2010-Part-1

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2010版产品目录前言-1

一、电子设备用薄膜电容器的标准体系电子设备用固定电容器的标准体系是由基础标准，总规范，分规范，空白详细规范，以及详细规范（即企业标准）组成。

或者说，企业标准是按总规范和分规范的基本要求，填写空白详细规范而成。

总规范规定了分规范和详细规范中使用的标准术语、检验程序和试验方法。

分规范是按电容器的介质和结构分类的，它是对该类电容器规定优先额定值和特性，并从总规范中选择适当的质量评定程序、试验和测量方法，以及给出一般性能要求。

空白详细规范是分规范的一种补充文件，它规定了详细规范的格式、编排和最基本的要求。

薄膜电容器的标准体系，举例如下：一.The standard system of fixed plastic film capacitor for use in electronic equipmentThe standard system of fixed plastic film capacitor for use in electronic equipment includes the foundational standard, generic specification, sectional specification ,blank detail specification and detail specification, or manufacturer specification. That is, a manufacturer specification is derived from blank detail specification according to the basic requirements of generic and sectional specifications.Generic specification specifies the terminology, inspection procedures and test methods applied in sectional and detail specifications. Sectional specification is classified according to the specific dielectric material and construction of capacitor, it prescribes preferred rating and characteristics and to select from generic specification the appropriate quality assessment procedures, tests and measuring methods and to give general performance requirements for this type of capacitor. Blank detail specification is a supplementary document to the sectional specification and contains requirements for style, layout and minimum contents of detail specifications.Following please find the corresponding specification lists for plastic film capacitors.标准号(No.) 标准(Standards)GB/T 2693 （IEC 60384-1）第1部分：总规范Part 1: Generic specificationGB/T 7332 （IEC 60384-2）第2部分：分规范：金属化聚酯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 2:Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyester film D.C.capacitorGB/T 7333 （IEC 60384-2-1）第2部分：空白详细规范：金属化聚酯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 2:Blank detail specification: Fixed metallized polyester film D.C. capacitor详细规范：Detail specification forCL25、CL23B，CL23，CL21，CL21X，CL20，CLN21,C92GB/T 6346 （IEC 60384-11）第11部分：分规范：金属箔式聚酯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 11:Sectional specification: Fixed polyester film metal foil D.C. capacitorGB/T 6347 （IEC 60384-11-1）第11部分：空白详细规范：金属箔式聚酯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 11:Blank detail specification: Fixed polyester film metal foil D.C. capacitor 详细规范：Detail specification for CL11GB/T 10188 （IEC 60384-13）第13部分：分规范：金属箔式聚丙烯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 13: Sectional specification: Fixed polypropylene film metal foil D.C. capacitorGB/T 10189 （IEC 60384-13-1）第13部分：空白详细规范：金属箔式聚丙烯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 13:Blank detail specification: Fixed polypropylene film metal foil D.C. capacitor 详细规范：Detail specification for CBB13，CBB71A/B，CBB11GB/T 14472 （IEC 60384-14）第14部分：分规范：抑制电源电磁干扰用固定电容器Part 14: Sectional specification: Fixed capacitors for electromagnetic interference suppression and connection to the supply mainsGB/T 14473 （IEC 60384-14-1）第14部分：空白详细规范：抑制电源电磁干扰用固定电容器Part 14:Blank detail specification: Fixed capacitors for electromagnetic interference suppressionand connection to the supply mains详细规范：Detail specification for MKP66，MKP65，MKP64，MKP63，MKP62，MKP61R,C49GB/T 10190 （IEC 60384-16）第16部分：分规范：金属化聚丙烯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 16: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film D.C. capacitorGB/T 10191 （IEC 60384-16-1）第16部分：空白详细规范：金属化聚丙烯膜介质直流固定电容器Part 16:Blank detail specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film D.C. capacitor 详细规范：Detail specification for CBB20,CBB72A/B,C34,MKP25,MMKP82GB/T 14579 （IEC 60384-17）第17部分：分规范：金属化聚丙烯膜介质交流和脉冲固定电容器Part 17: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film A.C. and pulse capacitorGB/T 14580 （IEC 60384-17-1）第17部分：空白详细规范：金属化聚丙烯膜介质交流和脉冲固定电容器Part 17:Blank detail specification: Fixed metallized polypropylene film A.C. and pulse capacitor 详细规范：Detail specification for MMKP84，CBB81，CBB21，MKP21，MKP23IEC 60384-20 第20部分：分规范：金属化聚苯硫醚膜介质表面安装直流固定电容器Part 20: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyhenylene sulfide film dieletric chip D.C.capacitorIEC 60384-20-1 第20部分：空白详细规范：金属化聚苯硫醚膜介质表面安装直流固定电容器Part 20: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized polyhenylene sulfide film dieletric chip D.C.capacitor详细规范：Detail specification for CBS52IEC 60384-23 第23部分：分规范：金属化聚萘乙酯膜介质表面安装直流固定电容器Part 23: Sectional specification: Fixed metallized Polyethylene Naphtalate Film dielectric surface mounted D.C. Capacitor详细规范：Detail specification for CLN51GB 18489 （IEC 61048）管形荧光灯和其他放电灯线路用电容器一般要求和安全要求Capacitor especially used for circuit of Tube-shape fluorescent and other lamps: General&safety requirementsGB/T 18504 （IEC 61049）管形荧光灯和其他放电灯线路用电容器性能要求Capacitor especially used for circuit of Tube-shape fluorescent and other lamps: Performances requirements 详细规范：Detail specification for CBB60L，CBB60H or CBB60MGB/T 3667.1 （IEC 60252-1）第1部分：交流电动机电容器Part 1: AC motor capacitor详细规范：Detail specification for CBB61，CBB65GB/T 17702 （IEC 61071）第1部分：电力电子电容器Part 1: Power electronic capacitor详细规范：Detail specification for CBB69,C3A,C3BGB/T 12747-1 (IEC 60831-1) 标称电压1KV及以下交流电力系统用自愈式并联电容器Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a rated valtage up to and including 1 000V 第1部分：总则Part 1: GeneralGB/T 12747-2 (IEC 60831-2) 标称电压1KV及以下交流电力系统用自愈式并联电容器Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a rated valtage up to and including 1 000V 第2部分：老化试验、自愈性试验和破坏试验Part 1: Ageing test, self-healing test and destruction test二、一些常用的标准术语Terminologies1.上限类别温度电容器设计所确定的能连续工作的最高环境温度。

2010年河南专升本-公共英语-真题及答案

2010年河南省普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试公共英语注意事项：答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考场号、座位号、考生号填写在答题卡上。

