大国对一种商品的供求变化会影响到商品出口国的国内供求变化,因此大国实施配额限制不仅会减少本国的福利,而且还将减少外国的福利;19. 支持贸易自由化和支持贸易保护的主要观点及其理由;支持贸易自由化的主要观点：1、支持自由贸易效率的观点：生产者和消费者最有效地分配资源时,政府通过贸易政策不扭曲市场的价格;2、自由贸易的额外收益：1自由贸易避免了寻租所带来的效率损失;2在被保护的市场中,不仅生产被分割,而且由于减少了竞争和提高了利润,从而吸引了太多的厂商进入被保护的行业;在一个狭小的国内市场中拥挤着那么多的厂商,各厂商的生产规模都很小;3自由贸易后,企业可以寻求新的出口途径和参与同进口产品的竞争,从而获得比管理贸易下多得多的学习和革新的机会;3、支持自由贸易的政治依据：尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策,但现实中,从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则也许更重要;理由：自由贸易可以避免保护政策所带来的效率损失;除了消除生产与消费的扭曲,自由贸易还能产生额外的收益;即使在认为自由贸易并非绝对完美之策的经济学家中,仍有许多人相信在通常情况下自由贸易比其他任何可供采取的替代政策都要好;支持贸易保护的主要观点：1赞成关税的贸易条件改善论;支持非自由贸易政策的论据之一就直接来自成本——收益分析：对一个能够影响出口国价格的大国而言,关税可以降低进口产品的价格从而使贸易条件得到改善,但这一收益必须抵补剔除关税带来的成本,因为它扭曲了生产与消费的动因,但是,在某些情况下,贸易条件改善的收益可能会超过其成本;2反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论;国内市场失灵论实质上是经济学中所说的次优理论的特例;该理论认为,在任何一。
逻辑结构The-Relationship-between-Return-and-Market-Value-of-Common-Stocks
The Relationship between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks文章的逻辑结构：1、导入，2、方程及模型，3、数据，4、实证结果，5、结论1、导入 开门见山，说明本文的研究目的是为了研究股票市值（即公司规模）和收益之间的关系。
资本资产定价模型是有问题的。
E(r i ) 是资产i 的预期回报率r f 是无风险利率βim 是[[Beta 系数]]，即资产i 的系统性风险E(r m ) 是市场m 的预期市场回报率E(r m )-r f 是市场风险溢价（market risk premium ），即预期市场回报率与无风险回报率之差。
问题就在于，这个证券预期收益和市场风险之间是一个简单线性的关系，而且这个模型忽略了一些其他的影响因素。
2、模型及方法实证研究是基于一般资产定价模型，普通股的期望收益率是关于风险β，一个附加的因素φ，公司资产市值的函数。
假设一个简单线性模型：()i R E = i 证券的期望收益率β为证券i 的系统风险0γ=零风险（0-β）组合的期望收益率1γ=市场风险溢价的期望i Φ= i 证券的市值m Φ=平均市值2γ =衡量i Φ（i 股票市值）对证券期望收益率贡献的常数如果i Φ和期望收益不相关，也就是2γ=0，则上述函数关系就变成Black(1972)的资本资产定价模型（零β CAPM ）。
方程（1）是本文做实证的基本模型，其最终目的就是看到底2γ是正的还是负的。
j w 是每个资产j 的投资组合比例，j=1,..., N.由于0γ、1γ、2γ是无法直接通过观测得到的， 因此我们要用历史数据来对他们进行估计。
方程（2）由方程（1）演变而来，对方程（1）中的参数做了大致的界定和约束：0ˆγ是0-β的标准最小方差投资组合（1=∑j j w ）的平均收益率，m j jj p w Φ=Φ≡Φ∑[为了使方程（2）右边的第二项和第三项消失] 。
微观名词解释
Tradeoff A tradeoff is an exchange—giving up one thing to get something else. Marginal benefit The benefit that arises from an increase in an activity is called marginal benefit or The marginal benefit from a good or service is the benefit received from consuming one more unit of it.Marginal cost. The opportunity cost of an increase in an activity is called marginal cost. Or The marginal cost of a good is the opportunity cost of producing one more unit of it.Production possibilities frontier The production possibilities frontier (PPF ) is the boundary between those combinations of goods and services that can be produced and those that cannot.Production efficiency We achieve production efficiency if we produce goods and services at the lowest possible cost.Opportunity cost The opportunity cost of something is the highest-valued alternative that must be given up to get it.A rational choice A rational choice is one that compares costs and benefits and achieves the greatest benefit over cost for the person making the choice.Allocative efficiency When goods and services are produced at the lowest possible cost and in the quantities that provide the greatest possible benefit, we have achieved allocative efficiency.Preferences —people’s likes and dislikes and the intensity of those feelings.The principle of decreasing marginal benefit. It is a general principle that the more we have of any good or service, the smaller is its marginal benefit and the less we are willing to pay for an additional unit of it.A comparative advantage A person has a comparative advantage in an activity ifthat person can perform the activity at a lower opportunity cost than anyone else.Demand Demand is the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and its price when all other influences on buying plans remain the same supply Supply is the relationship between the quantity supplied of a good and its price when all other influences on selling plans remain the same. The price elasticity of demand The price elasticity of demand is a units-free measureof the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price when all other influences on buying plans remain the same. Quantity demanded of a good or service The quantity demanded of a good or service is the amount that consumers plan to buy during a given time period at a particular price.The cross elasticity of demand The cross elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to a change in the price of a substitute or complement, other things remaining the same.The income elasticity of demand the income elasticity of demand, which is a measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good or service to a change in income, other things remaining the same.The elasticity of supply The elasticity of supply measures the responsiveness of the quantity supplied to a change in the price of a good when all other influences on selling plans remain the same.The consumer surplus Consumer surplus is the excess of the benefit received from agood over the amount paid for it.Market demand the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded by all buyers is called market demand.Producer surplus . Consumer surplus is the excess of the benefit received from a good over the amount paid for it.Market supply the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by all producers is called market supply.A subsidy Subsidies, which are payments by the government to producers, decrease the prices paid by buyers and increase the prices received by sellers. Total surplus . The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus is called total surplus.Tax incidence Tax incidence is the division of the burden of a tax between buyers and sellers.A production quota An upper limit to the quantity of a good that may be produced in a specified period.。
粮食最低收购价与市场价关系的实证分析——以稻谷为例
粮食最低收购价与市场价关系的实证分析 以稻谷为例肖翔霞，张佳㊀（长江大学经济与管理学院，湖北荆州４３４０２３）摘要㊀粮食最低收购价格与市场价格是影响我国粮食安全和农民收入的两个重要因素，为进一步探究两者的关系，以稻谷为例，通过实证研究发现，最低收购价与市场价存在显著的因果关系㊂结果表明：从长期看，粮食最低收购价格与市场价格具有长期均衡关系，稳定调减最低收购价格对于推进粮食市场价格形成机制改革具有重要意义㊂从短期看，市场价格对于最低收购价格的影响要大于最低收购价对市场价格的影响，且最低收购价格对市场价的影响存在品种上的差异，粳稻最低收购价格对市场价的影响明显大于早籼稻和中籼稻最低收购价格对市场价的影响㊂基于上述结论，提出了相应的政策建议㊂关键词㊀最低收购价；粮食市场价；实证研究中图分类号㊀Ｓ－９㊀㊀文献标识码㊀Ａ㊀㊀文章编号㊀０５１７－６６１１（２０２３）０６－０２２３－０５ｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．０５１７－６６１１．２０２３．０６．０５１㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀开放科学（资源服务）标识码（ＯＳＩＤ）：ＥｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＭｉｎｉｍｕｍＰｕｒｃｈａｓｅＰｒｉｃｅａｎｄＭａｒｋｅｔＰｒｉｃｅｏｆＧｒａｉｎ ＴａｋｉｎｇＲｉｃｅａｓａｎＥｘａｍｐｌｅＸＩＡＯＸｉａｎｇ⁃ｘｉａ，ＺＨＡＮＧＪｉａ㊀（ＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｊｉｎｇｚｈｏｕ，Ｈｕｂｅｉ４３４０２３）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ㊀Ｇｒａｉｎｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅａｒｅｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｆｏｏｄｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙａｎｄｆａｒｍｅｒｓ ｉｎｃｏｍｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｏｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｍ，ｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｔａｋｅｓｒｉｃｅａｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅａｎｄｆｉｎｄｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｅｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｔｈａｔｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｃａｕｓａｌｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔ：Ｉｎｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｒｕｎ，ｔｈｅｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｇｒａｉｎｈａｓａｌｏｎｇ⁃ｔｅｒｍｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔａｂｌｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｉｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｔｈｅｇｒａｉｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｒｕｎ，ｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｏｎｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｉｓｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｒｉｃｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｅａｒｌｙｉｎｄｉｃａｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍｅｄｉｕｍｉｎｄｉｃａｒｉｃｅ．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅａｂｏｖｅｆｉｎｄｉｎｇｓ，ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｐｏｌｉｃｙｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ㊀Ｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅ；Ｇｒａｉｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ；Ｅｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌｓｔｕｄｙ基金项目㊀湖北省教育厅科学技术研究项目（Ｑ２０１９１３１１）㊂作者简介㊀肖翔霞（１９９９ ），女，湖北宜昌人，硕士研究生，研究方向：农业经济政策㊂收稿日期㊀２０２２－０５－０９；修回日期㊀２０２２－０６－２０㊀㊀２０２０年１２月２８日习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议明确指出 要调动农民种粮积极性，稳定和加强种粮农民补贴，提升收储调控能力，坚持完善最低收购价政策 ㊂我国从２００４年在粮食主产区实施最低收购价政策，自此粮食市场价与最低收购价紧密相连㊂２００８ ２０１４年，稻谷最低收购价格依据 成本加合理利润 的定价原则连续７次上调，与此同时，粮食市场价格亦一路攀升，触及价格 天花板 ㊂从２０１６年早籼稻最低收购价开始调减，到２０１７年稻谷最低收购价全面下调，市场价格也呈现出明显下降趋势㊂因此，不少学者认为，最低收购价政策托底市场价格一路走高［１］，扭曲了市场价格形成机制［２－５］，甚至对非执行区的市场价格也存在传递辐射效应［６］㊂但也有学者认为，粮食最低收购价政策作为一种政策手段，保持市场价格稳定，并不能从根本上影响市场价格，是市场经济与我国实际相结合的产物［７］㊂目前，关于粮食最低收购价格的研究主要集中于其政策效果的评价，就其与市场价格的关系研究相对不足㊂鉴于此，笔者主要探讨粮食最低收购价与市场价格的关系，以及在深化农业供给侧改革及农业高质量发展的背景下如何协调二者的关系，对完善粮食最低收购价政策以及促进农民增收㊁农业供给侧改革㊁农业高质量发展等具有重要的理论和现实意义㊂１㊀稻谷最低收购价与市场价关系的简要立论１．