本试卷的试题答案必须答在答题卡上，答在试卷上无效。

Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure ( 1 x 40 )Directions:There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence, and then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The fire must have _______ after the shop was closed.A. broken outB. broken downC. broken inD. broken through2. He is_______ join the army.A. too young toB. enough young toC. very young toD. young enough to3. Finally he got time for a glance _______ this report.A. offB. roundC. onD. at4. Your idea seems to be good but it isn’t _______.A. practicalB. possibleC. plentifulD. precious5. He enjoys _______ pop music while I prefer classical music.A. to listen toB. to listenC. listeningD. listening to6. When the little girl awoke, she found herself _______ by a group of soldiers.A. surroundB. be surroundedC. being surroundedD. being surrounding7. The manager lost his _______ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.A. moodB. temperC. mindD. passion8. There are several characteristics of the textbook _______ attention.A. worthwhileB. worth ofC. worthyD. worthy of9. The new building _______ all the other buildings in the town.A. dwarfsB. distortsC. desertsD. depresses10. I passed the test. I _______ it without your help.A. would not passB. wouldn’t have passedC. didn’t passD. had not passed11. The Internet has brought _______ big changes in the way we work.A. aboutB. outC. backD. up12. The father writes in his will that every son and daughter _______ a share of hisproperty.A. hasB. to haveC. havingD. have13. He hurried to the hospital, only _______his father had just died.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told14. _______ tomorrow, he would be able to see the opening ceremony.A. Would he comeB. If he comesC. Was he comingD. Were he to come15. The speaker could hardly find safe ground _______ his arguments.A. on which to baseB. to base onC. on the baseD. which to base on16. He is a man who is always _______ fault with other people.A. puttingB. seekingC. findingD. looking for17. The factory had to _______ a number of employees because of the economic crisisin the country.A. lay outB. lay offC. lay asideD. lay down18. Would you spare some time to have a chat with me _______ a cup of coffee?A. forB. withC. duringD. over19. Ten days ago the young man _______ his boss _______ his intention to resign.A. informed … ofB. informed … onC. informed … inD. informed … to20. It is necessary that he _______ the task by the end of next week.A. fulfillB. will fulfillC. will have fulfilledD. fulfills21. It is impossible for so _______ workers to do so _______ work in a single day.A. few… muchB. few… manyC. little… muchD. little… many22. No further discussions _______ , the meeting was brought to an end.A. aroseB. arisingC. to ariseD. be arisen23. The other day, Mum and I went to St. James’s Hospital, and they did lots and lots oftests on me, _______ are horrible and frightening.A. most of themB. most of whichC. most of thatD. most of what24. He is a pleasant fellow to _______ .A. workB. work withC. be workingD. be worked25. On his way to the airport, it _______ to him that he had forgotten to take his passport.A. happenedB. occurredC. reflectedD. took place26. Orlando, a city in Florida, _______ for its main attraction, Magic Kingdom.A. which is well knownB. being well knownC. well knownD. is well known27. _______ , he couldn’t earn enough to support the family.A. Hard as he workedB. As he worked hardC. As hard he workedD. Hard as did he work28. I used _______ on the left in England, but I soon got used _______ on the right inChina.A. to driving… to driveB. to drive… to drivingC. to drive… to driveD. to driving… to driving29. Can machines perform the same tasks _______ ?A. that man doesB. what man doesC. how man doesD. as man does30. _______ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.A. During the 1960’sB. It was in the 1960’sC. That it was in the 1960’sD. It was the 1960’s31. It’s no use _______ with him since he has made up his mind.A. to argueB. arguingC. to be arguedD. argued32. The more he tried to please her, _______ she seemed to appreciate it.A. lessB. lesserC. the lessD. the lesser33. The information technology has greatly _______ people’s life.A. affectedB. effectC. impactD. infected34. Having a good command of English is _______ an easy thing.A. by all meansB. by any meansC. by every meansD. by no means35. My mobile phone isn’t working. It_______.A. needs being repairedB. needs repairingC. needs to repairD. needs repaired36. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _______ the police.A. called inB. calling inC. call inD. to call in37. He never _______ to his customers in his business except occasionally for somespecial reasons. This time he cut the price by half, which really shocked me.A. leakedB. drewC. quotedD. yielded38. It is useful to be able to predict the extent _______which a price change willinfluence supply and demand.A. fromB. withC. toD. for39. Undergraduate students _______ the rare books in the school library.A. have access forB. keep access inC. keep access onD. have access to40._______ sat down _______ the phone rang.A. No sooner had he … thanB. No sooner he had … thanC. No sooner had he … whenD. No sooner he had … whenPart ⅡCloze ( 1 x 20 )Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation? In one sense there are as many different kinds of 41 as there are speakers of it. No two speakers 42 in exactly the same 43 . We can always hear differences 44 them, and the pronunciation of English 45 a great deal in different geographical 46 . How do we decide what sort of English to use as a 47 ? This is not a question that can be 48 in the same way for all foreign learners of English. 49 you live in a part of the world as 50 , where there is a long 51 of speaking English for general communication purpose, you should select to 52 a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be mistake in these 53 to use as a model BBC English or 54 of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country 55 there is no traditional 56 of English, you must take as your model some forms of 57 English pronunciation. It does not 58 very much which form you choose. The most 59 way is to take as your model the sort of English you can 60 most often.41. A. language B. linguistic C. English D. linguist42. A. spoke B. spoken C. speaks D. speak43. A. way B. form C. sort D. type44. A. of B. among C. between D. from45. A. varies B. changes C. shifts D. alters46. A. spaces B. parts C. countries D. areas47. A. guide B. model C. symbol D. direction48. A. given B. answered C. satisfied D. responded49. A. Because B. When C. Whether D. If50. A. Russia B. Mongolia C. India D. Japan51. A. tradition B. use C. custom D. habit52. A. seize B. acquire C. have D. hold53. A. actions B. decisions C. combinations D. circumstances54. A. everything B. nothing C. things D. anything55. A. which B. that C. where D. wherever56. A. use B. used C. useful D. usefulness57. A. domestic B. practical C. national D. new58. A. matter B. affect C. trouble D. care59. A. ordinary B. sensitive C. effective D. careful60. A. listen B. find C. notice D. hearPart II Reading Comprehension ( 2 x 20 )Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice, and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneThousands of years ago, in the middle of an ocean, miles from the nearest island, an undersea volcano broke out. The hot liquid got higher and higher and spread wider and wider. In this way, an island rose up in the sea.As time went on, hot sun and cool rains made the rock split and break to pieces. Sea waves hit against the rock. In this way, soil and sand came into being.Nothing lived on the naked soil. And then the wind and birds brought plant seeds, spiders and other little living things there. Only plants could grow first. Only they, in sunlight, could produce food from the soil, water and air. While many animals landed on the island, they could find no food. A spider made its web uselessly, because there were no insects(昆虫) for its web to catch. Insects couldn’t stay until there were plants for them to eat. So plants had to be the first life on this new island.61. The passage centers on _______ .A. how an undersea volcano broke outB. how an island rose up in the seaC. how soil was formed on a new islandD. how life began on a volcano- produced island62. According to the passage, the island got its first soil from _______ .A. sea wavesB. the sand brought by the windC. its own rockD. cool rains63. The word "naked" (in para. 3) could be replaced by which of the following?A. redB. newC. oldD. bare64.The order of coming into being on the island is _______ .A. soil, plants and animalsB. soil, little creatures and plantsC. soil, birds and plantsD. soil, human beings and animals65. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Spiders were the first life that could live on the island.B. The island is far away from any piece of land.C. Insects could not live on the island without plantsD. Plants were brought to the island by human beingsPassage TwoErnest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. In the nearly sixty two years of his life that followed, he built a literary fame unsurpassed（无法超越）in the twentieth century.As a boy he was taught by his father to hunt and fish along the shores and in the forests around Lake Michigan. The Hemingways had a summer house in northern Michigan, and the family would spend the summer months there trying to stay cool. Hemingway would either fish the different streams that ran into the lake, or would take the small boat out to do some fishing there. He would also go squirrel hunting in the woods, discovering early in life the peace to be found while alone in the forest or going through a stream. It was something he could always go back to throughout his life, and though he often found himself living in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris early in his life, once he became successful he chose somewhat isolated places to live in.When he wasn’t hu nting or fishing his mother taught him the good points of music. She was a skilled singer who once had wished a life on stage, but at last settled down with her husband and spent her time by giving voice and music lessons to local children, including her own. Hemingway was never talented for music and suffered through singing practices and music lessons, however, the musical knowledge he got from his mother helped him share in his first wife Hadley’s interest in the piano.66. Ernest Hemingway died in _______ .A. 1969B. 1979C. 1981D. 196167. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. His father taught him to fish and hunt when he was a boy.B. His family had a summer house in northern Michigan.C. He taught himself music when he was a boy.D. He also went squirrel hunting in the woods.68. After he became successful, Ernest Hemingway _______ .A. preferred to stay in big citiesB. chose to live in somewhat isolated placesC. moved his family to ParisD. killed himself69. Being talented in music, Hemingway’s mother once wanted to _______ .A. be a music teacherB. help Hemingway learn musicC. perform on the stage as a singerD. marry a rich husband70. The passage is most probably from _______ .A. a literary biographyB. a science textbookC. a term paperD. a personal diaryPassage ThreeWhat will man be like in the future—in 5000 or even 50000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today. For man is slowly changing all the time.Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller.Again, in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so, we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity. As time goes on, however, we shall have to use our brains more and more, and eventually we shall need larger ones. This is likely to bring about a physical change tool —the head, in particular the forehead, will grow larger.Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over very long period of time it is likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger.On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.But what about hair? It will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then, both sexes are likely to be bald.Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at. This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.71. The passage tells us about _______ .A. how man’s life will be in the futureB. how future man will look likeC. the fact that man’s organs will function differently in the futureD. the fact that man is growing uglier as time passes72. There is evidence that man is changing, _______ .A. he has been growing taller over the past 500 yearsB. he has got stronger eyes than he ever hadC. his hair is getting thinner and thinnerD. his limbs are getting weaker because he tends to make less use of them73. Man’s forehead will grow larger because _______ .A. he will make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacityB. the other 80% of his brain will grow in due timeC. he had rather narrow forehead a few hundred years agoD. he will have to use his brain more and more as time goes on74. Future man will probably _______ .A. have smaller eyesB. have larger eyesC. see betterD. have to wear better glasses75 .The reason for believing that future man will be different is that he _______ .A. will grow strongerB. never stops changingC. hopes for a changeD. will live a different lifePassage FourAuctions （拍卖）are public sales of goods, made by an officially approved auctioneer. He asked the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or bids, for the various items on sale. He encouraged buyers to bid higher figures, and finally named the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war, these sales were called “sub hash”, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth century, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities varied are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are alsousual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction r ooms at Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.76. A “bidder” (in para. 1) is a person _______ .A. who sells something.B. who buys something.C. who offers a price.D. who borrows something.77. Auctioned goods are sold _______ price offered.A. for the highestB. for the fixedC. for the lowestD. for the unexpected78. The end of the bidding is called “knocking down” because _______ .A. the auctioneer knocks the buyer downB. the auctioneer knocks the rostrum downC. the goods are knocked down onto the tableD. the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer79. The “candle” used in paragraph 2 is _______ .A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to give light to the auctioneerD. to limit the time when offers could be made80. An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers _______ .A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admission to the auction salePart IV. Translation ( 1.5 x 20 )Section ADirections:There are 10 sentences in this section. Please translate sentences 81-85 from Chinese into English, and translate sentences 86-90 from English into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.81. 长城是中国的历史文化符号之一。

2010年考研英语试卷(一)真题答案

一. 知识运用题答案1--5 ABCBC 6--10 BDACD 11--15 CAADB 16--20 ADCBD二. 阅读Part A选择题答案21--25 BCDAA 26--30 CDCBA 31--35 BDACC 36--40 ADCBD三. 新题型段落排序题答案41--45 BFDGA四. 翻译参考译文46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。

48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。

49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。

50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素（成员），虽然这些要素（成员）缺乏商业价值，但这些要素（成员）对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。

五. 大小作文参考范文51．小作文部分参考范文Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative。

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use " Postgraduates’ Association " instead.参考范文Volunteers Wanted/NeededAn international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation. This conference will be organized by the Postgraduates’ Association.At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The applicants are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign language such as French or Japanese are preferable. In addition to the language skills, those volunteers are expected to be patient, helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well as transportation from and back to the conference site.Those who are interested in working as volunteers, please send your resume and application letter to the e-mail address postgraduateassociation@. The Postgraduates’ Association will contact those chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th.We are sincerely waiting for you to join us!Postgraduates’ Association52. 大作文参考范文As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot, containing many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural symbols, etc. How impressive the drawing is in describing the common phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming increasingly integrated into the world. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking.It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with regard to culture. When it comes to(一谈到) culture，its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. As China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing the foreign culture, thus making our Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture conveys goes far beyond this. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to each other, indicating that to some extent different cultures can be accepted，respected，appreciated and shared internationally. Or put it in another way, Chinese unique culture can become international through worldwide cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, cultural integration can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among different countries.In my personal sense, Chinese national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile，there are good reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground that those ideas from other cultures can provide different perspectives for us to observe the world in the long run. However，confronted with a different culture，we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus making our motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. （298 words）。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年_真题-无答案

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分90,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularyDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.1. The ______ is used by astrologers to help calculate the influence of the planets on people's lives.A. zephyr B. zodiac C. zyme D. zest2. It's a ______ timetable. Sometimes lessons happen, sometimes they don't.A. haphazard B. odious C. haughty D. handicapped3. The poor man's clothes were so ______ that they couldn't be repaired any more.A. oozed B. ragged C. mopped D. mocked4. The actor amused the audience by ______ some well-known people.A. embroidering B. rigging C. yelping D. mimicking5. No men was allowed to ______ on the livelihood of his neighbor.A. wade B. invoke C. muffle D. infringe6. The machinery had been wrecked so efficiently that police were sure it was a case of ______.A. vagabond B. sabotage C. paradox D. tachyon7. The island is maintained as a ______ for endangered species.A. wetlands B. sanctuary C. mire D. heath8. The hunter kept the lion's skin and head as ______.A. trophies B. fillet C. tulip D. clown9. If you ______ something, such as food or drink, you reduce its quality or make it weaker, for example by adding water to it.A. adulterate B. moor C. vaccinate D. sue10. The orphanage is just one of her ______ causes.A. phonetic B. philanthropic C. prevalent D. lunatic11. Many animals display ______ instincts only while their offspring are young and helpless.A. cerebral B. imperious C. rueful D. maternal12. The guests, having eaten until they were ______, now listened inattentively to the speakers.A. contradicted B. satiated C. griped D. trespassed13. While she had the fever, she ______ for hours.A. raved B. sniggered C. tittered D. perforated14. If you spill hot liquid on your skin it will ______ you.A. scale B. scald C. shun D. shunt15. The mice ______ when the cat came.A. rambled B. lingered C. sauntered D. scampered16. The chimney is no longer ______ volumes of waste gas into atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.A. giving away B. giving off C. giving in D. giving up17. At three o'clock ______ a cold morning, he arrived here.A. in B. at C. on D. of18. I'm sure dirty, ______?A. am I B. aren't I C. isn't I D. am not I19. ______, there is no place like home, wherever you go.A. It may be humble B. As humble it may be C. Humble it may be D. Humble as it may be20. But for his help, I ______.A. did not succeed B. had not succeeded C. should not have succeeded D. have not succeeded21. Try and calm yourself, ______ your mind will be easy again.A. and B. or C. when D. before22. The price of the real estate in this area may ______ to unexpected values, so everyone should be conscious of the maximum price that he would want to pay for a particular property.A. stagger B. stink C. soar D. suspend23. Contrary to popular belief, epidemics do not occur ______ after a natural disaster.A. spontaneously B. simultaneously C. homogeneously D. instantaneously24. Immigration from countries and cultures that are ______ with the cultural core of this nation has been generally prohibited.A. interior B. invisible C. incompatible D. integral25. This course is designed to help children ______ such real life situations as separation and loss.A. cope with B. settle down C. intervene in D. interfere with26. Foreign language teachers of this university are busy designing a test of spoken English to ______ the original written examination.A. contaminate B. compliment C. complement D. coordinate27. Idlers, no matter how poor they are, are always ______ at finding reasons not to take action to improve their living conditions.A. intrinsic B. ingenious C. initial D. inherent28. As the graduation is drawing near, every student began to ______ his future.A. compensate B. contemplate C. jeopardize D. manifest29. Although the resistance groups do not show great military ______, they frequently penetrate deep into the interior.A. prowess B. prowl C. psalm D. psyche30. The Great ______ in the USA is 1900 meters deep and 25 kilometers wide at its maximum.A. Canyon B. Ford C. Abyss D. QuarryPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage TwoHormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control **munication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starting to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning "to excite" or "to set in motion." A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue tomake things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produce change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.In fact, some hormone therapies are already **mon. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) , the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of **plicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.1. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must ______.A. be part of the digestive process B. influence the operations of the nervous system C. affect processes in a different part of the body D. regulate attitudes and behavior2. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to ______.A. whether scientists understand their function B. how frequently they release hormones into the body C. whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process D. whether they secrete chemicals into the blood3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage.9A. Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actuallyproduced by the production of hormones in the body. B. Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are. C. When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage. D. The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.4. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone.?A. Adults of smaller statue than normal B. Adults with strong digestive systems C. Children who are not at risk from the treatment D. Children who may remain abnormally small5. Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy.?A. The quantities and proportions of hormones produce change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging. B. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. C. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. D. Because of **plicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Passage ThreeStudents of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that cachinnated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two accounts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents' energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. **plementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.6. It can be inferred that the author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the Unrated States as "solitary" to be ______.A. insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought B. overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848 C. not focused narrowly enough in their geo-graphical scope D. insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference7. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference on women's rights?A. It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century Saint-Simonians feminist thought. B. It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad. C. It was the culminating achievement of the Utopian socialist movement. D. It was a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism.8. The author's attitude toward most European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of ______.A. approval of the specific focus of their research B. disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians' energy after 1832 C. approval of their general focus on social conditions D. disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts9. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that study of Saint-Simonianism is necessary for historians of American feminism because such study ______.A. would clarify the ideological origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminism B. would increase understanding of a movement that deeply influenced the Utopian socialism of early American feminists C. would focus attention on the most important aspect of Saint-Simonians thought before 1532 D. promises to offer insight into a movement that was a direct outgrowth of the Seneca Falls conference of 184510. According to the passage, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?A. A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education. B. A society in which the two genders **plementary roles and had equal status. C. A society in which women did not enter public life. D. A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power.Section BDirections: There is one passage in this part. The passage is .followed by some questions.The Wright BrothersWilbur and Orville Wright were two brothers from the heartland of America with a vision as sweeping as the sky and a practicality as down-to-earth as the Wright Cycle Co, the bicycle business they founded in Dayton, Ohio, in 1592. But while there were countless bicycle shops in turn-of-the century America, in only one were wings bring built as well as wheels. When the Wright brothers finally realized their vision of powered human flight in 1903, they made the world a forever smaller place. I've been to Kitty Hawk, N. C, and seen where the brothers imagined the future, and then literally flew across its high frontier. It was an inspiration to be there, and to soak up the amazing perseverance and creativity of these two pioneers.The Wright brothers had been fascinated by the idea of flight from an early age. In 1875 their father, a bishop in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, gave them a flying toy made of cork and bamboo. It had a paper body and was powered by rubber bands. The young boys soon broke the fragile toy, but the memory of its faltering flight across their living room stayed with them. By the mid-1890s Wilbur was reading every book and paper he could find on the still earth-bound science of human flight. And four years before they made history at Kitty Hawk, the brothers built their first, scaled-down flying machine—a pilotless "kite" with a 5-ft. wingspan, and made of wood, wire and cloth. Based on that experiment, Wilbur became convinced that he could build an aircraft that would be "capable of sustaining a man. "When published aeronautical data turned out to be unreliable, the Wright brothers built their own wind tunnel to test airfoils and measure empirically how to lift a flying machine into the sky. They were the first to discover that a long narrow wing shape was the ideal architecture of flight. They figured out how to move the vehicle freely, not just across land, but up and down on a cushion of air. They built a forward elevator to control the pitch of their craft as it nosed up and down. They fashioned a pair of twin rudders in back to control its tendency to yawn from side to side. They devised a pulley system that warped the shape of wings in midflight to turn the plane and to stop it from rolling laterally in air. Recognizing that a propeller isn't like a ship's screw, but becomes, in effect, a rotating wing, they used the data from their wind-tunnel experiments to design the first effective airplane props—a pair of 8-ft, propellers, carved out of laminated spruce, that turned in opposite directions to offset the twisting effect on the machine's structure. And when they discovered that a light-weight gas-powered engine did not exist, they decided to design and build their own. It produced 12 horsepower and weighed only 152 lbs.The genius of Leonardo da Vinci imagined a flying machine, but it took the methodical application of science by these two American bicycle mechanics to create it. The unmanned gliders spawned by their first efforts flew erratically and were at the mercy of any strong gust of wind. But with help from their wind-tunnel, the brothers amassed more data on wing design than anyone before them, compiling tables of computations that are still valid today. And with guidance from this scientific study, they developed the powered 1903 Flyer, a skeletal flying machine of spruce, ash and muslin, with an unmanned weight of just over 600 Ibs.On DeC. 17,1903, with Orville at the controls, the Flyer lifted off shakily from Kitty Hawkand flew 120 ft.—little more than half the wingspan of a Boeing 747-400. That 12-seC. flight changed the world, lifting it to new heights of freedom and giving mankind access to places it had never dreamed of reaching. Although the Wright brother's feat was to transform life in the 20th century, the next day only four newspapers in the U. S. carried news of their achievement—news that was widely dismissed as exaggerated.The Wright brothers gave us a tool, but it was up to individuals and nations to put it to use. The airplane revolutionized both peace and war. It brought families together: once, when a Chile or other close relatives left the old country for America, family and friends mourned for someone they would never see again. Today, the grandchild of that immigrant can return again and again across a vast ocean in just half a turn of the clock. But the airplane also helped tear families apart, by making international warfare an effortless reality.Now, on the eve of another century, who knows where the next Wright brothers will be found, in what grade of school they're studying, or in what garage they're inventing the next Flyer of the information age. Our mission is to make sure that wherever they are, they have the chance to run their own course, to persevere and follow their own inspiration. We have to understand that engineering breakthroughs are not just mechanical or scientific—they are liberating forces that can continually improve people's lives. Who would have thought, as the 20th century opened, that one of its greatest contributions **e from two obscure, fresh-faced young Americans who pursued the utmost bounds of human thought and gave us all, for the first time, the power literally to sail beyond the sunset.The 20th century has been the American Century in large part because of great inventors such as the Wright brothers. May we follow their flight paths and blaze our own in the 21st century. 1. What great difficulties did the Wright Brothers **e while building an aircraft that would be "capable of sustaining a man"?2. What quality of the Wright Brothers impresses you most? Illustrate it briefly with an example.3. What's the purpose of this article? What is the tone of the passage?Part Ⅲ WritingDirections: Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topic1. Translation and Interpreting in the Global Age。

2010 伦敦平等法案

2010 伦敦平等法案2010 equality act---what is it？---why is it important？---what’s wrong/right/bad/good about this?The Equality Act 2010[1] is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom.The primary purpose of the Act is to codify the complicated and numerous array of Acts and Regulations, which formed the basis of anti-discrimination law in Great Britain.This was, primarily,the Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995and three major statutory instruments protecting discrimination in employment on grounds of religion or belief, sexual orientation and age. This legislation has the same goals as the four major EU Equal Treatment Directives, whose provisions it mirrors and implements.[2] It requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the protected characteristics of age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. In the case of gender, there are special protections for pregnant women. However, the Act allows transsexual people to be barred from gender-specific services if that is "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim". [3] In the case of disability, employers and service providers are under a duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplaces to overcome barriers experienced by disabled people. In this regard, the Equality Act 2010 did not change the law. Under s.217, with limited exceptions the Act does not apply to Northern Ireland.Part 1 Socio-economic inequalities (but this will not come into force[7][not in citation given]) Part 2 Equality: key concepts Chapter 1 Protected characteristics[8]Chapter 2 Prohibited conduct[9]Part 3 Services and public functionsPart 4 PremisesPart 5 Work Chapter 1 Employment, etc.Chapter 2 Occupational pension schemesChapter 3 Equality of termsChapter 4 SupplementaryPart 6 Education Chapter 1 SchoolsChapter 2 Further and higher educationChapter 3 General qualifications bodiesChapter 4 MiscellaneousPart 7 AssociationsPart 8 Prohibited conduct: ancillaryPart 9 Enforcement Chapter 1 IntroductoryChapter 2 Civil courtsChapter 3 Employment tribunalsChapter 4 Equality of termsChapter 5 MiscellaneousPart 10 Contracts, etc.Part 11 Advancement of equality Chapter 1 Public sector equality dutyChapter 2 Positive actionPart 12 Disabled persons: transport Chapter 1 Taxis etc.Chapter 2 Public service vehiclesChapter 3 Rail vehiclesChapter 4 SupplementaryPart 13 Disability: miscellaneous[14]Part 14 General exceptions[15]Part 15 General and miscellaneousDebate[edit]Reform of the monarchy[edit]In April 2008, Solicitor General Vera Baird announced that as part of the Single Equality Bill, legislation would be introduced to repeal parts of the Act of Settlement 1701 that prevent Roman Catholics or those who marry Roman Catholics from ascending to the throne, and to change the inheritance of the monarchy from cognatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture, i.e. the first-born heir would inherit the throne regardless of his or her gender or religion.[16]However, Attorney General The Baroness Scotland of Asthal subsequently ruled there would be no change in the law of succession in 2008, saying, "To bring about changes to the law on succession would be a complex undertaking involving amendment or repeal of a number of items of related legislation, as well as requiring the consent of legislatures of member nations of the Commonwealth".[17] The published draft bill did not contain any provisions to change succession laws. Cognatic primogeniture for the British monarchy was instead abolished three years after the Equality Act came into force, with the passing of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013.Bishop opposition[edit]Although the Act was never going to change the law from its existing position, or binding European Union law which covers many more Catholics than in the UK, and this position was spelled out in the High Court in R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry[18] a small number of Roman Catholic Bishops of England and Wales made claims that they could be prosecuted under the Equality Act 2010 for refusing to allow married men, women, transsexual people and gay people into the priesthood.[19][20][21] The legislation has also attracted criticism from local Anglican clergy.[22] This claim has been rejected by the government. A spokesperson has said an exemption "covers ministers of religion such as Catholic priests"[19] and a document released by the Government Equalities Office states that that "the Equality Bill will not change the existing legal position regarding churches and employment".[23]。

2010年12月大学英语六级(CET-6)真题试卷(含答案和听力原文)