１㊀稻谷最低收购价与市场价的基本历史轨迹㊀稻谷最低收购价于２００４年实施，２００４ ２００７年保持稳定，早籼稻为１．４０元／ｋｇ㊁中籼稻为１．４４元／ｋｇ㊁粳稻为１．５０元／ｋｇ，均低于当年市场价㊂由于最低收购价过低，２００７年稻谷收储量难以支撑政府对稻米市场进行有效的宏观调控［８］，因此，从２００８年开始，稻谷最低收购价逐年上调，并于２０１３年开始超过市场价格的年度均值，早籼稻㊁中籼稻㊁粳稻的最低收购价分别比市场价高０．０３６８㊁０．０７２８㊁０．０６３４元／ｋｇ，至２０１４年，最低收购价达到最高值，２０１５年保持不变，２０１６年首次下调早籼稻最低收购价格，２０１７年开始全面下调稻谷最低收购价㊂与此同时，稻谷市场价格也在节节攀升㊂２００４ ２００７年，在最低收购价格不变的背景下，早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻市场价格平均每年以１．５８％㊁２．３７％㊁０．４７％的幅度小幅上涨，但在２００８年，当最低收购价格突然大幅上调之后，其市场价格迅速上升，早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻当年的增幅分别达到１９．４１％㊁１２．０５％㊁７．０８％㊂之后受市场规律的影响，市场价格在２００９年增速明显放缓㊂２０１０ ２０１１年，在粮食最低收购价连续提高之际，其市场价格呈现出更为强劲的上升趋势，早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻的涨幅分别为２１．０４％㊁１８．９５％㊁４．６２％㊂２０１２年之后，随着最低收购价格增速放缓，２０１７ ２０２０年粮食市场价格的增速也明显回落㊂１．２㊀稻谷最低收购价与市场价的基本关系走势㊀为了更清晰和直观地了解稻谷最低收购价与市场价关系的走势，利用２００４ ２０２０年的有关数据，绘制二者的折线图（图１）㊂基于研究目的与数据的可获得性，该研究选取了２００４ ２０１９年早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻的最低收购价与市场价的年度均值，数据来源于相关年份‘全国农产品成本资料收益汇编“和安徽农业科学，Ｊ．ＡｎｈｕｉＡｇｒｉｃ．Ｓｃｉ．２０２３，５１（６）：２２３－２２７㊀㊀㊀‘中国粮食发展报告“㊁２０２０年数据来自农业农村部㊁国家发改委及国家统计局官方网站㊂图１㊀稻谷最低收购价与市场价走势Ｆｉｇ．１㊀Ｔｒｅｎｄｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｒｉｃｅ㊀㊀从图１可知，２００４ ２０２０年，稻谷最低收购价格与市场价格走势曲线非常相似㊂初期稻谷市场价相对低迷，最低收购价也保持低位运行；随后稻谷市场价格显著上涨，最低收购价格也进入快速上升通道；之后稻谷市场价格增速明显放缓，最低收购价也明显回落㊂２㊀粮食最低收购价与市场价关系的实证分析２．１㊀相关性分析㊀相关性分析是进行实证性分析的基础，只有相关程度显著，下一步的分析才有意义㊂相关系数反映了变量之间联系的密切程度，系数越高表明两者之间的关系越紧密，相关性越高，我国２００４ ２０２０年粮食最低收购价与市场价的相关性分析结果见表１㊂表１㊀稻谷最低收购价格与市场价格的相关系数Ｔａｂｌｅ１㊀Ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅ序号Ｎｏ．项目Ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ相关系数Ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｃｏｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ１早籼稻市场价（Ｘ１）与最低收购价格（Ｙ１）０．９６１２中籼稻市场价（Ｘ２）与最低收购价格（Ｙ２）０．９４６３粳稻市场价（Ｘ３）与最低收购价格（Ｙ３）０．９５９㊀㊀从表１可以看出，早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻的最低收购价格与其市场价格的相关系数均高于０．９４，说明两者存在显著的相关关系㊂２．２㊀单位根检验㊀由于粮食最低收购价和市场价为时间序列数据，由于经济变量时间序列数据多为非平稳序列，因此有必要对变量进行平稳性检验，该研究采用ＡＤＦ检验方法，检验结果见表２㊂㊀㊀通过检验发现，粮食最低收购价格与市场价格的水平序列是非平稳的，但其一阶差分数据平稳，即均服从一阶单整，故需要用协整理论进一步分析两者之间长期均衡关系㊂２．３㊀Ｊｏｈａｎｓｅｎ协整检验㊀由于粮食最低收购价格与市场价都是一阶单整序列，为检验其是否存在长期稳定的协整关系，采用Ｊｏｈａｎｓｅｎ协整检验方法，检验结果见表３㊂由表３中最大统计量和轨迹统计量对应的Ｐ值可知，在０．０５的显著性水平下，早籼稻和粳稻的最低收购价与其市场价均存在１个协整方程，中籼稻的最低收购价和其市场价存在２个协整方程，即稻谷最低收购价和其市场价之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系㊂２．４㊀Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验㊀虽已证明稻谷最低收购价格和市场价格存在长期的均衡关系，但这种长期均衡关系究竟是最低价格的变动引起市场价的变动，还是市场价的变动引起最低价格的变动，需要对稻谷最低收购价格和市场价格进行Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验，检验结果见表４㊂表２㊀粮食最低收购价与市场价的ＡＤＦ检验Ｔａｂｌｅ２㊀ＡＤＦｔｅｓｔｏｆｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｇｒａｉｎ变量Ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅ检验形式（Ｃ，Ｔ，Ｋ）Ｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｍ（Ｃ，Ｔ，Ｋ）ＡＤＦ统计量ＡＤＦｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ５％临界值５％ｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄＰ值ＰｖａｌｕｅＸ１（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）－２．５０３０５０－４．００８１５７０．３２１１Ｙ１（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）０．３４９１６５－４．１０７８３３０．９９４０Ｘ２（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）－２．３３７５０９－３．９３３３６４０．３８４２Ｙ２（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）０．０２１３５２－４．１０７８３３０．９８５１Ｘ３（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）－２．００８６０５－３．９３３３６４０．５３３９Ｙ３（Ｃ，Ｔ，１）－１．１９７１４９－３．９３３３６４０．８５７０ΔＸ１（Ｃ，Ｎ，１）－３．９４２２８８－３．２５９８０８０．０１９２ΔＹ１（Ｎ，Ｎ，１）－３．１０８８０６－１．９８８１９８０．００６１ΔＸ２（Ｃ，Ｎ，１）－３．４１０３５２－３．２５９８０８０．０４０４ΔＹ２（Ｎ，Ｎ，１）－３．０２５０１５－１．９８８１９８０．００７２ΔＸ３（Ｃ，Ｎ，１）－３．６４６３６９－３．２１２６９６０．０２６１ΔＹ３（Ｎ，Ｎ，１）－３．７９４０２９－１．９８２３４４０．００１６㊀注：检验形式中Ｃ㊁Ｔ㊁Ｋ分别表示常数项㊁趋势项和滞后阶数（遵循ＳＩＣ准则），Δ表示差分形式㊂㊀Ｎｏｔｅ：Ｉｎｔｈｅｔｅｓｔｆｏｒｍ，Ｃ，ＴａｎｄＫｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｔｅｒｍ，ｔｒｅｎｄｔｅｒｍａｎｄｌａｇｇｉｎｇｏｒｄｅｒ（ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇＳＩＣｃｒｉｔｅｒｉｏｎ），Δｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｆｏｒｍ．表３㊀ＣＰＩ与ＰＰＩ的Ｊｏｈａｎｓｅｎ协整检验Ｔａｂｌｅ３㊀ＪｏｈａｎｓｅｎｃｏｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｔｅｓｔｏｆＣＰＩａｎｄＰＰＩ协整序列ＣｏｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅＨ特征值Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｖａｌｕｅ迹统计量Ｔｒａｃｅｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ５％临界值５％ｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄＰ值ＰｖａｌｕｅＹ１Ｘ１００．８４３０５３２２．２３１２８０１８．３９７７１００．０１３８１０．１５５６４４１．８６０９９６３．８４１４６６０．１７２５Ｙ２Ｘ２００．７１８２４９１８．１８９７４０１５．４９４７１００．０１９２１０．３２０８２９４．２５５７０８３．８４１４６６０．０３９１Ｙ３Ｘ３００．７９２７４１１９．００６５２０１５．４９４７１００．０１４２１０．１４２７９６１．６９４８６７３．８４１４６６０．１９３０㊀㊀由表４可知，在０．１０的显著性水平下，早籼稻和中籼稻均只存在单向的Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果关系，即稻谷市场价格是导致其最低收购价格的Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ原因，最低收购价格不是其市场４２２㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀安徽农业科学㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２３年价变化的Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ原因，而粳稻的最低收购价格和市场价格互为Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ原因㊂为准确反映稻谷最低收购价格和市场价的关系，从两者因果关系出发，利用Ｅｘｃｅｌ构造了两者的非线性回归模型：㊀㊀Ｙ１＝３０．０３７ｅ０．０１０９Ｘ（Ｒ２＝０．９４６７）（１）㊀㊀Ｙ２＝３２．３１３ｅ０．０１０５Ｘ（Ｒ２＝０．９２５３）（２）㊀㊀Ｙ３＝２８．９９３ｅ０．０１０９Ｘ（Ｒ２＝０．９４７９）（３）㊀㊀Ｘ３＝５５．０４５ｅ０．００６７Ｙ（Ｒ２＝０．９０６３）（４）㊀㊀从式（１）㊁（２）可知，早籼稻和中籼稻市场对最低收购价有显著正向影响，市场价每变化１个单位，早籼稻最低收购价将同向波动１．０９％，中籼稻最低收购价也将同向波动１．０５％㊂从式（３）㊁（４）可知，粳稻市场价与最低收购价之间显著正相关，粳稻市场价每变化１单位，会带动最低收购价同向波动１．０９％；当粳稻最低收购价每变动１个单位，其市场价也将同向波动０．６７％㊂２．５㊀脉冲响应函数㊀脉冲响应函数测量内生变量对误差的反映程度，即通过在扰动项上加上一个标准差大小的信息以观其对内生变量的现值和未来值的影响㊂２．５．１㊀早籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应函数分析㊂利用Ｅｖｉｅｗｓ８．０模拟的早籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线见图２㊂表４㊀ＣＰＩ与ＰＰＩ的Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验Ｔａｂｌｅ４㊀ＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓａｌｉｔｙｔｅｓｔｏｆＣＰＩａｎｄＰＰＩ零假设Ｚｅｒｏｈｙｐｏｔｈｅｓｉｓ滞后阶数ＬａｇｏｒｄｅｒＦ⁃统计量Ｆ⁃ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃＰ值Ｐｖａｌｕｅ结论Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ（０．１０显著性水平）Ｘ１ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＹ１１９９．７１４６４．Ｅ－０６拒绝零假设Ｙ１ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＸ１１０．４４８０３０．５２０１接受零假设Ｘ２ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＹ２１１４３．２１８８．Ｅ－０７拒绝零假设Ｙ２ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＸ２１０．９９４１９０．３４４８接受零假设Ｘ３ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＹ３２３．９１５２１０．０８１６拒绝零假设Ｙ３ｄｏｅｓｎｏｔＧｒａｎｇｅｒｃａｕｓｅｏｆＸ３２７．３３８８２０．０２４４拒绝零假设图２㊀早籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线Ｆｉｇ．２㊀Ｉｍｐｕｌｓｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｐａｔｈｃｕｒｖｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｅａｒｌｙｉｎｄｉｃａｒｉｃｅ㊀㊀从图２（ａ）可知，最低收购价格对于来自市场价格一个标准差的冲击，在当期反映仅１％，但随后增大，并于第３期达到最大值１０％，随后呈现下降趋势；从图２（ｂ）来看，市场价面对早籼稻最低收购价一个标准差的冲击，并无显著反应㊂对比图２（ａ）说明，早籼稻市场价对最低收购价的影响显著大于最低收购价对市场价的影响，与之前Ｇｒｏｍｇｅｒ因果检验的结果相吻合㊂从图２（ｃ）来看，早籼稻最低收购价格对自身一个标准差的冲击，在当期也只是作出２％的反应，随后持续减弱；从图２（ｄ）来看，早籼稻市场价格对自身一个标准差的冲击，在当期就表现出较大反应，接近９％，随后出现下降趋势㊂这说明，早籼稻最低收购价受市场价的影响大于受自身的影响；早籼稻市场价受自身的影响要大于来自最低收购价格的影响㊂２．５．２㊀中籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应函数分析㊂利用Ｅｖｉｅｗｓ８．０模拟的中籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线见图３㊂㊀㊀根据图３（ａ）可知，中籼稻最低收购价对于来自市场价一个标准差的冲击，在当期反映极小仅０．１％，但随后上升，在第３期达到最大值５．４％，之后呈下降趋势；从图３（ｂ）看，中籼稻市场价对于其最低收购价的一个标准差冲击，当期反应为０，存在滞后效应，随后上升，也在第３期达到最高点４．９％，随后逐渐下降㊂对比图３（ａ）说明，中籼稻市场价格对最低收购价格的影响要大于其最低收购价格对市场价的影响，也进一步验证了之前Ｇｒａｍｇｅｒ因果检验的结果㊂从图３（ｃ）来看，中籼稻最低收购价对于自身一个标准差的冲击，在当期反应较小，仅为１．６％，在第２期继续降低，但之后开始上升，在第４期达到最大值４．９％，随后呈现出下降趋势；从图３（ｄ）来看，中籼稻市场价对于自身一个标准差的冲击，当期反５２２５１卷６期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀肖翔霞等㊀粮食最低收购价与市场价关系的实证分析应较大，接近５％，在第二期达到最大值６．８％，随后呈现出下降趋势㊂以上表明，中籼稻最低收购价受其市场价的影响要大于受自身的影响；中籼稻市场价受自身的影响大于受其最低收购价的影响㊂图３㊀中籼稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线Ｆｉｇ．３㊀Ｉｍｐｕｌｓｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｐａｔｈｃｕｒｖｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｍｅｄｉｕｍｉｎｄｉｃａｒｉｃｅ２．５．３㊀粳稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应函数分析㊂利用Ｅｖｉｅｗｓ８．０模拟的粳稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线见图４㊂图４㊀粳稻市价与最低收购价的脉冲响应路径曲线Ｆｉｇ．４㊀Ｉｍｐｕｌｓｅｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｐａｔｈｃｕｒｖｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｍａｒｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅａｎｄｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｐｒｉｃｅｏｆｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｒｉｃｅ㊀㊀从图４（ａ）来看，粳稻最低收购价格对于来自市场价格一个标准差的冲击，在当期仅２％的反应，随后增大，在第３期达到最大值８％，随后呈现下降趋势；从图４（ｂ）来看，粳稻市场价对于来自最低收购价一个标准差的冲击，在当期没有反应，存在时滞，之后增大，并于第３期达到最高值１１％，之后开始下降㊂对比图４（ａ）说明，在当期粳稻市场价格对其最低收购价格的影响稍强于最低收购价格对市场价格的影响，但后期最低收购价格对市场价格的影响要大于市场价格对其最低收购价格的影响，亦与前文的Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验结果相呼应㊂从图４（ｃ）来看，粳稻最低收购价格对自身一个标准差的冲击，在当期反应在４％左右，第２期保持平稳，随后上升，并于第４期达到最大值１１％，且持续至第５期，之后呈下降趋势；从图４（ｄ）来看，粳稻市场价对自身一个标准差的冲击，在当期反应为６％，并于第２期达到最大值８％，之后呈下降趋势㊂以上说明，对于粳稻最低收购价而言，在前期主要受自身的影响，后期主要受市场价的影响；对于粳稻市场价而言，当期受自身的影响要大于来自其最低收购价的影响，但后期主要受最低收购价的影响㊂３㊀结论与建议３．