2010年12月大学英语六级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled My Views on University Ranking. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前高校排名相当盛行;2. 对于这种做法人们看法不一;3. 在我看来……My Views on University RankingPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Into the UnknownThe world has never seen population ageing before. Can it cope?Until the early 1990s nobody much thought about whole populations getting older. The UN had the foresight to convene a “world assembly on ageing” back in 1982, but that came and went. By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happen ing. In a report entitled “Averting the Old Age Crisis”, it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable.For the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded the alarm. They had titles like Young vs Old, Gray Dawn and The Coming Generational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems were heading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners, and soon there would be intergenerational warfare.Since then the debate has become less emotional, not least because a lot more is known about the subject. Books, conferences and research papers have multiplied. International organisations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports. Population ageing is on every agenda, from G8 economic conferences to NATO summits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its prestigious Davos conference early next year. The media, including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage.Whether all that attention has translated into sufficient action is another question. Governments in rich countries now accept that their pension and health-care promises will soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked on reforms, but so far only timidly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years, perhaps decades.The outline of the changes needed is clear. To avoid fiscal (财政) meltdown, public pensions and health-care provision will have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up. By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work longer, because it increases tax revenues and reduces spending on pensions at the same time. It may even keep them alive longer. John Rother, the AARP‟s head of policy and strategy, points to studies showing that other things being equal, people who remain at work have lower death rates than their retired peers.Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be less generous. Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are worth holding on to. That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly because over the past few decades many more women have entered the labor force, increasing employers‟ choice. But the reservoir of women able and willing to take u p paid work is running low, and thebaby-boomers are going grey.In many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labor force as have already emerged (and remember that the real shortage is still around ten years off). Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been, and it is making a useful difference. In still-fertile America it currently accounts for about 40% of total population growth, and in fast-ageing Western Europe for about 90%.On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries have lots of young people in need of jobs; many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next few decades labor forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twice their current size in western Europe‟s most youthful countries, and three times in the older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present. Public opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high. Further big increases would be politically unfeasible.To tackle the problem of ageing populations at its root, “old” countries would have to rejuvenate (使年轻) themselves by having more of their own children. A number of them have tried, some more successfully than others. But it is not a simple matter of offering financial incentives or providing more child care. Modern urban life in rich countries is not well adapted to large families. Women find it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having just one child.And if fertility in ageing countries does not pick up? It will not be the end of the world, at least not for quite a while yet, but the world will slowly become a different place. Older societies may be less innovative and more strongly disinclined to take risks than younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries will be over 50—and older people turn out to vote in much greater number than younger ones. Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, though if in future there are many more of them they might start doing so.Nor is there any sign of the intergenerational warfare predicted in the 1990s. After all, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents and grown-up children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of Mannheim University found that 85% of them lived within 25km of each other and the majority of them were in touch at least once a week.Even so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, not just economically and politically but in all sorts of other ways too. Richard Jackson and Neil Howe of America‟s CSIS, in a thoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue that, among other things, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications.For example, the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they have to military service. In the decades to 2050, America will find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed world‟s defense effort. Because America‟s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking, America will be the only developed country that still matters geopolitically (地缘政治上).Ask me in 2020There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have to live with it. But some of the consequences can be alleviated. Many experts now believe that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not be catastrophic. Most countries have recognized the need to do something and are beginning to act.But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happening now is historically unprecedented. Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on the Economics and Demography of Ageing at the University of California, Berkeley, puts it briefly and clearly: “We don‟t really know what population ageing will be like, because nobody has done it yet. “注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that hard work is the key to success is nothing new.1,_____new research from psychologist Anders Ericsson and 2_____ colleagues suggests that practice is the magic number of greatness.Ericsson studies thousands of chess players, musicians, athletes and others. He 3_____ out the average number of training hours per week the people he studied 4_____ in _____ to reach world-class levels of performance. Across the board, 5_____ to the 10 years or 10,000 hours were required. 6_____, more recent research_____ out that the amount of practice time needed may vary in fields that____ many social or physical activities. 7_____, deliberate practice is the key ingredient for achieving______ results in any field.Deliberate practice is not just mindless repetition. It is a purposeful and thoughtful 8_____ that requires intense focus. 9_____have discovered that top performers spend less time in _____ practice compared to average performers, but their practice is so much more productive. They grow_____, receive constant feedback and continually 10_____ their performance.Achieving world-class performance, according to Ericsson, is not about talent or innate ability; it is all about deliberate practice.1. [A] But[B] Or [C] So [D] Yet2. [A] their[B] his [C] other [D] the3. [A] found [B] turned[C] checked[D] carried4. [A] took part [B] trained [C] relied [D] engaged5. [A] up to [B] for [C] in addition [D] by far6. [A] Consequently [B] Importantly[C] Additionally[D] Meanwhile7. [A] Although [B] Besides[C] However[D] Therefore8. [A] future[B] experience [C] exercise [D] performance9. [A] Workers [B] Researchers [C] Engineers [D] Scientists10. [A] evaluate[B] develop [C] explain [D] demonstrate解析：1. [A] But 是转折连词，与"hard work is the key to success"对立，而下文要说明practice才是成功的关键，所以应该选[A] But。

2010同等学力申硕英语模拟题六答案

Paper OnePart I Dialogue CommunicationSection A1．选C。

A方问“你听说我在才艺比赛中得了第一名吗?”B方欣喜地给予祝贺。

2．选A。

A方向B方咨询谁能给予他语言翻译方面的帮助，于是B方向其推荐新来的能操双语的图书馆员。

3．选D。

A方向B方请求帮忙，但B方正忙于自己的学习，所以愿意另外找一个时间帮助A方清扫房屋。

其他选项都表示拒绝，而且语气过于直接，欠缺礼貌。

4．选B。

A方问：“既然已经开学了，Jack就不能老和他的朋友们混在一起了。

”选项B的回答是：“是的，学业比聚会更重要。

他的学习落后了。

”符合对话场景，为最佳选项。

5．选C。

“submit”意为“提交”，A方询问是否所有人都已提交他们的建议，B方回答“只有弗莱德还没交”。

Section B Dialogue Comprehension6．选B。

“be up for something"指有能力做某事，女士问男士是否能玩填字游戏，男士说他不懂怎么玩。

“over one’s head”指“太高深而使人难以理解”。

7．选C。

本题的关键词是Other’than，意思是“除了”。

男士的意思是除了星期三，别的哪天都一样。

与之相符的说法只有选项C。

8．选A。

女士说他们正在努力为明天的比赛做准备，可以推测她今天下午要做的事情应该与此有关。

9．选C。

本题考查对词组的掌握情况：up to one’s ear’s是“深陷于，忙碌于”的意思；rain check是“延期，改日”的意思。

知道了这两个词组的意思，就可以选出正确的答案来。

10．选B。

“reservation”指“订座、预订”，男士说他已在那家餐馆订了座，可见他预备到那家餐厅就餐。

Part II V ocabularySection A11．选A。

句中画线词advent是一个外来语词，其意思等于coming，即“到来。

”本句的句意是：史前时期在岩石表面雕刻人像和图案的艺术似乎随着耕作的坐盟而缓慢地消失了，因为农耕需要大量的时间和精力。

2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

CNCA CTS0003-2010 地面用太阳电池组件主要部件技术条件第1部分：接线盒

CGC 北京鉴衡认证中心认证技术规范CNCA/CTS0003：2010地面用太阳电池组件主要部件技术条件第1部分：接线盒Technical specifications of main parts for terrestrialsolar cell modules- Part 1：Junction box2010-05-13发布 2010–05-13实施北京鉴衡认证中心发布目次前言 (III)地面用太阳电池组件主要部件技术条件第1部分：接线盒 (1)1 范围 (1)2 规范性引用文件 (1)3 术语和定义 (2)4 技术要求 (5)4.1 概述 (5)4.2 电击防护 (5)4.3 接口及连接方法 (5)4.4 连接器 (5)4.5 电缆 (5)4.6 抗老化 (5)4.7 基本设计 (5)4.8 IP-防护等级 (6)4.9 耐压强度 (6)4.10 环境温度范围 (6)4.11 防拉拽装置 (6)4.12 机械强度 (6)4.13 电气间隙和爬电距离 (6)4.14 绝缘 (7)4.15 绝缘部件 (7)4.16 带电部件和防腐蚀 (8)4.17 密封装置 (8)4.18 旁路二极管说明 (8)4.19 可敲落的孔口盖 (8)4.20 配有防拉拽装置的接线盒 (8)5 试验方法 (8)5.1概述 (8)5.2 样品准备 (8)5.3 试验的实施 (9)6 检验规则 (19)6.1 检验分类 (19)6.2 出厂检验 (20)6.3 型式检验 (20)7 标志、包装、运输、贮存 (20)7.1 标志 (20)7.2 包装 (21)7.3 运输 (21)7.4 贮存 (21)附录A线缆防拉拽装置扭曲试验的典型布置 (22)附录B（规范性）警示：“禁止带电插拔” (23)附录C（规范性）试验样品数量 (24)前言为了保证我国太阳电池组件接线盒的质量，进一步提高太阳电池组件的整体性能，确保光伏发电系统安全稳定运行，特制定本认证技术规范。

考研英语2010 text1

辞藻华丽的母子时期的行文方式【联系上下文】
Amateur
n.业余爱好者a.业余的
Headlong
a.轻率的adv.猛然用力地；头向前地
Retreat
v.撤退n.撤退；休息寓所
Be characterized by
以……为特点
Elaborate
a.精心制作的. Vt.精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成vi.详细描述；变复杂
2010 text1
Take place
发生
Take one’s place
取代某人的位置
Quarter
n.四分之一；地区；季度；一刻钟；两角五分
vt.将…四等分；供某人住宿vi.住宿；驻扎
Far-reaching
a.深远的；广泛的（~result/impact）
Inexorable
a.无情的；不可阻挡的
Decline
vt.谢绝；vi.下降；衰落n.下降；衰退；斜面
Average
a.普通的；平均的v.使……平均
Image
v.想象；认为；
A considerable number of
很多（= many）
Collection of……
……集
Consist of
由……组成
In large part
在很大程度上
Marvel at
对……吃惊
Learned
a.学术上的；博学的
The learned
学者
Be deemed
被视作
Unfocused
a.不聚焦的【后面为明确的描述文本等内容，则引申为“主题自由的”】
Dirt-cheap
白菜价
Stylish

2010考研英语一真题及答案

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting __1__ workers’productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very __3__ of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4__ behavior of the women in the plant. According to __5__ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__ what was done in the experiment; __7__ something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__ to alter workers’ behavior __10__ itself.After several decades, the same data were __11__ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. __12 __ the descriptions on record, no systematic __13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to __14__ interpretations of what happed. __ 15__, lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __ 17__ to rise for the next couple of days. __ 18__, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers __19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before __20__ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tem pted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s crit icism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that _______.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by _______.[A] free themes [B] casual style [C] elaborate layout [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of thecourt’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of rece nt decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvi ous. The judges on the Federal C ircuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the Supreme C ourt”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of _______.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over their authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Par a 3) most probably means _______.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents _______.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Informa tion flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpectedpopularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, t hey don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cas cade of change won’t pr opagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to _______.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] e xemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” _______.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that _______.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The under lined phrase “these people” in P aragraph 4 refers to the ones who _______.[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real wor l d” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to _______.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] revaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in _______.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy obje cts to the IASB’s attempt to _______.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-settingtighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirgigantic scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand theseChinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century, songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence hadto be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.Some species of tree have been “read out of the party”by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1-5: A-B-C-B-C6-10: B-D-A-C-D11-15: C-A-A-D-B16-20: A-D-C-B-DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25: B-A-D-A-B26-30: C-D-C-B-A31-35: B-D-A-C-C36-40: A-D-C-B-DPart B41-45: B-F-D-G-APart C46.科学家们赶紧用一些很明显没有说服力的事实证据来进行挽救，这个事实就是：假如鸟类无法控制昆虫，那么昆虫就会将我们人类吃光。

2010 香港税务师卷一答案

THE TAXATION INSTITUTE OF HONG KONG CERTIFIED TAX ADVISERQUALIFYING EXAMINATION2010PAPER 1HONG KONG TAXSUGGESTED ANSWERSQuestion 1Ignore provisional tax(a)ABC LimitedProfits Tax ComputationYear of Assessment 2009/10Basis period: Year ended 31.3.2010$ $ Profit per accounts 1,394,000 Add: Depreciation charge 284,000Ordinary contribution to retirement scheme(limited to 15%) ($800,000 / 20% x (20%-15%)200,000Special contribution to retirement scheme (to beclaimed over 5 years) ($60,000 x 4 / 5)48,000Donations 1,285,000Initial purchase of curtains 11,000Loan to a director written off 65,000Professional fee for lodging profits tax appeal 39,000Loan interest to Wonderful Bank 51,000 1,983,0003,377,000 Add: Proceeds from sale of patent ($650,000 -$150,000) 500,0003,877,000 Less: Dividends (38,000)Interest on deposits - Wonderful Bank, London (51,000)-Wonderful Bank, Hong Kong(11,700)Exchange gain on USD fixed deposits (20,000)Decrease in general provision for bad debts (68,000)Industrial/commercial building allowances (given) (285,000)Depreciation allowance - Plant & machinery(see calculations below) (269,800) (743,500)3,133,500Less: Donation (in cash) (limited to maximum of 35% x$3,133,500) (1,096,725)Assessable profit 2,036,775 Profits tax at 16.5% 336,067 (ignore cents)(curtains are not entitled to depreciation allowance but replacement cost of curtains is fully deductible)Depreciation allowance20% pool 30% pool Allowance$ $ $W.D.V. b/f 245,000 367,000Add: Motor car brought-in 252,000245,000 619,000Less: Disposal (60,000)245,000 559,000Less: Annual allowance (49,000) (167,700) 216,700W.D.V. c/f 196,000 391,300Sewing machine on hire-purchaseAllowance TotalAllowance$ $ $Cost 100,000Less: Initial allowance(10,000+7,500x6) x 60% (33,000) 33,00067,000Less: Annual allowance (20,100) 20,100W.D.V. c/f 46,900 53,100Total depreciation allowance =$216,700 + $53,100 = $269,800Used motor car brought-in$Cost 360,000Less: Notional allowance - 2008/09 (30%) (108,000)Brought-in value for tax purpose 252,000(b)Note 2 (Profit from sale of patent)Under S16E of the IRO, the cost of purchase of patent rights for use in Hong Kong the trade, profession or business in the production of profits is allowable as a deduction. The expenditure of HK$500,000 incurred in September 2004 had been allowed as a deduction in 2004/2005.S16E(3) stipulates that the proceeds from the subsequent sale of the patent right will be chargeable to profits tax notwithstanding that the receipt is capital in nature. Hence, apart from the profit of HK$150,000 already reflected in the accounts which is taxable, the remaining balance of the proceeds of HK$500,000 should also be brought into charge and treated as taxable profit in the computation.Note 3 (Interest income)Under S15(1)(f) of the Inland Revenue Ordinance (IRO), sums received by or accrued to a corporation carrying on a trade, profession or business in Hong Kong by way of interest is deemed as taxable receipt if the interest is arising in or derived from Hong Kong. In determining the source of interest income, the provision of credit test is relevant, i.e. one looks at the place where the credit was first made available to the borrower.Applying the provision of credit test, the GBP time deposits placed with Wonderful Bank in London was prima facie sourced outside Hong Kong and the related interest income is not taxable.Regarding the interest income received from the Japanese Yen time deposits placed with Wonderful Bank in Tsimshatsui Branch, the provision of credit was in Hong Kong and therefore such interest income is caught by S15(1)(f). The currency of the deposits is irrelevant. Nevertheless, with effect from 22.6.1998, interest income from deposits placed with financial institutions in Hong Kong is exempt from payment of profits tax under the Exemption from Profits Tax (Interest Income) Order, provided that the deposits are not used to secure bank borrowings on which the interest expense is deductible under S16(2)(d). The deposits have not been used to guarantee any borrowings and accordingly, interest income of $11,700 from Wonderful Bank would be exempt.Taxability of the interest income derived from trade debts is determined by reference to the related trading transactions, as the financing arrangement on the sale of goods on credit is part and parcel of the trading transaction. On the basis that the trading profits derived from the sale of goods to customers are taxable, the interest income derived from the trade debts is also taxable.Note 11 (Interest expenses)Interest payable on money borrowed for the purpose of producing chargeable profits is deductible under S16(1)(a) of the IRO provided that any one condition set out in S16(2) is satisfied, subject to limitations under S16(2A), (2B) and (2C) (with effect from 25 June 2004). In the case of borrowings from a financial institution, the amended S16(2)(d) with effect from 25 June 2004 is relevant. S16(2A) states that amount of interest expenses that can be deductible will be the interest expenses paid as reduced by the tax-exempt interest earned by the GBP time deposits placed with Wonderful Bank in London by the taxpayer (i.e. BEA Limited). In this case, the deduction of interest expenses is reduced by the amount of tax-free interest of HK$51,000 earned from the time deposit and only HK$58,000 ($109,000-$51,000) will be qualified for deduction under profits tax. Therefore, HK$51,000 ($109,000-$58,000) of interest expenses has to be added back in the profits tax computation.Question 2(a) In Hong Kong (HK), salaries tax is charged on income from an employment, office orpension ‘arising in or derived from HK’. In the case of employment income, the court ruled in the Goepfert case that the approach is to look for the place where the income really comes to the employee, that is, where the employment is located. As a consequence of this decision, the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) issued Departmental Interpretation and Practice Note (DIPN) No. 10 and accepts that an employment is located in HK (a HK employment) where the following three factors are present:(i) the contract of employment was negotiated, entered into, and enforceable in HK;(ii) the employer is resident in HK; and(iii) the employee’s remuneration is paid to him in HK.If all of the above factors are not in HK, it appears that the place where the contract of employment is enforceable is more important than the other factors, and the place of payment of remuneration is of least importance. If a person is recruited by an employer resident in HK, the enforcement of the employment is in Hong Kong and the employment is unlikely to be located outside HK, even though the contract is negotiated outside HK and his remuneration is partly paid in HK.The IRD reserves the right to look beyond the three factors where the employment is in reality a Hong Kong employment but manipulation exists.Based on the above, Eric’s employment should therefore be a HK employment.(b)Eric ManSalaries Tax ComputationYear of Assessment 2009/10$ $Salary 1,000,000Holiday journey benefit- air ticket for wife (28,000+2,000)/2-2,000 13,000- hotel room charges (27,000 x 9/27) 9,000 22,000Education cost 80,000Reimbursement of air ticket 9,000Entertainment allowance 24,000Private car expenses 8,0001,143,000 Rental value10% x 1,143,000 114,300Less: rent suffered (480,000-420,000) (60,000) 54,300Share option gainExercise of share option [12,000 x (40-30-3)] 84,000Assignment of share option [8,000 x (2-3)] 0 84,000Assessable income 1,281,300Less: income earned in China (400,000)881,300 Less: concessionary deductionscharitable donation (limited tomaximum = 881,300 x 35% =308,455) (308,455)MPF contribution (limited tomaximum)(12,000)560,845 Less: Married person’s allowance (216,000)Child allowances (for two)(100,000)(316,000) Net chargeable income 244,845Salaries tax at progressive rates on $244,845 = $8,400 + $(244,845 – 120,000) x 17%29,623 (ignore cents)Salaries tax at standard rate @15% on $560,84584,126 (ignore cents)Salaries tax liability 29,623Note: Air ticket for family relocation to Hong Kong and reimbursement of medical expenses are not taxable income items.(c) Explanatory notes for the items:Item(iii) With effect from 1 April 2003, any amount paid by an employer in connection with a holiday journey is taxable under S9(2A)(c), and the benefit is assessed by reference to the cost incurred by the employer (see DIPN No. 41, para. 6). Where a holiday journey benefit is associated with or attributable to a cost paid by an employer, that benefit is taxable notwithstanding that the employer does not incur additional, or incremental, costs for that benefit (see DIPN No. 41, para. 11). In Eric’s case, the cost of his wife’s ticket is actually borne by Sunlight and is therefore taxable (example 7 in DIPN No. 41).Where a trip is taken partly for business and partly for holiday, if a clearly identifiable part of the journey is taken for holiday purposes, the expenses relating to that part of the journey is taxable. In Eric’s case, the extended stay cannot be regarded as being incidental to the business trip and the cost of such extended stay is taxable. Since the expenses relating to such part cannot be readily ascertained, an apportionment based on the ‘holiday-days basis’ will generally be adopted (see DIPN No. 41, para. 14 and 15).Item(v) The claim for deduction of entertainment expenses cannot be accepted as Eric could not provide evidence and details to prove that the expenses were incurred wholly, exclusively and necessarily in the production of assessable income and such expenses were not private and domestic in nature. Reimbursement of non-allowable expenses is wholly taxable.Item(viii) S9(1)(d) deems any gain realised on the exercise, release or assignment of a share option to be income from employment or office. In the case of an exercise of an option, the gain is equal to the open market value of the shares at the time of exercise less the consideration paid for the option and the amount paid for the shares.In the case of a release or assignment, the gain is simply the amount of any consideration received less the amount paid for the option. Any loss realised on the exercise, release or assignment is ignored. Sale proceeds of shares are irrelevant and the loss from sale of shares is not deductible as it is not incurred in earning the assessable income.Item(ix) S8(1A)(c) states that when Eric performs some of his duties in China, his assessable income earned in the PRC will be excluded from the assessable income if Eric has paid individual income tax ($140,000) in the PRC for the income attributable to his services rendered there. The PRC income tax was comparable to salaries tax in Hong Kong as agreed by the IRD.Question 3(a) The pooling system does not apply when(i) applying the pooling system is impractical and inequitable(ii) plant and machinery is acquired under a hire purchase agreement(iii) an asset used wholly for the purpose of earning the assessable profits ceased to be so used. (its reducing value which is equal to the estimated openmarket value must then be excluded from the pool)(iv) an asset is not used wholly for producing profits.(v) the plant and machinery items are prescribed fixed assets(vi) specific environmental protection facilities (from 2008/09)(vii) environment-friendly vehicles (from 2010/11)(b)Computation of depreciation allowance:10% pool 20% pool 30% pool Totalallowance$ $ $ $WDV b/f 432,000 320,000 406,000Cost (note 1-3)130,000 120,000 1,000,000Less: IA 60% (78,000) (72,000) (600,000) 750,000Valued to be pooled in08/09 (note 4)42,000484,000 368,000 848,000Disposal:Delivery van(15 Jan 09) (108,000)Delivery van (20 Feb 09) (limited to cost) (300,000)440,000Less: AA (48,400) (73,600) (132,000) 254,000WDV c/f 435,600 294,400 308,000Hire purchase itemTotal allowance$ $Cost 40,000Less: IA (60%)(note 5)(18,000) 18,00022,000Less: AA (30%) (6,600) 6,600WDV c/f 15,400 24,600Total depreciation allowance for the year of assessment :$(750,000 + 254,000 + 18,000 + 6,600) = $1,028,600Special deductions for prescribed fixed assets under S16G = $40,000Notes:(1)Total cost of 10% pool = $130,000(2)Total cost of 20% pool = $100,000 + 20,000 = $120,000(3)Total cost of 30% pool = $250,000 + 300,000 + 50,000 + 400,000= $1,000,000(4)Value to be pooled in 2008/2009 for transfer of motorcycle = $60,000 – 18,000(30% of AA on $60,000) = $42,000(5)Capital repaid during the basis period: $10,000 + $2,000 x 10 = $30,000Question 4Mr. and Mrs. LeePersonal Assessment ComputationYear of Assessment 2009/10Mr. Lee Mrs. Lee Total$ $ $ Rent received 207,500 120,000 Less: 20% statutory deduction (41,500)(24,000)Net Assessable Value 166,000 96,000 Assessable Profit 35,000 NilNet Assessable IncomeNil800,000Total income 201,000 896,000 Less: mortgage loan interest paid (166,000) (95,000) (limited to NAV (for Mr. Lee)) 35,000 801,000 Less: DonationsTotal claimable by Mr. Lee35% x ($35,000 + $5,000) =$14,000 (already deducted =$5,000) (9,000)Total claimable by Mrs. Lee (32,000)Amount transferred to Mrs. Lee byMr. Lee -- (18,000) Note:(32,000-5,000-9,000)26,000 751,000Less: Contributions to MPF(maximum = $12,000) (12,000)739,000Less: Loss b/f (100,000)Nil(74,000) 739,000Set-off spouse loss 74,000 (74,000)Net joint total income NIL 665,000 665,000 Less: Married person’s allowance (216,000) Child allowance (first 3 children) (150,000)Child allowance (4th child) (50,000)Child allowance (new-born child) (50,000)DPA (Mr. Lee’s father) (30,000)ADPA (Mr. Lee’s father) (30,000)DPA (Mr. Lee’s step-mother)(age59)(15,000) ADPA (Mr. Lee’s (15,000)step-mother)(age 59)Net joint total income after allowances 109,000Total tax payable under Personal Assessment($3,600 (first $80,000) + $3,480 ($29,000 x 12%)) 7,080(lower than the tax amount 15% x $665,000 = $99,750)In 2009/10, there is a 75% tax reduction. Personal assessment tax payable by Mrs. Lee= $7,080 - $7,080 x 75%= $7,080 - $5,310= $1,770 (payable by Mrs. Lee)Question 5(A) Purchase of flat in mid-level-An agreement for sale (AFS) of residential immovable property is chargeable under Head 1 (1A) of the Stamp Duty Ordinance. An AFS which is termed ‘provisional or informal’ is still subject to stamp duty if it amounts to a legally binding contract.-The stamp duty payable is $6,800,000 x 3.75% = $255,000-Since the provisional AFS was superseded by a formal AFS within 14 days of the provisional AFS, no stamp duty is payable on the provisional AFS. Stamp duty is payable within 30 days from the date of execution of the formal AFS.-Where a conveyance on sale document is executed in conformity with a chargeable AFS which has been stamped, the conveyance on sale document is chargeable with stamp duty of $100 only. Stamp duty is payable within 30 days from the date of execution of the conveyance.(B)(a) Lease agreement- The stamp duty payable is $24,000 x 3.75% + $(20,000 x 12) x 0.5% = $2,100- Refundable deposit is not chargeable to stamp duty.- The stamp duty is payable within 30 days of execution of the lease agreement.- The stamp duty should be payable by all the parties to the transaction jointly and severally. The Collector of Stamp Revenue may ask any party to theexecution of the lease for the payment of the full stamp duty.(b) Mr. Fung’s property tax liability for the year of assessment 2008/09HK$Rental ($20,000 x 11.5) 230,000Premium ($24,000 x 12/24) 12,000Repairs borne by tenant 5,000247,000Less: rates ($3,000 x 4) (12,000)235,000Less: 20% statutory deduction (47,000)Net assessable value 188,000Property tax at 15% thereon 28,200Explanations:1.As no rental was payable during the rent-free period, there is no taxable consideration forthat period2.Rental deposit of $40,000 is not income to the owner and is not assessable.3.Initial premium is taxable consideration for the right of use of the property. It is spreadover the term of lease, subject to a maximum of three years from the start of the lease.4.Rates paid by the owner and a statutory allowance of 20% are deductible.5.Management fee paid by the tenant directly to the management company is not income ofthe owne and is not assessable.6.Mortgage loan interest is not specifically deductible under property tax.7.Agency fee is not specifically deductible under property tax.8.Repairs borne by the tenant but not reimbursed by the landlord is deemed to be income ofthe owner and is taxable.Question 6(A) Section 51C of the Inland Revenue Ordinance requires a person carrying on a business inHong Kong to keep sufficient records, in English or Chinese, of his income andexpenditure for at least seven years after the completion of the transactions, acts oroperations to which they relate so as to enable his assessable profits to be readilyascertained.The business records should include:- the books of accounts recording receipts and payments, or income and expenditure.- the underlying documentation necessary to verify the entries in the books of accounts, such as vouchers, bank statements, invoices, receipts or other relevant papers.- a record of the assets and liabilities of the business.- a day-by-day record of all sums of money received and expended by the trade, profession or business together with the supporting details of the receipts orpayments.Taxpayers should also keep records relating to all business assets and liabilities at the end of each year, including:- a list of debtors and creditors; and- stocktaking figures.For those who deal in goods, the required business records should also include statements of trading stock held by the person at the end of each accounting period.It is an offence not to keep sufficient business records, and the maximum penalty forfailure to comply with S51C is $100,000. An order from the court may be granted torequest compliance from the offender within the time specified in the order.(B) Obligations of the owner of a let-out property include:(i). Notification of chargeability: Since Peter Ho is liable to Property Tax, he shouldinform the Commissioner of Inland Revenue in writing that he is chargeable to taxnot later than 4 months after the end of the basis period for that year of assessmentunless he has been furnished a tax return. (S51(2))(ii) Filing tax return: Peter Ho has to file the Property Tax Return or the Composite Tax Return within the time period specified in the return. (S51(1))(iii) Keeping rental records: Peter Ho, being the owner of a rental property, is required to keep sufficient records of the consideration, in money or money’s worth, payable ordeemed to be payable to him to enable the assessable value of the property to bereadily ascertained and he is also required to retain such records for a period of notless than 7 years. (S51D)Failing to observe these obligations without reasonable excuse is an offence under S80(1) (failure to file a tax return or to keep proper rental records) or S80(2) (failure to notify chargeability).Conviction under S80(1) will lead to a possible fine of $10,000. Offence under S80(2) is subject to a fine of $10,000 and treble the amount of the tax undercharged.Prosecution can also be made under S82 if the taxpayer has a wilful intent to evade tax.The offence under S82 is subject to a fine of $50,000 and treble the amount of the taxundercharged and three-year imprisonment.Alternatively, the Commissioner of Inland Revenue may raise additional (penalty)assessment under S82A up to three times of the tax undercharged.(C) For a club, S24(1) of the Inland Revenue Ordinance lays down a test:If not less than half of the club’s gross receipts on the revenue account (including entrance fees and subscriptions) are from its voting members, the club is deemed not to carry on a business. Otherwise, it is deemed to carry on a business.If a club is deemed to carry on a business, all receipts and profits are chargeable to profits tax after necessary adjustments.Entrance fees and subscriptions are included as revenue receipts/income items.If a club is not deemed to carry on a business, it may still be liable to property tax in respect of its rental income from the non-voting members and non-members.****END****Page 11 of 11。