１㊀结论㊀运用相关性分析㊁协整分析㊁Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ因果检验和６２２㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀安徽农业科学㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２３年脉冲响应函数分析等方法，对稻谷最低收购价和市场价进行了实证分析，得出如下结论：（１）稻谷最低收购价和市场价之间存在显著的因果关系㊂在０．１０的显著性水平下，早籼稻和中籼稻的最低收购价与市场价只存在单向因果关系，即其稻谷市场价格是其最低收购价变化的显著原因；而粳稻的最低收购价和市场价互为Ｇｒａｎｇｅｒ原因㊂（２）从长期来看，稻谷最低收购价和市场价之间具有长期均衡关系㊂即早籼稻和中籼稻最低收购价的提高主要是市场价格的推动，粳稻的最低收购价和市场价的走势是在其双方的长期博弈中形成㊂（３）从短期来看，稻谷最低收购价与市场价相互作用关系存在品种差异㊂对于早籼稻和中籼稻而言，市场价对最低收购价的影响显著大于最低收购价对市场价的影响，最低收购价受市场价的影响大于受自身的影响，市场价主要受自身影响；与之相反，粳稻最低收购价对市场价的影响大于市场价对最低收购价的影响，粳稻最低收购价在前期主要受自身的影响，后期主要受市场价的影响，粳稻市场价受自身当期的影响要大于来自其最低收购价的影响，但后期主要受最低收购价的影响㊂故就最低收购价对市场价影响的范围和时间长度而言并不足以撼动稻谷市场自身的规律，即最低收购价格对市场价格的影响终究是有限的㊂３．２㊀对策建议㊀在新的历史关口时期，粮食安全和农民增收是实现中华民族伟大复兴最广泛最深厚的基础［１３－１５］㊂因此，深刻认识粮食最低收购价和市场价关系对全面实施乡村振兴具有重要的现实意义㊂３．２．１㊀进一步增强政策弹性，深化稻谷价格形成机制改革㊂粮价作为百价之基，是最低收购价政策保驾护航的对象，故最低收购价的调整复杂而敏感，且暂时无法提供更好的替代方案，因此继续保留最低收购价政策框架实属必要㊂鉴于２０１６年早籼稻最低收购价的首次下调已作为改变市场价预期的 首发 ，２０１７年全面下调稻谷最低收购价又已打破价格水平 只升不降 坚冰，因此，赋予最低收购价政策更强的灵活性和弹性是大势所趋，具体可从适当延后最低收购价执行起止时间㊁提高预案启动条件㊁加大预案执行时间的跨度弹性以及相应提高收购稻谷的质量标准等方面入手㊂３．２．２㊀准确把控稻谷最低价调整的节奏和力度㊂早籼稻㊁中籼稻和粳稻最低收购价对其市场价的影响存在差异，因此区别稻谷品种针对性调整最低收购价改革的力度与重点，逐步将最低收购价调整至合理水平㊂（１）早籼稻与中籼稻需保持政策框架基本稳定，引导稻谷产品结构调整㊂在早籼稻与中籼稻的最低收购价与市场价的博弈中，市场价占据着主导地位，最低收购价的影响相对有限㊂即早籼稻与中籼稻最低收购价政策已趋于托底功能，兜底线㊁稳预期的政策效用较突出，可供早籼稻和中籼稻最低价政策调整的空间有限，因此政策调整的重点在于，要充分利用有限的可调控空间充分发挥最低价政策对稻谷品种结构的导向作用㊂考虑到稻谷种植结构的调整是一个长期的过程，需要最低收购价政策的逐步引导，故其后期调整的幅度不宜过大，需保持政策框架基本稳定，为优化稻谷产品结构提供明显指向性；品种上，重点调减早籼稻㊁增加粳稻生产；品质上，重点抓好质量提升和品牌创建㊂（２）粳稻最低收购价改革要更加强调稳中求进㊂基于粳稻最低收购价对市场价存在较强的托市效应，为更好地发挥市场机制作用，进一步激发市场活力，粳稻最低收购价的调整显得更为迫切㊂一方面，可以适当加大粳稻最低收购价下调的幅度，逐步将粳稻最低收购价调整至合理水平；另一方面，为了平减粳稻最低收购价大幅下调所产生的冲击，降低粳稻生产主体对最低收购政策的依赖性，可从粳稻入手开展粮食作物完全成本保险和收入保险试点，充分发挥农业保险在保护农民利益中的重要保障作用㊂（３）节本增效缩短改革阵痛期，实现增加农民收入和保障有效供给的双重目标㊂在稻谷价格提升受限的背景下，为分散最低收购价下调给粮农带来的收益风险，必须另辟蹊径，在有效控制稻谷种植成本㊁保障稻谷供给的同时，促进农户增收㊂一是提高资源环境利用集约度，将单一水稻种植发展为稻鱼㊁稻虾㊁稻蟹或稻虾鳅共作等立体农业，实现种养结合㊂二是从稻谷分布区域出发，将区域优势与品牌打造相结合，在全国形成 一区一品 的稻谷格局㊂立足于稻谷各个品种主产区，优化区域布局，整合小散乱品牌，集中培植发展主产区域公共品牌，突出绿色优质稻谷的打造和生态服务供给㊂参考文献［１］曹慧，张玉梅，孙昊．粮食最低收购价政策改革思路与影响分析［Ｊ］．中国农村经济，２０１７（１１）：３３－４６．［２］王双进．粮食托市收购的困境及改革取向［Ｊ］．经济纵横，２０１５（１１）：８７－９２．［３］李国祥．为什么要继续执行并完善最低收购价政策［Ｊ］．农村经济，２０１６（４）：３－７．［４］陈亭．我国粮食最低收购价的完善建议［Ｊ］．改革与战略，２０１７，３３（５）：３０－３２．［５］兰录平．我国粮食最低收购价政策的效应和问题及完善建议［Ｊ］．农业现代化研究，２０１３，３４（５）：５１３－５１７．［６］张建杰．对粮食最低收购价政策效果的评价［Ｊ］．经济经纬，２０１３（５）：１９－２４．［７］丁声俊．正确认识㊁评价和改进粮食 托市收购 政策［Ｊ］．价格理论与实践，２０１３（１０）：１１－１５．［８］胡锋．政府因何提高２００８年稻谷最低收购价［Ｊ］．中国粮食经济，２００８（２）：２３．［９］武拉平．新时代粮食安全观的新特点与新思维［Ｊ］．人民论坛，２０１９（３２）：３０－３１．［１０］刘兴舟，张建，庄晓林，等．中国粮食安全现状与应对策略［Ｊ］．农业工程，２０１９，９（７）：６１－６４．［１１］陈锡文．粮食安全面临三大挑战［Ｊ］．中国经济报告，２０１４（２）：４３－４５．［１２］郭惠武．营养供给角度的中国粮食安全分析［Ｊ］．中国畜牧杂志，２０２２，５８（９）：３１４－３２０．［１３］王一飞．我国粮食价格的影响因素分析［Ｊ］．经济经纬，２０１６，３３（６）：５４－５９．［１４］吴玲霞．贸易战和新冠疫情背景下中国稳定粮食价格策略研究［Ｊ］．价格月刊，２０２０（８）：２０－２３．［１５］张昌，余炳文．粮食价格与居民消费价格水平联动效应研究［Ｊ］．价格月刊，２０２２（２）：２８－３４．［１６］胡海燕，高志强．构建国家粮食安全长效机制的思考［Ｊ］．安徽农业科学，２０２２，５０（９）：２４４－２４６．７２２５１卷６期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀肖翔霞等㊀粮食最低收购价与市场价关系的实证分析。
市场和政府的关系英文作文
市场和政府的关系英文作文Market and government are two important players in the economy. The market is driven by supply and demand, while the government plays a regulatory role to ensure fair competition and protect consumer rights.In a free market economy, businesses compete with each other to attract customers and maximize profits. The government sets rules and regulations to prevent monopolies and unfair business practices.Sometimes, the market fails to allocate resources efficiently, leading to market failures such as externalities or public goods. In such cases, the government may intervene to correct these failures through policies like taxation or subsidies.Government intervention in the market can also help address social issues such as income inequality or environmental degradation. Through policies like welfareprograms or environmental regulations, the government can ensure a more equitable distribution of resources.However, government intervention in the market can sometimes lead to unintended consequences, such as inefficiency or corruption. It is important for the government to strike a balance between regulation and allowing the market to function freely.Overall, the relationship between market and government is complex and dynamic. Both play important roles in the economy, and their interactions shape the economic landscape in which businesses and consumers operate.。
Market orientation and performance of export ventures_ the process through marketing capabilities an
ORIGINAL EMPIRICAL RESEARCHMarket orientation and performance of export ventures: the process through marketing capabilities and competitive advantagesJanet Y.Murray&Gerald Yong Gao&Masaaki KotabeReceived:19June2009/Accepted:25March2010#Academy of Marketing Science2010Abstract Our study focuses on the internal process through which market orientation influences performance in export markets,and develops a model of market orientation–marketing capabilities–competitive advantages–performance ing survey data of491export ventures based in China,we find that marketing capabilities mediate the market orientation–performance relationship,while competi-tive advantages partially mediate the marketing capabilities–performance relationship.Moreover,coordination mechanism strengthens,and cost leadership strategy weakens,the effects of market orientation on new product development and marketing communication capabilities,respectively.Market turbulence attenuates the effect of market orientation on new product development capability while competitive intensity strengthens this effect.Keywords Market orientation.Marketing capabilities. Competitive advantages.Performance.Export ventures IntroductionMarket orientation is a foundation and the central concept of the marketing discipline(Gebhardt et al.2006;Kotler 2000).Many studies have examined the relationship between market orientation and performance(e.g.,Jaworski and Kohli1993;Narver and Slater1990;Pelham2000; Slater and Narver1994),with general empirical support that market orientation enhances firm performance(c.f., Kirca et al.2005).However,researchers have generated much debate on the exact role of market orientation and the process through which it influences performance;that is:“How does market orientation(actually)contribute to performance?”(Hult et al.2005,p.1173).As globalization and the rapid growth of international trade have made it imperative for firms,especially for those from emerging economies,to seek expansion opportunities,the application of market orientation in the export context has increasingly played a critical role in firms’survival and success in international markets(Diamantopoulos et al.2000;Murray et al.2007).Its critical function in export markets is to enable firms to develop and market the appropriate goods and services that are valued by customers in export markets (Diamantopoulos et al.2000;Narver and Slater1990). Despite the significant relationship between market orien-tation and firm performance in export markets,it has received limited research attention(Akyol and Akehurst 2003;Cadogan et al.1999;Diamantopoulos et al.2000; Murray et al.2007),especially in an emerging economy context.Moreover,the internal process through which market orientation influences performance in the export context is not well understood.Based on the resource-based view(RBV)of the firm, Ketchen et al.(2007)have recently argued that market orientation as a resource only has potential value.Similarly, J.Y.Murray(*)Department of Marketing,SSB458,University of Missouri-St.Louis,One University Boulevard,St.Louis,MO63121-4499,USAe-mail:murrayjan@G.Y.GaoDepartment of Marketing,SSB1303,University of Missouri-St.Louis,One University Boulevard,St.Louis,MO63121-4499,USAe-mail:gaogy@M.KotabeThe Fox School of Business,Temple University,1801Liacouras Walk(006-14),Philadelphia,PA19122,USAe-mail:mkotabe@J.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.DOI10.1007/s11747-010-0195-4DeSarbo et al.