GB6067.1-2010起重机械安全规程-第1部分

e)应检查焊接材料符合所规定的适用位置，且焊接电流和极性符合焊条型号有关分类的要求。
f)应采用合适的量具测量焊缝的尺寸和外形。应采用强光、放大镜以及其他有助于这种检验的手段目测检验焊缝、母材上裂纹以及其他不连续性的缺陷。
3.4高强度螺栓连接
3.4.1高强度螺栓连接的设计施工及验收应符合JGJ 82的规定。
GB/T 10051.3 起重吊钩直柄吊钩使用检查(GB/T 10051.3-1988，eqv DIN 15405-1：1979)
GB/T 12470 埋弧焊用低合金钢焊丝和焊剂
GB 15052 起重机安全标志和危险图形符号总则
GB/T 17908 起重机和起重机械技术性能和验收文件(GB/T 17908-1999，idt ISO 7363：1986)
3.3.3结构件焊接材料应符合下列要求：
a)手工焊接采用的焊条型号应与主体金属力学性能相适应，且应符合GB/T 5117或GB/T 5118的规定。焊丝应符合GB/T 8110或GB/T 5293的规定。
b)自动焊接或半自动焊接采用的焊丝和相应的焊剂应与主体金属力学性能相适应，应符合GB/T 5293和GB/T 12470的相关规定。
3.2材料
起重机械承载结构构件的钢材选择应符合GB/T 3811-2008中5.3的规定。
3.3结构件焊接要求
3.3.1金属结构制作或安装施工单位应根据JGJ 81或有关标准制定本单位的钢结构焊接技术规程。
3.3.2制造单位或安装施工单位对其首次采用的钢材型号、焊接材料、焊接方法、接头形式、焊接位置、焊后热处理工艺以及焊接参数、预热或后热工艺措施等各种参数的组合条件，应进行焊接工艺评定。
本部分不适用于浮式起重机、甲板起重机及载人等起重设备。如不涉及基本安全的特殊问题，本部分也可供其他起重机械参考。

2010年考研英语一真题与参考答案解析

2010 年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.andmark[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise aseries of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant nearChicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workersproductivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect ”the e m x t r e l y influential idea the very__3__to being experimented uponchanged subjects ’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lightingwas increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that theywere being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on rec，o rdnosystematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes inlightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__14__interpretation of what happened.__15_，_lighting was always changed on aSunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__，acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed thatoutput always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first fewdays of the week in any cas，e before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. Thissuggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect ”is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A]，[B] ，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duringthe past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorabledecline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age offorty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections ofcriticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were oncedeemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews publishedin England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at atime when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered anornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was takenfor granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length aboutthe events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers whowore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could betrusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enoug or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ”Newman wrote, I am tempted t o define ‘journalism ’as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who arenot read to writers who are. ’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote forthe Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,he was also one of England ’s foremost -c m l a u s s s i c i c c a r l i t c s,a stylist so widelyadmired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, andhis vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus ’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospectseems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodernreaders have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which hespecialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlongretreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C] Writers are likelyto be tempted into journalism. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists. [D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are calledbusiness methods.Amazon com received one for its -click “”o nel i n e payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventorpatented a technique for lying a box。