(2007)have stressed that a firm’s ability to deploy resources through organizational capabilities may be more critical than the resources themselves in helping the firm obtain desirable performance.Equally important,in delineating why firms have differential performance,Porter (1991)has asserted that it is a firm’s possession of competitive advantage that drives performance.Taking these debates together,since market orientation(i.e.,as a resource)and performance are not directly related,it is imperative to focus on the process through capabilities and competitive advantages in examining the market orienta-tion–performance relationship.Hence,only if a firm takes appropriate strategic actions to capitalize on market orientation can it create a competitive advantage in achieving higher performance(Ketchen et al.2007). Previous studies have investigated the mediating role of innovation capabilities and competitive advantages in the market orientation–performance relationship(Han et al. 1998;Zhou et al.2005,2008).Yet,we still have limited knowledge in revealing the exact process through which market orientation influences firm performance.We address critical gaps in both market orientation and RBV literature theoretically and empirically through cap-turing the important roles of marketing capabilities and competitive advantages using China as an emerging economy context.As recently reported by Batson(2010) in The Wall Street Journal,China overtook Germany as the world’s top exporter in2009,and it now accounts for almost10%of global exports(World Factbook2010). Examining the market orientation–performance relationship using both local Chinese and foreign export ventures in China may help increase the generalizability of our findings more than studies generated using domestic firms in a domestic context.Specifically,we aim to provide three significant con-tributions to the marketing and strategic management literature.First,based on the debates on market orientation and RBV as a backdrop,we resolve existing deficiencies in the extant literature by capturing the internal process through which market orientation influences performance in export markets based on the following linkages:strategic resources–strategic action–competitive advantages–organi-zational performance(Ketchen et al.2007).In Newbert’s (2007)review of articles on RBV,surprisingly no empirical studies have examined the important role of marketing capabilities(i.e.,strategic action)on performance,although it is widely recognized that marketing affects firm perfor-mance(V orhies et al.2009).Further,in Krasnikov and Jayachandran’s(2008)meta-analysis of the firm capability–performance relationship,the results show that marketing capability has a stronger effect on firm performance than research-and-development and operations capabilities,thus reinforcing the importance of capturing the effect of marketing capabilities on the market orientation–performance relation-ship.In our study,instead of examining the direct link between market orientation and performance,we investigate the mediating role of marketing capabilities(i.e.,pricing,new product development,and marketing communication capabil-ities)on the market orientation–performance relationship. By taking strategic actions(i.e.,market capabilities development)to capitalize on market orientation,firms create competitive advantages,which consequently en-hance performance.Ketchen et al.(2007)have asserted that a major limitation of the extant literature on market orientation is that the role of competitive advantages has yet to be captured when examining the market orientation–performance relationship.In our study,we rectify such an omission by further examining the mediating role of competitive advantages(i.e.,lower-cost and differentiation advantages)on the marketing capabilities–performance relationship.Second,as internal processes through which market orientation influences performance are under-researched, we explicitly assess the internal operational connection between market orientation and performance to provide useful managerial implications.It is this internal operational component that differentiates firms’ability in capitalizing on their market orientation,resulting in marketing capabil-ities that contribute to desirable performance.Rather than the knowledge generated by market orientation itself,the source of competitive advantage via capability building is how knowledge is coordinated and integrated among functional units(Grant1996).Thus,it is necessary to examine the moderating role of a firm’s coordination mechanism in its use of market orientation knowledge (Atuahene-Gima2005).As firms from an emerging economy would likely use a cost-based strategy(Aulakh et al.2000),we also examine cost leadership strategy as another internal operational component that moderates the market orientation–marketing capabilities relationship.Third,several studies have investigated the moderating effects of external environmental factors on the market orientation–performance relationship(Kirca et al.2005). Gao et al.(2007)found that the impact of market orientation on performance could turn from positive to negative in the dynamic and turbulent context of China. Similarly,Zhou et al.(2007)concluded that the effective-ness of market orientation is contingent on environmental conditions in different global markets.Thus,the develop-ment of appropriate marketing capabilities,derived from market orientation,may be contingent on the demand condition and the level of competition in the dynamic export market.Further,firms from an emerging economy are generally less experienced in exporting,especially to customers in developed nations,so the relationship between a firm’s market orientation and its marketing capabilities isJ.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.likely to be drastically influenced by both market and industry conditions.Therefore,it is of critical importance to examine the moderating roles of market turbulence and competitive intensity in influencing the market orientation–marketing capabilities relationship.We develop a conceptual model that examines the market orientation–marketing capabilities–competitive advantages–performance relationships and empirically test these relation-ships in an emerging economy context.We contend that the differential ability of firms in an emerging economy to transform market orientation knowledge into marketing capabilities(i.e.,pricing,new product development,and marketing communication capabilities)lies in their distinct coordination mechanism and cost leadership strategy,taking into consideration the level of market turbulence and competitive intensity.In addition,competitive advantages mediate the marketing capabilities–performance relation-ships.We present our conceptual model in Fig.1.Theory and hypotheses developmentA resource-based view of market orientationThe RBV addresses the origins of competitive advantage by arguing that the performance differences among firms result from resources that can be used to create idiosyncratic, inimitable internal capabilities(Amit and Schoemaker 1993;Atuahene-Gima2005,p.63;Barney1991).A resource is an observable(but not necessarily tangible) asset that can be valued and traded,while a capability is not observable(and hence necessarily intangible)and changes hands only as part of its entire unit(Makadok2001). Capabilities are a firm’s accumulated knowledge and skills that enable the firm to utilize and enhance the value of resources.As Krasnikov and Jayachandran(2008,p.2) have stressed,“[c]apabilities enable a firm to perform value-creating tasks effectively,and they reside in organi-zational processes and routines that are difficult to replicate. Capabilities are deeply rooted in these processes and therefore are embedded within organizations in the complex mesh of interconnected actions that follow managerial decisions over time.”Furthermore,marketing capabilities are based on market knowledge about customer needs and past experience in forecasting and responding to these needs by using market orientation(Day1994).As such, marketing capabilities are developed based on knowledge that is tacitly held and difficult for rivals to copy(Krasnikov and Jayachandran2008).Following the behavioral perspective of market orienta-tion and extending it in the export market context,market orientation consists of the generation,dissemination,and responsiveness of export market intelligence,which is focused on export customers,competitors,or environmental changes(Cadogan et al.1999;Jaworski and Kohli1993). The critical function of market orientation is to capture information about export customers’current and future needs,competition in the export market,and exogenousFigure1Conceptual model of the relationships among market orientation,marketing capabilities,competitive advantages,and performance(the dotted lines represent direct effects that may be fully mediated).J.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.market pressures including regulatory policies and techno-logical changes.Market-oriented firms constantly collect relevant export market information,share the information among export staff and other decision makers throughout the organization,and quickly respond to the changes in the export market.The extant literature has provided empirical evidence to the relationship between market orientation and export performance(e.g.,Akyol and Akehurst2003; Diamantopoulos et al.2000).However,market orientation is a precursor to marketing capability building(e.g., Atuahene-Gima2005;Day1994)in that market-oriented behaviors have only potential value.Indeed,unless a firm successfully develops capabilities,it cannot create a competitive advantage(Ketchen et al.2007).Simply assessing the market orientation–performance relationship fails to capture the core concepts of the RBV,which include the strategic resource–strategic action–competitive advan-tage–organizational performance linkages(Ketchen et al. 2007).Based on the RBV as our theoretical foundation,we examine the mediating effects of(1)marketing capabilities on the MO–performance relationship,and(2)competitive advantages on the marketing capabilities–performance relationship.The importance of resources and capabilities has received much research attention.Empirical studies have examined different types of firm capabilities,including strategic HR management capability(Huselid et al.1997), R&D capability(Silverman1999),forecasting ability (Makadok and Walker2000),learning and developing ability(Luo2002),and client and project specific capabil-ities(Ethiraj et al.2005).Developing rare,valuable,and inimitable capabilities is a challenging process,and the complexity of the export environment further increases the level of information needed for firms.In our study,pricing, new product development,and marketing communication capabilities represent three major marketing capabilities possessed by firms located in China in serving their export market(Zou et al.2003).In focusing on how marketing capabilities affect the market orientation–performance relationship,we further argue that due to the unique regulatory institutional environment in China,firms need to rely on certain,but not all,marketing capabilities. Defined as“the rules of the game”(North1990;Scott 1995),institutions exhibit significant legitimacy pressures for firms and directly affect firms’strategic choices and performance.Under the policy of two separate trading regimes in China established in mid-1980s,foreign firms were allowed to directly export their products manufactured in China,while domestic firms had to channel their exports through state trading companies(Naughton1996).Al-though this restriction has been lifted gradually since China’s accession to WTO in2001,the transition is a long process and the development of distribution capability not a strategic priority for many export ventures in China(Gao et al.2010).This is evidenced by the fact that,of the491 firms in our sample,only160firms used distributors in exporting their products.Therefore,we did not include distribution capability in our model.Mediating role of marketing capabilities and competitive advantagesSince market-oriented firms can generate and disseminate market intelligence about their customers and competitors’activities and respond promptly,market orientation enables firms to develop marketing capabilities in the export market.Hence,as a precursor to capability building,market orientation has only potential value(Atuahene-Gima2005; Day1994)in contributing to desirable performance.Thus, to realistically evaluate the market orientation–performance relationship,it is imperative to include the development of marketing capabilities by investigating the internal process through which market orientation influences performance. Managers choose or adopt organizational structures,activ-ities,processes,and strategies that reflect the specific conditions of their organizations(Galbraith1973).Thus,it is not market orientation per se that affects performance, but rather using market orientation in developing marketing capabilities to improve performance.Therefore,we posit that various marketing capabilities mediate the market orientation–performance relationship.Researchers have argued that capabilities are fundamen-tal to the firm’s success in competing in both domestic and international markets(Dierickx and Cool1989;Leiblein and Reuer2004)in that they are the organizational processes through which resources are combined and transformed into value offerings,resulting in firms’competitive advantages.In our study,we examine competitive advantages—lower-cost and differentiation advantages—as firms’competitive advantages(c.f., Aulakh et al.2000).Firms consider evaluation of changes in their competitive advantage as a measure of perfor-mance(Day and Wensley1988).In this framework, superior skills and resources can be utilized to gain competitive advantages,either by having:(1)a lower relative cost position,or(2)a superior customer value/ brand position.First,those firms pursuing a low-cost position seek the benefits of moving rapidly down the experience curve.Second,a superior customer value/ differentiation advantage occurs when the firm is able to create something that is generally perceived as being unique from competitors’offerings.A differentiated posi-tion is an advantage due to the increase in brand loyalty by customers and their resulting lower price sensitivity.In terms of creating competitive advantages based on marketing capabilities development in the export context,J.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.pricing capability enables firms to use pricing tactics to quickly respond to changes and enjoy higher revenues in the export market.Firms with new product development capability can effectively develop and manage new product and service offerings to meet export customers’needs. Marketing communication capability enables firms to use marketing communications to manage export customers’value perceptions.Firms with marketing communication capability are able to persuade consumers to have a positive perception of their products,consequently building a differentiated brand image.Therefore,these three market-ing capabilities lead to competitive advantages in the export market and enhance firm performance.Hence,we hypoth-esize that competitive advantages mediate the marketing capabilities-performance relationship.H1:Marketing capabilities(i.e.,pricing capability,new product development capability,and marketing com-munication capability)mediate the effect of marketorientation on performance.H2:Competitive advantages(i.e.,lower-cost and differ-entiation advantages)mediate the effect of marketingcapabilities on performance.Moderating effects of internal and external factorsSince market orientation has only potential value,realizing this potential in developing capabilities requires alignment with other important internal and external environmental factors(Hofer1975;Ketchen et al.2007).In examining the transformation of market orientation into marketing capa-bilities,one should avoid adopting a deterministic view in evaluating the market orientation–marketing capabilities relationship.Without exercising caution,such a view would lead to over-generalization of the market orientation benefits.Researchers have conceptualized environment as one of the key constructs for understanding organizational behavior and performance in that“the appropriateness of different strategies depends on the competitive settings of businesses”(Prescott1986,p.765).Hence,we propose that the impact of market orientation on marketing capabilities development varies across different levels of both internal and external environmental conditions(Atuahene-Gima and Murray2004;Zeithaml et al.1988).In our study,internal factors(coordination mechanism and cost leadership strat-egy)and external factors(market turbulence and compet-itive intensity)are theorized to moderate the relationship between market orientation and marketing capabilities.We posit that coordination mechanism and cost leadership strategy act as moderators on the market orientation–marketing capabilities relationship.Coordination mechanism consists of inter-related themes of cooperation,teamwork, common work-oriented goals,and communication(Cadogan et al.1999;Narver and Slater1990).Although market orientation helps firms develop marketing capabilities in the export market,the effect of