2010年上海市长宁区二模英语试卷及答案-1

2010年上海市长宁区二模英语试卷及答案（满分150分，考试时间100分钟）考生注意：本卷有9大题，共106小题。

试题均采用连续编号，所有答案务必按照规定在答题纸上完成，做在试卷上不给分。

Part 1 Listening (第一部分听力)I. Listen and choose the right picture (根据你听到的内容，选出相应的图片): (共6分)A B CD E F G1.________2. _______3. ________4. ________5. ________6. ________II. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案): (共10分)7. A) Wet and windy. B) Wet and cold.C) Sunny and dry. D) Sunny and windy.8. A) Japanese. B) German. C) Chinese. D) Asian.9. A) 40 yuan.B) 140 yuan.C) 220 yuan.D) 180 yuan.10. A) A doctor. B) A nurse. C) An engineer. D) A policeman.11. A) On foot. B) By bus. C) By taxi. D) By bike.12. A) Lily. B) Tony. C) Joyce. D) Millie.13. A) 5:00 B) 4:50. C) 5:10. D) 5:15.14. A) Because he helped her get the box down.B) Because he helped her put the box on her desk.C) Because he helped her do her homework.D) Because he helped her move the desk.15. A) Teacher and student. B) Waiter and customer.C) Doctor and patient. D) Manager and secretary.16. A) Look after your eyes. B) Don’t always drink iced-water.C) Drink more water. D) Don’t eat too much ice cream.III. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的内容, 符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示): (共7分)17. Kate was one of the best students in her school.18. Kate can speak several languages including English.19. Kate never made mistakes in learning languages because she was a good learner.20. After she graduated from university, Kate was sent to Japan at once.21. Kate worked as a manager in charge of the sales in Asia for five years.22. Kate left the computer company because she got a new job.23. Kate has been successful in her studies and work.IV. Listen to the dialogue and fill in the blanks (根据所听到的对话完成下列句子，每空格限填一词):（共7分）24. Tony was found missing in the street just _______ minutes ago.25. When they were walking in the street, Tony suddenly turned back and______ away.26. Tony was 5 years old and a head ______ than his sister.27. Tony was about 120 centimeters tall with brown hair and _________ eyes.28.Tony was wearing a yellow _______ with a snoopy on the back of it.29. Joan lived at 50 Garden Street and her phone number was ________.30. Mr White told Joan not to _______ and promised to help her find Tony.Part 2 V ocabulary and Grammar（第二部分词汇和语法）V. Choose the best answer (选择最恰当的答案，用A、B、C或D表示): (共26分)31. Students usually have __________ one-day trip in the suburbs in spring.A) a B) an C) the D) /32. Although she’s always busy, still she finds time to work ___________ charity.A) on B) for C) with D) as33. After hearing all the songs on the list, the fans asked the singer to sing __________ one.A) other B) the other C) another D) others34. The fish has gone __________. Throw it away!A) nice B) nicely C) bad D) badly35. About __________ students in our school have passed the P.E. test.A) three hundred B) hundreds ofC) several hundred D) three hundred of36. My class teacher has given me lots of ___________. They’re very useful.A) information B) advice C) suggestions D) news37. --Would you like to swim or hike next Sunday?--__________. I prefer to read at home.A) Either B) Both C) None D) Neither38. Let’s do something for the old in our neighborhood, __________?A) don’t you B) shall we C) won’t you D) will we39. We still have __________ time. What about having a cup of coffee?A）few B）a few C）little D）a little40. Mr. Lin is a friend of Mike’s. I’m not familiar with __________.A) he B) him C) his D) himself41. My ambition is __________ a designer in 10 year s’ time.A) become B) to become C) becomes D) became42. Childhood should be full of __________. Do you agree？A) happy B) happier C) happily D) happiness43. Not only my sister but also I _________ to Seven-Star Skiing Yard twice.A) has gone B) have gone C) has been D) have been44. Kitty’s family __________ into the new flat three years ago.A) moved B) was moving C) will move D) moves45. Tom won’t go to see the film. ____________A) So do I. B) So will I. C) Neither do I. D) Neither will I.46. __________ amazing Liu Qian’s magic was! Everyone was attracted.A) How B) What C) What a D) What an47. We __________ any drink. You’d better buy some fruit and vegetables.A) needn’t B) don’t need to C) don’t need D) not need48. -- __________ is it from your school to your new flat?-- It’s about twenty minutes’ ride.A) How long B) How soon C) How far D) How much49. Although Grandma is about seventy, she always does exercise to keep fit and happy. Theunderlined word means ______.A) fat B) suitable C) healthy D) active50. To make Shanghai a better city, everyone should become a green consumer. The underlinedpart means ______.A) a person who likes wearing green clothesB) a person who only eats green vegetablesC) a person who always buys cheap things and shares them with friendsD) a person who only buys and uses environmentally friendly products51.Tom often goes to the English club and now he can speak English much __________thanbefore.A) fluent B) fluently C) more fluently D) most fluently52. Most children are __________ favour of Non-homework Wednesday in Changning.A) in B) on C) at D) for53. The airplane to Beijing ________ from Pudong Airport on time this morning.A) took away B) took out C) took up D) took off54. I don’t think _________.A) it won’t rain this afternoonB) it is going to rain this afternoonC) if it is going to rain this afternoonD) when it is going to rain this afternoon55. -- I’m sure you’ll do better next time. Cheer up!-- ___________A) I’ll try. B) Cheer up! C) Cheers! D) Thank you.56. -- Do I have to finish the work today?-- ___________A) No, you haven’t. B) Yes, I have to.C) I’m afraid you have to. D) Not at all.VI. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms( 用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子)：(共8分)57. Who is the ___________ girl, Mary, Joe or Wendy? (tall)58. It’s Children’s Day. The boys and girls are enjoying __________in the park. (they)59. Mary is preparing for her younger brother’s __________ birthday party. (nine)60. I’m afraid I’ll be ___________ to attend the meeting tomorrow. (able)61. A fter the accident, he completely lost his ___________ . (memorize)62. ___________, the young reporter got a chance to interview the famous scientist. (lucky)63. More and more teenagers go abroad for __________ visits in summer holidays. (education)64. Do you know anything about Mei Lanfang, the famous __________ of Beijing Opera? (art)VII. Rewrite the sentences as required（按要求改写句子，每空格限填一词）：（共12分）65. Peter has lunch at school every day.(改为否定句)Peter __________ __________ lunch at school every day.66. The eighty-year-old man looks happy and healthy.(对划线部分提问)__________ __________ the eighty-year-old man look?67. Take the underground, or you will be late for the lecture. （保持句意基本不变）You __________ be late for the lecture __________ you take the underground.68. I wonder how I can deal with the trouble .（改为简单句）I wonder _________ __________ deal with the trouble.69. Mum gave me a Haibao as a New Year presen. (改为被动语态)I _________ _________ a Haibao as a New Year present.70. It is fun to surf on a windy day.（改为感叹句）_________ _________ it is to surf on a windy day!Part 3 Reading and Writing (第三部分读写)VIII. R eading comprehension (阅读理解): (共56分)A. True or False（判断下列句子是否符合短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示): ( 7分)You surely want to have good table manners. It's as simple as obeying a few rules!The 12 Do's1)As soon as you are seated, open your napkin (餐巾) and place it on your lap. The napkinkeeps on your lap (except for use) until the end of the meal. If you need to leave the table for a while, you may leave the napkin on your chair. When the meal is finished, place your napkin neatly at the left of your plate.2)Sit up straight, keep your elbows (手肘) off the table, and silence your cell phone.3)Remember the rule: drinks on the right, foods on the left. Your water glass is on the rightof the plate and your bread plate is on the left.4)Hold the knife and fork with the handles in the palm (手掌) of the hand, forefinger ontop, and thumb underneath.5)Dishes are passed from left to right.6)Do try a little of everything on your plate.7)Bread should be broken off into small pieces and butter is spread on each bite as you eatit.8)You may leave some food to one side of your plate if you feel you have had enough.Don't leave your plate so clean that it looks as if you haven't eaten for days!9)If you are asked for the salt or pepper, pass both together.10)Eat soup by skimming (掠过) your spoon along the surface of the soup. Then eat itwithout making any noise. If the soup is hot, don't blow on it; simply wait for it to cool off.11)When a lady arrives or leaves the table, it's polite for all gentlemen at the table to standup.12)Always say 'please' and 'thank you.' Thank the host and hostess before leaving.71. When you finish the meal, you may leave the napkin on your chair.72. It's impolite to place your elbows on the table while having dinner.73. People should pass dishes from right to left at table.74. Leaving your plate very clean means you enjoy everything the hostess has prepared.75. If the soup you eat is hot, you may cool it by blowing on it.76. To show politeness, gentlemen usually stand up when a lady arrives or leaves.77. This passage tells us about rules for good table manners.B. Choose the best answer（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案): ( 7分)The mystery(悬案) stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle are famous all over the world.The detective in his stories is called Sherlock Holmes. He solves mysteries in a most surprising way. Through it all, his assistant, Dr Watson, watches with admiration (钦佩). Watson then writes up the story of the mystery afterwards.This is a useful story writing skill. Because Watson is not very clever, the story remains a mystery until the end. The readers can sometimes pick up some clues before he does! Then, to make Watson understand the mystery, Holmes has to explain it all, step by step. So we, the readers, get to see it step by step too. Watson is almost as good a character in the story as SherlockHolmes!The very first time they meet, Holmes greatly surprises Watson. When they are first introduced, Holmes says to Watson, 'How do you do? I see you have been to Afghanistan.' Watson is too amazed by this to ask Holmes how he knows this. Watson has, indeed, been to Afghanistan. Later, he asks Holmes about it. Holmes explains that there is nothing magical about what he does. He gets to know it all by very, very careful observation(观察).Observation OneWatson was introduced to Holmes as a doctor. Yet Holmes thought that the way he stood and walked made him seem like a soldier. So, this meant he was probably an army doctor. Observation TwoWatson's face was quite dark skinned. But his wrists (手腕) were pale. So his dark face was probably sun burnt. This meant that he had been to a hot, sunny country. As he was a working doctor, this was not a holiday. He must have gone with the army.Observation ThreeAt the time, the British army had soldiers at bases in many parts of the world. So there were still a lot of places to choose from. However, Holmes saw that Watson looked very tired and he was always holding his left arm, as if it was painful. So, he had probably been with the army to a place where they were fighting. There was only one place where the British army was fighting at that time: Afghanistan.78. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ______.A. is a detective in mystery storiesB. is Sherlock Holmes' assistantC. is a soldier in the British armyD. writes famous mystery stories79. Dr Watson watches Holmes with admiration because ______.A. Holmes solves mysteries in a most surprising wayB. Watson is not very cleverC. people always come to Holmes for helpD. the story of the mystery is written up afterwards80. The writer most probably created the character, Dr Watson, to ______.A. give Holmes help when solving mysteriesB. show Holmes' careful observationC. help readers pick up some clues about the mysteryD. get readers to see the mystery step by step81. The first time they meet, ______.A. Holmes explains how he knows Watson has been to AfghanistanB. Holmes surprises Watson by telling that he has been to AfghanistanC. Watson tells Holmes he has been to AfghanistanD. Watson asks Holmes how he knows he has been to Afghanistan82. In 'Observation Two', the underlined word sun burnt probably means ______.A. caused by illnessB. made brown by sunC. painted by make-upD. given by his mother83. The passage tells us that Watson went to Afghanistan to ______.A. fight the enemy for the countryB. have a holiday with his friendsC. work as an army doctorD. stay away from the cold, rainy weather of London84. From the passage we know that the British army ______ at that time.A. only had soldiers in AfghanistanB. had many army doctors at bases in many parts of the worldC. was fighting with several countriesD. was fighting with AfghanistanC. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passage（选择最恰当的单词或词语完成短文):（14分）Here is a story about an eagle (鹰) named Ted. He had to make a choice, and he made the right one.High up on a mountaintop was a nest full of an eagle's eggs. One day a strong wind shook the nest and one of the eggs dropped out! It ___85___ rolled (滚动) down the mountainside and at last came to rest in a farm where many chickens lived. The chickens there were very surprised to see this big egg. They decided to ___86___ it, so an old hen sat on it for a while.It was very uncomfortable for the hen --- it was a big egg --- ___87___ her care and the heat from her body worked. The egg finally hatched (孵化) and an eagle came out of it. They called him Ted. It was unfortunate for Ted because the chickens raised him the ___88___ way they knew --- as a chicken. He grew to be a funny-looking 'chicken'. And the saddest part of all was that he ___89___ he was only a chicken. However, sometimes Ted looked up to the sky and saw eagles flying high above. How he wished he could fly like them!One day, a big eagle flew ___90___ the farm and shouted to Ted, 'What are you doing down there in the farmyard? Why are you not flying up high with us?''I'm a chicken,' said Ted, 'I can't fly.''Of course you can fly. You are an eagle, not a chicken! Look at your wings. They are ___91___ mine!''But I can't fly,' said Ted.'Yes, you can. Do as I do.'Ted hesitated (犹豫) , then spread his huge wings for the first time. To his surprise, he soon found himself flying high in the sky.85. A. heavily B. gently C. carelessly D. politely86. A. depend on B. live on C. take care of D. get rid of87. A. so B. but C. because D. although88. A. only B. best C. first D. last89. A. understood B. didn't understand C. believed D. didn't believe90. A. over B. on C. through D. from91. A. connected with B. familiar to C. different from D. the same asD. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给):（14分）We love to be fashionable. So we buy clothes from time to time to make us look p___92___ or cooler. But a problem appears: how to deal with those old clothes? Don't just throw them out. You can do s___93___ different!Donate your old clothes to charities. Some organizations c___94___ old clothes for those who need them in local areas or send them to foreign countries.Keep them. Fashion is a thing that goes a___95___ in cycles. So an out-of-date coat may be the hottest thing on the market next year.Do it yourself. It’s not too hard. But you have to think it over b___96___ you do. It’s easy to find some tips online. If you are good at fashion designing, you could even s___97___ your creation to make some money.Recycle them. Some clothes l___98___ those made of denim（牛仔布）can be recycled. Denim can be used again, for example, to build houses for people who are made homeless by natural disasters.Keep clothes out of landfills (垃圾填埋场) ! You can do it!E. Answer the questions（根据短文内容回答下列问题): ( 14分)Perhaps Susan Boyle's success is one of the best stories of 2009. One year ago, Susan Boyle was unknown and had no job. She lived alone with her pet cat in Britain. She had little idea about her ability. In 2009, she appeared on a TV show and that changed her life forever. Although Susan came second in the final competition, millions of people around the world loved her song 'I Dreamed A Dream.' Susan's powerful voice and ordinary look made her a superstar.After the competition, Susan began to feel the pressure of becoming famous so quickly. She was always busy and felt tired. She wanted to return to her usual life in the past. But soon she gained her confidence again and recorded her first album called I Dreamed A Dream. It came out on November 23, 2009 and became the fastest selling U.K. debut album (首张专辑). It is also the biggest selling album of the year in the U.K.. On December 13, 2009, another of Susan's dreams came true: She had the chance to perform with her idol, Elaine Paige on her own TV show.Susan Boyle gives inspiration (鼓舞) and hope to many people all over the world. She was an ordinary woman, living an ordinary life. But ordinary people can sometimes do extraordinary things too!99. Did Susan Boyle know much about her ability in 2008 ?100. Susan came second in the final competition, didn’t she?101. What made Susan Boyle a superstar?102. What was Susan's wish after she became famous so quickly?103. When did her first album come out?104. What happened to her on December 13, 2009?105. What do you think the story of Susan Boyle tells us?IX. Writing (作文): (共18分)106. Write at least 60 words about the topic “Traffic in our city”.（以“我们城市的交通”为题写一篇不少于60个词的短文，标点符号不占格。