market orientation on marketing capabilities is likely strengthened by its coordination mechanism.The reason is that the nature of export market knowledge is often complex and tacit,thus making it difficult to create and transfer it within the firm(Atuahene-Gima2005; Galunic and Rodan1998;Kogut and Zander1992;Szulanski 1996).Likewise,Grant(1996)has emphasized that the transformation of knowledge into value-creating processes depends on the firm’s knowledge integration mechanisms, such as coordination mechanism and cross-functional teams. Hence,coordination mechanism appears to be a key factor to the success of export market-oriented activities.The com-plexity of the export market and the rising demand for information make it imperative for a firm to transfer, integrate,and utilize export market intelligence within itself. High levels of within-organizational communication and cooperation of different functions create the necessary environment for market orientation activities to be performed more effectively.H3:Coordination mechanism strengthens the effect of market orientation on marketing capabilities(i.e.,pricing capability,new product development capabil-ity,and marketing communication capability).Business strategy represents the general direction of firms,and different types of business strategies affect the ways in which firms incorporate and articulate information from the environment(Matsuno and Mentzer2000).For firms that pursue a cost leadership strategy,it“sets out to become the low-cost producer in its industry”(Porter1985, p.12).The source of cost advantage may include the pursuit of economies of scale,preferential access to raw materials and others.Firms from emerging economies generally adopt cost-based strategies to enhance perfor-mance because they possess comparative advantages in low costs of labor and raw materials(Aulakh et al.2000).Firms pursuing a cost leadership strategy require the ability to match competitors’offerings at lower prices;consequently, pricing capability is of utmost importance to them when competing in the export market.Consequently,firms will pay more attention to collecting and analyzing pricing information and developing pricing capability.The strategic direction of firms will affect the type of marketing capabilities they will develop and rely on.Thus,the importance of different types of marketing capabilities may vary across firms,depending on firms’selected strategies(Krasnikov and Jayachandran2008).Firms that are not pursuing a cost leadership strategy will rely more on developing new product development and marketing communication capabilities to achieve success in the export market.In summary,market orientation,as a precursor toJ.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.marketing capability building(Atuahene-Gima2005;Day 1994),will lead to the development of different types of marketing capabilities,depending on firms’strategy direc-tions.We expect that,for firms pursuing a cost leadership strategy,the effect of market orientation on pricing capability will be stronger,while market orientation’s effects on new product development and marketing communication capabilities will be weaker.H4:Cost leadership strategy strengthens the effect of market orientation on pricing capability,but weakensmarket orientation’s effect on new product develop-ment and marketing communication capabilities.We incorporate two external conditions(i.e.,market turbulence and competitive intensity)that may influence the relationship between market orientation and marketing capabilities.When the export market is turbulent,as indicated by changing customer demands and preferences, firms can satisfy their customers only by adapting their goods and service offerings in response to the changes. Marketing products in an uncertain environment also requires a huge amount of market information.Market orientation helps firms collect market intelligence in a timely manner(Jaworski and Kohli1993;Slater and Narver 1994)so as to enable firms to develop pricing,new product development,and marketing communication capabilities to respond to changes and uncertainties.However,market orientation may not be effective when the market is highly turbulent.Empirical findings have provided evidence of the dark side of market orientation in a highly turbulent environment.V oss and V oss(2000)reported that customer orientation is negatively related to performance in the theater industry because customer preferences are too difficult to predict.Grewal and Tansuhaj(2001)found that the effect of market orientation on performance is negative after an economic crisis when market demand changes dramatically.Gao et al.(2007)showed that the effect of customer orientation turns from positive to negative when market uncertainty increases to a high level in the Chinese context.Therefore,in a highly turbulent export market, predicting consumers’needs becomes very difficult and responding to the changes through new product develop-ment may not be swift enough and thus less fruitful. Instead,firms may attract customers by offering low-priced products and by persuading customers through different types of promotional activities.H5:Market turbulence strengthens the effect of market orientation on pricing and marketing communicationcapabilities,but weakens the effect on new productdevelopment capability.The level of competitive intensity is indicated by the number of competitors and the frequency and intensity of using certain marketing techniques(e.g.,advertising, pricing activities)to gain market share(Jaworski and Kohli 1993;Slater and Narver1994).When competition is low, the effect of market orientation is not very salient because customers do not have many product alternatives.In contrast,facing a high level of competition,firms need to respond to their competitors’aggressive actions.Therefore, they have to be market-responsive in monitoring compet-itors,developing their own competitive strategies,and anticipating and responding to competitors’actions (Gatignon and Xuereb1997).In a highly competitive export environment,information about competitors becomes more valuable,and the need for high levels of market orientation to collect market intelligence is more critical.Market orientation enables firms to better monitor competitors’actions and develop marketing capabilities to respond to the high level of competitive intensity.There-fore,we expect that the effects of market orientation on marketing capabilities become more salient as the level of competitive intensity increases in the export market.H6:Competitive intensity strengthens the effect of market orientation on marketing capabilities.MethodResearch context and samplingWe collected primary data from a multiple-industry survey of export ventures in China.With its rapid economic growth and transition to a market-based economy,China has become one of the most important export markets in the world.The worldwide exporting volume was US$12.11 trillion in2009,and China’s exports reached US$1.194 trillion,constituting9.9%of the world exports(World Factbook2010).China is one of the largest trading partners for the major economies in the world,including the US and EU.Given its significant role in world trade,China provides an excellent research context to study the market orientation–marketing capabilities–competitive advantages–performance relationship.A sample of1,314firms located in Beijing,Shanghai, Jiangsu,and Guangdong was drawn from the2002 Directory of Exporters in China.We developed a question-naire using the back-translation process.Then,we pilot-tested the preliminary version of the questionnaire to determine the face validity,clarity,and the relevance of the measures,and we revised some items accordingly to reduce potential ambiguities.We commissioned a national market-research company for the data collection.We required the market-research company to contact export firms via phone calls before scheduling on-site interviewsJ.of the Acad.Mark.Sci.。
有关经济词汇英语
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Definition of Economic Growth and Development
The Definition and Impact of Globalization
Globalization refers to the phenomenon of mutual exchange and interdependence among countries in the world in terms of economy, politics, culture, and other aspects. It promotes the cross-border flow of production factors such as goods, capital, information, technology, etc., and deepens the connections and interactions between countries.