电动汽车传导充电充电连接装置第1部分通用要求(Nov10_2010)

ICST电动汽车传导充电充电连接装置第1部分通用要求Connection set for charging — Conductive charging of electricvehicles — Part 1: General requirements（征求意见稿）（本稿完成日期20101108）目次1 范围 (1)2 规范性引用文件 (1)3 术语和定义 (1)4 符号和缩略语 (2)5 充电连接装置的额定值 (3)5.1 额定工作电压（优选值） (3)5.2 额定工作电流（优选值） (3)6 要求 (3)6.1 一般要求 (4)6.2结构要求 (4)6.3 锁止装置 (4)6.4 插拔力 (4)6.5 防触电保护 (5)6.6 接地措施 (5)6.7 端子 (5)6.8 橡胶和热塑性材料的耐老化 (5)6.9 防护等级 (5)6.10 绝缘电阻和介电强度 (6)6.11分断能力 (6)6.12 使用寿命(正常操作) (6)6.13 表面温度和端子温升 (6)6.14软电缆及其连接 (6)6.15机械强度 (6)6.16螺钉、载流部件和连接 (7)6.17爬电距离、电气间隙和距离 (7)6.18耐热、耐燃和耐漏电起痕 (7)6.19腐蚀与防锈 (7)6.20限制短路电流耐受试验 (7)6.21车辆碾压 (7)7 试验方法 (7)7.1 一般规定 (7)7.2 外观检查 (7)7.3 锁止装置 (8)7.4 插拔力 (8)7.5 防触电保护 (8)7.6 接地措施 (8)7.7 端子 (8)7.8 橡胶和热塑性材料的耐老化 (9)7.9 防护等级 (9)7.10 绝缘电阻和介电强度 (9)7.11 分断能力 (9)7.12 使用寿命(正常操作) (10)7.13 温升 (10)7.14 软电缆及其连接 (10)7.15 机械强度 (11)7.16 螺钉、载流部件和连接 (11)7.17 爬电距离、电气间隙和距离 (11)7.18 耐热、耐燃和耐漏电起痕 (11)7.19 腐蚀与防锈 (11)7.20 限制短路电流耐受试验 (11)7.21 车辆碾压 (11)8 关于试验的说明和检验规则 (12)附录A (13)A.1 电动汽车充电模式 (13)A.2 电动汽车的连接方式 (13)前言GB/T XXXXX《电动汽车传导充电充电连接装置》分为3个部分：——第1部分：通用要求；——第2部分：交流充电接口；——第3部分：直流充电接口。

2010考研英语一真题与参考答案解析

2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extr emely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted t o define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。

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蓝鲸
27米长 150吨
非洲象
3米高 6吨
白头鹰生物依赖于环境而生
1米长，翼展大于2米 15公斤
生物为适应不同的环境，而进化出不同的形式。
生命的维持依赖于ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ宜的环境
人类作为生物，也同样离不开生物圈
生命的特征
具有严紧有序的结构
个体发育和种群进化更高级更复杂的结构
生命的基本组成和功能单位——细胞细胞生命的基本组成和功能单位
推荐书目
如何学习生物 • 学习动力和兴趣 • 观察和思考 • 实验和分析
生态平衡被破坏人口膨胀
粮食短缺
病毒危害（病毒感染）病毒危害（AIDS病毒感染）病毒感染
环境污染
太阳系人类的飞船尚未脱离这个范围
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 100万公里
地月体系人类的足迹尚未脱离这个范围
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 20000公里
地球外太空没有生命 *
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 2000公里
地球太空没有生命 *
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 343公里
地球天空没有生命 *
生物圈生态系统群体个体系统器官组织细胞
细胞器原子分子
（分子）叶绿素分子）
（细胞器）叶绿体细胞器）
（细胞）叶肉细胞细胞）（组织）叶肉组织组织）
（器官）叶片器官）（个体、群体）树木、树林个体、群体）树木、
（分子）葡萄糖分子）
（细胞）平滑肌细胞细胞）（组织）平滑肌组织组织）（器官）血管器官）（系统）循环系统系统）
（个体）斑马个体）
（群体、生态系统）非洲大草原群体、生态系统）
二. 生物的结构与功能
人类所臆想出来的奇异生物是简单的器官融合，不符合生物的特性。
三. 生物信息传递中心法则 DNA
道生一
RNA
一生二
蛋白质
二生三
生命活动
三生万物
道德经》《道德经》
多样性的统一－－－－分类学的完善四. 多样性的统一－－分类学的完善
现代生物科学导论
复旦大学生命科学学院
2010年3月—7月
48课时－16周 24课时－8周朱炎绪论－微观部分
24课时－8周 20％平时成绩 80％期末考试
南蓬
宏观部分
第一章
绪论
一生物学是研究生命的科学二什么是生物三生物学研究的主要问题四如何学习生物
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 100亿公里
有生命
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 2米
地球地面
有生命
生物圈（生物圈（Biosphere)
地球上生物及其环境的总和包括陆地、水界和大气层范围内生物可以生存的区域树高 < 鸟飞翔 < 陆地生物海洋生物 100米 2000米 50米土层内 (2000米,细菌) 150米水深内(4000米,生物)
地球
鸡蛋
全球气候变暖
冰河时期
生物需要：物质与能量的交换新陈代谢
生物是真实存在的，客观的。
生物是多样的，也在不断地演化中。
我们原先的认识
我们现在的认识
40亿年的演化形成当今绚丽多彩的生物界无数种生命形式诞生过无数种无数种生命形式灭亡过无数种
鉴定命名170万种 170 26万种植物 50万种脊椎动物 > 75万种昆虫几千新种/年总(估) 500万—1亿
中国太空行走第一人：翟至刚
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 200公里
地球天空没有生命 *
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 20公里
地球天空没有生命 *
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 2公里
地球天空
有生命
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 200米
地球天空
有生命
生命在哪里？生命在哪里？ 20米
地球地面
原核生物界原生生物界
1735年二界系统（动物界、植物界）：： 1969年五界系统
植物界
真菌界
动物界
P233
四. 多样性的统一
密码子细胞结构相似性
P143
生物学的核心主题－－－－进化五. 生物学的核心主题－－进化
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
适者生存
电子显微镜观察到的细胞的复杂结构
有无细胞核是结构分类的重要标志
真核细胞原核细胞
生命通过繁殖而延续,DNA是生物遗传的基本物质是生物遗传的基本物质生命通过繁殖而延续
所有的生命个体都会经历出生到死亡的过程。所有的生命个体都会经历出生到死亡的过程。
生物学研究的主要问题
一. 生命有序的结构等级

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