Economic development usually requires the joint efforts of the government, market, and society, including formulating reasonable economic policies, strengthening infrastructure construction, promoting technological innovation, and talent cultivation.
Commercial banks
Provide advice and services related to capital markets transactions, such as underwriting securities issuance and advising on merchants and acquisitions
英语作文-健康体检服务行业：进入门槛与创业者能力的关系
英语作文-健康体检服务行业：进入门槛与创业者能力的关系The relationship between the entry barrier and the entrepreneurial capability in the health checkup service industry is a complex interplay of various factors. Understanding this relationship is crucial for aspiring entrepreneurs looking to venture into this field.In recent years, the health checkup service industry has witnessed significant growth due to increased awareness about preventive healthcare among the general population. This growth has led to a higher entry barrier for new players, as the industry becomes more competitive and demanding. The ability of entrepreneurs to navigate these barriers effectively often determines their success in the market.One of the primary entry barriers in the health checkup service industry is the requirement for substantial financial investment. Establishing a state-of-the-art diagnostic facility equipped with advanced medical equipment entails significant capital expenditure. Moreover, maintaining quality standards and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements further adds to the financial burden. Therefore, entrepreneurs need to possess sufficient financial resources or access to funding to overcome this barrier.Apart from financial constraints, regulatory compliance and licensing are other critical entry barriers in the health checkup service industry. Obtaining the necessary permits and licenses from regulatory authorities can be a time-consuming and bureaucratic process. Entrepreneurs must demonstrate their ability to navigate through the complex regulatory framework and ensure adherence to standards and guidelines. This requires not only legal expertise but also effective networking and relationship-building skills.Moreover, the competitive landscape of the health checkup service industry poses a significant challenge for new entrants. Established players often enjoy economies of scale and brand recognition, making it difficult for newcomers to gain a foothold in the market.Entrepreneurs need to differentiate their offerings through innovation, quality service, and competitive pricing strategies to attract customers and compete effectively.However, despite these formidable barriers, entrepreneurial capability plays a crucial role in determining success in the health checkup service industry. Apart from financial resources and regulatory compliance, entrepreneurs need to possess a range of skills and attributes to thrive in this competitive environment.First and foremost, vision and strategic thinking are essential qualities for entrepreneurs in the health checkup service industry. They must have a clear understanding of market trends, customer needs, and competitive dynamics to develop a viable business strategy. This involves identifying niche opportunities, anticipating future demand, and adapting to changing market conditions.Additionally, strong leadership and management skills are indispensable for entrepreneurs to build and lead a competent team. Effective communication, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities are essential for overcoming challenges and driving organizational growth. Creating a positive work culture and fostering teamwork are also critical for employee motivation and retention.Furthermore, innovation and adaptability are key traits that distinguish successful entrepreneurs in the health checkup service industry. With advancements in medical technology and evolving customer preferences, entrepreneurs must stay abreast of the latest developments and continuously innovate their service offerings. Flexibility and agility in responding to market changes are essential for sustaining competitiveness and relevance.In conclusion, the relationship between entry barriers and entrepreneurial capability in the health checkup service industry is multifaceted. While high entry barriers pose challenges for new entrants, entrepreneurial capability plays a decisive role in overcoming these challenges and achieving success. By leveraging their financial resources, regulatory expertise, strategic vision, and innovative mindset, entrepreneurs can capitalize on opportunities in this dynamic and growing industry.。
九年级英语竞争与合作的平衡把握练习题20题
九年级英语竞争与合作的平衡把握练习题20题1<背景文章>In our school, competition and cooperation are both important aspects of learning. In class, we often work on group projects. This is a great example of cooperation. Students come together, sharing their ideas and skills to complete a task. Each member of the group has a specific role to play. For example, one student might be good at research, another at writing, and yet another at presenting. Through cooperation, we can achieve better results than working alone.However, there is also competition. Exams are a time when we compete with our classmates to see who has learned the most. We study hard, trying to get the highest grades. This competition can motivate us to work harder and learn more. But it's important to remember that competition should be healthy. We should not be jealous of others' success but instead use it as inspiration to improve ourselves.Competition and cooperation are not mutually exclusive. In fact, they can work together to help us grow and learn. When we cooperate in a group project, we are also competing with other groups to produce the best work. And when we compete in exams, we are also learning from our classmates and working together to improve our understanding of the subject.<问题1>What is a great example of cooperation mentioned in the passage?A. Individual studyB. Group projectsC. Competitive examsD. Solo presentations答案：B。
英语打卡阅读
英语打卡阅读以下为您生成 20 个英语打卡阅读相关的内容，包含英语释义、短语、单词、用法和双语例句：---## 1. “Benefit”- 英语释义：an advantage or profit gained from something- 短语：“derive benefit from”（从...中受益）- 单词：“beneficial”（形容词，有益的）- 用法：“The new policy will bring great benefits to the citizens.”（这项新政策将给市民带来巨大的好处。
）- 双语例句：- 这项改革对经济大有裨益。
This reform will be of great benefit to the economy.- 她从阅读中受益匪浅。
She derived great benefit from reading.## 2. “Challenge”- 英语释义：a task or situation that tests someone's abilities or skills - 短语：“meet the challenge”（迎接挑战）- 单词：“challenging”（形容词，具有挑战性的）- 用法：“He accepted the challenge without hesitation.”（他毫不犹豫地接受了挑战。
）- 双语例句：- 这项工作充满挑战。
This job is full of challenges.- 面对挑战，我们要勇敢前行。
Facing the challenge, we should move forward bravely.## 3. “Consequence”- 英语释义：a result or effect of an action or event- 短语：“as a consequence”（因此）- 单词：“consequent”（形容词，随之发生的）- 用法：“His carelessness led to serious consequences.”（他的粗心导致了严重的后果。
2015英语专四听力真题、原文+听力答案
2015年专四真题2015英语专四听力原文英语专四听写Male and Female Roles in Marriage男性和女性在婚姻中的角色In the traditional marriage，the man worked to earn money for the family.在传统婚姻中，男性负责工作养家。
The woman stayed at home to care for the children nand her husband。
女性则留在家里照顾孩子和丈夫。
In recent years, many couples continue to have a traditional relationship of this kind。
近些年，许多夫妻继续这种传统的夫妻关系。
Some people are happy with it，but others think differently。
一些人对这种关系感到满意，但是也有人有不同的看法。
There are two major differences in male and female roles now。
现在男性和女性的角色有两大主要差异。
One is that both men and women have many more choices.其一，男性和女性都有更多的选择。
They may choose to marry or stay single.他们可以选择结婚，也可以选择保持单身。
They may choose to work or to stay at home。
另外，他们可以选择工作，也可以选择留在家里。
2015英语专四听力对话原文(1）M: Hello Jennifer。
男：你好，詹尼弗W：Hello Callum。
女：你好,卡勒姆M: Do you like to travel？男:喜欢旅行吗？W：Oh yes,I love going to new and interestingplaces.女：喜欢,我喜欢去新奇的地方。
神户用英语怎么说
神户用英语怎么说神户是兵库县的县厅所在地，位于日本四大岛中最大的一个岛。
神户也是一座宜居都市，并曾在2007年入选福布斯杂志评出的“世界最清洁的25座城市”那么你知道神户用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来神户的英语说法，供大家参考学习。
神户的英语说法：Kobe神户相关英语表达：神户港 Port of Kobe神户站 Kobe Station神户牛肉 Kobe Beef神户的英语例句：1. They hastened to Kobe to rejoin the ship.他们赶到神户,返回船上.2. The kids of Kobe try to be as stoic as their parents in this tragic situation.在这种悲惨的情形面前，神户的孩子们努力学着像他们的父母一样去坦然面对。
3. A city of southern Honshu, Japan, on Osaka Bay south - southwest of Kyoto.神户日本本州南部一城市, 位于大阪湾沿岸、京都西南偏南.4. The last meeting was held in Kobe, Japan in January 2001.上一届会议2001年1月在日本神户举行.5. She visited several cities in Japan, for example, Tokyo and Kobe.她在日本参观了几个城市, 比如东京和神户.6. Topic : A Redefinition of the Relationship Between Legality and Market.季卫东,日本神户大学法学部.7. Goes well with peppered steak soy ginger lamb and Kobe beef.与黑胡椒牛排,姜烤羊排和神户牛肉食用更能体现出其出色的味道.8. The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake.由于发生了地震,接线员无法接通神户.9. I do not want to go to Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe and Nara.我不再想去东京, 大阪, 神户,奈良.10. Kobe beef originates from which country?神户牛肉源自于哪个国家?11. The kobe beef originated from which country?[神户牛肉]源自那个国家?12. My favorite restaurant offers choice steaks from Kobe.我最喜欢的那家餐馆供应神户产的中上级牛肉.13. Kobe, the Japanese port, is twenty miles west of Osaka.日本港口神户位于大阪以西20英里处.14. Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.微生物化学部, 神户药科大学, 日本.15. Hydrogeoehemical anomalies and the 1995 Kobe earthquake.水文地球化学异常与1995年神户地震.神户用英语怎么说神户是兵库县的县厅所在地，位于日本四大岛中最大的一个岛。
电影的多样性 英语作文
电影的多样性英语作文The diversity of films is based on respect for the market and the audience. How to find the relationship between diversity and audience needs and how to arouse audience resonance is a problem that must be faced up to.The cultivation of the cultural market over the past 10 years has greatly liberated the productivity of Chinese films, not only reborn the weak Chinese film industry, but also made China become the second largest film market in the world, such as the film "the assassination of Zhangjiao in the rebirth of the Three Kingdoms". From this point of view, it can be said that China's film system reform and industrial development have achieved remarkable results. The Chinese film market has changed from a small biscuit more than 10 years ago to a big cake today. After the average box office growth of about 30% for 12 consecutive years, the annual output of domestic films has reached about 700, the annual ticket room has exceeded 20billion, and the cinema audience has exceeded 600million. All indicators rank among the top three in the world.At the same time, more and more audiences' demand for films has also begun to change from "full" to "good", from "enough" to "delicious", and are no longer satisfied with the so-called "entertainment" such as "fists", "pillows" and "gimmicks", nor with the sensory stimulation brought about by audio-visual wonders. Instead, they increasingly hope to see more people who are not only "eye-catching" but also "heart-warming", Even the movie works of "brain cultivation". In recent years, ancient martial arts action films with so-called big productions, big scenes and big stars, which lack artistic innovation and are produced in full accordance with the "commercial formula", have suffered "Waterloo" one after another. However, films such as "Chinese partner", "to our lost youth", "Beijing meets Seattle" and "a great master" have aroused the feelings of the audienceResonance, or because of the aesthetic care injected into art, is loved and praised by more audiences. Even some relatively "heavy" works, such as 1942, peach sister and day fireworks, which embody distinct artistic personality and serious creative attitude, have achieved unimaginable box office results in the past, meeting thediversified needs of a considerable number of audiences for films. This at least proves that with the expansion of the film market and the increase of film viewing frequency, the film audience has become more and more mature, or more and more different and diverse, and the film viewing level is gradually improving. The maturity of the audience is the basis for the maturity of film creation, and the maturity of film creation will inevitably lead to the diversification and stratification of film culture.In fact, not only are the audiences more and more dissatisfied with the extensive film entertainment, but more and more filmmakers also begin to realize the cultural and social responsibilities that film creation should shoulder. At the recent annual meeting of the China Film Directors Association, the Directors voted collectively to decide that the two most important awards for the best film and best director of the year were vacant, to show their "dissatisfaction" and "reflection" on the current creative situation. Some directors said that in the previous stage, they were keen to shoot films for the market, which indeed played a role in saving the Chinese film market and activating the Chinesefilm industry. However, when the market train has been launched, we still hope that our films can provide more nutrition and assume more responsibilities. If film is a business, it should also be a cultural business. This kind of self-examination of filmmakers is largely based on the confidence brought about by the prosperity of the film market. Respecting life, art and artists will inevitably bring about the diversity of film creation, and the film themes, types, styles and styles will be more abundant, so as to adapt to the rapidly changing transitional society. The diversity of films, of course, is based on respect for the market and the audience. Whether it is a commercial film, a literary film of different styles, or a theme film, how to find the connection between the creative diversity and the needs of the audience, and how the diversity can arouse the resonance of the audience, are all issues that must be faced up to. In today's China, from the ecological environment to the spiritual world, from historical cognition to reality observation, from social identity to individual survival, we are faced with many fields, themes and problems of concern, which reflect people's strong desire to seek communication and consensus. From this point of view, the socialresponsibility of filmmakers is not only realized by the filmmakers themselves, but also endowed by the times and forced by the urgency of changes in the times. Filmmakers must respond.We should realize that the market is not the natural enemy of film cultural diversity. On the contrary, if we can support, encourage and be good at management, the market may become the soil of film diversity. The American film industry has long been fully market-oriented, but on the one hand, it can produce such technological and spectacular commercial entertainment films as the Lord of the rings, Harry Potter and transformers. On the other hand, it can also launch such excellent works with serious themes and full of humanistic care as Forrest Gump, happiness knocks on the door, Lincoln and twelve years of slavery. What is important is to provide a more relaxed and reasonable creative environment for film creation, build an evaluation system that encourages innovation through film policies and film criticism, promote film audiences, film creators and all relevant links of the film industry chain to reach more consensus on cultural diversity, and provide more favorable communication support and guidance for the diversity of filmcreationThese are the necessary conditions for Chinese films to move from market prosperity to creative prosperity. If the previous stage of China's film system reform produced a more effective answer, now, "diversification is the biggest dividend of market reform" should become a new test question we face.。
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The relationship between market and government We have learned that Britain’s economic system is a unique mix, which comprises open markets, active government intervention, organized collective bargaining and lobbying, well-defined business structures as well as adherence to global trading rules.
In my opinion, the relationship between Britain’s market and government is that the government intervenes the market when there is soothing wrong between demand and supply, such as gluts and shortages; whereas, a prosperous market can strengthen the domination of government and improve people’s living condition .In addition, market and government are both components of Britain’s economy for the reason that the government intervenes in their markets to achieve a balanced income distribution and a more fair distribution of important cargos and services. With government taxation from the market, government can spend it in meeting people’s n eeds, police and fire protection, education, medical care, and social infrastructure.
Furthermore, market activities and government actions should obey the law. Only in this way, can market and government can run well, or so, the suppliers in the market are just concerned about profits in spite of other things; in the same condition, the government will be a mess.。